ORHVS

Module 1 to 4
Questions & Answers.

HV module 1 to 4 questions and answers.

1

Module 1
Lesson 1 Background of ORHVS
Question 1
Explain the consequences of a contravention of the ORHVS?
Answer 1
If you contravene the ORHVS you will also contravene the OHS Act and
be liable to a fine or jail sentence or both.
Question 2
Explain the difference between the ORHVS and Area Operating Regulations.
Answer 2
ORHVS apply throughout Eskom. Whereas area operating regulations
are usually restricted to one station or area only and must not contradict
the ORHVS.
Question 3
Explain how the employer will comply with the act in terms of the duty to inform?
Answer 3
As far as is reasonably practicable, cause every employee to be made
conversant with the hazards to his health and safety attached to any
work which he has to perform, any article or substance which he has to
produce, process, use, handle, store or transport and any plant or
machinery which he is required or permitted to use, as well as with the
precautionary measures which should be taken and observed with
respect to those hazards.
Question 4
List four dangers of HV electricity and the precautions to be taken.
Answer 4
Dangers

Electricity is invisible
Electricity follows the path of least
resistance (Human body is a
conductor of electricity)
Electricity can jump gaps
Causing current flow through the
human body

Precautions
Regard conductors as alive
until proven dead. TEST
BEFORE TOUCH
Avoid contact
Dont approach too close to
live high voltage conductors
Specifically with conductive
materials

A terrific uncontrollable arc of

25000C is generated whenever
current flow is interrupted

Operating to be done in the

correct sequence

Question 5
The operating regulations are based on the fundamental principle that no person
shall carry out work of any description on any part of high-voltage apparatus unless
those parts are:
Answer 5
Those parts are:
- Dead.
- Effectively isolated (Air gap) and all practical steps have been taken to lock such
apparatus off from all live conductors.
- Effectively and adequately connected to earth at all points of disconnection of
supply to such apparatus and on both sides of the workplace.
- Effectively barricaded (screened off) to prevent inadvertent contact and warning
notices/signs put up.
- Released for work by the issue of a work permit.
- The workers register/Risk assessment/Pre Job check list and relevant
documentation is to be completed.
Question 6
Describe the term "high-voltage".
Answer 6
A nominal AC or DC voltage greater than 1000 volts.
Question 7
Explain what does the Occupational Health and Safety Act state about anything
which is provided in the interest of health and safety.
Answer 7
No person shall intentionally or recklessly interfere with, damage or misuse anything,
which is provided in the interest of health and safety. E.g.: unauthorised overriding of
protections or safety devices.
Question 8
Is it only possible to receive an electrical shock by actual contact?
Explain your answer.
Answer 8
No, electrical voltage can jump air gaps if the human body is close enough.
Question 9
Describe the purpose of the regulations?
Answer 9
* Ensuring the health and safety of all persons.
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* Safeguard electrical apparatus from damage.

* Safeguard the continuity of supply.
Question 10
Explain why do we need Eskom Regulations when we have the OHS Act?
Answer 10
The Government regulations cannot cover every possible condition in every industry
and therefore only lay down broad policies. The ORHVS lay down in more detail how
the requirements of Government Policy Regulations are to be met within Eskom.
Question 11
Explain your responsibilities as an authorised person regarding knowledge of the
ORHVS?
Answer 11
Becoming thoroughly conversant with the contents of the regulations applicable to
his/her authorisation.
Knowing the regulations.
Compliance with the regulations.
Question 12
May a person be authorised as an appointed operator and a responsible person, and
simultaneously exercise both authorisations on the same work permit?
Answer 12
Yes. One person could perform the functions of both appointed operator and the
responsible person, but he cannot exercise both authorisations on the same work
permit.
Question 13
State your responsibilities as an authorised person concerning amendments to the
regulation book?
Answer 13
Any amendments to the H.V. Regulations will be issued to all persons having copies
thereof and they must update their books and acquaint themselves with the changes.
Question 14
List 2 fundamental principles for control and access on which the Regulations are
based.
Answer 14
The regulations are based on the following principles:
Control must be exercised over power system conditions and operating procedures
at all times
Access to high-voltage conductors and apparatus must be strictly controlled.
Question 15
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List 3 general duties of Employers to their Employees.

Answer 15
1) Every employer shall provide and maintain, as far as is reasonably practicable, a
working environment that is safe and without risk to the health of his employees.
2) Without derogating from the generality of an employers duties under subsection
(1), the matters to which those duties refer include in particular:
a) The provision and maintenance of systems of work, plant and machinery that, as
far as is reasonably practicable, are safe and without risks to health.
b) Taking such steps as may be reasonably practicable to eliminate or mitigate any
hazard or potential hazard to the safety or health of employees, before resorting to
personal protective equipment.
c) Making arrangements for ensuring, as far as is reasonably practicable, the safety
and absence of risks to health in connection with the production, processing, use,
handling, storage or transport of articles or substances.
d) Establishing, as far as it is reasonable practicable, what hazards to the health or
safety of persons are attached to any work which is performed, any article or
substance which is produced, processed, used, handled, stored or transported and
any plant or machinery which is used in his business and he shall, as far as is
reasonably practicable, further establish what precautionary measures should be
taken with respect to such work, article, substance, plant or machinery in order to
protect the health and safety of persons, and he shall provide the necessary means
to apply such precautionary measures.
e) Providing such information, instructions, training and supervision as may be
necessary to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at
work of his employees.
f) As far as is reasonable practicable, not permitting any employee to do work or to
produce, process, use, handle, store or transport any article or substance or to
operate any plant or machinery, unless the precautionary measures contemplated in
paragraphs (b) and (d), or any other precautionary measures which may be
prescribed, have been taken.
g) Taking all necessary measures to ensure that the requirements of this Act are
complied with by every person in his employment or on premises under his control
where plant or machinery is used.
h) Enforcing such measures as may be necessary in the interest of health and
safety.
i) Ensuring that work is performed and that plant or machinery is used under the
general supervision of a person trained to understand the hazards associated with it
and who has the authority to ensure that precautionary measures taken by the
employer are implemented.

j) Causing all employees to be informed regarding the scope of their authority, as

contemplated in section 37(1) (b).
Question 16
List 3 general duties of Employees at work.
Answer 16
Every employee shall:
Take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and of other persons who
may be affected by his acts or omissions.
As regards any duty or requirement imposed on his employer or any other person
by this Act, co-operate with such employer or person to enable that duty or
requirement to be performed or complied with.
Carry out any lawful order given to him, and obey the health and safety rules and
procedures laid down by his employer, in the interest of health and safety.
If any situation which is unsafe or unhealthy comes to his attention, as soon as
practicable, report such situation to his employer or to the health and safety
representative for his workplace or section thereof, as the case may be, who shall
report it to the employer.
If he is involved in any incident which may affect his health or which has caused an
injury to himself, report such incident to his employer or to anyone authorised thereto
by the employer, or to his health and safety representative, as soon as practicable
but not later than the end of the particular shift during which the incident occurred,
unless the circumstances were such that the reporting of the incident was not
possible, in which case he shall report the incident as soon as practicable thereafter.
Lesson 2 Reasons for isolating
Question 1
Explain how one circuit can be electrically connected to another. (Give an example of
each i.e a, b & c)
Answer 1
(a) A solid conductor, such as copper, aluminium or the human body.
(b) An invisible magnetic field: (inductance) such as in a transformer
(c) An invisible electrostatic field: (capacitance) such as in capacitor.
Question 2
Explain why you cannot normally regard the opening only of a circuit breaker as an
isolation?
Answer 2
It is unsafe because:
* There is no air gap.
* The breaker can be closed accidentally.
* Apparatus can retain a static or magnetic charge.

Question 3
Describe the term "dead".
Answer 3
At or about zero potential and disconnected or isolated from any live power systems.
Rotating plant shall not be regarded as dead until it is stationary or being slowly
rotated by means of a barring gear and is not excited.
Question 4
Explain how would you know if a conductor is dead and safe to work on?
Answer 4
Only when you can see an earth on the conductors or apparatus on both sides of the
workplace.
Question 5
List five ways in which isolation from electrical potential can be done:
Answer 5
* Opening and/or removal of fuses.
* Opening of isolators.
* Removal of jumpers/droppers.
* Opening of air break switches.
* Racking out of truck-type switchgear.
* Immobilisation of breakers having visible contact separation, and not fitted with
grading capacitors.
Question 6
According to the regulations why are air break switches, truck-type switchgear or
fuses regarded as isolators?
Answer 6
* They leave an air gap in a circuit when open, removed or withdrawn.
* They contain no stored energy and will not close due to defects.
* They can be locked in a physical position and can thus only be operated by the
person with the correct key.
Question 7
List the exception to the general rule with regards to the isolation of breakers.
Answer 7
In the case of certain generator breakers, there are no isolators. As long as the
circuit breaker can be immobilised so that it cannot be closed and an air gap
created, it will provide a safe
Question 8
Describe the term apparatus.
Answer 8

Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator, feeder,

electrostatic precipitator or any other high voltage plant installed in a station.
Question 9
Describe the term power system.
Answer 9
Power system means the power stations, feeders, substations and apparatus
whereby electrical energy is made available to the consumers points of supply.
Lesson 3 Reasons for earthing
Question 1
Explain the importance to earth apparatus before work can be done safely?
Answer 1
Because the apparatus can:
Retain a charge.
Acquire a static charge due to atmospheric conditions.
Accidentally be made alive.
Nearby lines continuously induce voltages in it.
Question 2
Describe the term "earthing".
Answer 2
Earthing means the connecting of apparatus electrically to the general mass of earth
in such a manner that will ensure an immediate safe discharge of electrical energy at
all times.
Question 3
Explain why is it important to earth a line?
Answer 3
To discharge them should there be a residual voltage or charge.
To prevent them acquiring a static charge.
To ensure a safe discharge of electrical energy when lines or apparatus are being
accidentally made alive whilst persons are working on them.
To dissipate induced voltages continuously.
Question 4
Explain how rotating plant can generate a dangerous High Voltage?
Answer 4
When rotating at speeds higher than barring speed.

