Flora of British Honduras Standley

LI BR.
ARY
OF THL
UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
5QO.5
TB
IS
V.
c.op.8
I
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
PUBLICATION 350
BOTANICAL SERIES VOLUME XII
THE FORESTS AND FLORA OF

BRITISH HONDURAS
BY
PAUL C. STANDLEY
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
AND
SAMUEL J. RECORD
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN WOOD TECHNOLOGY, FIELD MUSEUM
PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, YALE UNIVERSITY
IN COOPERATION WITH
THE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS AND THE AGRICULTURAL OFFICER
OF THE COLONY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY
EDITOR
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
JANUARY 27, 1936

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
PUBLICATION 350
BOTANICAL SERIES VOLUME XII
UNIVERSITY' Of UltftOlS
THE FORESTS AND FLORA OF

BRITISH HONDURAS
BY
PAUL C. STANDLEY
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
AND
SAMUEL J. RECORD
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN WOOD TECHNOLOGY, FIELD MUSEUM
PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, YALE UNIVERSITY
IN COOPERATION WITH
THE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS AND THE AGRICULTURAL OFFICER
OF THE COLONY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
JANUARY 27, 1936
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
FB
CONTENTS
PAGB
List of plates 5
Foreword 7
INTRODUCTION
Geography 9
Geology 10
Soils 11
Climate 12
Population 13
Agriculture, by H. P. Smart 13
Forest produce 17
PART I. THE FORESTS

Introduction 18
Forest types 19
Mangrove forest 19
Savanna forest 19
Pine forest 20
High rain forest 21
Secondary rain forest , 24
Forestry 25
Timbers of economic importance 28
Logwood 28
Mahogany . 30
Cedar 32
Rosewood 32
Pine 33
Banak 34
Santa Maria 35
Yemeri 36
Black poison wood . 37
Woods for paper pulp .,
37
Requirements for wood pulp mill 37
Paper-making tests 38
3
4 CONTENTS
PAGK
The cohune palm . . 39

Chicle gum industry 40
List of economic trees and their uses 43
Bibliography 47
PART II. THE FLORA

Relationships of the flora 52
Collections studied 55
Plan of the systematic list 59
Common names 59
Annotated list of genera and species 60
Additions 405
Index . 414
LIST OF PLATES
I. Logwood trees along Belize River.
II. Weighing logwood at Belize.
III. An old Honduras mahogany tree.
IV. Rafting mahogany logs down New River.
V. Squaring mahogany logs for export.

VI. Cedar tree surrounded by cohune palms.
VII. Stand of pine in Stann Creek District.
VIII. View of the Great Southern Pine Ridge.
IX. A typical banak tree.
X. Thatching a native hut with cohune palm.

XL Sapodilla forest.
XII. Primary intermediate forest, with sapodilla tree in
foreground.
XIII. Chicleros tapping sapodilla trees.
XIV. Sapodilla tree with chicle bag attached.

XV. Cooking sapodilla latex.
XVI. Kneading chicle gum into blocks.

FOREWORD
At the time of the organization of the Forest Department of
British Honduras there was very little reliable information as to
the identities of the trees and other plants with which it had to
deal. With comparatively few exceptions, the trees were known,
if at all, by vernacular names only, and these varied in different
localities and according to whether the language spoken was English,
Creole, Spanish, North Maya, South Maya, Kekchi, or Carib.

To assist the Department in overcoming this handicap, I began
about ten years ago to compile a list of all of the available scientific
and local names of the woody The first con-
plants of the Colony.
tribution, "Preliminary check list of British Honduras
entitled,
woods," was published in the initial issue of Tropical Woods,
March, 1925. It was only a short list, but it had a fairly substantial
foundation and served at least to call attention to the need for
much collecting. The hearty co-operation of the foresters was se-
cured and has been maintained, with the result that a great many
names have been added to the list, numerous doubtful classifications
have been cleared up, and many new species have been described.
Most of the determinations of the herbarium material have been
made by Mr. Paul C. Standley at Field Museum of Natural History.
Following my first visit to British Honduras in 1926, I began
the issuance in typewritten form of revisions and extensions of the
first check list. Each of these has been in two parts, the first con-
taining the botanical and common names of the species arranged
by families and genera, the second consisting of the common names
and their botanical equivalents. Copies were sent to the Forest
Department and were made the basis for further additions and
were prepared, dated as follows: No. 1,
corrections. Six revisions
August 27, 1926; No. 2, January 1, 1927; No. 3, June 14, 1927;
No. 4, November 12, 1928; No. 5, March 21, 1929; No. 6, November
1, 1929; No. 7, November 1, 1930; No. 8, June 20, 1932. A list of
the common and scientific names was published in Tropical Woods
24: 15-28, December 1, was five times as large as the first
1930, and
one printed six years previously.
The present
report consists of two parts, the first on the country
and the forests providing the setting for the flora which follows.
Part I is compiled largely from articles and reports published in
Tropical Woods, the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, and
8 FOREWORD
elsewhere. Part II has been prepared by Mr. Standley, own my

share being limited to notes on the woods. The wood descriptions
are short because all of the more important species have been covered
more fully in Timbers of Tropical America or in special articles

in Tropical Woods.
In the flora emphasis is placed on the woody vegetation, the

herbs being listed only by name. It is far from complete, but I
believe that making it available now will stimulate further field
collections and observations necessary for filling the gaps and cor-
recting mistakes.
SAMUEL J. RECORD
FORESTS AND FLORA OF BRITISH HONDURAS
PAUL C. STANDLEY AND SAMUEL J. RECORD
IN COOPERATION WITH
THE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS AND THE AGRICULTURAL OFFICER OF THE COLONY
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHY
British Honduras, the extreme northeastern portion of Central
America, lies between 15 53' and 18 30' N. Lat. and 87 28' and
89 16' W. Long. It has an area of approximately 8,655 square
miles of mainland, besides numerous small and large islands totaling
about 212 square miles in area and lying from two to fifty miles from
the coast. In area it is smaller than any of the Central American
countries except Salvador, is about twice as large as the island of
Jamaica, and of almost the same size as the State of Massachusetts.
British Honduras, the Department of Pete"n of Guatemala,
and the Mexican states of Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo,
form the Yucatan Peninsula, which projects northward from the
Central American mainland, separating the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea. A glance at a map of North America shows that this
peninsula extends almost to western Cuba, and study of the area
reveals that physiographically, geologically, and floristically it has
much in common with that island. From a botanical standpoint
the northern half of the Colony has relatively little in common
with the rest of Central America.
British Honduras is divided into two approximately equal regions
by the Belize River. The portion of the Colony lying north of the
river is a fairly level plain, sloping gently eastward from a western
elevation which rarely attains more than 400 feet above sea level.
Its two principal rivers run northward and empty into Chetumal
Bay, between British Honduras and Yucatan. In the southern
portion, southward from the Belize River or westward from the
coast, the land rises into hills, the coastal plain averaging from ten to
fifteen miles in width. There are several extensive areas of elevated
land and of hills or low mountains, the chief being the Cockscomb
Mountains, whose principal peak, Victoria Peak, has an elevation
of 3,676 feet. That the country as a whole has a considerable eleva-
tion is shown by the estimates of Mr. Lester H. Ower, Imperial
Geologist, who states that about 3,000 square miles, or 36 per cent
9
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XII
of the Colony, including the whole of the northern region, have

an elevation of 500 feet or less, but that 4,760 square miles, or 57
per cent, have an elevation of more than 1,000 feet.
GEOLOGY
Variations in the forest and the collective flora of British Hon-
duras are influenced primarily by the topography, soil variation,
and geology, and to a large extent also by the rainfall.
Recent geological sketch surveys show that two series of earth
movements have been responsible for the topography of the Colony.
The first (in Miocene times) and more important involved the
neighboring countries and developed, in an approximately east and
west direction, heavy foldings of which the central mountain mass
represents an eroded anticline and the Toledo plain and the northern
plain represent synclines. These are terminated in the extreme
south by a high limestone escarpment thrown up by heavy faulting
approximately along the Sarstoon River and in the north by the
limestone hills on the Mexican side of the Rio Hondo and on the
west side of Booth's River in the Colony, which may represent a
fault or the re-emergence of the limestone forming the anticlinal
fold of Yucatan.
The second and much later folding (late Tertiary and Recent)
with an approximate strike of 20 to 30 degrees east of north and
the accompanying minor faulting can now be traced in the lime-
stone coastal hills of Toledo and Manatee and in the corrugations
of the northern plain, which now determine the drainage of that
region.
The northern syncline was apparently submerged immediately
after the first folding and the limestones which then accumulated
were raised above sea level by the second folding and are now to
be found covering a large area of the northern and western portions
of the northern plain, the remaining area being recent alluvial
deposit in the valley of the Belize River.
GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS
The following summarized and abbreviated account of the
geological divisions of the country has been taken from Ower's
Geology of British Honduras.
Alluvial Deposits.These cover 1,100 square miles, and except
for a large area west of Belize, lying between the Belize and Sibun
rivers, they form the coastal plain running between the hills and
FLORA OF BRITISH HONDURAS 11
the coast southward from Belize. They were laid down in the sea
during the period when the coast line lay along the foot of the hills,
and consist of material brought down by the mountain streams.
Toledo Beds. These occupy 650 square miles south of the
mountain area in the southern extremity of the Colony. They
are of Upper Miocene age, consist mainly of thin bedded shales
and mudstones, with some blue calcareous sandstones and patches
of limestone, and lie between the alluvials of the coast and the Rio
Dulce limestone of the hills. Weathering of the rocks of the Toledo
series results in a soil of
high fertility.
Rio Duke Limestone and Marls. The Oligocene beds to which,
from their ample exposure in the gorge of the Rio Dulce near
Livingston, Guatemala, this name is given, cover the greater part
of the Yucatan Peninsula, and are represented also in Cuba, the
Cayman Islands, Jamaica, and Haiti. They cover all the northern
half of British Honduras, and extend along the western and southern
sides of the mountains, amounting to an area of 5,070 square miles.
They consist of thidc beds of hard white limestone, which often
form conical peaks, frequently weathered to form caves. The lime-
stone is not found above an elevation of 2,500 feet. The marls,
which represent the younger beds of the white limestone series,
are confined to the northern portion of the Colony; these are derived
from the disintegration of flints and quartzite veins.
Igneous Rocks. The granites and porphyries formed by in-
trusions of molten rock during Upper Carboniferous times cover
irregular and often isolated areas totaling 370 square miles, of
which the granites occupy 290 square miles. Such formations out-
crop to form the higher hills and mountains. The detritus in the
basins of the granite hills provides rich and fertile soils.
Slates. These are also of Upper Carboniferous age and cover
about 1,020 square miles. They are confined to the so-called Maya
Mountains, the name given to the whole of the mountainous area,
but touch the coastal plain on the east.
SOILS
The soils of the northern plain are characteristically shallow,
overlying soft limestone or marl. The arenaceous soils of the water-
sheds support pine and a dry grass savanna and are non-agricultural.
On the sites of ancient cays or on old lagoon sites where clay and
silthave accumulated, a fairly deep black or brown clay is found,
supporting a high forest characterized by the prevalence of Cohune.
This type is the chief agricultural soil of this region. Intermediate

between these two extremes of fertility is a black or red soil, support-
ing forest in which Mahogany and Sapodilla are of frequent occur-
rence. The cutting of Mahogany and the bleeding of Sapodilla
have for a long time been the principal forms of exploitation of
this soil type.
The soils of the central and southern coastal plain are similar
in formation to those of the northern plain, the greater part being
covered by sandy detritus supporting only Pine forest and dry
savanna. The alluvial belts along the rivers support a luxuriant rain
forest with the characteristic Cohune palm. These soils are derived
from the igneous rocks of the central mountains and are generally
deeper, less clayey, and more fertile, though more acid than those
of the north.
The soils of the valleys and foothills in the mountain region are
characteristically deep red and fertile in the granite areas but shallow
in the areas of slate, schist, and quartzite.
The soils of the southern Toledo section are fertile and deep in
well-drained areas but over a large portion of the region are heavy
waterlogged clays.
CLIMATE
While British Honduras lies wholly within the tropics, its climate
is only sub-tropical. The humid atmosphere of the coastal plain
is tempered by sea breezes and trade winds that blow for nine
months of the year. Meteorological data for Belize for ten years
indicate a mean shade temperature of 80 F., with a maximum of
92 F. and a minimum of 59 F.
There a well-marked dry season from February to May. The
is
south and in the central mountain mass,

rainfall is heaviest in the
and decreases rapidly toward the north, the following annual averages
being recorded for stations at low altitudes or on the coast from
south to north, an indication of the number of years used in deter-
mining the average also being given :
Inches Yean
Punta Gorda 170.41 24
Kendal (10 miles inland) 96.16 3
Stann Creek 83.22 16
Belize 81.88 25
Cayo (65 miles inland) 65. 55 18
Botanic Station (6 miles inland) 65.55 11
Orange Walk (30 miles inland) 56.68 20
Corozal .52.25 27
The following figures for stations on the Stann Creek Railway

from the coast into the hills are also of interest, in showing the rapid
rise in precipitation due to elevation:
Inches Years
Stann Creek (coast) 83.22 16
Agricultural Station (11 miles inland) . . .102.44 1
Industrial School (14 miles inland) Ill .33 6
Middlesex (25 miles inland) 140 .97 5
POPULATION
The censusof 1931 reported that the population was 51,347 or
5.79 per square mile. The country as a whole, however, is even more
sparsely inhabited than that figure would indicate, since 32.49 per
cent of the population of the Colony lives in the capital, Belize, and
a further 20.35 per cent in the five district townships, giving an urban
population of 52.84 per cent of the total population, the remaining
47.16 per cent being distributed in the smaller villages and isolated
settlements. Owing to the fact that transportation is chiefly by
water, most of the population is concentrated near the coast or along
the streams as far as they are navigable by motor boats or by dories,
the local dugout canoes.
AGRICULTURE
H. P. SMART, AGRICULTURAL OFFICER OF BRITISH HONDURAS
Until recently agriculture has not taken the prominence in the life
of the community that is usual in other countries. This may be ac-
counted for by the fact that only lately has the urgent need for greater
self-support arisen. Before this revival there was no such demand for
home-grown foodstuffs as is now apparent. People were content to
import the bulk of their requirements, thereby being assured of a con-
tinuous supply of produce of uniform quality at a more or less reason-
able price. Such produce as was grown in the Colony was unreliable
in quality and quantity.
There was no incentive to develop agricultural exports, since
labor employed in the forest industry returned a far larger revenue
than that obtained by a similar output of labor in the cultivation of
the soil. The war and, latterly, depression following several years of
over-production of timber and other forest produce of British Hon-
duras, the growing inaccessibility of merchantable stocks of Ma-
hogany and Cedar, and the worldwide trade stagnation have all
combined to force agriculture into greater importance, thereby re-
ducing the country's dependence on external sources of staple foods.
NATURE OF LANDS SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE

