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Hypersonic Propulsion
September 2007
• Summary
2
Potential Air Breathing Hypersonic
Applications
Source: SAB, Why and Whither of Hypersonic Research in USAF, Dec 2000
T
Erect/Prepare
B
M
Stop/Position
F-15E
Drive
B-2 minutes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
A Search
Identify
H
Track
Fighter Mach 6, 600 Nmi M
Mach 1 Mach 4
F-16
Target Exposure Tim e less
Air
B-52H Mach 12
Mach 16
5
Mach 22
JSF
Mach 12, 14, 16 Ranges in 2 m inutes
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Range (nautical miles)
Fire
Theater
Ballistic
Erect/Prepare
Missile
Stop/Position
Drive
minutes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Advanced Search
Hypersonic
Identify
Missile
Track
Time Of Flight
Fire Impact
20
Mach 1 Mach 4
Target Exposure Time less
Air
Reaction Time(minutes)
15 Breather
10
Mach 12
Mach 16
5
Mach 22
Pros:
• Limited infrastructure impact
• Very fast response times
• Increased speed helps survivability
• Storable fuels - capable of standing alert
Cons:
• High production costs
• Some R&D needed: combined cycle
engines, materials, and cooling
• Increased cost for maintenance, logistics
5%
4%
TBCC Rocket TBCC
RBCC
3% AAR
Rocket
RBCC Rocket
2%
Rocket Rocket
1%
0%
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000
STAGING VELOCITY, ft/s TBCC: Turbine Based Combined Cycle
RBCC: Rocket Based Combined Cycle
Cleared for public release: ASC 03-3191 AAR: Air Augmented Rocket
Aerospace Propulsion Domain
Improving Fuel Efficiency Across Flight Spectrum
12000
High
Bypass
10000 Turbofans
State of the Art
S&T Efforts
Specific Impulse (sec)
HEETE Future
8000
(Hydrocarbon Based Fuels)
6000
Rockets To Mach 25
• Reusability
ADVENT
• Cost Reduction
• Sustainment
4000
Scramjet
Low Bypass High Mach
Engine Demo
Turbofans & Turbine
(SED) ηOverall
Turbojets
2000 1.0
PDE 0.8
Ramjets 0.6
Scramjets
0.4
Rockets 0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
Mach Number
Scramjet Propulsion
Scramjet Engine
Shock
waves
Compression Surface Isolator
Compressor Nozzle
Combustor
Turbine
Turbine Engine
Multiple Roles
(Robust, Responsive)
Large
Expendable Space Lift Scramjets
(On Demand) and CCEs
Medium LRC
Small
Scramjets
LRC
Cowl Lip
Interstage
ATACMS Booster
SED Cruiser
Cruise Unpowered
Descent
Pt. Mugu Test
Range Impact
• Ingress
• Determine - In Zone Climb
• Apply Power
• BIT/GPS Acquisition
• Intent to Launch Separation
Launch
• Internal Power Boost
• Release/Eject Air
Vehicle
• Safe Separation
• Booster Ignition Return to
EAFB
18
Cleared for Public Release: # DOD 06-S-2154
AFRL Hypersonic Propulsion
Technology Programs
LRC
10 X SED
100 X SED
LRC
LRC
• Combines ramjet/scramjet
engines with turbine and rocket
engine cycles
• Rocket-Based Combined Cycle
(RBCC) easiest integration
• Studies show promising results
for over-under arrangements
Turbine-Based Combined-Cycle
(TBCC)
• Component development to
begin October 2005
22
Propulsion is the Pacing
Technology in Aviation
Wright Brothers
Redesigned Engine
Provided Enabling Power-
to-Weight Ratio