Lesson 4 Control of access

Question 1
Explain the difference between a live chamber and a prohibited area.
Answer 1
In a live chamber it is possible to touch live conductors from ground or floor level,
whereas in a prohibited area this is not possible.
Question 2
Explain what is meant by ground or floor level.
Answer 2
Ground or floor level means a permanent structure that is designated to walk on and
can be elevated.
Question 3
Explain who may gain "unrestricted access" to prohibited areas?
Answer 3
Only authorised persons authorised thereto may gain unrestricted access to
prohibited areas.
Question 4
Describe the term "barrier" and give one method of barricading part of a prohibited
area.
Answer 4
A barrier means any device designed to restrict approach to live high voltage
electrical apparatus. Shark nets around the work area with warning notices or signs
attached to it.
Question 5
Explain in detail the conditions under which persons other than authorised persons
may gain access to and to work in a prohibited area:
(i) Ground or floor level only
(ii) Above ground level
Answer 5
i. When under supervision of an authorised person (RP). When working under a
work permit under continuous supervision.
ii. The working area is suitably demarcated by means of barriers to ensure that
inadvertent human contact with live apparatus is not possible from within the
barriers. A work permit shall be issued detailing the apparatus on which
work is required. When under supervision of an authorised person (RP).
Question 6
Describe how can you remain safe in a prohibited area?

Answer 6
Stay on ground level.
Stay within the barriers.
Question 7
Describe your understanding of the following
(i) Supervision
(ii) Authority
(iii) Why is the above necessary?
Answer 7
i. To direct or watch the actions, work or proceedings with authority.
ii. The power to enforce obedience.
iii. To ensure that work or proceedings are carried out safely.
Question 8
Explain when will an area within a prohibited area no longer be considered
prohibited?
Answer 8
If a section of a prohibited area, and its access, is effectively separated or
segregated from the remainder of the prohibited area so as to prevent dangerous
approach to live apparatus, it shall no longer constitute a prohibited area.
Question 9
Explain the duty of the supervisor when workers leave the restricted or prohibited
area where they have been working, i.e. at the end of the day?
Answer 9
Accompany them until they have left the area, lock the doors/gates and sign the
workers register.
Question 10
Describe the procedure for access of persons to restricted areas?
Answer 10
Shall only be allowed to persons who have obtained permission through authorised
methods e.g.: Work permit, Under supervision of an authorised person. If you are an
authorised person.
Question 11
According to the regulations when the authorised person responsible for supervision
is no longer available what must be done?
Answer 11
He shall in all cases, before departing, delegate on the workers register another
authorised person (RP) to take responsibility for supervision or withdraw all the
workers if another Authorised person is not available.
Question 12
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Describe what does a Warning Notice or sign indicate?

Answer 12
Calling attention to the danger of approach to, or interference with the apparatus to
which it is attached and to indicate any special operating condition.
Question 13
State the requirements must be met before a person can be authorised?
Answer 13
The person must be suitably selected, trained, examined and found competent by
the examining committee.
Question 14
Who may perform emergency switching?
Answer 14
Any person may perform emergency switching.
Question 15
Describe in your own words the term "emergency switching".
Answer 15
Emergency switching is the opening only of such breakers or switches as may be
necessary in order to avoid imminent danger to life or damage to apparatus.
Question 16
Explain what must be done after emergency switching has taken place?
Answer 16
The control officer must be informed as soon as possible of the details and the
names of the person who has done the emergency switching.
Question 17
Give two reasons why you are not allowed to re-close circuit breakers after
emergency switching?
Answer 17
Because, during emergency switching, sections of the system may have fallen out of
parallel or the control officer may have received information, which prohibits reenergising of the apparatus.

Lesson 5
Issue and use of keys
Question 1
The keys of a prohibited area shall have a label attached to them. State the
information that must be marked on the label?

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Answer 1
The name of the Prohibited area.
Distinguishing number corresponding to the number on the lock to which the door
gives access.
Question 2
State where prohibited area keys are to be kept, and who is responsible for the
safekeeping thereof?
Answer 2
Prohibited area keys must be kept under lock and key in the cabinet provided for that
purpose. The key for this cabinet must be kept in the custody of the person on duty
responsible for the issue and return of these keys.
Question 3
List five responsibilities of persons authorised to use keys.
Answer 3
Lock or guard the gate/door after entry (Reg. 3.01.1).
Ensure that unauthorised persons do not enter except in terms of Reg. 3.02, 3.03
and 3.04 which must be enforced.
Withdraw all persons on leaving.
Lock gate and/or doors on leaving.
Keys must never be left in locks.
Question 4
Describe how must each door or gate giving access to a prohibited area be marked?
Answer 4
The door or gate shall be marked with the name of the prohibited area. Where
necessary with a distinguishing number close to the lock.
Question 5
Explain who may use master keys and which master keys may be used by them?
Answer 5
Only authorised persons authorised thereto shall use master keys for access to
prohibited areas at power stations.
Question 6
State when issuing prohibited area keys, what details must be recorded in the key
book?
Answer 6
(i) The particulars of the key
(ii) To whom the key is being issued.
(iii) The time and date of issue.
(iv) The signatures of the person receiving and the person issuing the keys.
(v) The receipt on return of the key shall also be logged in the key book.
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Question 7
According to the regulations why doors and gates of live chambers / prohibited and
restricted areas must be closed and locked?
Answer 7
To prevent unauthorised entrance to these dangerous areas.
Question 8
a) Explain when may doors and gates to restricted areas and prohibited areas
remain unlocked?
b) Explain the reason for this and which condition must be met.
Answer 8
a) While work and/or operating is in progress in a prohibited or restricted area
b) To facilitate an emergency exit. Provided no unauthorised person may gain
unrestricted entrance.
Question 9
Explain what must be done when Prohibited/Restricted area keys are lost?
Answer 9
Loss of keys shall be immediately reported to the relevant head of the department.
Question 10
During what conditions will substation doors be closed and locked?
Answer 10
Substations shall be kept closed and locked when unattended.
Question 11
State the responsibilities of persons entering prohibited and restricted areas?
Answer 11
* They must lock the doors or gates after entering (Reg. 4.01.4).
* They must control access if an entrance is kept open (Reg. 3.01.1).
* Ensure that unauthorised persons do not enter except in terms of Reg. 3.03 and
3.04 which must be enforced.
Question 12
Explain what must be done when leaving a restricted or prohibited area?
Answer 12
The person to whom the key has been issued will see that all persons have
withdrawn from the restricted or prohibited area and that the doors or gates are
securely closed and locked.

Module 2
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Lesson 1 Officials and Employees

Question 1
Describe the term control officer.
Answer 1
An employee on duty at a control centre, who is responsible for the general
operation of the power system or section thereof.
Question 2
Explain why we have a "Control Officer".
Answer 2
To have a form of centralised control in order to prevent the whole system from
collapsing in chaos.
Question 3
According to the regulations what does authorised or authorise refer?
Answer 3
Refers to the giving of permission in writing to perform specific duties in terms of
these regulations. Authorisation remains valid for a maximum period of Two years.
Question 4
Describe the term responsible person.
Answer 4
Responsible person means a person, who has been authorised to be responsible for
ensuring that the work on the apparatus covered by a work permit can be carried out
safely and within the terms of these regulations.
Question 5
According to the regulation what does supervise or supervision refer to?
Answer 5
Supervision or Supervise refers to the overseeing of the actions of a person or
persons so as to prevent any act that could be dangerous or in contravention of
these regulations.
Question 6
Describe the term appointed operator.
Answer 6
Appointed operator in Power Stations means a person, who is authorised to do
operating and is deemed to be an authorised person, in terms of these regulations.
Question 7
Describe the term "High-voltage authorisation form".

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Answer 7
High voltage authorisation form means the printed form used for detailing, the extent
of authorisation in terms of these regulations.

Question 8
Reg. 5.01 states that only authorised persons shall carry out switching, linking,
safety testing and earthing. This regulation mentions two exceptions describe them.
Answer 8
Where persons are being trained for operating authority, they may operate under
supervision of an appointed operator, with the knowledge of the control officer.
The switching of power station auxiliary motor circuits by remote control is excluded
from this regulation.
Question 9
According to the regulation before a person shall be authorised, what must the
training consist of?
Answer 9
Both theoretical and practical training of high voltage operating.
Question 10
According to the regulation Reg. 5.06 - supervision what will the responsible person
be held responsible for?
Answer 10
For the safe execution of all work and activities as far as compliance with these
Regulations is concerned, whether this is carried out by employees, or by nonemployees contractors and by persons employed by the contractors.
Question 11
Name three authorised persons in accordance with these regulations
Answer 11
Control officer.
Responsible person.
Appointed operator.