Agriculture as it exists today is carried on for the most part on
the river side areas. The soils of these areas, except in the higher
reaches, contain a very high percentage of clay and are therefore
difficult to cultivate with the most common and often only imple-
ment in use namely, the cutlass or machete. Being adjacent to
waterways they are the most convenient, the average native being
an excellent waterman. These lands are nothing more than narrow
strips bounded on one side by water and on the other as a rule by
low-lying swamps. They seldom reach a width of more than a quarter
of a mile. In the north of the Colony cultivation is carried on on
the Cohune cays and it is on this type of land that sugar has been
grown for a hundred years or more. The cays are composed of a
rich, well-drained black soil varying in depth, overlying marl.
Along the coast and on the cays plantations of coconuts are
maintained. There the soil is generally of a sandy nature. In the
south of the Colony, where sugar cane is also grown and where
the Indian agriculture exists, the soils are mainly stiff clays and
for the most part well drained.
PAST AGRICULTURE
There is evidence that parts of British Honduras were under
cultivation during the period of the Maya empires and it would seem
that these activities were carried on in areas which even today show
the most hopeful possibilities.
It is known from records that in the seventeenth century there
was a certain activity in sugar-growing for which a small number of
East Indians were imported for estate work. This industry, still
conducted in an extremely primitive manner, and the cultivation of
coconuts have survived to a greater or less extent to the present day.
During the nineteenth and the early years of the present century the
Colony actually exported sugar. This, however, did not survive for
very long owing to the introduction of beet sugar and the continued
use of uneconomic and primitive methods of production.
Certain foodstuffs have always been cultivated by a small pro-
portion of the population. The methods adopted, being of a shift-
ing nature and primitive, resulted in the production of supplies totally
inadequate for home demands. An exception to this is the produc-
tion of the Indians, which has always been sufficient for their re-
quirements, often leaving something over for sale. In the early days
it was usual for persons employed in Mahogany works to produce
small quantities of foodstuff the bulk of which was corn (maize) for
feeding the livestock used for haulage purposes.
Coconuts, although of moderately early origin as a crop in the
Colony, have received more attention within the last twenty to
twenty-five years than previously.
The banana industry is noteworthy as at one time it was of a
comparatively flourishing nature; hopes of continued prosperity
were dashed by the appearance and rapid spread of Panama Disease.
There seems little possibility of restoring the industry even to its
former importance since the disease has obtained too firm a hold in
the easily accessible areas.
Cacao is one of the staple articles of diet among the Maya
Indians. It has played its part in the agricultural history of the
Colony but has never been of much commercial importance. In
past years it was grown as a plantation crop on two or three estates
but the entrance of cheap West African cacao on the market lowered
the price to such an extent that this Colony was forced out of the
market. It is interesting to note that lately the Criollo type has
been recorded in the Colony (Kew Bulletin, 1930), but whether it
is truly indigenous or not is not certain.
PRESENT AGRICULTURE
Agriculture at the present time, except for the cultivation of
coconuts, grapefruit, and to a certain extent vegetable crops, is still
of a shifting character and very primitive. Within the last few years
there have been, however, definite signs of improvement in the
methods of cultivation, resulting in increased production. This is
attributed in part to the realization that agriculture practiced on
better and improved methods is a necessity for the well-being of
the Colony, and in part to the influx of agriculturists from the West
Indian islands. Nevertheless, the fact that individuals are still
able to obtain land far in excess of their actual requirements tends to
keep alive the shifting nature of local agriculture, which under the
conditions is extremely wasteful and harmful to the country. It is
probable that such a state of affairs can not be remedied until the
population of the Colony greatly increases.
The coconut industry is still the most important of the agri-
cultural industries, despite the extremely poormarket conditions.
Both whole coconuts and copra are exported from the Colony,
mainly to Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and
Mexico. The growth of this crop is almost entirely confined to the
coastal fringe and cays, where soil and climatic conditions are most
suitable. The average yearly production amounts
to approximately
twelve million nuts, of which from nine to ten million are exported
either as whole nuts or copra.
Of late years much interest has been taken in the cultivation

of grapefruit, and the British Honduras product has won the major
award at the Imperial Fruit Show, England, in the years 1928 to
1931, inclusive. Although only about 500 acres at present are grow-
ing improved varieties the acreage is being increased gradually each
year. So far only the Duncan and Marsh Seedless varieties are being
planted, and all are propagated by budding from selected trees on
sour orange and in a small number of cases native seedling stock.
The planting of grapefruit actually started in 1913 when about
twelve acres were set out, but it was not until about 1924 that the
possibilities of expansion and export of the fruit were seriously in-
vestigated. The extension of the industry is confined for the present
almost entirely to the Stann Creek Valley, but planters in other
parts, notably in the Corozal District, are now showing an interest.
The exports of this fruit amount to 15,000 cases per season (Sep-
tember to March) and it is expected that within the next four
years the Colony will be shipping at least four times the quantity.
The Colony is admirably suited to the growth of certain other
and many
citrus of the common tropical fruits, but the limited local
market and lack of enterprise in exporting such fruits have hindered
their development.
Of field crops the most important need only be mentioned. These

are maize, beans (Phaseolus spp.), cassava (Manihot spp.), cowpeas,
rice, yams (Dioscorea spp.), cocos (Xanthosoma spp.), sweet potatoes
(Ipomoea Batatas), and plantains (Musa paradisiaca). Maize and
beans are the main crops of the Indians who, it may be mentioned,
practice probably the highest type of agriculture that exists in the
Colony at present among the non-European section of the com-
munity. Cassava and yams, although generally grown, are essentially
the food crops of the Carib element, while the Creole planter grows
a little of all. Recently the production of corn, rice, and beans has
been encouraged by the establishment by the Government of two
rice mills and two drying kilns. The increase in rice production is
noteworthy, having risen from twelve tons to a hundred tons in four
years. Three agricultural stations have been or are in process of
being established in the main agricultural areas of the Colony in
the extreme north and south, and in the center at Stann Creek.
In spite of the production of all these crops and many others,

the importation of essential foodstuffs is enormous. The native
planter endeavors to grow just sufficient to feed himself and his
family and perhaps a little over, the sale of which will enable him
to buy he is unable to produce. Unfortunately it is
necessities that
not always that he does produce sufficient for home consumption.
In the last few years there has been shown a progressive interest
in the raising of small livestock, especially poultry. With properly
organized marketing the time is not far distant when the Colony
should be self-supporting in eggs and table birds.
Hogproducts are an important item in the diet of the bulk of
the population, yet, in spite of the excellence of this country for hog-
raising, the imports of salted pork and other pork products are very
high. The Indians are the chief hog raisers.
Sheep are seldom to be seen, mutton being a meat not relished
by the natives of the Colony.
Cattle were at one time of great importance, being the only
means of draft in the forest industry. The tractor, however, has dis-
placed the ox, resulting in the present decline in cattle-breeding.
There is no milk production at all except on estates where cattle are
actually kept, thus forcing the Colony to depend entirely on imported
canned milk, butter, and cheese.
The improvement of the local livestock industry depends largely
on the importation of good breeding animals, the establishment of
cold-storage facilities, and the revival of prosperity.
FOREST PRODUCE
British Honduras, being an importer rather than an exporter
of agricultural products, depends for its material welfare and balance
of trade primarily upon forest products, which comprise more than
three-quarters of its exports. The exports of forest produce are de-
rived almost wholly from five trees for which this region has been
long noted Mahogany, Spanish Cedar, Sapodilla (from which chicle
:
gum is tapped), Logwood, and Rosewood. In 1930 the exports of

Mahogany and Cedar had a value of $1,007,615; Chicle, of $171,797;
Logwood, of $5,130; and Rosewood, of $1,870. The only other im-
portant exports were coconuts, valued at $140,434, and bananas,
at $32,087.
Historically, the forests have played an important role in the

life of the Colony. The original settlement in Belize was made about
the middle of the seventeenth century by British Logwood and Ma-

hogany cutters, the value of the forests being such that the settle-
ment was a continual source was not until 1798 that
of strife, and it
the British were left in undisputed possession. The export of forest

produce was the sole reason for the original and the continued settle-
ment of the Colony.
PART I. THE FORESTS

INTRODUCTION
The importance of the forests may be gauged by their extent.
The vegetation map recently compiled by the Forest Department
of the Colony indicates that the vegetation of the mainland is made
up of the following approximate proportions:
Per cent
Mangrove forest 2.8
Savannas
Brackish water savannas']
f
Wet savannas 2.7
Fresh water savannas J
Inland savannas']
> Pine forest and dry savannas . 15.4
Pine forest J
High rain forest
Swamp forest 2.3
Intermediate forest 17 . 9
Mountain foresth
Advanced forest
? Advanced forest 51.9
Secondary rain forest
High forest1 J
Existing or recently abandoned cultivation 7.0
1
In present stage of investigation may be included in advanced forest.
'The secondary forest of the Maya Empire has been included in advanced forest as it is believed
that the whole of the area of the Colony except the swamps, savannas, and Pine forest was once
under cultivation by the Mayas and the second growth is now again well advanced towards its
apparent climax.
In 1921 Hummel reported on the forests of British Honduras,

and his report, which contains an extensive account of the forests,
the industries derived from them, and suggestions for a far-reaching
forest policy, is still the standard work on the subject and the basis
of the accepted forest policy of the Government. Oliphant, in a
statement prepared for the 1928 British Empire Forestry Conference,
gives a statistical estimate of the present condition of the forests of
the Colony and estimates that of the Pine forest 1,836 square miles
contain merchantable stocks and 1,030 square miles are unprofitable
or inaccessible. Of the broad-leaved forest 1,124 square miles are
unprofitable or inaccessible and 3,418 square miles contain mer-
chantable timber, that is, in respect of Mahogany, Spanish Cedar,

Logwood, and Rosewood. The volume of merchantable Pine is
estimated at 275 million cubic feet, and of broad-leaved species, in
respect of the four trees noted above, at 20 million cubic feet. These
figures are being revised, but new data are not yet available.
No definite statement is available regarding the quantity of
chicle-producing trees in the Colony but figures obtained from the
Forest Department indicate that in the primary forests of the
northern plain, Sapodilla trees of all sizes average 11.6 trees per
acre, 7.7 trees per acre being more than three feet in girth at breast
height.
FOREST TYPES
The classification of the vegetation types suggested by Duncan
Stevenson in Oliphant's Forestry in British Honduras has now
been amplified by further exploration and by detailed cruising work
undertaken in connection with a Forest Resources Survey. The
main divisions have already been noted with estimated proportions.
MANGROVE FOREST
The Mangrove forest occurs in brackish water along the main-
land and island coasts and in tidal lagoons and swamps; it is found
also in depressions, previously tidal lagoons, which still retain a
high degree of salinity, but where the deposition of silt has been
insufficient to raise the area to the level permitting colonization by
the savanna associates. The predominant species is Rhizophora
Mangle (Red Mangrove), which forms a low covering on tidal flats,
and thickets up to twelve feet in height along the sides of the drain-
age channels through these flats.
SAVANNA FOREST
Brackish Water Savannas. The brackish savanna replaces the
low mangrove forest as the sites on which the latter occurs are built
up above the tidal limits. The soil is generally a dark-colored silt,
which is colonized by a tall cyperaceous (sedge) vegetation. Common
among these tussock-forming Cyperaceae are Fuirena and Maris-
cus species.
Fresh Water Savannas. These savannas are fed by fresh water
and are formed on the sites of inland lagoons and on the low-lying
watercourses left during the meanderings of the streams and rivers
through the coastal plain. These sites are populated by a cyper-
aceous "tussock grass" flora. Panicum barbinode Trin. (Para grass)
often forms a dense consociation over large areas in the riverain

savannas and old watercourses. These fresh water savannas are
subject to periodical inundation during the rains and to fire during
the short dry season.
Inland Savannas. The inland savannas are characterized by a
shallow sandy soil overlying marl beds in the north, alluvial clay
or grits in the central region and northern Toledo coastal plain,
and the parent rock in the mountains of the central metamorphic
region.
There are two main associations: The first is formed on the
moist shallower sands of the depressions, which are subject to
partial waterlogging in the rainy season, and the second colonizes
the deeper sands with better drainage.
While both types support a low grass growth, the association
of the moist type is predominantly cyperaceous, while that of the
dryer type is largely of true grasses (Gramineae). There is a differ-

ence in the associations which each subsequently supports.
PINE FOREST
The local Pine forest forms a type that is not characteristic of
Central America, except for similar areas in near-by Guatemala and
certain portions of Atlantic Honduras and Nicaragua.
The by Pinus caribaea (Pine) of the inland savannas
colonization
occurring on the coarse grits and quartz beach sands derived from
the metamorphic rocks of the central region has created extensive
forests of this species. The colonization of the moist type has prob-
ably occurred after an intermediate stage of Crescentia Cujete
(Calabash) and Acoelorraphe Wrightii (Palmetto) association. Pal-
metto survives in the Pine forest, which on the low-lying coastal
plain is characterized by frequent Acoelorraphe clans. In this moist
type Pine seldom exceeds eighty feet in height and in extremely

moist sites height growth is often reduced to forty or fifty feet.
Pine enters the dry type apparently without such an inter-
mediate stage and, finding its optimum habitat, attains a height
growth of more than one hundred feet. Its usual associates in a
scattered undergrowth are Quercus spp. (Oaks), Curatella americana
(Yaha), and Byrsonima crassifolia (Craboo).
Pine also occurs in the Mountain Pine Ridge at elevations up
to 3,000 feet and in isolated patches on the tops of other ridges
between 1,000 and 3,000 feet in altitude. Its existence there, in
the absence of any indication as to its mode of entry, can only be
explained by the undoubted fact that Pine is the first tree colonizer
of the soils derived from the siliceous rocks.
There are numerous low shrubs of many families, and a great
abundance of wiry grasses and sedges and large and small herbs.
Botanically this area is attractive because of the surprising diversity
of the herbaceous plants, some of which are unknown elsewhere in
Central America. Many of them are species frequent in Cuba and
Florida and the general aspect of the Pine forest is astonishingly
similar to that of the Florida Everglades. The Pine is the same
species as that which dominates the landscape of southern Florida,
and the smaller plants are largely the same or closely related species.
It is necessary to mention only such characteristic genera as Poly-
gala, Utricularia, Panicum, Paspalum, Drosera, and Crotalaria.
HIGH RAIN FOREST

The high rain forest may be
divided into four types according
to the conditions under which grows and its stage of development
it
in the scale of plant succession. Much of the forest was previously

thought to be primeval but it is now known that large areas were
definitely cultivated in the time of the Maya Empires.
Such areas are, however, classed in the primary forests as they
have now reattained or are in advanced process of reattaining an
apparent climax in development. The quick return to the climax
type is often due to the Maya practice of leaving the Palms, par-
ticularly Cohune (Orbignya), standing in their plantations. Land
abandoned after shifting cultivation is quickly occupied by quick-
growing short-lived trees, coarse herbs and rank shrubs, then more
slowly by forest trees, and the prevalence of the Palms left standing
soon gives the resultant forest the appearance of the original growth.
Swamp Forest. The swamp forest has originated in the brackish
and fresh water savannas and on the river levees in the tidal limits.
It varies in constitution according to the sites which it has
colonized.
The delta and above high tide and the river levees in the
flats
coastal plain by an association containing, first,
are colonized
Laguncularia racemosa (White Mangrove) and Avicennia nitida
(Black Mangrove) as well as large trees of Rhizophora Mangle (Red
Mangrove), the relics of the previous Mangrove consociation, with
the later addition of Conocarpus erecta (Button wood), Chrysobalanus
Icaco (Cocoplum), Pachira aquatica (Provision Tree), and Ptero-
carpus officinalis (Kaway) to form the tidal levee forest.
A palmaceous swamp forest is found in the Toledo region in a

fan-shaped area around the estuary of the Temash River. Here
Manicaria saccifera (Comfray Palm) is the predominating species,
its chief associates being Calophyllum brasiliense var. Rekoi (Santa
Maria) and Symphonia globulifera (Waika Chewstick).

The brackish savanna is colonized by Acoelorraphe and Chry-
sobalanus, with the later addition of Bucida Buceras (Bulletwood)
and Achras Zapota (Sapodilla) in the northern region and Symphonia
in the central and Toledo regions. Calophyllum is a commonly
occurring species in this swamp forest in all three regions.
Fresh water savannas are colonized in silting lagoon areas by
Acoelorraphe and Chrysobalanus, associated in the north with Cam-
eraria belizensis (White Poisonwood) and Crescentia, and in the
Toledo region with a swamp Ficus sp. and Schizocardia belizensis.
Riverain savannas subject to periodical inundation support only
Prickly Bamboo and Mimosa scrub or Gob-apple (Anona sp.)
swamp.
In the northern region in riverain and pond savannas, subject
to prolonged waterlogging, Haematoxylon campechianum (Logwood)
is found in gregarious stands.
Intermediate Forest. The intermediate forest represents the

transition stages between the swamp or Pine forest and the ad-
vanced rain forest. The associations derived from swamp forest
pass through a stage containing swamp species such as Pachira and
Pterocarpus, together with Bucida in the north, and Podocarpus
guatemalensis (Cypress) and Achras Chicle (Chicle Macho) in the
central and Toledo regions. Dalbergia Stevensonii (Rosewood) is
confined to the Toledo region. Species common to these associations
in all regions are Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany), Calophyllum,
Sweetia panamensis (Billy Webb), Gliricidia sepium (Madre Cacao),
Lucuma belizensis (Silly Young), Simaruba glauca (Negrito), Bursera
Simaruba (Gombolimbo), Vochysia hondurensis (Yemeri), Pseud-
olmedia spp. (Cherry), and Xylopia frutescens (Polewood).
The intermediate forest may be divided into three main asso-
ciations, all known locally as "Broken Ridge," a term better rendered
as "Broken Reach" as it has no reference to altitude:
(1)Sabal-Give and Take Association. In the northern region
the swamp and Pine forests give place to an association characterized
by the frequent occurrence of Sabal sp. (Botan) and Give and Take
Palms, together with Achras Zapota (Sapodilla), Metopium Brownei
(Chechem), and Lucuma belizensis (Silly Young).
(2) Terminalia-Calophyllum-Symphonia-Vochysia Association.