Lesson 2
Purpose of the Work Permit System
Question 1
State the purpose of the work permit system?
Answer 1
The purpose of the work permit system is to ensure the safety and health of
personnel while work is being performed.
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Question 2
Explain when is a work permit required?
Answer 2
A work permit is required for all work on apparatus by employees of any department
of Eskom or by contractors.
Question 3
Explain what does a work permit authorise?
Answer 3
A work permit authorises access to restricted or prohibited areas, for work to be done
on apparatus according to these regulations.
Question 4
Explain to whom may appointed operators issue permits?
Answer 4
Only to responsible persons.
Question 5
Explain when may a contractor take out a permit on Eskom apparatus?
Answer 5
If he is a responsible person in terms of these regulations.
Question 6
Explain where will a customer's representative endorse a permit?
Answer 6
In the space where the responsible person would sign.
Lesson 3 The Work Permit System
Question 1
a) Describe the application section of the work permit.
b) Describe the permit section of the work permit.
c) Describe the clearance section of the work permit.
Answer 1
a) The application section identifies the apparatus to be worked on, the nature of the
work to be carried out, the isolations to be carried out, the number and position of
earthing devices, the time and date and signatures of the authorised persons
concerned, any special requirements including identified dangers and hazards and
the risk assessment number must be entered on to the work permit prior to printing.
.
b) This is the second section of the work permit form signed by the appointed
operator and responsible person, indicating the key safe and safety lock numbers,
with the time and date of issue.

16

c) The clearance section is the last section of the work permit form signed by the
responsible person and the appointed person with time and date declaring that the
apparatus can be returned to service safely.
Question 2
Explain what must the appointed operator do on receipt of a work permit application?
Answer 2
The appointed operator on duty shall verify that dangers and hazards have been
identified on the application section of the work permit, before he signs the
application. Where applicable, the appointed operator will make arrangements with
the control officer to have the apparatus isolated and earthed.
Question 3
State what must the appointed operator and responsible person do before the
responsible person signs the work permit?
Answer 3
They must satisfy themselves that the apparatus is isolated and safe to work on as
stated on the work permit application.
Question 4
Explain why must the responsible person take possession of the original copy of the
work permit form?
Answer 4
It is his only guarantee that all the isolations stay as it was done and no changes can
be done on the work permit.
Question 5
Explain what must be done with the work permit book when full and all work permits
have been cleared?
Answer 5
When the work permit book is full and all work permits have been cleared, it must be
returned to the office of the official in charge and a new book is taken into use. The
completed book may be destroyed at the instructions of the official in charge after a
lapse of one year provided that no query has arisen regarding any entry contained in
it.
Question 6
According to the regulation does the workers sign the workers register or declare
anything?
Answer 6
No. The responsible person shall explain the nature of the work covered by the work
permit and the dangers/ hazards and precautions as per the pre-work checklist,
attached thereto to all the workers who will be engaged in this work and shall then
complete the workers register

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Question 7
Explain what is meant by the duration of a work permit.
Answer 7
A work permit remains in force until it is cancelled by the issue of a clearance.
Question 8
State the time limit for advance work permit applications?
Answer 8
There is no time limit for advanced work permit applications.
Question 9
May persons work under more than one work permit at a time? Explain.
Answer 9
No, because there is certain information that he must remember during a specific
job. If you work on more than one work permit, you may get confused and endanger
your life and/or apparatus.
Question 10
Explain why must a work permit be issued for each section of plant?
Answer 10
The apparatus in a specific circuit is situated on different floor levels and/or rooms
and chambers.
If the workers work under a work permit for each section, the work is completed
and the work permit is signed off for each section, it helps to ensure that all workers
have been withdrawn.
Each person or group has their work clearly defined.
For supervision purposes.
Question 11
Explain what happens in cases where the responsible person does not remain at the
work place?
Answer 11
The responsible person shall delegate in writing on the workers register another
responsible person to supervise during the absence.
If another responsible person is not available, all workers shall be withdrawn from
the work, during the absence of the authorised person. Doors / gates locked.
Question 12
May supervision be delegated, and how will it be done?
Answer 12
Yes Change of responsibility on the work permit and delegation of supervision must
be done in writing on the workers register and all relevant documents.

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Question 13
Explain what happens to the duplicate form while the work permit is in force?
Answer 13
The duplicate of the work permit stays in the book, where applicable and/or with the
appointed operator in the control room.
Question 14
Explain what must the appointed operator do once the responsible person has
signed the work permit?
Answer 14
The Appointed operator shall then after signing the work permit, record the time and
date on it. The appointed operator must now allow the responsible person to accept
the work permit after verification of the risk assessment with the key safe key to the
Responsible person together with any keys necessary to give access to the
apparatus concerned.
Question 15
Explain why must the responsible person state the nature of the work to be carried
out on the work permit application?
Answer 15
So that the appointed operator knows exactly what isolations and earths are required
for that specific work?
Question 16
Describe the term apparatus.
Answer 16
Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator, feeder,
electrostatic precipitator or any other high-voltage plant installed in a station.
Question 17
Describe the term panel or bay.
Answer 17
Panel or bay means all the apparatus in the same circuit situated in Live chambers,
prohibited or restricted areas, from and including the bus bar isolators.
Lesson 4 The Key Safe System
Question 1
Explain the term "key safe".
Answer 1
An approved device for the secure retention of safety lock keys used for locking
isolations, earthing or other safety devices necessary for the issue of a work permit.

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Question 2
Explain the term "operating lock".
Answer 2
An approved lock, forming part of a series of locks, operable by common keys in
possession of appointed operators only.
Question 3
Explain the term "safety lock".
Answer 3
A safety lock is an approved lock for which only one unique key is available. The lock
has the same corresponding number as the key.
Question 4
State the purpose of the key safe system?
Answer 4
To hold the keys of the locks which were used for isolations and earthing or other
safety devices in custody for the duration of a work permit.
Question 5
Describe the procedure to use the key safe under the following conditions with
reference to related permits:
a) Work to be done on apparatus (work permit A)
b) Work which requires all or part of the same isolations (work permit B).
c) Work which requires not only all or part of the same isolations but also additional
isolations (work permit C).
Answer 5
a) Work permit "A" keys used for isolation on key safe 1. Locked with operating and
safety lock.
b) Work permit "B" requires the same isolation as work permit "A". Apply an
additional safety lock to key safe 1 and issue the key of the additional lock with work
permit "B". Cross-reference both permits.
c) Work permit "C" not only requires all or part of the same isolations on work permits
"A" and "B", but additional isolations. An additional lock is applied to key safe 1, the
key to this lock plus the keys used for the additional isolations are placed on key safe
2. Key safe 2 is then locked with a safety lock and operating lock. The key to this
safety lock is then issued with work permit "C". Cross-reference all three work
permits.
Question 6
State what is meant by key safe integrity?
Answer 6
* No person shall at any time open, damage or in any other way interfere with a key
safe or the keys retained therein except under the following conditions:
* No operating lock may be removed from a key safe whilst any safety lock is still
applied on that specific key safe.
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Question 7
Explain how to extend a full key safe.

Answer 7
Remove operating lock.
Replace it with a safety lock.
Place the safety lock key on the next key safe.
Add the other safety lock keys used for isolation.
Lock this key safe with a safety and operating lock.
Question 8.
Describe the procedure to gain abnormal access to a locked key safe.
Answer 8
* If it should become necessary to gain access to the keys on the key safe for any
reason other than for testing under Reg 5.09, permission must be obtained from the
relevant Head of the Department who must personally witness the procedure to gain
access.
* The occurrence must be recorded in the appropriate authorised persons logbook.
(Appointed operator)

Lesson 5
Returning Apparatus or Lines to Service
Question 1
Describe the procedure to be followed by the responsible person up to and including
a work permit is cleared on completion of work.
Answer 1
Clear all tools and debris.
Replace all permanent barriers.
Tell the workers it is no longer safe to work on that apparatus.
Ensure all workers have been withdrawn from the work place. Sign off the
appropriate section of the workers register.
Lock all doors and gates giving access to apparatus.
The responsible person then fills in and signs the clearance section of the work
permit on both copies and returns all keys issued to him to the appointed operator.
Returns the original copy of the workers register and all relevant documents to the
appointed operator.
Question 2
State the duties of the appointed operator on receipt of a clearance?
Answer 2
Ensure that:
21

The appointed operator immediately signs the clearance.

All tools and debris are cleared.
All persons have been withdrawn.
All permanent barriers replaced.
That the original copy of the workers register, risk assessment and pre-work
checklist and all relevant documents is attached to the original copy of the work
permit and been returned.
Notifies the control officer that all work permits have been cleared.
Question 3
Explain when shall earths be removed from the apparatus when work was done in
more than one place in a circuit under separate work permits?
Answer 3
Only when all work permits for that specific circuit have been cleared.
Question 4
Describe what must be done when the original of the work permit is lost, and the
work permit must be cleared.
Answer 4
The appropriate head of department, or in the case of a non-employee, the site
representative of that company, must:
Confirm that all workers have been withdrawn from the work place.
The appropriate section of workers register has been signed and all relevant
documentation returned.
Countersign the copy of the work permit.
Question 5
Explain what must be done when the appointed operator is not satisfied that the
apparatus concerned is ready for service when the work permit is cleared.
Answer 5
The responsible person must then be informed.
A new work permit must be issued if any further work is required.
Question 6
Describe the procedure to be followed should the responsible person to whom the
work permit was issued, not be available to sign the clearance.
Answer 6
In the event of the responsible person to whom a work permit has been issued not
being available to clear the work permit, the official in charge shall decide which
other responsible person shall clear the work permit.
Such responsible person shall first countersign the work permit, and/or complete the
change of responsibility portion on the computerised work permit form as well as
the workers' register, risk assessment and pre-work checklist, to indicate that he is
fully aware of what was to be done on the apparatus.
22

He shall supervise the completion of the work, fill in and sign the clearance on the
work permit form and return the work permit form and all relevant documents to the
appointed operator concerned.
The official in charge shall take all reasonable steps to ensure that no dangerous
condition arises from such transfer of responsibility
Question 7
Explain the Transfer of responsibility
Answer 7
In the event of another responsible person becoming responsible for the work, both
the original and the copy of the work permit must be accepted, as well as the
workers' register, risk assessment and pre-work checklist, these must be endorsed
with the date and time when the new responsible person assumes the
responsibilities as the responsible person. The change of responsibility section on
the work permit form must be signed by both the outgoing and incoming
responsible person.
Transfer of responsibility may only be used twice on one work permit form, should
there be a need for further transfer of responsibility the work permit must be cleared
and a new work permit must be issued.