In the central and Toledo regions, swamp and savanna forests,
with the exception of the dry Pine forest, give place to an asso-
ciation whose dominants are characteristically the species which
give it its name: Terminated excelsa (Nargusta), Calophyllum
brasiliense var. Rekoi (Santa Maria),
Symphonia globulifera (Waika
Chewstick), and Vochysia hondurensis (Yemen).
(3) Aspidosperma-Licania-Tetragastris Association. The dry
Pine forest of the central region is colonized by an association con-
taining Aspidosperma megalocarpon (My Lady), Licania hypoleuca
(Pigeon Plum), and Tetragastris Stevensonii (Carbon) as its dominant
species.The occurrence of Mountain Cabbage Palm and Alsophila
myosuroides (Tree Fern) is characteristic of this association.
Mountain The mountain forest on the ridges of com-
Forest.
paratively high elevation in the central region succeeds or appears

as an intermediate stage between the grass-Pine forest of the
mountains and the advanced forest of the lower slopes.
The geology of the central region shows that the present moun-
tains are the remains of a mass of metamorphic rocks intruded into
the older limestones which, over the main tableland, are now com-
pletely eroded.
The mountain ridges have no apparent relation to the coastal
swamps and it is therefore remarkable that the constituent genera,
and in all probability the species, of the association of this inter-
mediate type are the same as those of the fresh water savannas:
Mountain Cabbage, Schizocardia, Ficus, Calophyllum, Symphonia,
and Podocarpus, with Quercus spp. appearing as relics of the previous
serai unit.
The upper Cohune growth has not been determined with
limit of
any certainty but has been provisionally fixed at 2,000 feet. Moun-
tain forest occurring below this altitude must therefore be regarded
as an intermediate stage in the succession to advanced forest, while
above 2,000 feet it constitutes what must be considered an edaphic
climax.
Advanced Forest. This type might be called a climax as far as
thisterm is applicable to tropical forests, in that they rarely, if
ever, attain a state of equilibrium in respect of all their constituent
species. The advanced forest is characterized by the prevalence of
Orbigyna Cohune (Cohune Palm) which often forms a dense sub-
canopy and undergrowth and tends to oust the dicotyledonous
species.
Characteristic of the advanced forest is a dense stand of lofty

trees always occurring in heterogeneous associations. The nature
of the foliage is often difficult to determine from the ground, and
the experienced woodsman relies for his identifications on a close
inspection of the trunk, wood, and general crown characteristics, and
occasionally on flowers and fruits lying below the tree. In this
type the growth often shows distinct stratification of foliage. Shrubs
are abundant, their place being taken in the denser forest by a
thick Palm growth or by a thick carpet of small ferns. Epiphytic
plants such as aroids, ferns, bromeliads, mosses, and orchids abound,
the aroids and coarser woody vines of higher families being partic-
ularly plentiful. Many of the trees are buttressed.
They are apparently the climatic preclimax and climax stages
of the vegetation and include in their constituent species survivors
from the intermediate forest as well as climax species.
Common to all regions are Ceiba pentandra (Cotton Tree), Cctio-
phyllum, Terminated, Vochysia, Calocarpum mammosum (Mammee
Apple), Zanthoxylum spp. (Prickly Yellow), Spondias Mombin (Hog-
plum), Castillo, elastica (Wild Rubber), and Ficus species.
Confined to the limestones of the northern and Toledo regions
are Cedrela mexicana (Cedar), and Brosimum spp. (Breadnut).
Virola merendonis (Banak) and Dialium guianense (Ironwood) are
typically trees of the central metamorphic region but are found in
Toledo where the soil factor is apparently masked by that of the
heavy rainfall. They are not found in the northern limestone region.
SECONDARY RAIN FOREST

The secondary advanced rain forest is the preclimax or climax
unit of the cultivation subsere set up during the ancient Maya
civilization.
The full extent of the Maya cultivation has not yet been de-
termined but there is reason to believe that it has been more wide-
spread than was formerly thought. It is, indeed, probable that all
the present advanced high rain forests of the Colony are the
climax units of this cultivation subsere. The process of reintro-
duction of Mahogany and its associates into the second-growth
forest is somewhat obscure. It is surmised that the reconstitution of
the forest crops took place, as far as the cultivation in the valleys
of the hill limestone is concerned, by seeding from trees on the
inaccessible ridges; the seeding up on the plains was no doubt from
areas of swamp forest which were not suitable for cultivation.
Typical species of the early stages of second growth, as evidenced

by the modern shifting cultivation of Maya Indians on the same
localities, include Ochroma bicolor (Polak), Belotia Campbellii (Nar-
rowleaf Moho), Heliocarpus Donnell-Smithii (Broadleaf Moho),
Schizolobium parahybum (Quamwood), Cecropia mexicana (Trumpet),
Cordia alliodora (Salmwood), Guazuma ulmifolia, (Bay Cedar),
Miconia spp. (Maya), Inga spp. (Bribri and Tama-tama), Ceiba
pentandra (Cotton), and Trema sp. (Capulin). These are in the
nature of transition species and do not persist long, only isolated
stems being met in the later stages of the secondary rain forest.
These later stages approximate to the advanced high rain forest
type and the majority of species are similar in both types. Cedrela
mexicana (Cedar) occurs scattered in supposedly primary forest
but attains greater distribution in the more recent second growth.
Brosimum Alicastrum (Breadnut) is a typical tree of the secondary
forest but grows only on calcareous soils.
FORESTRY
Although British Honduras has been a timber-producing country
for 250 years, systematic forestry was started only in 1922 with
the formation of the Forest Department.
The administration of the Department is vested in a Forest
Trust consisting of the Governor as Chairman, the Colonial Secre-
tary, the Conservator of Forests, one other official and two non-
official members appointed by the Governor. The Conservator acts
as manager to the Trust.
Its policy, as laid down by Hummel, is:
(1) To improve thepresent conditionof the forests and

logging methods so that the cost of exploiting the forests will grad-
ually become smaller to make competition in the world's market
easier.
(2) To concentrate gradually the growth of Mahogany in

favorably situated areas, to increase its stock and also the output.
(3) To find a market for some of the useful secondary woods.
(4) To improve communications through more systematic ex-
ploitation instead of the present hand-to-mouth system, which
leaves no permanent mark of progress in the country.
The Trust also acts in the capacity of Forestry Adviser to the
Government and the Forest Office as a clearing house for the dis-
semination of information on all aspects of forestry.
The Trust has control over its expenditure subject to the ap-
proval by the Secretary of State of its annual estimates and supple-
mentary allocations. This financial arrangement aims at main-
taining a continuous policy free from political expedients.
While its main functions are concerned with expenditure, the
Forest Trust advises the Executive in matters of forest policy and
collects certain classes of forest revenue.
The Forest Ordinance (No. 32 of 1926) consists of two parts,
the dealing with forest protection and control and the second
first
constituting and defining the functions of the Forest Trust. The

protective section follows the general lines of forest legislation else-
where in the empire and permits the application of suitable pro-
visions and rules to privately owned forest land as well as to Crown
forests.
Although the object of the Trust is to procure for the Depart-

ment a continuous working under a definite policy, the activities
of the Department have not been isolated from economic con-
ditions in the Colony. Thus from seven in 1927, the peak year of
Mahogany production, the trained staff had been reduced by transfer
and non-filling of vacancies to two in 1930, the beginning of a number
of lean years in the logging industry. A third officer has recently
been appointed.
The activities of the Department have followed logical lines in
attempting the development of the forests.
At the outset, there was found a great lack of topographical
maps and any systematic knowledge of the constitution of the
forests. Records were confined to vague estimates of the volume
of Mahogany and Cedar in such terms as "inexhaustible" or "plenti-
ful." The first efforts, therefore, were directed towards topograph-
ical exploration, together with preliminary estimates of the growing
stock of Mahogany, Cedar, and Sapodilla and sometimes several
of the promising secondary timbers. Large areas were rapidly
covered by compass traverses combined with countings of timber
species.
An was made of broad vegetational types and
early recognition
type-mapping was included on these traverses.
This preliminary exploration is still in progress but sufficient
data have now been collected to form the basis for a preliminary
vegetation-type map on broad lines, and for estimating with reason-
able accuracy the forest resources and agricultural possibilities of
the Colony.
Intensive investigation into the forest resources was started in

1932 with the inauguration of a survey of detailed resources, the
primary object being the early utilization of the so-called secondary
timbers. This survey is being supplemented by tests of various
timbers by the Forest Products Research Laboratory at Princes
Risborough, England.
That accessible Mahogany supplies were being rapidly diminished
with the advent of mechanical haulage was early realized and a
long-range program of replacing Mahogany and Cedar stocks on
accessible cutover areas was commenced.
Silviculture has been mainly confined to the treatment of Ma-
hogany, Cedar, and Sapodilla, and has followed two lines. The
first aims at improving the rate of growth of the younger age classes
by freeing them from lianas and suppressing inferior species. The

undergrowth is also opened out around "improved" trees to favor
their regeneration. The object of the second is the favoring of
Mahogany regeneration in its competition with inferior species.
Regeneration "improvement" methods have followed three lines:
(1) Underbrushing and opening of the canopy through selected
areas to favor existing regeneration and to form a "seeding felling."
This method has been used successfully on compact, heavily cut-
over areas.
Underbrushing and opening of the canopy in favor of regenera-
(2)
tion found around stumps of recently logged areas. It was found
that, while regeneration is usually abundant around stumps during
the first two years
after the felling of the trees, it then rapidly dis-
appears in the competition with inferior species in the untreated
forest. This regeneration is saved, and old trees are replaced by
groups of regeneration.
"Taungya" work, where shifting cultivation areas are planted
(3)
with Mahogany. The Toledo Indians have taken up this work,
doing all the seed collection, nursery work, and transplanting of
seedlings in return for the use of the land rent free.
It has been found that Mahogany regeneration can hold its own
after the initial Underbrushing has given it a start over secondary
growth of "improved" areas.

Some 600,000 seedlings had been "improved" by methods (1)
and (2) up to 1930 when retrenchment in the Department necessitated
the cessation of further silvicultural work.
Silviculture in the Pine forests has been confined to fire protec-
tion, which has been found sufficient to promote abundant regenera-
tion of Pine. Small areas protected from fire since 1923 are showing
encouraging results and demonstrate that the reconstitution of
heavily burned and poorly stocked Pine lands is practicable.
Logging, which is confined to the extraction of Mahogany and
Cedar with small quantities of Logwood and Rosewood, is all in
the hands of private enterprise and is generally carried on in a
haphazard manner. Loggers usually work under a license system
on private and Crown lands. The Forest Department issues licenses
for Crown lands and endeavors to control logging by fixing a mini-
mum felling girth, by excluding heavily cut-over lands from logging
to conserve seed-bearers, and by laying down rough felling plans
for operation in the Forest Reserves.
A notable exception to the general haphazard methods of exploita-
tion is seen on the estates of a large land-holding concern which
cuts Mahogany on its own estates and is managed by a former
Forest Officer. On these estates systematic felling on conservative
lines is carried out.
The installation of a modern saw-mill in Belize gives the future
of the forest industry a more optimistic outlook.
With scientific
and organized agriculture still in its infancy, the Colony must for
a long time depend on its forest resources and any measures to
improve their utilization must be beneficial. The growing interest
in tropical hardwoods in the world's markets will lead, it is hoped,
to an early exploitation of secondary timbers, which will tide the
Colony over the approaching shortage of Mahogany supplies.
With agriculture organizing itself to supply the requirements
in staple foodstuffs and with the early increased utilization of the
forest wealth to provide the bulk of the export trade, the future
prosperity of the Colony should be assured.
TIMBERS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

LOGWOOD (Haematoxylon campechianum*)
Although Logwood has been reduced to minor commercial
importance because of the competition of synthetic dyes, the early
history of British Honduras is largely concerned with the "cutting,
loading, and carrying away" of that timber. Gibbs (1883) says:
"If, as by the adoption of her 'totem' and appropriate motto [sub
umbra floreo], the Colony of British Honduras would appear to
consider herself indebted (at all events for past prosperity) mostly
to another tree [Mahogany], it is to Logwood she certainly owes
in the first instance her existence.
"It was at one time the practice of the class of privateers (almost
identical with buccaneers) cruising against Spanish traders to set
fire to all vessels they captured which might be laden with Logwood,
having first stripped them of everything valuable.

"Butso happened that a Captain James, the master of a letter
it
of marque, having captured a Spanish vessel the cargo of which

consisted of this wood, brought the ship and cargo into the Port
of London. On endeavoring to dispose of the latter he was gratified
it a ready sale at an enormous price
as well as surprised to find for
per ton. crew, who had used up a portion of the precious
The
freight to burn in the galley fire, had little idea that they were
using fuel at a hundred pounds per ton during the voyage!
"The fameof this dyewood soon spread, and privateers were
fittedout and dispatched to cruise off the Main, for the especial
capture of Logwood-laden vessels, on their passage home to Spain
from his Catholic Majesty's possessions in the 'Indies.'
"In course of time, as prizes became scarcer, protecting cruisers
of the Spanish navy more abundant, the crews of the privateers
found it more profitable to search for the wood on shore, cut it, and
load their vessels with it.
"The yield of almost inexhaustible from Campeche, Hon-
it is
duras, and the West India Islands, as it seeds freely, and can be
recut in ten to fifteen years. Its original value was 100 per ton,
then 40; in 1825, 16; and it is now, 1883, quoted at 5 to 7.
Its export from the Colony has been pretty uniform: 1713 to 1716,
5,740 tons; in 1824, over 4,000 tons; in 1874, 9,210 tons, and since
as much as 13,000 tons in one year. Its shipment, except as the
broken stowage with Mahogany logs, hardly leaves any margin
for profit, but it is a favorable mode of remittance for merchants
desirous of saving the exchange. It grows in soft, spongy soils.
Its production for shipment requires less capital than Mahogany,
and is frequently undertaken by small capitalists employing small
gangs, who pay a royalty for cutting on the estates. It is generally
cut the length of cordwood, three feet. It is brought down the rivers
and along the coast in dories, and down the rivers in 'bark logs,'
or floating cradles made of the Cabbage-palm."
The Logwood industry enjoyed a brief revival during the World
War, but during the four years from 1924 to 1927 the average annual
production was 563 tons, valued at 2773, eight-tenths of one per
cent of the value of all forest produce. The present exports are about
125 tons about one-third of one per cent of the total forest exports.
MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla)

The Honduras variety of Spanish Mahogany has long been the
principal article of trade, representing in statistics of recent years
nearly three-quarters of the total value of produce exported from
the Colony. Just when the shipping of Mahogany logs began is
unknown, but "it seems unlikely that much Mahogany was cut
in British Honduras before the second quarter of the 18th century."
(Oliphant.) The first reference to the subject in a treaty between
Great Britain and Spain appears to have been in 1786 when additional
articles were added by the Convention of London to the treaty of
1783. One of these articles extended the British settlers rights to
cut wood "not excepting even Mahogany."
Of the development of the industry, Gibbs (1883) writes: "Re-
liable returns are not procurable farther back than 1802, when
2,250,000 feet are mentioned as the quantity exported; 1803,
4,500,000 feet; 1804, 6,481,000 feet. In 1824 it had kept the same
figure; in 1840 it was reduced to 4,500,000 feet, but there had been
over-exportation in the few years preceding, and stocks had accumu-
lated in the home markets in 1837, for example, there were shipped
from Belize 8,500,000 feet. The same mistake was made in 1845-46.
In the first of these years the returns show 9,919,507 feet, and in
1846 the enormous increase of 13,719,075 feet. A portion of these
annual quantities was wood cut outside of the limits. The depression
in the years 1848, 1849, 1850, is not difficult to account for. In
1874 the quantity had come down to the old figure of about 6,000,000
feet, and in 1878 lower still, 3,146,582 feet."
In 1928, Conservator of Forests Oliphant reported on Mahogany
as follows: "Originally exported to the United Kingdom in the form
of squared logs, the tendency of late years has been towards ship-
ment to the United States in the round, where the wood is converted
to lumber and veneers. A substantial part of the lumber finds its
way to European markets and the demand for logs in the United
Kingdom is being more and more restricted to wood of the better
grades and dimensions. Therea small but steadily increasing
is
local industry producing Mahogany lumber, mainly from inferior

material unsuitable for export, but inefficiency of plant and limited
shipping facilities have hitherto precluded it from competing to any
material extent with the highly organized lumber manufacturing
industry in the United States. There are local variations in the
technical characteristics of Mahogany grown on different types of
soil which affect the market value of the timber within relatively
narrow limits. The wood from the poorer types of forest is much
redder and harder than that found in the climax types which tends
to be free-grained and Cedar-like in color and properties. The
percentage of 'figured' wood varies in different localities, but figure
is rarer than is commonly supposed.
"The probable duration of virgin merchantable supplies of

Mahogany and Cedar is not possible to estimate with any approach
to accuracy owing to lack of knowledge as to what proportion of the
stock is so located as to be capable of economic working. There
is a definite limit, variable according to the location of the wood and
the market price level, to the distance over which Mahogany can
be hauled profitably by means of tractors running on petrol. Possible
developments in mechanical traction, for example, the use as a fuel
of producer gas from charcoal, might materially extend this marginal
limit.
"A very rough estimate of the standing stock of 'virgin' Mahogany

and Cedar of merchantable size is thirty million cubic feet, which
if it were all exploitable would be equivalent, at the average rate
of output for the past four years, to twenty years' supply.