Module 3
Lesson 1
ISOLATION FROM SUPPLY
Question 1
State who may perform switching, linking, safety testing and earthing?
Answer 1
Only appointed operators
Question 2
Explain the term "apparatus".
Answer 2
"Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator,
feeder, electrostatic precipitator or any other high-voltage plant installed
in a station ".
Question 3
Explain the term "power station".
Answer 3
23

Power station means a site on which electrical energy is generated and shall also
comprise all works necessary or incidental thereto, including buildings and all
apparatus up to the point where energy is ready for distribution. It may or may not
include any substation situated within the precincts of the power station, as
determined.
Question 4
Explain the term "auxiliary apparatus".
Answer 4
The bus bars and apparatus at the station which are supplied by standby generators
or the secondary sides of station, unit or earthing transformers or from the tertiary
windings of main transformers.
Question 5
Explain the term "feeder".
Answer 5
A line or a cable in or from power stations or substations.
Question 6
State when must prohibitory signs and earthing labels be applied and removed?
Answer 6
* Prohibitory signs must be affixed before any isolation are done and removed last.
* Earthing labels must be affixed after the earths have been applied and removed
after the earths have been removed.
Question 7
Explain the term "generator".
Answer 7
Generator circuit means the electrical portion of generating plant; its circuit shall
include all the apparatus between its outgoing terminals and the bus bar isolators
and between its neutral terminals and earth.
Question 8
Explain the terms a) "operating stick", b) voltage testing device.
Answer 8
a) The approved insulated rod provided to enable live isolators and fuses to be
operated and/or to carry out safety testing and earthing.
b) The approved device for the purpose of proving that apparatus is at zero potential
Question 9
Explain why must apparatus or feeders be safety tested ?
Answer 9
* To ensure that all three phases of the apparatus is disconnected all sources of
supply.
24

* To make sure you are at the correct panel.

Question 10
State the sequence in which operating is carried out.
Answer 10
* Switching, Linking, Safety testing, Earthing.
Question 11
Explain when and where must prohibitory signs be displayed?
Answer 11
Before isolation of a feeder and/or apparatus, a prohibitory sign shall be affixed at
each point from where such apparatus can be inadvertently made alive.
Question 12
Explain what must the Appointed operator do before applying an earth?
Answer 12
By using an approved testing device test the apparatus to be dead before earthing.
Question 13
State the reasons why a cable must be spiked before cutting it.
Answer 13
Spiking a cable before it is cut ensures that:
* If the cable is the wrong one and is still alive, before it is spiked it will not explode in
the face of the worker.
* If the cable is the right one and is not earthed, spiking will discharge it safely.
* A spiked cable indicates that it is safe to be cut.
Question 14
State the purpose of prohibitory/warning signs?
Answer 14
* Eliminates the need for relying on memory.
* It shows the danger points at a glance.
* It informs the uninformed.
Question 15
State what a fault condition is and list two fault conditions?
Answer 15
Any condition that will cause excessive current to flow, for example: phase faults,
earth faults.
Question 16

25

List the properties or characteristics of a breaker, which enables it to make or break

an electrical current.
Answer 16
Designed to:
extinguish the arc immediately
withstand tremendous mechanical forces
It is fast in operation.
Question 17
List the properties or characteristics of an isolator, which prevents it from being used
as a load current interrupter.
Answer 17
it is slow in operation
Has no arc extinguishing mediums.
Question 18
Describe the likely outcome, if you were to interrupt current flow by means of
isolators in an exposed high voltage overhead line.
Answer 18
1 It causes an uncontrollable arc which can cause damage to eyes
2 High temperature may be generated which will melt the isolators.
3 This molten metal can splash onto the operator.
Question 19
State when can a breaker normally be regarded as an isolator? ( i, ii, iii. )
Answer 19
When:
i) Can be locked in an open position.
ii) Leaves an air gap.
iii) Contains no stored energy.
Question 20
Reg. 4.04 demands that isolators shall always be kept locked. Give three reasons for
this.
Answer 20
* Earth tremors and vibrations can cause isolators to open or close.
* Due to the strong magnetic fields set up during short circuit conditions, it is possible
for isolators to fly open.
* Provides a safeguard against isolators being opened or closed in error by persons
other than the one with the correct key.
Question 21
26

List four effects of a short circuit.

Answer 21
* Excessive current will flow.
* A large amount of heat will be generated.
* A large drop in voltage will take place.
* Strong magnetic fields, which exert large mechanical forces, are produced.
Question 22
Give three reasons for using an operating stick when applying portable earths.
Answer 22
* Can stand a safe distance away from contact point.
* If alive, it will discharge through the cable and not through the worker.
* It is an approved insulated rod.
Question 23
Explain what does GGP 1221 state regarding isolated and earthed apparatus?
Answer 23
Irrespective of whether the apparatus is isolated (and earthed), immediately prior to
commencement of work, the apparatus will be tested for zero potential using a
suitable and approved voltage testing device. The test before touch (GGD1221)
principle must be adhered to.

Lesson 2
METHODS OF EARTHING
Question 1
State the reasons for earthing?
Answer 1
* To discharge residual voltages or charges should there be any.
* To prevent them acquiring a static charge.
* To prevent lines and apparatus being accidentally made alive while persons are
working on it.
* To dissipate induced voltages continuously and safely.
Question 2
Explain when can work on apparatus be carried out safely?
Answer 2
When the apparatus is isolated, tested to be dead and earthed according to the
regulations.
Question 3
Describe the term "Line".

27

Answer 3
Line means an exposed overhead feeder, and includes the supports and all terminal
equipment up to but excluding the lines transfer/by-pass isolators and line earth
switches.
Question 4
Explain how you would apply a portable earth.

Answer 4
After the apparatus has been isolated and tested to be dead: When portable
earthing gear is being used, it must first be connected to earthed metal structure, or
to a suitable spike driven into the ground. The earthing gear shall then be
connected to the apparatus to be earthed by means of an operating stick.
Where this is not possible due to space limitations (e.g. indoor substations) hand
application of earths shall be covered by area operating regulations.
Question 5
Explain what can happen when working on a line which is not earthed, but only
isolated?
Answer 5
Workers can be shocked due to static - or induction charges, or accidental livening of
the line.
Question 6
a) State where must working earths be applied?
b) State who authorises them?
Answer 6
a) On both sides of the work place and clearly visible.
b) The control officer.
Question 7
Explain what is a control earth?
Answer 7
An earth applied at the instruction of the control officer is a control earth, so that the
control officer will always be sure that the minimum earthing requirements are met.
Question 8
Explain why working earths must be applied on both sides of the work place?
Answer 8
If the line is broken at any point, (for example by the disconnection of a jumper at a
strain tower) a dangerous situation could arise.
Question 9
28

Explain where would you earth apparatus other than a line or bus bar?
Answer 9
At all points of supply after being isolated and tested to be dead.
Question 10
Explain where are bus bars earthed?
Answer 10
It shall be earthed at least at one point after being isolated from all sources of supply
and tested to be dead.
Question 11
Explain how transformers are earthed.
Answer 11
At all points of supply of the primary, secondary and tertiary windings.
Question 12
Explain how metal-clad switchgear is earthed.
Answer 12
By means of approved earthing gear provided as part of the switchgear.
Question 13
According to the regulations when will earthing switches be opened?
Answer 13
The last operation after removing all other earthing gear.
Question 14
Name the reason why earth switches must be closed first.
Answer 14
* Ensures maximum safety to the operator.
* The handle is a safe distance from the contacts.
* Make a good connection to an approved earth.
* Earth all these phases at the same time.
* Interlocked with associated isolating isolators.
* The earth switch mechanism can be locked.
Question 15
Explain what is a static charge?
Answer 15
A static charge is a collection of electrons on the surface of an object, causing a
potential difference between the object and earth or some other object.
Question 16
List five ways in which an overhead line can acquire a static charge.

29

Answer 16
* Direct lightning strikes.
* Lightning strikes in the immediate vicinity.
* Presence of thunderclouds.
* By the friction of dust or snow blowing past the conductors.
* Changes in line altitudes.
Question 17
Explain what is residual voltage and name two examples.
Answer 17
Residual voltage is the voltage remaining in apparatus after it has been isolated and
not yet earthed. Example
* Capacitor.
* Cable.
* Motor.
Question 18
Name the processes or phenomena responsible for continuously inducing voltage in
overhead lines and the conditions under which this takes place.
Answer 18
* Electromagnetic induction or transformer action from a nearby current carrying line.
* Electrostatic induction or condenser action from a nearby live line in the immediate
vicinity.
Question 19
Describe the term "electrically charged".
Answer 19
At a potential or voltage above zero.
Question 20
State four properties of a safe earth.
Answer 20
The clamps should be rigid and without defect.
When applied properly, should make intimate contact with the conductors and earth
bar or spike.
The earthing cable tails should be as short as possible.
There should be no broken strands as the current carrying capacity of the earth is
greatly reduced by them. It will act as a fuse and increase the danger and risk to
workers.
Must be made of copper.
Must be numbered and on a maintenance schedule.
Must have the correct current carrying capacity.

30

Once the earth cable has been exposed to fault conditions it must be discarded
and replaced
Question 21
Explain when would you consider an overhead line safe to be worked on?
Answer 21
When it is effectively earthed, according to the high voltage regulations.
Question 22
Under which two conditions would a generator retain a dangerous charge?
Answer 22
* After megger testing.
* Above barring speed.
Question 23
State under which two conditions must additional earths be applied?
Answer 23
If the earth is not clearly visible from the place of work and when requested by the
person in charge of the work.
Question 24
Name three earthing devices commonly used.
Answer 24
* Earth switches.
* Portable earthing cables.
* Earthing gear for metal-clad switchgear.
Question 25
Name three dangers of inadequate or improper earthing.
Answer 25
* Electrocution.
* Burns from arcing.
* Electric shock leading to falls.
Question 26
Describe the term "alive".
Answer 26
Alive: Electrically connected to the power system or electrically charged.
Question 27
Under what two conditions may work be carried out on a transformer, which has not
been earthed at all points of supply?
Answer 27
31

* When it has been isolated in accordance with these regulations, (tertiary winding
feeding a cable must be isolated).
* When other windings (primary and secondary) of the transformer have been
earthed at their points of supply.
Question 28
Describe the behaviour of long earthing cables tails, should the line be made alive
from the power system.
Answer 28
* Whipping effect.
Question 29
State the requirement when earth switches are closed on open conductor systems?
Answer 29
A portable earth shall be applied in parallel to provide additional protection against
induction charges.
Question 30
Explain the result of a whipping effect be?
Answer 30
Clamps may break loose.
Isolated apparatus may become alive.
People may be injured / killed.
May cause short circuits.
Question 31
Describe the term cable.
Answer 31
A cable means a feeder, and includes the terminations.
Question 32.
What are the requirements in regards with working with a Crane under an Overhead
Line?
Answer 32
The only time when a crane may work under a line is when the line has been
isolated in terms of regulation 1.65 Safety Panel.

Lesson 3
TESTING AND ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
Question 1
According to regulations 2.07.1 who is responsible for ensuring that the checking of
all phasing and high-voltage testing is carried out on new apparatus.
Answer 1
32

The control officer.

Question 2
Explain who is responsible for arranging, where necessary, for temporary settings of
relays on the first installation of apparatus?
Answer 2
The control officer.
Question 3
Explain at what points must suitable labels be affixed before any commissioning is
carried out?
Answer 3
All apparatus and control panels must be suitably labelled.
Question 4
Explain who is responsible for any earths that are deemed necessary on apparatus
not yet connected to the system?
Answer 4
The person in charge of the work on the apparatus.
Question 5
Explain at what stage does apparatus which is being installed become the
responsibility of the control officer?
Answer 5
When connections can be made between the apparatus and the power system that
will enable some part of the apparatus to be made alive.
Question 6
According to the regulations when an apparatus is being installed, at what stage do
all earths on the panel come under the responsibility of the control officer?
Answer 6
After the authorised person has advised the control officer of the position and all the
required details of the apparatus, including the position and number of all earths
which are at that time affixed to the apparatus.
Question 7
Explain when it becomes necessary for carrying out testing to energise the
apparatus from the power system while it is in an abnormal condition, who must
make the arrangements, and exactly who must he make them with?
Answer 7
The department concerned must make special arrangements with the official in
charge of the control centre so that the operating procedure can be agreed to
beforehand.
33

Question 8
Explain what is an abnormal condition according to regulation 5.09 testing of
equipment?
1) Electrically abnormal
2) Mechanically abnormal.
Answer 8
If it is electrically in an abnormal condition; Regulation 5.09.1.1 shall be applied.
having not all phases connected or
having test instruments connected to the HV windings or
having the protection disconnected or
energising the apparatus on an earth
phasing incorrect
Answer 8 continues
Regulation 5.09.1.2 shall be applied If it is mechanically in an abnormal condition;
- the coupling is split
- starting and stopping to balance fans or pumps
- direction testing of motor
A sanction for test (PSR) is then applied for. If work was limited to the HV side,
regulation 5.09.1.1 shall be applied. To be done in accordance to a local procedure
Question 9
Explain when it is necessary for tests to be carried out on apparatus, who removes
the earths and who supervises their removal?
Answer 9
The operating as per the agreed test procedure shall be done by the appointed
operator in conjunction with the responsible person.
Question 10
State when earths are removed for testing, what is the responsible persons
responsibility towards the workers?
Answer 10
It shall be the responsibility of the responsible person for each test to warn workers
and or temporarily withdraw the workers involved from the apparatus for the
duration of the test.
Question 11
State who must make the arrangement with the control officer for work on generating
plant at a Power Station?
Answer 11
For work on generating plant at a power station, the official in charge shall make
the necessary arrangements with the control officer for the plant to be taken out of
commission.
On completion of the work, this official shall notify the control officer that the plant
is available for service. Should any delay arise in returning the plant at a pre34

arranged time, this official shall immediately advise the control officer of the delay
so that other arrangements may be made.
Question 12
Name 3 duties does the official in charge perform, should something happen which
affects the safety of the plant during control of loading of power stations?
Answer 12
* Shall be solely responsible for the handling and loading of each portion of the plant.
* Shall immediately take the actions necessary to ensure the safety of plant.
* Shall as soon as possible, notify the control officer of any change in loading or
condition of the plant which may affect arrangements previously made.

Question 13
Explain when the appointed operator has received a clearance of a work permit and
on inspection finds that the apparatus is not ready for service, what action must be
taken?
Answer 13
Inform the responsible person of the situation and issue another work permit so that
the faults could be rectified immediately.
Question 14
Give two reasons for withdrawing any one from a switch room before doing any
switching there.
Answer 14
* Persons could get a fright from the resulting noise, panic and possibly come into
contact with live apparatus.
* A switch or breaker could explode causing persons, trapped in a confined space, to
sustain injuries or burns.
Question 15
Explain what is meant by "in commission" and "out of commission"
Answer 15
In commission means the state of apparatus that is available for immediate use,
although it may not actually be in service.
Out of commission means the state of any apparatus that has been taken out of
service and is not available for immediate use.
Question 16
Under regulation 5.09.1.1 Testing apparatus being energised from the system?
Explain the procedure in the Power Station environment.
Answer 16
5.09.1.1 Testing apparatus being energised from the system Where it becomes
necessary for the purpose of carrying out testing, to energise the apparatus from the
system while such apparatus is in an abnormal condition the department concerned
35

must make special arrangements with the official in charge so that the operating
procedure* can be agreed to beforehand. The existing work permit/s, on which work
was performed, must be cleared.
A new work permit with the title Test as per procedure* under Regulation 5.09.1.1
must then be issued affecting the tests to be carried out, indicating the state of
isolations and earths required to carry out the tests. It shall be the responsibility of
the responsible person for each test to warn workers and or temporarily withdraw
the workers involved from the apparatus for the duration of the test.
The operating shall then be carried out in accordance with the agreed procedure*
and in accordance with the regulations in so far as they apply.
The operating as per the agreed test procedure shall be done by the appointed
operator in conjunction with the responsible person.
For the purpose of this regulation, an abnormal condition is one in which the
apparatus is not in a condition to take normal load owing to jumpers being broken or
to temporary connections having been made, protection settings not verified, any
protection out of commission, temporary earths applied, or some similar reason.
Question 17
Under regulation 5.09.1.2 Testing apparatus not being energised from the
system? Explain the procedure in the Power Station environment.
Answer 17
5.09.1.2 Testing apparatus not being energised from the system
Testing of apparatus as per this regulation may be done on the original work
permit provided that the testing has been indicated on the scope of work and the
risk assessment determines that it is safe. If the risk assessment indicates the
need for a new work permit, this new work permit must be taken out under
regulation 5.09.1.2.
If it is necessary, for the purpose of carrying out testing to energise the apparatus,
from a source other than from the system, the department concerned must make
special arrangements with the official in charge so that the test procedure can be
agreed to before hand. The test procedure must be attached to the work permit.
It shall be the responsibility of the responsible person for each test to warn workers
and or temporarily withdraw the workers involved from the apparatus for the
duration of the test.
The operating shall then be carried out in accordance with the agreed procedure
and in accordance with the regulations in so far as they apply. The operating as per
the agreed test procedure shall be done by the appointed operator in conjunction
with the responsible person.
Question 18
Explain when will apparatus be considered not to be part of the power system?

36

Answer 18
Apparatus shall not be considered to be part of the power system when it has been
disconnected from the power system by:
(c) either the removal of droppers or
(d) By the opening of isolators. When opened, these isolators shall be locked with
safety locks and the keys placed in the custody of a person not directly involved
with the operating.
The person in charge of work shall be responsible for applying earths on apparatus
that has been disconnected from the power system.

Module 4
Lesson 1
Duties and responsibilities of control officers
Question 1
Name the three basic duties of the control officer?
Answer 1
* Ensuring the safety of operators and the continuity of power supply customers.
* Issuing instructions for:
- Loading of plant.
- Control of frequency and voltage.
* Issuing instructions for operating in the section under their control.
Question 2
Describe the term "control officer".
Answer 2
A Person on duty at a control centre responsible for the general operation of the
power system or section thereof.
Question 3
State the reason why must the control officer issue operating instructions to power
station staff?
Answer 3
To ensure they are aware of every isolation and earthing practice on the power
system under their control and to prevent operators operating without instructions.
Question 4
Before leaving, what information must the control officer going off duty give to the
person taking over the shift?
37

Answer 4
All needful information as to the state of the power system and such other
information as may be necessary in the proper discharge of duties.
Question 5
Explain why a record of authorisations must be maintained in each control centre?
Answer 5
The control officer on duty must ensure that anyone requesting permission to
operate is authorised to carry out the operating requests.
Question 6
State the area for which the Local Control Officer is responsible for on a Power
Station?
Answer 6
Auxiliary apparatus at the power station.
Question 7
Name the two conditions under which a temporary local control centre can be
established.
Answer 7
* The control officer has given permission.
* Every possible effort has been made to contact the control officer, but has failed.
Question 8
According to the regulation the control officer is responsible for keeping of records.
Explain your answer.
Answer 8
* Time and details of all operating with the names of persons who carry out such
operating.
* Emergency switching time with the names of persons who have carried out these
operations.
* Each control centre, except for National Control, for the section of the power
system under its jurisdiction, of the names and telephone numbers of all persons
authorised for operating and the extent of their authorisation.
Question 9
Explain who may set up a temporary local control centre?
Answer 9
A person specifically authorised for this purpose who will take over the duties of the
control officer.
Question 10
State three duties of a person who has set up a temporary local control centre.
38

Answer 10
All authorised persons out operating in the area affected have been
advised that a temporary local control centre is to be established.
All switching, linking and earthing operations must be logged during this
period, and when communications or normal conditions are restored, the
control officer must be given full details of this operating as well as the
positions of all breakers, isolators and earthing gear at the time of
handling back to the control officer.
The person acting as local control officer shall be responsible for the
operation of such local section of the power system in accordance with
these regulations, but shall not personally carry out any operating.