"Large reserves of virgin Mahogany, conservatively estimated
at 160 million cubic feet, remain in the Guatemalan province of
Pete"n, bordering the western frontier of the Colony, but the only
practical means of large-scale exploitation would be by a considerable
mileage of railway carried through the Colony to the coast, or to
deep water on one of the larger rivers. The engineering difficulties
would not be formidable, and there is little doubt that the steady
suction of the market demand will draw in these supplies in time.
"Certain quantities, by no means negligible, of Mahogany and
Cedar are still available from cut-over lands within the Colony,
particularly from the estates on the northern plains, where the forest
is of a type in which unassisted natural regeneration is fairly effective
in replacing stock removed by cuttings of moderate intensity.
Practically the whole of these northern forests is, however, in private

ownership, and with the exception of one important group of prop-
erties, has been generally subjected to serious over-cutting, the
seed-bearers left being insufficient to maintain the stock without
artificial aid. The recent strong market demand led to wholesale
slaughter of immature timber. Notwithstanding the depletion which

has taken place, a large part of these lands could even now be
restored to continuous production at relatively low cost if their
owners could be induced to spend a little money on organization
and refrain from further inroads on the capital stock. Unfortu-

nately, the circumstance that the majority of the large estates are
in the hands of absentee landlords, whose interest in their properties
has been limited by long tradition to the income derived from the
sale of natural produce, is not conducive to progress in this direction.
"An estimate of the quantity of Mahogany and Cedar which
could be produced from the cut-over lands if they were placed under
regular forest management would be of questionable value without
a more detailed examination of the private forest estates than it
has hitherto been possible to undertake. All that can be said is
that the output from the cut-over lands, together with that derived
from the accessible virgin stumpage, should, with proper organiza-
tion, suffice to maintain the present out-turn for some thirty or forty
years, by which time the re-afforestation work now being undertaken
may be expected to result in material augmentation of the supply.
Much will depend on the policy followed with regard to private
forest ownership. Successful tapping of the large supplies in Pete"n
would ease the situation considerably, as the important entrepot
trade thereby developed would tide the Colony over the difficult
but necessary period of transition from a state of dependence on
the consumption of natural resources to a self-supporting existence
based on scientific production."
CEDAR (Cedrela mexicana)
Cedar, or Spanish Cedar, occurs and is worked in conjunction

with Mahogany, to which it is closely related botanically. Its
fragrantly scented, durable, easily worked timber is used locally

for dugout canoes and furniture and is exported principally for
boat-building and cigar boxes. It is known that the trade extends
back more than a century for there is a record of 2,196 tons being
shipped in 1825. During the four years from 1924 to 1927 the average
exports were 46,293 cubic feet of logs, valued at 8172, or 2.6 per
cent of the value of all forest produce. The export of Cedar has
fallen considerably during the depression and exports of logs and
lumber averaged for the three years from 1932 to 1934 only 2,234
cubic feet.
ROSEWOOD (Dalbergia Stevensonii)
Honduras Rosewood is one of the best-known timbers of the
Colony, although the amount exported has never been very large
and for the past forty years the use of the material has been confined
chiefly to the making of bars for xylophones manufactured in the
United States. It has been an article of export for about a century

and there is a record of 118 pieces having been shipped in 1841.
Mr. Neil S. Stevenson, in whose honor the species was named,

describes the wood as follows (Trop. Woods 12: 1):
"It very hard and heavy, weighing from 58 to 68 Ibs. per cu. ft.
is
when thoroughly air-dry. The heartwood is of a pinkish-brown or

purplish color, with alternating light and dark zones which are
independent of the true growth rings; the sapwood, which is 1 to 2
inches thick, is white with yellow vessel lines when first cut, but
quickly turns yellow. The heartwood is highly durable, but the
sapwood soon decays when in contact with the ground. The heart
portion of a house post in use in Punta Gorda for 37 years was
found to be as sound as when it was put in, but the sapwood, of
course, had entirely disappeared.
"Honduras rosewood is often well figured and, though used to a
limited extent for cabinet work, is chiefly employed for the bars of
marimbas and xylophones manufactured in the United States. The

requirements for the musical instrument trade are light-colored,
straight-grained wood, in logs as nearly round as possible, hewn
free of sap, mostly 4 to 6 feet in length and not less than 10 or 12
inches in diameter, although in times of shortage diameters as low
as 5 inches may be taken. The exports of the timber, all to the
United States, were 248 tons (valued at $5,362) in 1925, and 76
tons (valued at $2,315) in 1926." Exports for 1933 and 1934
averaged 37 tons, chiefly sent to the United Kingdom and France.
PINE (Pinus caribaea)

The Pine of British Honduras is the same species as the Slash
Pine of southern Florida and the stands are a continuation of an
irregular extending from Mexico through Guatemala and
belt
Honduras into Nicaragua. The local forests containing Pine
trees of sufficient size and accessibility to be considered merchantable
comprise a third of the mainland. The best stands are privately
held and have never been exploited, except for a small area near
the village of All Pines. Oliphant (1928) says: "Pine is milled on
a limited scale for local consumption and has been exported success-
fully to adjacent republics. Inefficient plant and speculative holding
of stumpage have hitherto been the chief obstacles to successful
competition with the imported American Pine, which has been

preferred for its better finish and availability in all convenient sizes.
It is believed that P. caribaea would yield good rosin and turpentine,
but tapping has not yet been done on a commercial scale." A

recent commercial trial shipment made to the Forest Products
Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, England, for testing has
given promising results and it is possible that local milling on a
larger scale than hitherto may shortly be expected.
BANAK (Virola merendonis)

The several species of Virola are widely distributed in the main-
land forests of tropical America and produce uniform, easily worked
timber of good quality for many purposes where resistance to decay
and insect injury is not an essential. There appears to be no reason
why the markets of the world should not readily absorb more of
this timber than could be produced.
The following accounts of Banak, Santa Maria, and Yemeri, the
three principal "secondary" timbers of British Honduras, are taken
from an article by Duncan and Neil S. Stevenson (Trop. Woods
4: 12-16. 1925):
"Banak, the most important secondary timber now being exploited

in British Honduras, grows fairly abundantly on granite and rich
porous alluvial soils in that part of the Colony lying southward
from the Sibun River. It is tolerant of shade, and makes fairly
rapid growth, especially in the immediate riverain tracts. It responds
quickly to girdling and rots and falls.
"Measurements of a typical, though not fully matured tree in
the Sibun-Stann Creek Forest Reserve were as follows: total height,
115 feet; distance to first branch, 70 feet; girth above buttresses,
8% feet; height of buttresses, 7 feet.
"The buttresses are usually not very marked, and there is
generally one large spur, which, on sloping ground, is on the higher
side. The trunk is straight and cylindrical and free of branches for
50 feet or more. The limbs are given off horizontally in irregular
whorls and when viewed from below look like the spokes of a rimless
wheel. The bark is smooth, about three-fourths of an inch thick,
and, particularly in the case of trees growing on the riverain
alluvium of the Sibun valley, has a decidedly red color. When the
bark is wounded a dark red sap exudes, hence the Spanish name of
'sangre palo' or 'palo de sangre.'
"The wood is light-colored when freshly cut, but the surface
darkens later to a red brown. The sapwood is not distinguishable
from the heart. The wood resembles Spanish Cedar when manu-
factured and is sometimes passed off as such. It is easily worked
and, inasmuch as very easily, it might make good rived

it splits
shingles. used locally for dories, and has been

It is occasionally
employed for furniture and indoor work. Its principal commercial

use is understood to be for veneers. It is not very durable for out-
door work and if so used would probably require preservative
treatment.
"The freshly cut timber is very susceptible to damage by an
insect, locally known as pinworm, which attacks both through the
bark and exposed wood surfaces and bores deeply into the wood.
The damage is materially lessened by leaving the crowns on the
felled trees for some time after felling, but the only effective method
of prevention so far discovered is prompt immersion of the logs
in water.
SANTA MARf A (Calophyllum brasiliense var. Rekoi)
"Santa Maria is a well-known timber tree throughout a large

portion of the tropical American forests from Mexico and the
West Indies to Brazil. Though not unknown to the export trade,
it has yet to establish itself in the market.
"Santa Maria is probably the commonest large tree in the mixed

rain forests throughout the Colony and is found on all types of soil.
It attains a height of 120 feet and, except in some of the Broken
Ridge country, has a clean, straight bole. A girth of 10 feet is

common and individual trees measuring over 20 feet in circumference
are occasionally found. Boles 50 feet in length and squaring 24
inches are common.
"Three classes of timber are recognized locally, namely, the
'white' and the 'red,' which are of a very light to pink color and
floatable, and the 'dark,' which is of a reddish color and non-floatable.
No way of distinguishing these classes before cutting has as yet
been found.
"The wood is sometimes mistaken for Mahogany, being some-
what similar in color and often showing good figure, but it is heavier,
stronger, and more lasting. On account of its durability it is used
for the construction of logging trucks for hauling Mahogany and
Logwood. It is also utilized for shingles, bridge stringers, trestle
work and planking, beams, masts, heavy machine work, building
construction, and indoor trim. It is one of the best timbers for dug-
outs, or dories, and gives long service. On the island of Ruatan,
in the Bay Islands, it forms the principal wood for boat timbers;
crooked trees are used, affording a natural bend.
"The timber ordinarily has a tendency to warp and split, unless

mature and well seasoned. At a small mill on the Temash River,
where fair quantities of Santa Maria have been cut, the sawn timber,
when properly stacked in the shade, has been found to behave fairly
well. Rotary veneers have been obtained which give very handsome
figure, but there is a tendency to flake which has not yet been over-
come. The lumber would probably make excellent flooring, particu-
larly if a successful system of seasoning were evolved.
YEMERI (Vochysia hondurensis)

"The Yemeri, which is also known as Emery, Emeri, White
Mahogany, and in Honduras as San Juan, grows all over the
Colony, though it is rare in the New River-Northern River Tract
and commonest in the south. It is typical of the transition stage
from Pine Ridge to Broken Ridge and occurs extensively in the
'huamil/ or second growth on abandoned cultivation, on soils of
the poorer type. It grows in almost pure stock on the sandy
clay mud soils of the coast, as at Riversdale and Regalia, and in

profusion on the Toledo beds, but will not grow on very swampy
land. It attains large size in the Cohune Ridge, but is not as thickly
stocked as the Santa Maria.
"A young tree measured on the Sibun-Stann Creek Forest
Reserve had the following dimensions: total height, 110 feet; height
to first branch, 72 feet; girth at 4^ feet from ground, 7J4 feet;
height of spurs, \y^ feet.
"The habit of the tree is characteristic. Branches are given off
in a manner suggesting a hand bunched up with the fingers fully
extended. This is repeated throughout the crown. In the majority
of cases the bark is smooth, though it may be slightly fissured when
young or scaly when old. It is about half an inch thick, and upon
scraping away the whitish gray membranous outer surface a charac-
teristic yellow with white edges is exhibited.
"Two classes of timber are distinguished after felling, namely,
'white' and 'red.' The former is not lasting, dries more quickly
than the other, and is difficult to work when dry on account of
grittiness. It is not so hard on tools when wet and is good for inside
house construction work. Red Yemeri is considered slightly less
durable than Santa Maria, is easy to work, and is suitable for the
same purposes as Poplar. It is used extensively in the south for
boards and for the construction of dories."
BLACK POISON WOOD (Metopium Brownei)

Black Poison Wood, also known as Honduras Walnut, is a member
of the family Anacardiaceae, which is the source of some beautiful
furniture woods. The name Poison Wood is attributable to the
presence of a caustic sap in the bark. The wood is harmless.
The species is often associated with the Sapodilla in swamp and
intermediate forests on calcareous soils in the northern portions of
the Colony. The heartwood isvariegated, brown and reddish brown
with a greenish tinge and a golden subluster so characteristic of
cabinet woods. It is hard and heavy, of rather fine texture, often
wavy-grained, finishes very smoothly, and takes a lustrous polish.
It is more attractive than in large panels and is suitable
in small sizes
for articles of turnery and handles of cutlery. It is practically un-
known to the trade. While the supply of the timber is not very
large, it is said to exceed that of Rosewood, which is regularly ex-
ported from the Toledo District. (For further description of the
wood see Trop. Woods 18: 28-29.)
WOODS FOR PAPER PULP

Since the mixed forests of British Honduras contain many trees
with light-colored, soft to only moderately hard woods believed
suitable for the manufacture of paper pulp, the Forestry Depart-
ment is investigating the possibilities in that field of utilization.
REQUIREMENTS FOR WOOD PULP MILL

According to Mr. W. Raith, of the Forest Research Institute
at Dehra Dun, India (Trop. Woods 6: 16), "before seriously consider-
ing the pulp-making properties of any woods it is advisable to in-
vestigate the manufacturing facilities available in or near the areas
of growth. Unless these are suitable and economical the raw material
would be of no value for this purpose. The following are essential:
"(1) Mill site with a permanent fresh water supply of not less
than 40,000 gals, per hour.
"(2) Unless such site is in the immediate neighborhood of the raw
material, say a radius of seven miles, water transport of the logs
must be available to such site.
"(3) If coal is not available, wood fuel must be present under

similar transport conditions to (2).
"(4) Lime or limestoneof good quality must be present some-

where but as the amount required is small in com-
in the district,
parison with raw material and fuel, it need not necessarily be near-by.
"(5) The
mill site should either be close to a shipping port or,
if water transport should be available from mill to port.
distant,
"(6) The quantities required for a pulp output of 10,000 tons
per annum (it is not worth while considering a smaller unit) would
be approximately:
25,000 tons
" per
"
annum
"
of dry raw material.
45,000 " of wood fuel or
" "
15,000 of coal.
'
3,000 of lime or
'
6,000 of limestone.
"If these conditions are possible it may be worth while inquiring

into the suitability of the raw material."
PAPER-MAKING TESTS
The Imperial Institute has reported (Bulletin 23: 1: 4-8) the
results of tests on three British Honduras timbers; namely, Quam-
wood (Schizolobium parahyburn), White Moho (Belotia Campbellii),
and Polak (Ochroma limonensis). A summary of the results is
given in the following table:
RESULTS OF PAPER-MAKING TESTS
(Imperial Institute)
NAME
"The results of the investigations of these three timbers indicate

that when treated under suitable conditions, Quamwood and White
Moho give satisfactory yields of pulp of good strength and quality.
The former can be reduced with a rather smaller consumption of
soda than the latter, but, on the other hand, White Moho pulp is
composed of somewhat longer fiber than the Quamwood pulp, is
of rather better quality, and is more easily bleached. Both pulps
would furnish paper of satisfactory quality.
"The Polak wood presents a difficulty owing to the variation in
density in different parts of the trunk. The hard portion is very
suitable for paper-making, giving a fairly high yield of bleached
pulp which furnished white paper of good strength and quality.
The wood, however, is not so satisfactory, as it
soft portion of the
requires a larger quantity of soda for its conversion into pulp, and
the parchment-like character of the bleached pulp is a disadvantage
for the production of ordinary types of paper. It would, however,
be impracticable to separate the two portions for pulping on a com-
mercial scale."
THE COHUNE PALM

The Cohune Palm (Orbignya Cohune) occurs extensively through-
out the Colony from sea level to 1,800 feet, being at its best perhaps
in the Toledo District. Mr. Neil S. Stevenson writes of it as follows
(Trop. Woods 30: 4): "The Cohune plays an important role in the
life of the forest laborer in the south of the Colony. He uses the leaves
(fronds) for thatch, and the leaf stems for the sides of his house, the
top of his table, and his bed. He obtains oil from the nuts and food
from the heart of the 'cabbage.'
"There have been many unsuccessful attempts to utilize the
nuts and kernels commercially. Some concerns failed to crack
the nuts satisfactorily, while others were unable to keep their mills
running with erratic collections of nuts of wild palms.
"Attention has again been focused on the commercial exploita-
tion of this product since the Tropical Oil Products Company, Ltd.,
of California, commenced operations in the south of the Colony in
November, 1928. After years of testing in the Republic of Honduras
they evolved a machine said to be capable of giving excellent results,
but, realizing that a mill can only be run economically if large supplies
of nuts are readily available and accessible, their first work in British
Honduras has been silvicultural in nature. They began by choosing
areas of dense stocking from the lands made available to them, and
proceeded to clear off all growth but Cohune.
"The Cohune Palm growing in its natural habitat, tied up with

creepers and lianasand suppressed by the surrounding hardwood
forest, does not generally bear fruit until its crown is free in the
canopy, so that although it may be said that Cohune is plentiful
in the forests it does not thereby imply that the nuts are lying on the
ground in heaps several feet in depth. On the other hand, in the
riverain pastures, where Cohune Palms have been left for shade
purposes and freed from all other vegetative competition, each plant
bears prolifically.
"A short cruise in Crown lands adjacent to the Company's prop-
erty indicates that the stock of palms in raw forest is as follows:
Per acre
Tall palms (bearing) 6.0
Medium-sized palms (bearing) 9.2
Small palms (capable of bearing) 17.8
Small palms (not immediately capable of bearing) ... 86.0
Total 119.0
"From the foregoing figures it is obvious then that the silvicultural

treatment in freeing palms from competition should result immedi-
ately in 33 palms per acre bearing fruit, while the remaining 86
palms per acre will, in the increased light, come rapidly into bearing.
There is therefore ample scope for the formation of fully stocked
'plantations' of some 40 palms per acre from the materials provided
by nature. The problem now to be solved concerns the disposal
of the slash produced by the fellings and in the cleaning of the second
growth, which in that area of high rainfall encroaches rapidly and
luxuriantly. Fire cannot be used as it hinders development where
it does not kill, and it appears that intensive machete work is the
only solution until the 'plantations' are reduced to what are locally
termed 'Cohune pastures.'
"This silvicultural work on the Cohune has been suspended,
owing to the general financial depression in the U. S. A., but it is
sincerely to be hoped that better times will see the continuance of
this valuable experiment. There appears to be no reason why, with
such treatment, the Cohune forests of the Colony should not be
made into a real commercial asset."
CHICLE GUM INDUSTRY