Lesson 2
Use of operating instruction form
Question 1
The person doing the operating shall take the operating instruction form to the place
where the operations are to be carried out. What action/s must be taken before
commencing operating?
Answer 1
* Instructions shall be read by the authorised person carrying out the operation.
* Check that the apparatus and the intended operation correspond with the written
instructions.

Question 2
"All operating instructions from the control officer shall be given in detail, without
abbreviation, stating .............". Name the three things, which must be stated?
Answer 2
* The name of the apparatus.
* The nature of the operation.
* The time of confirmation of the instruction.
Question 3
Explain when an operating instruction must be cancelled?
Answer 3
* When the instructions were incorrectly pre-written or altered.
* Changes in the running arrangement of a power station.
* Any circumstances that could delay or prevent the carrying out of an instruction,
such as:
- Defect in apparatus.
39

- Operators personal reason.

Question 4
(i) State the purpose of the operating instruction form?
(ii) Explain what is an operating instruction form?
Answer 4
(i) To ensure the correct sequence of operating will be followed after two or more
persons have agreed on the (correct) operating procedure.
(ii) It is the printed form used for recording instructions issued by the control officer
for operating to be carried out on electrical apparatus.
Question 5
Give three practical advantages of the operating instruction form.
Answer 5
* No need to rely on memory alone.
* Reduces the chances of errors, as operations are set down in sequence and ticked
off as completed.
* Provides a quick reference.
Question 6
State the minimum duration and why must the completed operating instruction form
be retained?
Answer 6
Records of all operating carried out must be kept for one year, for any enquiries that
may arise.
Question 7
Describe what shall be done on completion of any operating instruction form?
Answer 7
* The time shall be recorded.
* Immediately report back to the control officer.
* The form shall be filed.
Question 8
State when does operating end?
Answer 8
Once the completed operation has been reported to the control officer and the
operating diagram has been altered to indicate the correct state of apparatus.
Question 9
Explain what happens to the operating instruction form while the appointed operator
is doing the operating?
Answer 9
40

The form is taken with the appointed operator to the work place.
Question 10
Explain the reason for communication between the control officer and the person
doing the operating?
Answer 10
* Ensure the correct operating is done in the correct sequence.
* The control officer and the appointed operator are aware of the state of the
apparatus at all times.
Question 11
State the two operations to the regulations which allow pre-authorised operating
instruction to be given to a power station?
Answer 11
* Synchronising of a generator.
* Taking a generator off load.
Question 12
(i) Pre-authorised synchronising will not be permitted at Frequencies above .... Hz.
(ii) Pre-authorised generator shut-down will not be permitted At frequencies below ....
Hz.
Answer 12
(i) 50,3 Hz.
(ii) 49,7 Hz.
Question 13
Name the conditions that could delay the synchronising or loading of a generator?
Answer 13
Steam and/or metal temperatures, differential expansions, shaft eccentricity may be
critical.
Question 14
Explain the use of an operating diagram? (Reg. 2.08).
Answer 14
To indicate the operating position and the correct state of all apparatus.
Question 15
State how shall all operating instructions be given by the control officer?
Answer 15
In detail without any abbreviations.
Question 16
May the operating instructions be pre-written? If your answer is yes, state who may
pre-write them. If your answer is no, what is the normal procedure to be followed?

41

Answer 16
Yes, by:
* The appointed operator doing the operating.
* Person authorised to transmit operating instructions.
Question 17
Explain who is to sign the operating instruction form after it has been written?
Answer 17
The appointed operator who received the instructions and is going to do the
operating (if applicable the trainee as well).
Question 18
Give four advantages of using an operating diagram (as defined).
Answer 18
* At all times you can see the state of breakers, switches and isolators and the
position of earths throughout the section of the power system.
* Useful for planning operating in advance.
* Training aid and assists in developing diagnostic ability.
* Always promotes correct and safe operating.
* During a mishap it enables another person to assess the situation immediately and
to take corrective action.
Question 19
Explain the procedure that is to be followed in the case of a trainee doing operating?
Answer 19
The trainee and appointed operator must check independently each for themselves
that the intended operating can in fact be carried out with safety.

Question 20
Explain when it is impossible for an authorised person to obtain direct
communication with the control officer, what must be done to obtain an operating
instruction?
Answer 20
Using a third person who must be a person authorised for operating or a person who
has been authorised to transmit operating instructions.
Question 21
State when the operating diagram must be updated?
Answer 21
On completion of any operation.

42

Question 22
Explain which messages on any communication system must always be given
preference?
Answer 22
Messages to and from the control officer.
Question 23
Who is responsible for updating the operating diagram board?
Answer 23
Control officer
Question 24
Describe the term operating diagram
Answer 24
Means the permanent diagram in control centre, or power station control room that
indicates the operating state and position of all apparatus.
Question 25
List the steps to be followed when operating under an operating instruction.
Question 25
* Control officer gives instruction (no abbreviations).
* Appointed operator writes instruction on the form using a separate line for each
entry. (Standard abbreviations may be used when writing).
Note: In order to save time, the instruction may be prewritten.
* Appointed operator reads instruction back to the control officer.
* Control officer confirms or corrects.
* Appointed operator signs the form date and time.
* Operating instruction form taken by appointed operator to the workplace.
* Appointed operator reads instruction and checks that it is the right apparatus.
* Appointed operator carries out instructions, ticking off each step as completed.
* On completion, the operation is reported to the control officer with immediate
effect stating time.

Lesson 3
ISOLATING
Question 1
In order to control the system voltage, it is often necessary for the control officer to
carry out switching. State what must be switched in or out?
Answer 1
Switching in or out of capacitor and reactors banks at un-attended stations.
Question 2
Under what circumstances may more than one appointed operator perform operating
on the same apparatus?
43

Answer 2
When it is necessary to operate at two or more points situated some distance apart.
Question 3
Explain when may the earthing operation commence, if more than one appointed
operator performs the operating?
Answer 3
The control officer shall authorise the earthing operations only when isolation has
been completed at all points.
Question 4
State the minimum earthing requirements for a line or section of a line, which has
been isolated from all points of supply, before starting the work .
Answer 4
At least one earth shall be applied to the line or section of line between the point of
isolation and the first place of work. Authorised working earths to be applied as
needed.
Question 5
Explain the procedure to be followed while busy with operating when handing over
shift.
Answer 5
Where continuous shift work is in operation the appointed operator may hand over
the shift to the appointed operator relieving him provided that all operating
instructions issued by the control officer to the off-going appointed operator have
been fully carried out.
Question 6
Explain under which conditions a crane may work under an overhead line.
Answer 6
The only time when a crane may work under a line is when the line has been
isolated in terms of regulation 1.65 Safety Panel"

Lesson 4
EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
Question 1
Name the exceptions to the general operating procedure Reg 2.01.
Answer 1
* Emergency switching.
* Operating on dead-ended feeders and auxiliary apparatus in power stations
excluded by means of area operating regulations.
Question 2
44

Explain when will emergency switching be carried out?

Answer 2
In cases where lives are in danger or apparatus can be damaged.
Question 3
Explain who may perform emergency switching?
Answer 3
Any person may perform emergency switching.
Question 4
Explain why do we have exceptions to the general operating procedure?
Answer 4
To allow for circumstances beyond the control of the control officer.
Question 5
After emergency switching has been carried out, Explain who must be informed and
why?
Answer 5
The control officer must be informed as soon as possible after emergency switching
was carried out, because a record must be kept of the operating, the time and details
as well as the name of the person who carried out the emergency switching.
Question 6
Does auxiliary apparatus on a power station fall under the control officer?
Motivate your answer.
Answer 6
No, they are not directly connected to the power system.
Question 7
Describe the abnormal conditions that must be reported to the control officer?
Answer 7
Emergency switching. Adverse weather conditions, veld fires, unit trip, load loss.
Question 8
Explain the process to restore loss of supply in the event of failure or absence of
communications. (Reg 6.04)
Answer 8
Authorised persons may, at their discretion, close breakers in order to resume
supply, provided that where two or more feeders enter a station only the breakers of
feeders originating from one point may be closed without permission from the control
officer.
Question 9
45

Under what conditions may the control officer interrupt calls or messages?
Answer 9
During periods of abnormal system conditions.
Question 10
A station which houses the breaker that controls a line on which live work is to be
done. The control officer is about to hand over the line to the authorised person in
charge of the live work. Before the control officer does this, what must be done?
Name them.
Answer 10
Live work warning notices to be affixed to all control panels of breakers controlling
the supply
All auto re-closing features on these breakers to be switched off or otherwise made
inoperative.
Question 11
Explain what is an earthing label and when is it used?
Answer 11
An earthing label is the printed form used at power stations for affixing to control
panels to indicate that the apparatus has been earthed stating the number and
position of all earths and the work permit number.
Question 12
Explain when and by whom an earthing label may be removed?
Answer 12
The earthing label shall be removed by the appointed operator when the operation of
removing all the earths to which it relates is completed.