Sapodilla tree (Achras Zapota) is the source of a latex which,
in coagulated form, is known as chicle, the most important source
of the chewing gum of commerce. During the four years from
1924 to 1927 the average annual exports of chicle from British Hon-
duras were 152 tons, valued at 31,371, or 9.5 per cent of the value
of all forest produce. Most of this gum originated in the Pete"n
District of Guatemala, as the supplies from the forests in the Colony
are nearing exhaustion as the result of unregulated tapping. The
Chicle Development Company maintains an experiment station
at Honey Camp (east of Orange Walk, New River) for the conserva-
tion and improvement of this important forest industry.
The present methods of tapping Sapodilla trees are described by
Major H. M. Heyden (Empire Forestry Journal 9: 1: 107-113) as
follows: "The tapping season is during the set months of the year,
roughly from October to March, and it begins after the period of
heaviest rain, which usually comes about mid-September. Tapping
depends greatly upon climatic conditions and a dry year implies a
very scanty yield of chicle.
"The natives who carry out the tapping are Spanish Indians;
that is, Maya Indians with a varying admixture of Spanish blood.
. . . The equipment of the chicle tapper, or 'chiclero,' as he is called,
consists only of his 'machete/ which is a keen-edged cutlass with a
28-inch blade, a long coil of stout rope, a dozen small canvas bags
proofed with rubber obtained locally from rubber trees (Castillo,
elastica) which grow wild in certain parts of the forest, and a few
empty kerosene tins of about 3 gallons' capacity. The chicleros
generally work together in parties of four or five, and they form camps
temporary shelters of sticks and palm leaves. They bring
in the forest,
with them flour and beans sufficient to last several weeks and supple-
ment this ration by shooting peccaries, curassow, and other small
game. As their work progresses they move camp every week or
ten days and thus cover large areas allotted to the contractor for
whom they are working.
"The method of tapping Sapodilla differs considerably from
methods used in rubber tapping, and is more analogous to the tapping
of gutta-percha. There is no continuous flow as in the case of rubber,
and the healing of tapping cuts and replacement of latex is extremely
slow. After one day's tapping the tree is usually allowed to rest
for a period of three years or more, according to the area of bark
which has been cut. The method which is used generally in Central
America is to make zigzag cuts in the bark, about eighteen inches
apart, all the way up the tree, from about two feet above the ground
to the first branch. The zigzag pattern of the cuts originates from
the fact that it can easily be made with the 'machete,' which every
native carries in the forest in Central America. . Where the
zigzag cuts have been made for more than two-thirds of the way
around the stem, or where the cuts have been made too deeply,
as frequently happens, the cambium is killed, the bark loosens, and
the tree slowly dies. A large percentage of the mature and middle-
aged Sapodilla now standing in the forests is in a moribund condition
due to these causes.
"Tapping is generally done during the early part of the morning
between 6 A.M. and 11 A.M. as the air is then still and humid in the
forest. The latex coagulates very rapidly on exposure to sun or
drying wind, and even without these adverse factors it generally
ceases to flow within four to six hours from the time of cutting, so
that the chicleros are usually back in their camp soon after midday
with the result of their morning's work. Rain does not interfere
with tapping as the extra water can easily be evaporated from the
latex.
"During one morning a chiclero taps perhaps six to eight trees,

hunting for these more or less in a big circle around the camp. By
the time he has cut his last tree, he is able to return to the first one
and remove the bag containing the latex, which will then have
ceased to flow. The canvas bags containing the latex are emptied
into large tins in the chicleros' camp, and when a sufficient quantity
for the purpose has been collected, about 30 gallons or more, the
chicle is 'cooked,' boiled to extract as much of the water
i.e., it is
content as possible. ... In cooking chicle, a large open cauldron

holding about 40 gallonsis used, and a small wood fire is placed below
it. The chicle bubbles up, giving off a cloud of steam. All through
the cooking process, a man stirs the chicle with a paddle, to prevent
it from scorching against the sides of the cauldron. When the
moisture has been much reduced, and the chicle has become a
viscous mass which can hardly be moved with the paddle, it is
dumped out of the cauldron on a piece of canvas, previously
rubbed with soap to prevent sticking, and there moulded into an
oblong or oval block of about 20 pounds' weight. The blocks are
set aside to harden for a few days, and then packed into sacks,
loaded on mules, and taken to the nearest river bank, whence they
are despatched by boat to the export depot in Belize, the capital
town of British Honduras.
"By the method of tapping which has been described above, when
the cuts have been made on one-half or less than two-thirds of the
circumference of the tree, it is generally possible after an interval
of about three years to make a second tapping on the remaining
area of stem, provided that the original cuts have healed well and
the tree has regained vigor. After a much longer interval, another
five years at least, it may be possible to do a re-tapping between the
original cuts of the first tapping, but, owing to the occlusion of vessels
in the bark around these old wounds, the yield of latex will be much
less than from the first two tappings. Under the most favorable
conditions the first tapping of a tree at about the middle point of
its life may possibly yield 4-5 pounds of latex, a second tapping
two pounds, and a re-tapping probably less than two pounds. Such
yields are, however, things of the past in British Honduras. Prac-
tically speaking, every Sapodilla in the forests, above one foot
in diameter, and a great number of smaller trees, have been tapped
at least once, most of them twice, and a fair percentage have received
re-tappings. This state of things is gradually becoming general in
all the more accessible Sapodilla forests of Central America. In
some tracts of Guatemala and Mexico there are areas which still
yield well, but exhaustion can be visualized at no very distant date."
LIST OF ECONOMIC TREES AND THEIR USES

Foreign or suggested
Name Local uses further uses
Acacia glomerosa
(White Tamarind) Furniture.
Achras Zapota
(Sapodilla) Yields chicle gum. Tim- Timber for turnery,
her for house beams, heavy flooring, rail-
lintels, piling, tool way ties,
handles.
Anacardium occidentale
(Cashew) Seeds edible; wine from Cashew nut of corn-
fruits, merce.
Anona glabra
(Bobwood) Wood for bottle stoppers.
Andira inermis
(Cabbage Bark) Logging trucks, wheels,
rolling stock parts.
Aspidosperma megalocarpon
(My Lady) Railway ties, house
frames, rafting poles,
scaffolding.
Astronium graveolens
(Palo Mulato) Cabinet work. Furniture, turnery,
cutlery handles.
Belotia Campbellii
(Moho) Bast for cordage. Wood for box shocks,
drawer sides and
bottoms, etc.
Bixa Orellana
(Atta) Fruits for coloring stews, Vegetable dye for
etc. coloring foodstuffs.
Name Loca! uses
Brosimum Alicastrum
(Breadnut) ................ Leaves for fodder.
Byrsonima crassifolia
(Craboo) .................. Fruit for pickles.
Bucida Buceras
(Bulletwood) ............... Charcoal, fuel, railway
ties.
Calocarpum mammosum ....... Fruits edible. Timber

for house frames.
Calophyllum brasiliense
(Santa Maria) .............. Furniture, joinery, rail- General construction
way ties, ship masts and framing.
and spars, house beams,
bridge beams, dugout
canoes, boat timbers.
Cassipourea podantha
(Water Wood) ............. Railway ties, house
frames.
Castillo, elastica
(Rubber Tree) ............. Yields rubber.
Cedrela mexicana
(Cedar) ................... Dugout canoes, boat- Cabinet work, racing
planking, shingles, fur- boats.
niture (especially chests
as it is distasteful to
insects).
Ceiba pentandra
(Cotton Tree) .............. Dugout canoes. Wardrobes, backing for
veneer, box snooks.
Chlorophora tinctoria
(Fustic) .................. Cabinet work (inlay), Dyewood.
dyewood.
Coccoloba barbadensis
(Sea Grape) ................ Fruits edible.
Cordia alliodora
(Salmwood) ................ Logging truck parts, pil- Furniture.
ing and railway ties;
lining of furniture and
chests (as protection
against insects).
Cordia dodecandra
(Siricote) .................. Turnery, cabinet work. Furniture.
Conocarpus erecta
(Buttonwood) .............. Favorite fuel wood.
Crescentia Cujete
(Wild calabash) ............ Drinking vessels and
dishes from the cala-
bash.
Curatella americana
(Yaha) .................... Leaves as fine sandpaper. Turnery and small
articles of furniture.
Dalbergia Stevensonii
(Rosewood) ................ Turnery, cabinet-work, Xylophone bars, cabi-
marimba bars, house net work, cutlery
posts, and lintels. handles.
VT Foreign or suggested
Dialium guianense
(Ironwood) House posts, fence posts,
railway ties, logging
truck parts.
Drypetes Brovmii
(Bullhoof) Railway ties, house Flooring, interior trim.
frames.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum
(Tubroos) Dugout canoes. Paneling, veneers, and
cheap furniture.
Erythrina rubrinervia
(Pito) Live fence posts.
Erythroxylon spp.
(Redwood) Railway ties, house and
fence posts.
Gliricidia sepium
(Madre Cacao) House posts, live fence
posts.
Haematoxylon campechianum
(Logwood) .
Dyewood.
Hirtella americana
(Pigeon Plum) Fruit edible.
Lonchocarpus Castilloi
(Black Cabbage Bark) Logging trucks, wheels, Automobile spokes,
heavy constructional coach building,
work, machinery bed-
ding, rolling stock.
Lucuma belizensis
(Silly Young) Gum mixed with chicle.
Wood for house tim-
bers, and all tool
handles.
Matayba oppositifolia
(Boy Job) House beams and frames.
Metopium Brownei
(Black Poison Wood) Gum used for blistering. Parquet, counter-tops,
Timber for house posts, heavy furniture,
railway ties.
Nectandra spp.
(Laurel) House frames. Furniture.
Ochroma limonensis
(Polak) Kapok for stuffing pil- Refrigerators, life-boat
lows, etc. Wood for construction, air-
razor strops and in- plane parts, boxes,
sulation.
Orbignya Cohune
(Cohune) Nuts for cooking oil,
leaves for thatching.
Pimenta officinalis
(Pimento) Fruits for spice, leaves Allspice of commerce.
for tea.
Pinus caribaea
(Pine) Carpentry and piling, Pitch pine substitute.
railway ties.
,, Foreign or suggested
Name Local wes further uses
Pithecolobium arboreum
(Black Tamarind) .......... Furniture.
Podocarpus guatemalensis
(Cypress) .................. House posts and sills, Carpentry, interior
boat building, railway work and cheaplfur-
ties. niture.
Protium Copal
(Copal) ................... Gum used for incense.
Pseudolmedia spp.
(Cherry) .................. Cherry-like edible fruit. Carpentry, interior
Railway ties. work.
Qitararibea Fieldii
(Batidos) .................. Swizzle sticks.
Quercus spp.
(Oak) ..................... Charcoal, truck parts,
bark for tanning.
Rhizophora Mangle
(Red Mangrove) ........... Fuel and charcoal. Bark for tannin.
Sabal mauritiiformis
(Botan Palm) .............. Leaves for thatching, bole
for house posts and
piling, withstands ter-
edo.
Schizolobium parahybum
pa
(Quamwood) d) ............... Paper pulp.
Sweetia panamensis
(Billy Webb) ............... Truck parts, wheels, cart Coach building.
shafts.
Swietenia macrophylla
(Mahogany) ............... Furniture, boat-building Honduras Mahogany
and dugout canoes, in- of commerce. Air-
terior trim. plane propellers,
speed boat hulls,
cabinet work and
furniture.
Symphonia globulifera
(Waika Chewstick) ......... Boat keels, railway ties. Vat timbers. Furni-
ture and light fit-
tings.
Tabebuia pentaphylla
(Mayflower) ............... Cattle yokes. Cabinet work.
Tabebuia sp.
(Cortez) ................... Truck parts.
Terminalia Hayesii
(Nargusta) ................ Bridge timbers, rolling Veneer, furniture.
stock, railway ties,
paneling.
Theobroma Cacao
(Cacao) ................... Yields a utilizable grade
of cacao.
Thrinax argentea
(Silver Thatch Palm) ....... Leaves for thatching.
Foreign or suggested
Trophis racemosa
(White Ram6n) Leaves for fodder.
Virola merendonis
(Banak) Interior trim. Cedar substitute for
cigar boxes, furni-
ture, battery sep-
arators, general con-
struction.
Vitex Gaumeri
(Fiddle Wood) Cattle yokes.
Vochysia hondurensis
(Yemeri) Dugout canoes, furniture, General joinery and
interior and exterior furniture,
trim.
Xylopia frutescens
(Polewood) Canoe and raft poles, fish
spears, house frames.
Zanthoxylum Kellermanii
(Prickly Yellow) General carpentry and
furniture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The works listed below are those that have been consulted in
the preparation of the present publication. There are included also
several which, although not primarily concerned with British Hon-
duras, are useful in the study of the woods and plants of the Colony.
The bibliography is not complete, but it is believed that publications
omitted are of minor importance.
Anonymous. Balsa wood from British Honduras. Bull. Imp. Inst. 23 4-8. 1925.:
Some British Honduras woods as paper-making materials. Bull. Imp.

Inst. 23: 4-8. 1925.
British Honduras royalty rate for forest produce, 1927. Brit. Hond. Gaz.
Dec. 11, 1926. (Reviewed in Trop. Woods 10: 55-57. 1927.)
Aspinwall, Algernon. British Honduras. General description with map and
illustrations. 16 pp., map, ill. London, 1923 (?).
Bartlett, H. H. Certain Desmonci (Palmae) of Central America and Mexico.

Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25: 81-88. 1935.
Desmoncus quasillariiis described from British Honduras.
Amethod of procedure for field work in tropical American phytogeogra-
phy based upon a botanical reconnaissance in parts of British Honduras and
the Peten forest of Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 1-25. 1935.
Various Palmae Corypheae of Central America and Mexico. Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 27-41. 1935.
Scheelea Lundellii, a new "Corozo" palm from the Department of Peten,
Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 43-47. 1935.
Bartram, Edwin B. Mosses of northern Guatemala and British Honduras.
Twenty-six species are reported from British Honduras, and one new species,
Campylopus Bartlettii, is described.
Bellamy, J. Expedition to the Cockscomb Mountains, British Honduras. Proc.

Roy. Geog. Soc. 11: 542-552. ill. 1889.
Blake, S. F. Descriptions of new spermatophytes chiefly from the collections
of Prof. M. E. Peck in British Honduras. Contr. Gray Herb. 52 59-106. 1917. :
New Central American Asteraceae collected by H. H. Bartlett. Journ.

Wash. Acad. Sci. 22: 379-388. 1932.
A new genus and two new species are described from British Honduras.
Britton, N. L., and J. N. Rose. A new Albizzia of British Honduras. Trop.
Woods 8: 7. 1926.
Burden, John. Brief sketch of British Honduras past, present, and future.
53 pp., map, bibliography. London, 1927 (?).
Archives of British Honduras I. 1931.
Forests of British Honduras. Timber Trades Journ. 122: 350. 1932.
Burret, M. Die Palmengattungen Reinhardtia Liebm. und Malortiea H. Wendl.
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 551-556. 1932.
Reinhardtia gracilior described from British Honduras.
Schippia, eine neue Palmengattung aus Brit. Honduras. Notizbl. Bot.

Gart. Berlin 11: 867-869. 1933.
Palmae neogeae III. Repert. Sp. Nov. 32: 102-115. 1933.
Bactris trichophylla described from British Honduras.
Die Palmengattung Desmoncus. Mart. Repert. Sp. Nov. 36: 197-221.
1934.
Two new species described from British Honduras.
Palmae neogeae V. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 1037-1050. 1934.
Brahea psilocalyx and Chamaedorea Schippii described from British
Honduras.
Clark-Powell, H. Review of grapefruit production in British Honduras. Gov.

Printing Office, Belize.
Dunlop, W. R. Report on the economic and natural features of British Hon-

duras in relation to agriculture, with proposals for development. Pub. by
Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
Economic products from British Honduras. The resources of British
Honduras. Bulletin Imperial Institute, London 32: 3: 356-410. November,
1934.
Francis, G. W. E. Native woods used for railway crossties in British Honduras.

Trop. Woods 7: 30-32. 1926.
Gibbs, Archibald Robertson. British Honduras: an historical and descriptive
account of the Colony from its settlement, 1670. 198 pp. London, 1883.
Gill, Tom. Tropical forests of the Caribbean, xix and 318 pp., ill., maps. Wash-
ington, 1931.
Greene, Edward C., Jr. Santa Maria: a neotropical timber of the genus Calo-
phyllum. Trop. Woods 30: 9-16. 1932.
Heyder, H. M. Sapodilla tapping in British Honduras. Empire For. Journ.

9: 107-113. ill.1930.
Hitchcock, A. S. The grasses of Central America. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24:

557-762. 1930.
Hubbard, F. T. On the Gramineae collected by Prof. Morton E. Peck in British

Honduras, 1905-07 Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 493-502. 1913.
Hummel, C. Report on the forests of British Honduras, with suggestions for a

far reaching forest policy. 96 pp., map. London, 1921. Reprinted 1925.
Kinloch, J. B. Report on the Stann Creek Valley of British Honduras, 1933.
MS (unpublished).
Lundell, C. L. Chicle exploitation in the sapodilla forest of the Yucatan Penin-

sula. Field & Lab. 2: 15-21. figs. 1,2. Dallas, Texas, 1933.
Preliminary sketch of the phytogeography of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Carnegie Inst. Contr. Amer. Archaeol. 12: 257-321. fig. 1. 1934.
May, E. S. Central American mahogany. Timber Trades Journ. 99: 2482: 551-
554. 1926.
Metzgen, M. S., and H. E. C. Gain. The Handbook of British Honduras,

ill. London, 1925.
Morris, Daniel. The Colony of British Honduras, its resources and prospects.
152 pp., ill., map. London, 1883.
This book contains much information regarding plants, little of which has
been used in the present publication because many of the Latin names em-
ployed in the former are obviously erroneous, and the others frequently
questionable.
Oliphant, J. N. Development of forestry in British Honduras. Empire For.

Journ. 4: 39-44. 1925.
Annual report of the Forest Trust for the year ended 31st March, 1925.
25 pp. Belize, 1925.
Forestry in British Honduras. A statement prepared for the British

Empire Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand, 1928. Belize, 1928.
Forest trusts. Papers Third Brit. Emp. For. Conf. 1928, 9-11. 1929 (?).
The cultivation of mahogany in British Honduras. Papers Third Brit.

Emp. For. Conf. 1928, 517-524. 1929 (?).
, and Duncan Stevenson. An expedition to the Cockscomb Mountains,

British Honduras, in March, 1928. Geogr. Journ. 73: 123-137. ill. 1929.
Ower, Lester H. The geology of British Honduras. 24 pp., map. Belize, 1929.
Record, Samuel J. Preliminary check list of British Honduras woods. Trop.

Woods 1 : 14-16. 1925.
Schizolobium: a promising source of pulpwood. Trop. Woods 2: 2-5. 1925.
Banak New British Honduras wood. Veneers, Indianapolis, Ind.,
Oct., 1925.
Describing Santa Maria wood. Veneers. Nov., 1925.

The editor visits Central America. Trop. Woods 7: 1-3. 1926.
Calderonia salvadorensis found in British Honduras. Trop. Woods 9:

12. 1927.
The butterfly tree of British Honduras. Trop. Woods 11: 4. 1927.

Walnut woods true and false. Trop. Woods 18: 4-29. 1929.
Includes Metopium of British Honduras.
- Note on the wood of Inga Stevensonii.
Trop. Woods 23: 7. 1930.
Record, Samuel J. Forestry in British Honduras. Trop. Woods 24: 6-15. 1930.
Local names of the woody plants of British Honduras. Trop. Woods
24: 15-28. 1930.
Local names of the woody plants of British Honduras corrections and
additions. Trop. Woods 25: 23-24. 1931.
Wood of the Ericales, with particular reference to Schizocardia. Trop.
Woods 32: 11-14. 1932.
, and Clayton D. Mell. Timbers of tropical America, xviii and 610 pp.,
50 pis.New Haven, 1924.
Robinson, B. L. Diagnoses and transfers of tropical American phanerogams.
Proc. Amer. Acad. 44: 613-626. 1909.
Spermatophytes, new or reclassified, chiefly Rubiaceae and Gentianaceae.

Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 394-412. 1910.
On the classification of certain Eupatorieae. Proc. Amer. Acad. 47:
191-202. 1911.
Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae VIII.
Contr. Gray Herb. 90: 3-36. 1930.
Roys, Ralph. The ethnobotany of theMaya. Middle-Amer. Res. Ser. Tulane

Univ. New Orleans, La., 2, xxiv and 359 pp., 1931.
Sampson, H. C. Report on the development of agriculture in British Honduras.
Pub. 16, Empire Marketing Board, London.
Smith, Albert C., and Paul C. Standley. Schizocardia, a new genus of trees
of the family Clethraceae. Trop. Woods 32: 8-11. 1932.
Sprague, T. A., and L. A. M. Riley. Materials for a flora of British Honduras:

I. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1924: 1-20. 1924.
Includes a bibliography of publications relating to British Honduras.
Standley, Paul C. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23:
v. 1721. 1920-26.
Contains mention of many of the species occurring in British Honduras,
often with economic notes.
An enumeration of the Sapotaceae of Central America. Trop. Woods
4: 1-11. 1925.
New species of trees collected in Guatemala and British Honduras by
Samuel J. Record. Trop. Woods 7: 4-9. 1926.
Three new species of Central American trees. Trop. Woods 8 : 4-6. 1926.
Poisonous trees of Central America. Trop. Woods 9: 3-7. 1927.
Six new trees from British Honduras and Guatemala. Trop. Woods 11:
18-22. 1927.
Two new species of Dalbergia from British Honduras. Trop. Woods 12:
4-5. 1927.
New trees from British Honduras. Trop. Woods 16: 38-42. 1928.
Four new from British Honduras. Trop. Woods 18: 30-32. 1929.
trees
The tango tree of Central America. Trop. Woods 19: 6-7. 1929.
Two new
trees from Honduras and British Honduras. Trop. Woods
20: 20-21. 1929.
Studies of American plants I. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 4: 197-299.
1929.
Studies of American plants II. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 4: 301-345.
1929.
Stand ley, Paul C. A new Inga from British Honduras. Trop. Woods 23: 7. 1930.
Flora of Yucatan. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 3: 157-492. 1930.
Contains numerous references to British Honduras records.
Studies of American plants III. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 8: 1-73.
1930.
Studies of American plants IV. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 8: 133-236.
1930.
Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
10: 418 pp., 53 pis. 1931.
Contains descriptions of many of the plants found in British Honduras,
with illustrations of a few of them.
Cyperaceae of Central America. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 8: 239-292.
1931.
Studies of American plants V. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 8 : 295-298.
1931.
The Mexican and Central American species of Pterocarpus. Trop. Woods
28: 10-14. 1931.
Revision of some species of Calophyllum. Trop. Woods 30: 6-9. 1932.
Additions to the Sapotaceae of Central America. Trop. Woods 31 38-46.:
1932.
Six additions to the forest flora of Central America and Mexico. Trop.
Woods 32: 14-18. 1932.
New plants from British Honduras. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 11:
129-142. 1932.
New plants from the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 51-91. 1935.
Steere, William Campbell. Mosses of British Honduras and the Department

of Peten, Guatemala. Rev. Bryol. Lichen. 7: 28-41. 1934.
The mosses of Yucatan. Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 395-408. 1935.
Stevenson, Duncan. Report on the Freshwater Creek crown lands, Lowry's

Bight. 8 pp., tables, map. Belize, 1926.
Forest research in British Honduras. Bull. Imp. Inst. 25: 313-320. 1927.
Types of forest growth in British Honduras. Trop. Woods 14: 20-25.
1928.
Forest types of British Honduras. (British Honduras statement for
the 1928 British Empire Forestry Conference.)
-, and Neil S. Stevenson. Some secondary timbers of British Honduras.
Trop. Woods 4: 12-16. 1925.
Stevenson, Neil S. The Honduras rosewood. Trop. Woods 12: 1-3. 1927.
Silvicultural treatment of mahogany forests in British Honduras. Em-
pire For. Journ. 6: 219-227. ill. 1927.
The cohune palm in British Honduras. Trop. Woods 30: 3-5. 1932.
Swallen, J. R. Peniculus, a new grass genus from British Honduras. Amer.

Journ. Bot. 19: 581-583. ill. 1932.
New grasses from the United States, Mexico, and Central America.
Axonopus ciliatifolius and A. rhizomatosus described from British Honduras.
Swallen, J. R. The grasses of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Contr.

Amer. Archaeol. 12: 325-355. figs. 1-8. 1934.
Thompson, J. Eric. Ethnology of the Mayas of southern and central British

Honduras. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. Ser. 17: 27-213. map. 24 pis.
1930.
Includes "Notes on the plants cultivated by the San Antonio Mayas,"
pp. 184-195, and bibliography.
PART II. THE FLORA

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FLORA
The flora of the northern plains of British Honduras is typically
that of the Yucatan Peninsula, the species being for the most part
those that abound in Yucatan and Campeche. The flora of the
southern mountains and the Toledo beds is evidently similar to that
of adjacent Guatemala, a large number of species being known at
present only from southern British Honduras and the Coban region
of Guatemala. The vast majority of the plants growing in British
Honduras have a wide distribution along the Atlantic slope of Central
America, many of them extending into southern Mexico and some
into the north of South America. This, of course, is to be expected,
since the country is separated by no natural barriers from the ad-
joining regions.
The extent of endemism in the British Honduras flora cannot
be estimated at the present time, but the percentage of endemic
species is probably exceedingly small. Adjacent portions of Guate-
mala and Yucatan are almost unexplored, and it is to be expected
that most of the species now known only from British Honduras
will be found later there or in more remote places, such as Honduras,
or even Tabasco and Veracruz. In considering endemism it would
be more logical to consider the Yucatan Peninsula as a whole, and
for that area there is probably a high percentage of endemic plant
species. In the Flora of Yucatan (Field Mus. Bot. 3: 1930) it was
found that the percentage of endemic species was 17, and that ratio
will doubtless hold good if the Yucatan Peninsula as a whole is con-
sidered. A large number of the species previously known only from
the northern part of the Peninsula have been discovered recently in
British Honduras and Pete"n.
Of the species of plants recorded at present from British Honduras

at least 138 are known only from that country, but no doubt even-
tuallymany of them will be found outside the boundaries of the
Colony. Among the more important or notable of such local species
may be mentioned the following: Heisteria Chippiana, four species

of Inga, four of Pithecolobium, Dalbergia Stevensonii and D. laevigata,
Drypetes Brownii, Calyptranthes Bartlettii, three species of Psidium

inhabiting the Pine lands, Mouriria cyphocarpa, Hypericum terrae-
novae, Buxus Bartlettii, Quiina Schippii, Licania sparsipila,
Cameraria belizensis, eleven species of Acanthaceae, Angelonia ciliaris,
Linociera oblanceolata, Strychnos Peckii, seven Bignoniaceae, Ipomoea
aphylla, four Utricularias, and seven trees of the Sapodilla family.
Most remarkable of all, however, is the new genus, Schizocardia,
of the family Clethraceae. Although evidently related to Clethra,
the only other genus of the family, with species ranging from the
northern United States to the southern Andes, it is strikingly dis-
tinct, and its occurrence here is of unknown significance. While
firstfound on the mountain ridges, the species has been recently
noted on the alluvial plain of Stann Creek Valley in the transitional
stage between Pine and primary intermediate forests.
The Honduras flora with that
close relationship of the British
of adjacent Yucatan is by a great number of trees and
indicated
shrubs that are known only from these two political units. This is
the more significant, since in Yucatan most of the collecting has
been done in the northern half of the state, and the flora of the
southern part can be only surmised by assigning the species col-
lected in southern Mexico to associations indicated by the collec-
tions of the same species in the north of British Honduras. Of
species confined to Yucatan and British Honduras, or sometimes
ranging slightly outside these limits, there are numerous striking
examples, a few of which are the following: Acacia dolichostachya,
Mimosa hemiendyta, Caesalpinia Gaumeri, Platymiscium yucatanum,
Jatropha Gaumeri, Sebastiania adenophora, Byrsonima bucidifolia,
Forchammeria trifoliata (also elsewhere in Central America, but a
common Yucatan species), Serjania adiantoides, Talisia diphylla,
Hampea trilobata, Vitex Gaumeri, Thevetia Gaumeri, Alseis yucatana,
Asemnanthe pubescens (an endemic genus, of one species).
Particularly important is the Logwood tree (Haematoxylori),

which on the mainland is confined to this region, although it grows
also in the West Indies. The archives of British Honduras indicate
that the source of Logwood was Campeche and British Honduras.
There is no reference to a Logwood-cutting industry in Jamaica
until about 1672. Fawcett states that Logwood was introduced into
Jamaica from British Honduras in 1715. It is probable, therefore,
that Logwood is an introduced species in the West Indian islands.
The most significant element in the British Honduras flora is
the West Indian. There is a large number of plants that are native
in Cuba, Jamaica, and other parts of the West Indies, but on the
continent are known only from British Honduras or from the Yuca-
tan Peninsula. Some of these species occur in southern Florida.
Such a distribution, of course, is a natural one, considering the
geographic proximity of Cuba, and the fact that the northern plain
of British Honduras, part of Cuba, and southern Florida have similar
physiographic and geologic conditions. Among species of such dis-
tribution are the following plants: Trema floridana, Brosimum
Alicastrum, Ficus laevigata, Lysiloma bahamense, Pithecolobium
keyense, Caesalpinia violacea, Ateleia cubensis, Euphorbia trichotoma,
Eugenia triflora, E. Fadyenii, Malpighia punicifolia, Stigmaphyllon
ciliatum, Cyrilla racemiflora (elsewhere in Mexico, also), Suriana
maritima, Drosera capillaris, Krugiodendron ferreum, Metopium
Brownei, Gerardia albida, Symplocos martinicensis, Forestiera rham-
nifolia, Rapanea guianensis, and Genlisea luteoviridis (genus un-
known elsewhere on the North American mainland). Of special
interest is the local Cameraria, the only species outside the West
Indies. Pinus caribaea, although ranging southward to Nicaragua,
affordsan outstanding example of a tree that abounds in the West
Indies and Florida, but not in Mexico, except perhaps in southern
Yucatan and Campeche.
Because of the lack of intensive exploration along the Atlantic
coast of Central America, it is unsafe to make generalizations re-
garding the distribution of trees and other plants there. At the
present time there are known from British Honduras many plants
that grow in Panama, sometimes also in Costa Rica, but have not
been found in intervening portions of the coast. Among them are
Aristolochia Chapmaniana, Pithecolobium macradenium, Cassia Kil-
lipii, Mania
macrophylla, Unonopsis Pittieri, Amaioua corymbosa,
Coccocypselum glabrum, Leiphaimos simplex, Parathesis aeruginosa,
and Callichlamys latifolia. None of these, probably, have any
special significance, and all are to be expected in Honduras and
Nicaragua.
More important are several definitely South American types,
chiefly species of the Guianas and northern Brazil, that have been
discovered in British Honduras and nowhere else in Central America.
Zollernia includes several Brazilian species, but Z. Tango inhabits
the forests of Honduras and British Honduras. Amanoa grandiflora
is one of the Euphorbiaceae without close relatives in Central Amer-
ica. Oocarpon torulosum is a herbaceous plant of the Onagraceae
that grows in the Guianas and also in some of the West Indies.
Quiina Schippii is the only North American representative of its

family, except for a species collected recently in Panama. Brede-
meyera lucida is a conspicuous vine of the Polygalaceae, apparently
common in British Honduras, but unknown elsewhere north of the
Guianas. Psychotria axillaris has an apparently erratic distribu-
tion along the whole course of the Andes. Christiania africana, col-
lected once in British Honduras, is a showy tree known also from the
Guianas, Brazil, and western Africa.
It is clear that in general the flora is what might be expected
from its geographic position predominantly Central American and
Mexican. There is, however, an unexpectedly large proportion of
West Indian elements, that is, West Indian plants unknown else-
where on the mainland; many of the commoner Central American
trees extend, of course, to the West Indies. There are, in addition,
a number of South American species that apparently exhibit a dis-
continuous distribution, being found only in British Honduras and
the Guiana region. The flora of British Honduras, with that of the
rest of the Yucatan Peninsula, besides its more widely distributed
species, contains so large a number of endemic plants that it must
be considered as forming a distinct floral area, the Yucatan region,
marked conspicuously by its great number of endemic Sapotaceae,
as well as by restricted species of many other families.
COLLECTIONS STUDIED
The present systematic list of British Honduras plants is based
primarily upon the collections in the herbarium of Field Museum
of Natural History, which is believed to contain the largest series of
plants of the Colony available anywhere for study. That botanical
exploration of the region is incomplete is indicated by the small
number of species that it is possible to report. There is no doubt
that the flora of British Honduras must number at least twice as

many species as are now known, but it is not believed that it ever
will reach the total of 5,000 species predicted by Sprague. That
figure was obtained by comparison with the flora of Jamaica. Since
the area of British Honduras is twice that of Jamaica, and since
continental floras are generally richer than insular ones, Sprague
assumed that British Honduras must have twice as many species
as Jamaica. That assumption is questionable, for although the
flora of British Honduras is diversified and has unique elements,
there is no reason for believing that it is particularly rich. The
limestone flora is probably a meager one, to judge from neighbor-
ing areas, but the rain forest on other soils should yield many hun-
dreds of species.
Careful inspection of the listed species will show that the trees
are represented much more adequately than herbaceous plants.
Note, for example, the large number of Leguminosae. They have
been collected more thoroughly because of their economic impor-
tance; in fact, a great increase in their numbers is unlikely. It is
evident, however, that the flora of the wet southern forest, especially
as regards shrubs and herbs, has been neglected, and that of the
Pine forests likewise is imperfectly represented.
In the one classic work devoted to the flora of the whole of Cen-
tral America, Hemsley's Botany of Salvin and Godman's Biologia
Centrali-Americana, published almost fifty years ago, there are only

a few scattered references to British Honduras plants. Only of late
has the Colony received much attention from botanical explorers, but
the industry of recent workers has done much to improve matters.
The first extensive collection of British Honduras plants was
made by Professor Morton E. Peck of the United States in 1907,
in the general region of the Manatee River, where he obtained more
than 800 numbers of plants. These were sent to the Gray Herbarium
of Harvard University, where most of them were determined, and
there is a partial set at Kew. A few numbers are represented at
Field Museum. Through the kindness of Mr. C. A. Weatherby a
list of Peck plants has been available in the preparation of this flora.
Professor Peck discovered many new species, most of which were

described by Dr. B. L. Robinson .and Dr. S. F. Blake. Most of
these, as well as the other species he obtained, have reappeared in
recent collections, but a few of the species here enumerated are in-
cluded solely on the basis of the Peck records.
The first accurate information regarding the composition of
British Honduras forests was obtained by the cooperation of the
Forestry Department of the Colony and the Yale School of Forestry.
Extensive collections of wood and herbarium specimens of impor-
tant trees were gathered by the foresters and submitted to the
School of Forestry. Most of the herbarium specimens were de-
termined by Paul C. Standley, and the woods were studied and
described by Samuel J. Record, who visited the Colony in 1926
and 1930 and made additional collections. Thus for the first time
it was possible to establish the identity of some of the many forest
trees that had been known only by their peculiar local names, mostly
terms quite meaningless elsewhere.
As work progressed, it became apparent that the flora of

this
British Honduras was an exceptional one in its composition, with
elements unknown elsewhere along the Atlantic coast. In general,
the forests of the Atlantic lowlands of Central America are fairly
uniform, the same trees prevailing almost throughout its length,
and extending much farther southward. Some of those trees, it is
true, compose the major part of the British Honduras forests, but
there are many others that extend no farther south or north. It is
remarkable that the great number of West Indian Cuban and
Jamaican species found in the Colony, do not, so far as is known,
exist in Yucatan, where there is better reason for expecting them.
Still more curious, and still unexplained, is the existence in British
Honduras of a substantial number of Guiana species that have not
been found in the intervening coast. It may be that they exist there,
but fairly extensive exploration in Guatemala, Honduras, Costa
Rica, and Panama has failed to detect them.
The region of Honey Camp and other parts of Orange Walk
District has been explored more adequately than many parts of
the Colony by three men with a special interest in certain phases
of the chicle industry Messrs. C. L. Lundell, William C. Meyer,
and J. S. Karling all of whom
have made important collections
of both woody and herbaceous plants. Of outstanding importance
is their material of the Sapotaceae or Sapodilla family, whose center
of distribution, so far as North America is concerned, lies in the