APPENDIX 6
Module 1
KEY LEARNING POINTS
THEORY
1 Alive or live means electrically connected to the power system or electrically
charged.
2 Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator, feeder,
electrostatic precipitator or any other high-voltage plant installed in a station or on a
feeder.
3 Isolate or Isolating or Isolated refers to the disconnection of the apparatus to form
an air gap from all possible sources of electrical potential.
46

4 Isolation may be obtained by:

(a) the opening and removal of fuses
(b) the opening of isolators
(c) the removal of jumpers/droppers
(d) the opening of air break switches
(e) the racking out of truck-type switchgear
(f) the immobilisation of breakers having visible contact separation, and not fitted
with grading capacitors
5 Dead means that any apparatus so described is at or about zero potential and
disconnected or isolated from any live power system. Rotating plant shall not
regarded as dead until it is stationary or is being slowly rotated by means of barring
gear and is not excited.
6 Isolator means a device provided for the purpose of isolating apparatus from the
source of electrical potential.
7 Breaker means a device designed to make or break electric current under both
normal and fault conditions.
8 Switch means a device, other than a breaker, designed for making or breaking a
rated flow of electric current. The term includes air break switches or weightoperated disconnects and similar devices.
9 Earthing or earthed means the connecting of apparatus electrically to the general
mass of earth in such a manner that it will ensure an immediate safe discharge of
electrical energy at all times.
10 Live chamber means any chamber, enclosure or any situation in which
inadvertent human contact with conductors or live parts of electrical apparatus
working at high voltage is possible from ground or floor level.
11 Prohibited area means an enclosed area in which live conductors or live parts of
electrical apparatus working at high voltage is accessible, but situated in such a
position that inadvertent human contact is not possible from ground or floor level.
12 Restricted area means an enclosed area that is neither a live chamber nor a
prohibited area as defined, and that is enclosed for the purpose of power system
security and the safety of personnel.
13 Reg. 3.02 states that: Only authorised persons or persons under supervision of
an authorised person may enter a live chamber
14 Supervision or supervise refers to the overseeing of the actions of a person or
persons so as to prevent any act that could be dangerous or in contravention of
these regulations.

47

15 Work or Working or Worked refers to all physical activities in connection with

apparatus, excluding operating and other non-dangerous activities that will not affect
the health and safety of workers or the safe operation of apparatus.
16 Reg 3.03. States that: "A person who has not been authorised to enter a
prohibited area shall be allowed access to the ground level only of a prohibited area
if he is under the supervision of an authorised person or if he is working under a
work permit.
He shall remain on ground level unless the working area is suitable demarcated by
means of barriers to ensure that inadvertent human contact with live apparatus
adjacent to or above the demarcated area is not possible from within the barriers. In
addition, a work permit shall be issued detailing the apparatus on which he is
required to work, unless he is working on the distribution system under the
supervision of an authorised person in accordance with reg. 8.02.7
If a section of a prohibited area and the access to that section in which work is to be
carried out, is effectively segregated so as to prevent dangerous approach to live
apparatus, such section shall no longer constitute a prohibited area and no
supervision by an authorised person shall be required".
17 Reg 3.04. States that: "Access to restricted areas shall be allowed only to
persons who have obtained permission, through an authorised method".
18 Emergency switching means the opening of only such breakers or switches as
may be necessary to avoid imminent danger to life or damage to apparatus.
Module 2
KEY LEARNING POINTS
THEORY
1 Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator, feeder,
electrostatic precipitator or any other high-voltage plant installed in a station or on a
feeder.
2 Appointed operator in a power station means an employee or a non-employee,
who is authorised to do operating and is deemed to be an authorised person in terms
of these regulations
3 Responsible person means a person, whether an employee or a non-employee,
who has been authorised to be responsible for ensuring that the work on the
apparatus covered by a work permit can be, carried out safely and within the terms
of these regulations.
4 Authorise or Authorised refers to the giving of permission in writing to perform
specific duties all responsibilities in terms of these regulations. Authorisation remains
valid for a maximum period of three years.
5 Supervision or supervise refers to the overseeing of the actions of a person or
persons so as to prevent any act that could be dangerous or in contravention of
these regulations.
48

6 Work or Working or Worked refers to all physical activities in connection with

apparatus, excluding operating and other non-dangerous activities that will not affect
the health and safety of workers or the safe operation of the apparatus.
7 Reg. 8.01.9 states that: "The responsible person shall explain the nature of the
work covered by the work permit and the dangers as per the pre-work checklist,
attached thereto to all the workers who will be engaged in this work, and shall then
complete the workers register. The workers register shall be current at all times.
If work extends over a period of time especially more than one day or shift, on
completion of work or at the end of shift, the workers register must be signed. When
the work resumes on the next day or the next shift, a new workers register must
be signed. This is also applicable when a person is delegated from one Job/Work to
another. This regulation shall be read in conjunction with regulation 5.06. The test
before touch (GGD1221) principle must be adhered to.
8 Reg. 8.01.8 states that: "When it is necessary for work to be done on apparatus at
a power station in more than one chamber on the same circuit a separate work
permit shall be issued for the work in each separate chamber.
9 Operating means switching, linking, safety testing and earthing.
Module 3
KEY LEARNING POINTS
THEORY
1 Alive or live means electrically connected to the power system and or electrically
charged.
2 Apparatus means any generator, transformer, motor, switchgear, isolator, feeder,
electrostatic precipitator or any other high voltage plant installed in a station or on a
feeder.
3 Isolator means a device provided for the purpose of isolating apparatus from the
source of electrical potential.
4 Switch means a device, other than a breaker, designed for making or breaking a
rated flow of electric current. The term includes air break switches or weightoperated disconnects and similar devices.
5 Breaker or Circuit Breaker means a device designed to make or break electric
current under both normal and fault conditions.
6 Reg. 2.07 Making apparatus alive on first installation or after alteration or repairs
states that:
Reg. 2.07.1 Any apparatus on first installation or after alterations or repairs, shall
not be placed in commission without prior handing over for service to the control
officer by an official of the department concerned. No commissioning shall be carried
out unless all apparatus and control panels are suitably labelled.
49

The control officer shall ensure that all necessary high-voltage testing of apparatus
and the checking of all phasing, synchronising equipment and protection equipment
is carried out on first commissioning or after alterations or repairs.
A note to this effect, including the names and designations of persons responsible for
such tests shall be logged by the control centre concerned.
The control officer shall be responsible for arranging, where necessary, for temporary
settings of relays on first installation of apparatus, and thereafter for the final settings
of the relays for normal working conditions".
Reg. 2.07.2 Apparatus shall not be considered to be part of the power system when
it has been disconnected from the power system by:
a) either the removal of droppers or
b) By the opening of isolators. When opened, these isolators shall be locked with
safety locks and the keys placed in the custody of a person not directly involved with
the operating.
The person in charge of work shall be responsible for applying earths on apparatus
that has been disconnected from the power system.
Reg. 2.07.3 Apparatus that is being installed does not fall under the responsibility of
the control officer until the installation reaches the stage at which the making of
connections between the apparatus and the power system will enable some part of
the apparatus to be made alive.
The control officer shall then immediately be advised of the position by the
authorised person who shall give the control officer all required details of the
apparatus, including the number and position of any earths which are at that time
affixed to the apparatus.
From this stage the control officer shall be responsible for all earths on the apparatus
being commissioned and the procedure detailed in section 5 shall be followed."
7) 5.09.1.1 Testing apparatus being energised from the system
Where it becomes necessary for the purpose of carrying out testing, to energise the
apparatus from the system while such apparatus is in an abnormal condition the
department concerned must make special arrangements with the official in charge so
that the operating procedure* can be agreed to beforehand.
The existing work permit/s, on which work was performed, must be cleared.
A new work permit with the title Test as per procedure* under Regulation 5.09.1.1
must then be issued affecting the tests to be carried out, indicating the state of
isolations and earths required to carry out the tests.

50

It shall be the responsibility of the responsible person for each test to warn workers
and or temporarily withdraw the workers involved from the apparatus for the
duration of the test.
The operating shall then be carried out in accordance with the agreed procedure*
and in accordance with the regulations in so far as they apply.
The operating as per the agreed test procedure shall be done by the appointed
operator in conjunction with the responsible person.
For the purpose of this regulation, an abnormal condition is one in which the
apparatus is not in a condition to take normal load owing to jumpers being broken or
to temporary connections having been made, protection settings not verified, any
protection out of commission, temporary earths applied, or some similar reason.

8) 5.09.1.2 Testing apparatus not being energised from the system

Testing of apparatus as per this regulation may be done on the original work permit
provided that the testing has been indicated on the scope of work and the risk
assessment determines that it is safe. If the risk assessment indicates the need for
a new work permit, this new work permit must be taken out under regulation
5.09.1.2.
If it is necessary, for the purpose of carrying out testing to energise the apparatus,
from a source other than from the system, the department concerned must make
special arrangements with the official in charge so that the test procedure can be
agreed to beforehand. The test procedure must be attached to the work permit.
It shall be the responsibility of the responsible person for each test to warn workers
and or temporarily withdraw the workers involved from the apparatus for the
duration of the test.
The operating shall then be carried out in accordance with the agreed procedure
and in accordance with the regulations in so far as they apply.
The operating as per the agreed test procedure shall be done by the appointed
operator in conjunction with the responsible person.
9) Operate or Operating means switching, linking. Safety testing and earthing.
10 Auxiliary apparatus means the bus bars and apparatus at a station, which are
supplied by standby generators or the secondary sides of station, unit or earthing
transformers or from the tertiary windings of main transformers.
11 Equipotential zone means a safe work area created to ensure that any two or
more conducting parts that can be touched by a person simultaneously are bonded
together by approved earthing leads to ensure a zone of equal potential between
different parts of the working area.