Yucatan Peninsula. The work of Mr. Lundell during the winter of
1931-32 in near-by Campeche revealed a striking similarity between
the flora of that previously unknown State and northern British
Honduras.
One of the most extensive and significant series of plants col-
lected in British Honduras is that of Mr. William A. Schipp, from
early 1929 until the present time. His numbers, now far above a
thousand, have been distributed to many herbaria of Europe and
the United States. Made with discrimination, few species are re-
peated in the collection, which contains a high percentage of trees
and other plants of the primary rain forest. The large number of
new species found by Mr. Schipp has exceeded even the most san-
guine expectations that the flora would yield a high percentage
of at least temporarily endemic elements. A very exhaustive col-
lection has been made in the Stann Creek District and similar in-
tensive exploration in Toledo. Less extensive collections have been
made in the Cockscomb Mountains. It should be recorded that,
in addition to his regular numbered series, Mr. Schipp has prepared

another set of plants, represented, for the most part, primarily in
the herbarium of Field Museum, in which the numbers are pre-
ceded by a capital S.
The collections initiated during 1931 and 1932 by Professor

H. H. Bartlett and his collaborators, in the course of a biological
investigation of the Maya area, by the Herbarium and Museum of
Zoology of the University of Michigan, in cooperation with the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, are of prime importance.
During the winter of early 1931 Professor Bartlett spent some time
at Uaxactun, Pete"n, and both before and after his work there he
collected extensively in British Honduras, principally about El
Cayo, but also in the Belize District. A large set of his plants, gen-
erously placed at the disposal of the writers, has added greatly to
the length of this list. He submitted certain groups of his plants
to specialists, and has supplied lists of their determinations, as well
as duplicate specimens, thus affording still further assistance in the
preparation of this report. He has submitted, also, ample collec-
tions made for him in the Corozal and Belize districts by Mr. Percy
H. Gentle, a local collector. These have been peculiarly useful be-
cause of the vernacular names accompanying many of them, as
well as for the additional species records that they have afforded.
The University Michigan and Carnegie Institution explora-
of
tions were continued in British Honduras by Mr. Lundell during
the winter of early 1933, and the very extensive collections that he
obtained in northern British Honduras (he collected also in Pete*n)
have contributed a large amount of new information regarding the
flora. The collections included some undescribed species, and many
others new for the Colony or for the whole general region. Since
his return to the United States, local collectors for the university,
particularly Percy H. Gentle, Mercedes Chanek, and Mercedes
Aguilar, have continued to prepare herbarium specimens and for-
ward them to the university, with further increases in our knowledge
of the vegetation. The very substantial lists of additional species
obtained by all these collectors prove that further collecting in this
and other regions of the Yucatan Peninsula will greatly extend the
known flora of the area.
Except for certain groups studied by specialists, most of this
recent material likewise has passed through the hands of the writers.
Mr. Lundell has generously submitted lists of species determined by
other botanists, thus making possible their inclusion here.
It thus appears that the cooperation of a large number of per-

sons has contributed to the present list of species, which, while
evidently incomplete, and in some portions almost ridiculously so,
nevertheless affords a substantial basis for estimating the nature
of the vegetation of British Honduras. Further botanical explora-
tion in the Colony will perhaps double this pioneer list, or even
increase itbeyond such a figure. It is scarcely necessary to state
that the mountainous area, still an almost unknown field, is the
region most in need of exploration, but intensive work in almost
any other part of the Colony will give profitable botanical returns.
Much more representative collections should be made of all the
trees of the Sapodilla family, and of the other important timber trees.
PLAN OF THE SYSTEMATIC LIST

Most of the details of the list of genera and species are sufficiently
obvious to require no explanation. Since the present publication
is devoted primarily to the trees of British Honduras, herbaceous
plants have been listed merely by name, without citation of speci-

mens unless the species is known from a single collection; nor have
keys been provided for the genera consisting wholly of herbaceous
plants. Likewise, numbered plant collections have been cited only
for the trees and shrubs first described from British Honduras, or
for those species of which report for the region is based on a single
collection.
Citations of the place of publication have been provided only
for the species based originally on British Honduras material. The
general range of each woody plant has been indicated, and its range
in British Honduras when possible. Unfortunately, data regarding
the local distribution of trees and shrubs are usually so fragmentary
that it has not been possible to indicate accurately distribution
within the Colony.
COMMON NAMES
Vernacular names of three languages are cited for many of
the plants listed from British Honduras. The official language of the
Colony, and the one spoken by the people of British and African
ancestry, is English, but there are large numbers of people, prin-
cipally immigrants from Yucatan or Pete"n, who use the Maya
language and Spanish, and many others who know only Spanish.
The local names of the plants are obtained from all three of
these tongues, the Spanish and Maya names often being consid-
erably modified from the original by the English-speaking people.
Some of the English names are exceedingly picturesque, and their

derivation probably would be an interesting story. Many of the
English or near-English names are those employed for the same or
related plants in Jamaica and Barbados.
Unless otherwise indicated, the names cited are reported as in
use in British Honduras, and many of them have been collected by
the foresters. A few reported names whose use evidently was based
on some misunderstanding have been omitted. There are listed,
also, certain vernacular names from neighboring regions, that may
well be employed in British Honduras, and there have been included
numerous more or less authoritative Maya names applied to the
same species in Yucatan.
There occur in literature numerous English names of British
Honduras plants whose identity has not been established. A sub-
stantial service to botanical science would be performed by one who
would collect the local English names, with herbarium specimens.
It would be well worth while, also, to make a thorough study of the
local Maya names; only a few can be reported at the present time.
ANNOTATED LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Adder's-tongue Family
OPHIOGLOSSUM L.
Ophioglossum macrorrhizum Kunze. Collected by Schipp;

determined at Berlin. The plant is known otherwise only from
southern Brazil and Argentina, and the specific name (the material
has not been seen by the writer) is to be questioned.
MARATTIACEAE. Marattia Family

DANAEA J. E. Smith
Danaea elliptica J. E. Smith.
Danaea nodosa (L.) J. E. Smith.
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. Filmy Fern Family

HYMENOPHYLLUM J. E. Smith
Hymenophyllum brevifrons Kunze (?). El Cayo District,

Bartlett 11751.
Hymenophyllum polyanthes Swartz.
TRICHOMANES L.
Trichomanes Ankersii Park.

Trichomanes diversifrons (Bory) Mett.

Trichomanes Galeottii Fourn.
Trichomanes Godmani Hook.
Trichomanes Krausii Hook. & Grev.
Trichomanes Martinezii Rovirosa.
Trichomanes membranaceum L.
Trichomanes pinnatum Hedw.
Trichomanes polypodioides L.
GLEICHENIACEAE. Gleichenia Family

DICRANOPTERIS Bernh.
Dicranopteris pectinata (Willd.) Underw.
CYATHEACEAE. Tree Fern Family

ALSOPHILA R. Br.
Alsophila blechnoides (Rich.) Hook.

Alsophila myosuroides Liebm. Big Creek, Schipp; El Cayo
District, Bartlett. A large plant, about 4.5 meters high, with a
trunk 1-3 meters high and 7 cm. in diameter.
HEMITELIA R. Br.
Hemitelia multiflora (J. E. Smith) R. Br. A plant with a
somewhat spiny trunk a meter high or more.
POLYPODIACEAE. Polypody Family

ACROSTICHUM L.
Acrostichum daneaefolium Langsd. & Fisch.

Acrostichum aureum L. A large coarse fern of salt marshes.
ADIANTOPSIS F<e
Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fe.
ADIANTUM L. Maidenhair
Adiantum concinnum Willd.
Adiantum latifolium Lam.
Adiantum macrophyllum Swartz.
Adiantum obliquum Willd.
Adiantum petiolatum Desv.

Adiantuni pulverulentuni L.
Adiantum tenerum Swartz.
Adiantuni term ina turn Kunze.
Adiantuni tetraphyllum Humb. & Bonpl.
Adiantuni trapeziforme L.
Adiantuni villosum L.
Adiantuni Wilesianum Hook.
Adiantum Wilsoni Hook.
ANANTHACORUS Underw. & Maxon

Ananthacorus angustifolius (Swartz) C. Chr.
ANETIUM Splitg.
Anetium citrifolium (L.) Splitg.
ASPLENIUM L.
Asplenium abscissum Willd.
Asplenium auritum Swartz.

Asplenium cristatum Lam.
Asplenium dentatum L. Collected by Schipp; determined
at Berlin.
Asplenium heterochroum Kunze.
Asplenium pteropus Kaulf.
Asplenium serratum L.
BLECHNUM L.
Blechnum indicum Burm. B. serrulatum L. Rich.

Blechnum occidentale L.
Blechnum fraxineum Willd.
Blechnum unilaterale Swartz.
CHEILANTHES Swartz
Cheilanthes microphylla Swartz.
COCHLIDIUM Kaulf.
Gochlidium rostratum (Hook.) Maxon.

CYCLOPELTIS J. Smith
Cyclopeltis semicordata (Swartz) J. Smith.
DIDYMOCHLAENA Desv.
Didymochlaena truncatula (Swartz) J. Smith.
DIPLAZIUM Swartz
Diplazium delitescens Maxon.
DRYOPTERIS Adans.
Dryopteris blanda (Fe*e) C. Chr.
Dryopteris dentata (Forsk.) C. Chr.
Dryopteris equestris (Kunze) C. Chr.
Dryopteris falcata (Liebm.) C. Chr.
Dryopteris glandulosa (Blume) Kuntze, var. brachyodus
(Kunze) C. Chr.
Dryopteris interjecta C. Chr.
Dryopteris normalis C. Chr. Lady Fern.
Dryopteris obliterata (Swartz) C. Chr.
Dryopteris panamensis (Presl) C. Chr.
Dryopteris Poiteana (Bory) Urban.
Dryopteris Sprengelii (Kaulf.) Kuntze.
Dryopteris struthiopteroides C. Chr. Collected by Schipp;
determined at Berlin.
Dryopteris subtetragona (Link) Maxon.
ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott
Elaphoglossum guatemalense (Klotzsch) Moore.

Elaphoglossum longifolium (Jacq.) Smith. Collected by
Schipp; determined at Berlin.
HECISTOPTERIS J. Smith
Hecistopteris pumila (Spreng.) J. Smith.
HEMIDICTYUM Presl
Hemidictyurn marginatum (L.) Presl.
HEMIONITIS L.
Hemionitis palmata L.
LEPTOCHILUS Kaulf.
Leptochilus cladorrhizans (Spreng.) Maxon.
LINDSAEA Dryand.
Lindsaea falcata Dryand.
Lindsaea horizontalis Hook.
Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd.
Lindsaea stricta (Swartz) Dryand.
NEPHROLEPIS Schott
Nephrolepis biserrata (Swartz) Schott.

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl.
Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Smith.
ODONTOSORIA (Presl) F<*e

Odontosoria Schlechtendalii (Presl) C. Chr.
PITYROGRAMMA Link
Pityrogramma calomelaena (L.) Link.
POLYBOTRYA Humb. & Bonpl.

Polybotrya cervina (L.) Kaulf.
Polybotrya villosula Christ.
POLYPODIUM L.
Polypodium brasiliense Poir.

Polypodium ciliatum Willd.
Polypodium crassifolium L.
Polypodium decumanum Willd.
Polypodium duale Maxon.

Polypodium fallax Schlecht. & Cham.
Polypodium latum (Moore) Sodiro.
Polypodium Mitchellae Baker.

Polypodium Palmeri Maxon.
Polypodium percussum Cav.
Polypodium Phyllitidis L.
Polypodium plumula Humb. & Bonpl.
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt.
Polypodium serpentinum Christ.
POLYTAENIUM Desv.
Polytaenium brasilianum (Desv.) Benedict. Big Creek, Schipp.
Polytaenium Feei (Schaffn.) Maxon.
PTERIDIUM Scop. Bracken
Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon.
PTERIS L.
Pteris biaurita L.
Pteris Kunzeana Agardh.
Pteris longifolia L.
Pteris pungens Willd.
SACCOLOMA Kaulf.
Saccoloma elegans Kaulf.
Saccoloma inaequale (Kunze) Mett.
STENOCHLAENA J. Smith
Stenochlaena recurvata (Fe*e) Liebm.
TEGTARIA Cav.
Tectaria dilacerata (Kunze) Maxon.
Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw.
Tectaria martinicensis (Spreng.) Copel.
Tectaria plantaginea (Jacq.) Maxon.
VITTARIA J. E. Smith
Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Smith.
SCHIZAEACEAE. Schizaea Family

ACTINOSTACHYS Wall.
Actinostachys German! Fe*e.
ANEMIA Swartz
Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Swartz.
Anemia hirta (L.) Swartz.
Anemia pastinacaria Moritz.
LOPHIDIUM Rich.
Lophidium elegans (Vahl) Presl.
LYGODIUM Swartz
Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze.
Lygodium polymorphum (Cav.) HBK.
Lygodium volubile Swartz.
SALVINIACEAE. Salvinia Family
SALVINIA Schreb.
Salvinia auriculata Aubl. A very small aquatic plant.
LYCOPODIACEAE. Clubmoss Family

LYCOPODIUM L. Clubmoss
Lycopodium carolinianum L.
Lycopodium cernuum L.
Lycopodium dichotomum Jacq.
Lycopodium linifolium L.
SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family

SELAGINELLA Beauv.
Selaginella albonitens Spring.
Selaginella cuspidata Link.
Selaginella Galeottii Spring.
Selaginella guatemalensis Baker.
Selaginella ovifolia Baker.
Selaginella umbrosa Lem.
PSILOTACEAE. Psilotum Family

PSILOTUM Swartz
Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. A slender epiphyte with scale-
like leaves.
ISOETACEAE. Quillwort Family

ISOETES L. Quillwort
Isoetes cubana Engelm. Honey Camp region, Meyer 122.
CYCADACEAE. Cycad Family

ZAMIA L.
Zamia furfuracea L. f. Stann Creek Valley, Schipp 81. This
palm-like plant is well known in some parts of Central America
under the name Camotillo. Its roots, when raw, contain a deadly
poison, and there is a popular belief that if they have been out of
the ground two days death occurs in two days, and so on. The
poisonous properties of Zamia roots are well known, but in some
regions, particularly Florida, the cooked roots were an important
article of food among the aborigines.
TAXACEAE. Yew Family

PODOCARPUS L'He>.
Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl. Cypress. On hills or in

mountain forest, common in the southern half of the Colony; Guate-
mala and southern Mexico (?). A glabrous tree 9-21 meters high,
the trunk as much as 60 cm. in diameter; bark dark brown, scaly;
leaves stiff, persistent, 1-nerved, alternate, linear or lance-linear;
flowers of two sexes on separatetrees; seed with a fleshy juicy
outer coat. Podocarpus guatemalensis is closely related to P. coriaceus
of the West Indies and P. oleifolius of Costa Rica, but it appears
to be reasonably distinct from both, as characters are estimated in
the genus, in the costa, which is prominent, rather than plane or
impressed, on both surfaces of the leaf.
PINACEAE. Pine Family

PINUS L.
Pin us caribaea Morelet. Pine. Pino. Huhub (Maya). The
common pine tree of this part of Central America, occurring south-
ward to Nicaragua, and in the West Indies and Florida. charac- A
teristic tree of the pine and cohune ridges of British Honduras
and Guatemala.
Pinus oocarpa Schiede. Pine. Collected in British Honduras
only at Baker's Pine Ridge, in pine-oak-sedge association, Lun-
dell 4281. Honduras to Mexico. The leaves are longer and much
more slender than those of P. caribaea, in bundles of 3 or 5, rather
than 2 or 3. The species grows in Central America at higher ele-
vations than P. caribaea.
TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family

TYPHA L. Cat-tail
Typha angustifolia Enea (Honduras), Puh (Yucatan,

L.
Maya). The leaves sometimes are employed in Central America
for weaving coarse mats, and the fluff from the fruiting spikes for
stuffing pillows and cushions.
POTAMOGETONACEAE. Pondweed Family

POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed
Potamogeton lucens L. Hector Creek Lagoon, Sibun River,
Gentle 1433.
Potamogeton pectinatus L. Belize, Lundell 1881.
RUPPIA L.
Ruppia maritima L.
NAIADACEAE. Naias Family

NAIAS L.
Naias guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Forest Home, Schipp
991.
ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family

ECHINODORUS L. Rich.
Echinodorus nymphaeifolius (Griseb.) Buchenau. Maskall

Pine Ridge, Gentle 1109. On the North American continent this
West Indian species is known only from British Honduras and
Campeche.
HYDROCHARITACEAE. Hydrocharis Family

THALASSIA Solander
Thalassia testud inum Konig. Collected by Lundell. A marine
plant.
TRIURIDACEAE. Triuris Family

SCIAPHILA Blume
Sciaphila picta Miers. Temash, Schipp S667. A small slender
glabrous saprophyte, without chlorophyll, growing in moist places
in deep forest.
GRAMINEAE. Grass Family

ANDROPOGON L.
Andropogon bicornis L. Cola de venado (Honduras).