51

APPENDIX 7
KEY LEARNING POINTS

KLP Module 1:
1 What is by definition Alive or Live?
a) Electrically connected.
b) Linked to the system.
c) Electrically energised.
d) Electrically connected to the power system or electrically charged.
2 What is by definition Apparatus?
a) Busbar, conductor.
b) Switchgear, isolator.
c) Control switch, panel.
d) Feeder, transformer.
e) All the answers are correct.
3 What is meant by isolate?
a) Disconnect apparatus from any live electrical energy.
b) An air gap is formed.
c) Apparatus disconnected by means of opening switches.
d) Apparatus disconnected from all possible sources of electrical potential.
e) Apparatus disconnected from all possible source of electrical energy.
4 How may isolation be obtained?
a) Racking out of truck-type switchgear.
b) Opening of isolators.
c) Lock off fuses.
d) Opening/removal of fuses.
e) Opening of circuit breakers
f) Opening of air break switches.
5 What is by definition Dead?
a) Disconnected or isolated from any live power system.
b) Plus minus zero potential.
c) At or about zero potential.
d) Not linked to a power system.
e) Plant rotating slowly and not charged.
f) Plant stationary, rotating slowly on barring gear and not excited.
6 Isolator means a device for the:
a) Purpose of disconnecting apparatus from a source.
b) Purpose of make or break a circuit.
c) Purpose of isolating apparatus from the source ofelectrical potential.
7 Breaker means a device designed to:
a) Connect or disconnect a circuit.
b) Make or break a circuit under any condition.
52

c) Make or break electric current, under both normal and fault conditions.
8 A switch is designed to:
a) Make or break a circuit.
b) Make or break a limit flow of current.
c) Make or break a rated flow of electric current.
9 What is meant by Prohibited area?
a) Where live high voltage conductors or live parts of high voltage electrical
apparatus can be touched from ground/floor level.
b) Where contact with live conductors and live electrical apparatus working at
high voltage is not possible from ground/floor level.
c) Where human beings can touch live electrical apparatus and conductors from
ground/floor level.

10 What is by definition a Restricted area?

a) Same as a prohibited area.
b) Fenced off for power system security and safety of plant.
c) Enclosed for the purpose of power system security and safety of personnel.
d) Enclosed for the purpose of power system protection and the safety of personnel.
11 What is the procedure for access to a live chamber in Generation.
a) Work permit in force.
b) No person in Generation is allowed into a Live Chamber under any
circumstances.
c) Under supervision of an appointed person.
d) Under supervision of a responsible person.
e) Must be an authorised person.
f) Must be a responsible person.
g) Under supervision of an authorised person.
12 What is by definition Supervision or Supervise?
a) The overseeing of the actions of workers to prevent accidents.
b) The overseeing of the work to ensure it is done correctly.
c) The overseeing of the actions of a person or persons so as to prevent any
act that could be dangerous or in contravention of the regulations.
d) One of the duties of the responsible person.
13 Who is responsible for the safety of the workers regarding Supervision?
a) Person in charge of department.
b) Responsible person.
c) Skilled person.
d) Qualified person.
e) The person responsible for supervision
14 State what is by definition work?
a) All physical activities in connection with apparatus.
b) Operating activities.
53

c) Non - dangerous activities that will not affect the health and safety of workers or
the safe operation of the apparatus.
d) An activity that does not require isolation.
e) Activities carried out personally by an authorised person.
15 Under what circumstances may an unauthorised person enter a prohibited area in
terms of Reg. 3.03?
a) Ground level only - LAR in place.
b) Above ground level - work permit and no supervision required because it is
barricaded.
c) Above ground level - work permit, supervision and area barricaded.
d) Ground level only - work permit in force.
e) Ground level only - work permit in force or supervision required by skilled person.
f) Under supervision of an authorised person.

16 How may access be gained to a Restricted area?

a) Using a work permit.
b) Through an authorised method.
c) Using a LAR.
17 What is by definition Emergency switching?
a) Opening and closing of breakers.
b) Opening of only such breakers and switches.
c) Opening and closing of isolators.
d) To avoid imminent danger to life or damage to apparatus.

KLP Module 2:
1 What is by definition apparatus?
a) Busbar, conductor.
b) Switchgear, isolator.
c) Control switch, panel.
d) Feeder, transformer.
e) All the answers are correct
2 What is an Appointed operator?
a) Person authorised to do work.
b) Person authorised to do switching and linking.
c) Person authorised to do operating.
d) Authorised person in terms of these regulations.
3 What is a Responsible person?
a) Only an employee
b) A Person who has been authorised.
c) To do work safely.
d) To be responsible to ensure that work is carried out safely.
54

4 What, does Authorise or Authorised refer to?

a) A person who is authorised in terms of the regulations.
b) A person who has received written permission.
c) A person who has been authorised.
d) A person who has permission to perform specific duties and responsibilities
in terms of the regulations.
5 What is by definition Supervision or Supervise?
a) The overseeing of the actions of workers to prevent accidents.
b) The overseeing of the work to ensure it is done correctly.
c) The overseeing of the actions of person or persons so as to prevent any act
that could be dangerous or in contravention of these regulations.
d) None of the duties mentioned above.

6 What does work refer to?

a) All physical activities in connection with apparatus.
b) Operating activities.
c) Non-dangerous activities which will not affect the health and safety of workers or
the safe operation of apparatus.
d) An activity that does not require isolation.
e) Activities carried out by an authorised person.
7 What must be done in terms of the workers register as per Reg8.01.9?
a) Responsible person must complete workers register.
b) Workers enter their names onto workers register.
c) Skilled person explains work and dangers to workers.
d) Responsible person explains work and dangers as per the pre-work
checklist to workers.
e) Workers register to be current at all times.
f) Workers register to be completed once and only to be sign off when work is
completed.
8 When it is necessary to carry out work on apparatus at a power station in more
than one chamber but on the same circuit how many work permits are required. (Reg
8.01.8)?
a) One permit for the circuit.
b) Separate permits for each separate chamber.
c) Amount of permits does not matter.
9 What is by definition operating?
a) Opening and closing of breakers.
b) Switching, linking, safety testing and earthing.
c) Opening and closing of isolators.
d) Earthing operations only.

KLP Module 3:
1 What is by definition Alive or Live?
55

a) Electrically connected.
b) Linked to the system.
c) Electrically energised.
d) Electrically connected to a power system or electrically charged.
2 What is by definition Apparatus?
a) Busbar, conductor.
b) Switchgear, isolator.
c) Control switch, panel.
d) Feeder, transformer.
e) All the answers are correct.
3 Isolator means a device for:
a) Purposes of disconnect apparatus from a source.
b) Purpose of make or break a circuit.
c) Purpose of isolating apparatus from the source of electrical potential.
4 What is by definition a switch?
a) Same as a breaker.
b) Other than a breaker.
c) Includes air break switches.
d) Also an isolator.
e) Make or break a circuit.
f) Make or break a limit flow or current.
g) Make or break a rated flow of electric current.
5 Breaker or Circuit Breaker means a device designed to:
a) Connect or disconnect a circuit.
b) Make or break a circuit under any conditions.
c) Make or break electric current under both normal and fault conditions.
6 State the requirements in terms of Reg 2.07 that must be in place before making
apparatus alive on first installation or after alterations or repairs.
a) Apparatus and Control panels suitably marked.
b) Handing over for service by Operating manager.
c) Commissioning to arrange for temporary settings.
d) Control officer to arrange for temporary relay settings and permanent
settings.
e) Handing over for service by official of department concerned.
f) PTM to ensure high voltage testing and checking of phasing and protection
equipment is carried out.
g) Control officer ensures high voltage testing of apparatus and checking of all
phases and protection equipment is carried out.
h) Apparatus and control panels to be suitably labelled.
7 What has to be done in order to test apparatus in terms of Reg 5.09.1.1?
Energised from the system.
a) The local control officer issues the instructions to isolate and earth apparatus.
b) Department concerned makes special arrangements with the official in
charge.
56

c) Operating procedure to be agreed on beforehand

d) A work permit must be issued affecting the tests to be carried out and the
state of isolations and earths required to carry out the tests
e) Existing work permit, on which work was performed, must be cleared.
f) The operating shall then be carried out in accordance with the agreed
procedure and in accordance with the regulations.
8 If it is necessary to carry out testing of apparatus not energized from the system,
what must be done for compliance to Reg 5.09.1.2?
a) Agreed operating to be carried out in accordance with the
procedure.
b) Local regulations to be in place.
c) Commissioning makes arrangements with control officer.
d) Operating procedure to be in place and agreed beforehand.
e) Responsible Person to warn and withdraw workers
f) Department concerned makes arrangements with official in charge.
9 What is by definition Operating?
a) Opening and closing of breakers.
b) Switching, linking, safety testing and earthing.
c) Opening and closing of isolators.
d) Earthing operations.
10 What is by definition Auxiliary apparatus?
a) Generators and or feeders.
b) Busbars and apparatus at a station which are supplied by standby
generators or the secondary sides of station, unit and earthing transformers or
from the tertiary windings of main transformers.
c) All apparatus under the control of the L.C.O.
d) Transformers only.
11 What is an equipotential zone?
a) Created safe work area.
b) Two or more conducting parts that can be simultaneously touched by a
person.
c) Effectively earthed to provide a safe environment.
d) Approved earthing leads bond the conducting parts together.
e) The parts are joined together to create a zone of equal potential.
f) Ensures a zone of equal potential between different parts of the working
area.

57