Andropogon condensatus HBK.
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) BSP.
Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth. A. domingensis
Hubb., non Spreng.
Andropogon leucostachyus HBK.

Andropogon Selloanus Hack.
Andropogon virgatus Desv. A. spathiflorus Kunth.
Andropogon virginicus L.
ANTHEPHORA Schreb.
Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze. Cdbeza de negro
(Honduras).
ARISTIDA L.
Aristida arizonica Vasey. A. pseudospadicea Hubbard, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 49: 500. 1913. Type of A. pseudospadicea from pine
ridge near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 31.
Aristida capillacea Lam.
Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl.
Aristida laxa Cav.
Aristida Liebmannii Fourn.
ARUNDINELLA Raddi
Arundinella Berteroniana (Schult.) Hitchc. & Chase.
Arundinella Deppeana Nees.
AXONOPUS Beauv.
Axonopus ciliatifolius Swallen, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23:

458. 1933.Type from Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11746.
Axonopus Purpusii (Mez) Chase.

Axonopus rhizomatosus Swallen. Reported by Swallen, with-
out indication of the specific locality.
Some of the Asiatic bamboos (Bambusa) are planted locally,
partly for ornament and partly for their large stems, which are
used as building material and for innumerable other purposes.
CENCHRUS L. Sandbur
Cenchrus echinatus L. Guisaso (Yucatan). Muul (Yucatan,
Maya).
Coix Lachryma-jobi L., Job's Tears, with large, white or grayish
seeds, doubtless occurs as an escape. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf the Old World
,
Lemon Grass, must be in cultivation or perhaps
naturalized.
CYNODON Pers. Bermuda Grass

Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. Often used as a lawn grass;
native of the Old World, but now naturalized in most inhabited
parts of tropical America.
DAGTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Crowfoot Grass

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Naturalized from the
Old World.
DIGITARIA Heist.
Digitaria horizontalis Willd. D. setigera Roth.
ELEUSINE Gaertn.
E leu sine indica (L.) Gaertn.
ERAGROSTIS Host
Eragrostis acutiflora (HBK.) Nees.
Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Am.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link.
E. Wats, is reported from Manatee Lagoon by Hubbard
Elliottii
(Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 501. 1913).

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP.
Eragrostis mexicana (Lag.) Link.
GYNERIUM Willd.
Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Wild Cane. Cana

brava (Honduras). A
tall coarse grass of swampy places. The
stout stems are used for the construction of houses and for many
other purposes.
HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze
Hackelochloa granular is (L.) Kuntze.
HOMOLEPIS Chase
Ho mole pis aturensis (HBK.) Chase.
HYMENACHNE Beauv.
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees.
ICHNANTHUS Beauv.
Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Merr.
Ichnanthus mexicanus Fourn.

Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro.
ISCHAEMUM L.
Ischaemum latifolium (Spreng.) Kunth.
LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc.

Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Carrizo (Honduras). Zit
(Yucatan, Maya). Most of the grasses of this genus are rather large,
slender vines.
Lasiacis Grisebachii (Nash) Hitchc.
Lasiacis papillosa Swallen. Honey Camp, Lundell 91.
Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitchc.
Lasiacis Rugelii (Griseb.) Hitchc.
Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase.
LEERSIA Swartz
Leersia hexandra Swartz.
LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv.
Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv.
LEPTOCORYPHIUM Nees
Leptocoryphium lanatum (HBK.) Nees.
LITHACHNE Beauv.
Lithachne pauciflora (Swartz) Munro.
MESOSETUM Steud.
Mesosetum angustifolium Swallen, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
23: 460. 1933. Peniculus angustifolius Swallen, Amer. Journ. Bot.
19: 581. /. 1. 1932. Type from Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo
District, Bartlett 11748. Endemic. The plant is the type of the
genus Peniculus Swallen.
Mesosetum filifolium Hubbard, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 494.
1913. Type from pine ridge, Manatee Lagoon, Peck 136; Guatemala.
OLYRA L.
Olyra latifolia L.
Olyra yucatana Chase.

OPLISMENUS Beauv.
Oplismenus Burmannii (Retz.) Beauv.

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv.
ORYZA L.
Oryza latifolia Desv.
Oryza sativa L. Rice. Arroz. Sometimes cultivated. Native
of the Old World.
PANICUM L.
Panicuni altum Hitchc. & Chase.
Panicum cyanescens Nees.
Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. Zacate de milpa (Honduras).
Panicum fusiforme Hitchc.
Panicum lancearium Trin.
Panicuni laxum Swartz.
Panicuni maximum Jacq. Guinea Grass. Zacate de Guinea.
The most important pasture grass of Central America.
Panicum pilosum Swartz.
Panicum pulchellum Raddi.
Panicum purpurascens Raddi. Para Grass. Zacate Para
(Central America). P. barbinode Trin. Planted as a pasture grass.
Panicum Rudgei Roem. & Schult.
Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell.
Panicum stenodoides Hubbard, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 497.
1913. Type from low pine ridge, Icacos Lagoon, Peck 681; Costa
Rica, Panama.
Panicum trichanthum Nees.
Panicum trichoides Swartz. Cuhuech (Yucatan, Maya).
PASPALUM L.
Paspalum caespitosum Flugge.

Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Paspalum decumbens Swartz. P. pedunculatum Poir.
Paspalum orbiculatum Poir.
Paspalum paniculatum L.
PaspalumPeckii Hubbard, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 495. 1913.

Type from pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 71.
Paspalum pectinatum Nees.

Paspalum pulchellum Kunth.
Paspalum virgatum L.
PHARUS L.
Pharus latifolius L.
PHRAGMITES Adans. Reed

Phragmites communis Trin. Carrizo (Honduras). Zachalal
(Yucatan, Maya).
SACCHARUM L.
Saccharum officinarum L. Sugar Cane. Cana de az&car.

Cultivated; native of the Old World.
SAGCIOLEPIS Nash
Sacciolepis Myuros (Lam.) Chase.
SETARIA Beauv.
Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv.
Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.
Setaria yucatana Herrm.
SPARTINA Schreb.
Spartina Spartinae (Trin.) Merr.
SPOROBOLUS R. Br.
Sporobolus Buckley! Vasey.

Sporobolus cubensis Hitchc.
STENOTAPHRUM Trin. St. Augustine Grass

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.
THRASYA HBK.
Thrasya campylostachya (Hack.) Chase.
TRACHYPOGON Nees
Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees.
TRIPSACUM L.
Tripsacum dactyloides L.
ZEAL.
Zea Mays L. Maize, Indian Corn. Malz. Ixim (Maya).
CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family

CALYPTROCARYA Nees
Calyptrocarya glomerulata (Brongn.) Urban. Big Creek,
Schipp 106.
GYPERUS L.
Cyperus articulatus L.
Cyperus cayennensis (Lam.) Britton.
Cyperus elegans L.
Cyperus ferax L. Rich. One of the commonest weeds of Central
America.
Cyperus giganteus Vahl. A tall coarse plant, much like the
classic papyrus of the Nile.
Cyperus Haspan L.
Cyperus humilis Kunth.

Cyperus Luzulae (L.) Retz.
Cyperus ochraceus Vahl.
Cyperus Ottonis Boeckel. Keys off the coast, N. S. Stevenson
160.
Cyperus paniculatus Rottb.

Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus surinamensis Rottb.
DICHROMENA Michx.
Dichromena ciliata Vahl.
Dichromena radicans Schlecht. & Cham.
ELEOCHARIS R. Br.
Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake.
Eleocharis flaccida (Reichenb.) Urban.
Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.
Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urban.
FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl
Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. F. diphylla Vahl.
Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl.
Fimbristylis spathacea Roth. A seashore plant.
FUIRENA Rottb.
Fuirena incompleta Nees.
Fuirena umbellata Rottb.
HYPOLYTRUM L. Rich.
Hypolytrum nicaraguense Liebm. Big Creek, Schipp 110.
KYLLINGA Rottb.
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.

Kyllinga peruviana Lam.
MARISCUS Zim. Sawgrass

Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton. Hokhe (Yucatan,
Maya). The tough leaves are employed in some regions for making
baskets and other articles.
RYNCHOSPORA Vahl
Rynchospora barbata (Vahl) Kunth.
Rynchospora Berterii (Spreng.) Clarke. Honey Camp,Lundell
687; unknown elsewhere in Central America; a West Indian plant.
Rynchospora cephalotes (L.) Vahl.
Rynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton.
Rynchospora cyperoides (Swartz) Mart. Honey Camp.

Rynchospora divergens Curtis. Honey Camp, Meyer 107.
Known in Central America only from this collection.
Rynchospora hirsuta Vahl. All Pines, Schipp 676.

Rynchospora micrantha Vahl.
SCIRPUS L.
Scirpus Olneyi Gray.
SCLERIA Berg
Scleria arundinacea Kunth.
Scleria bracteata Cav. Sawgrass, Cutting Grass. A common
sedge, often climbing, the narrow leaves with sharp edges that cut
the flesh painfully.
Scleria Liebmannii Steud. Honey Camp, Lundell 641.

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Swartz.
Scleria melaleuca Schlecht. & Cham. Navajuela (Honduras).
Scleria tnitis Berg.
Scleria pterota Presl. Honey Camp.
STENOPHYLLUS Raf.
Stenophyllus tenuifolius (Rudge) Britton.
PALMAE. Palm Family

The palms, which are so easy of recognition that they need no
general description here, are well represented in British Honduras,
and no doubt the number of species is considerably greater than is
here reported. The Central American palms have been little studied,
and the species are poorly understood, consequently some of the
species names employed here are questionable, and will have to be
corrected. However, this is of little importance, since for most
purposes it is sufficient to know merely the genus that a certain
palm represents.
Leaves fan-shaped, rounded, with very numerous plaited segments.

Petioles armed with coarse stout prickles Acoelorrhaphe.
Petioles unarmed.
Leaf blades divided at the middle to the base.
Trunk unarmed Schippia.
Trunk armed with long spines Cryosophila.
Leaf blades not bilobed.
Leaf blades with a well-developed rachis extending for about
half their length Sabal.
Leaf blades with a very short rachis or the rachis almost
obsolete.
Fruit black; trunk with a network of fiber about the base
of the leaves but without dense pads of "wool"; endo-
sperm channeled Coccothrinax.
Fruit whitish; trunk with thick pads of wool-like fibers
about the bases of the petioles; endosperm smooth.
Thrinax.
Leaves pinnately parted, or sometimes wedge-shaped and cleft at

the apex.
Trunk and leaves armed with spines.

Plants climbing; terminal part of the leaf rachis naked but
armed with stout, abruptly reflexed spines Desmoncus.
Plants erect; leaf rachis with segments to the tip, without
reflexed spines.
Staminate flowers sunken in pits in the rachis; tall solitary
palms with thick trunks Acrocomia.

Staminate flowers not sunken in pits; low slender palms,
usually growing in clumps or colonies.
Spines slender and needle-like Bactris.
Spines broad, compressed Hexopetion.

Trunk and leaves unarmed.
Fruit very large, usually more than 20 cm. broad Cocos.
Fruit much smaller.
Leaves with numerous perforations or "windows" near the
midrib Reinhardtia.
Leaves not perforated.
Fruit covered with large pyramidal tubercles. Palms
with short thick trunks and very large leaves, grow-
ing in tidal swamps; flowers of both sexes on the same
spadix Manicaria.
Fruit not tubercled.
Inflorescences arising below the living leaves; tall tree-
like palms.
Inflorescences once branched; trunk slender, not swol-

len; petals free Euterpe.
Inflorescences twice branched; trunk stout, often swol-
len or bulging; petals of the pistillate flowers
connate at the base Roystonea.
Inflorescences arising among the living leaves, or a few
of those on some plants below the leaves.
Fruit large, about 6 cm. long; plants large, with very
thick trunks, the leaves several meters long.
Orbignya.
Fruit small, rarely more than cm. long; plants small
1
and slender, with leaves rarely 2 meters long.
Flowers sunken in pits in the rachis.
Style terminal; spadix simple Asterogyne.
Style basilar or lateral; spadix simple or branched.

Geonoma.
Flowers not sunken in the rachis.
Flowers of the two sexes on separate plants.
Petals of the staminate flowers united almost
to the apex Collinia.
Petals of the staminate flowers free.
Petals of the pistillate flowers valvate; leaves
simple Eleutheropetalum.
Petals of the pistillate flowers imbricate;
leaves usually parted into numerous
segments, sometimes simple.
Chamaedorea.
Flowers of both sexes on the same spadix.
Branches of the spadix very long, slender,
flexuous, the whole inflorescence resem-
bling part of a broom Synechanthus.
Branches of the inflorescence rather short,
stout, stiff, sharply angled .... Reinhardtia.
CRYOSOPHILA Blume
Gryosophila argentea Bartlett, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 40. pi. 2-5. 1931. Give-and-take. Escoba, Palma de escoba
(Campeche, Pete"n). Akuum (Pete"n, Maya). Type from Corn-
house Creek, Manatee River, Belize District, Bartlett 11288; Belize
Pine Reserve; Corozal District; also in Pete"n and Campeche. The
plant has been referred previously to Acanthorrhiza aculeata (Liebm.)
Wedd. A plant of medium height, the tapering trunk covered
with long spines which themselves are often covered with short
spines; leaves large and fan-shaped, divided into a few broad seg-
ments, the base of the petiole splitting longitudinally in age; panicles
much branched, recurved, the branches short and thick; fruits
globose, about 2 cm. long. Known in Campeche by the name Palma
de Escoba.
ACOELORRHAPHE Wendl.
Acoelorrhaphe Wrightii (Griseb.) Wendl. Brahea psilocalyx
Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 1037. 1934. Pimenta Palm.
Stann Creek Valley and elsewhere; Cuba; Honduras (?). A tall
palm, 6 meters high; petioles armed with stout hard prickles; leaf
blades fan-shaped, 60 cm. long, pale green, composed of numerous
folded segments; spadices a meter long, with very numerous slender

branches, the branches whitish-pubescent, the flowers scarcely
2 mm. long; fruits globose, 8-9 mm. in diameter. Schipp states
that the plant grows only in swampy places. Brahea psilocalyx was
based on Peck 241 from Manatee Lagoon.
Acoelorrhaphe pinetorum Bartlett (Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 33. 1935), recently described from Belize, Bartlett 11201, is
another name for this palm. If the plant of British Honduras should
prove distinct, as seems doubtful, Burret's name is the proper one
for it. Bartlett indicates as vernacular names Hairy Tom Palm-
etto, Papta, and Prementa, the last doubtless a corruption of the
Spanish pimienta.
ACROCOMIA Mart.
Acrocomia mexicana Karw. Grugru Palm, Suppa Palm. Coyol
(Yucatan). Tuk (Yucatan, Maya). In the northern plains and
perhaps elsewhere; Mexico and Central America. A large palm
with tall thick trunk densely armed with long slender dark spines;
leaves very large, pinnate, with narrow segments, densely clustered
at the top of the trunk, the dead leaves persisting below the living
ones; segments of the leaves and midrib densely spiny; flower and
fruit panicles large and heavy, pendent, spiny; fruit large, black,
globose, smooth. This palm grows usually in open places and often
in dry regions. The fruits are eaten by cattle, and the flesh is eaten
sometimes by people. From the trunk there is obtained a sweet
sap which after fermentation forms an agreeably flavored palm wine.
ASTEROGYNE Wendl.
Asterogyne Martiana Wendl. Pacuquilla (Honduras). South-
ern part of the Colony, in primary forest; Central America. A small
palm, the thick trunk 1 meter high or less; leaves few, long-stalked,
simple, bilobed at the apex, the segments long-tapering, rusty-
scurfy beneath; peduncles long, bearing at the apex 3-7 clustered
spikes 8-20 cm. long; flowers white or green, sunken in pits in the
rachis; fruits small, globose, 1-seeded. The leaves sometimes are
used for thatching, although they are small for the purpose.
BACTRIS Jacq.
Small, erect, usually slender palms, viciously armed throughout
with long slender needlelike spines; leaves clustered at the top of
the stem or scattered along its upper part, pinnate, with numerous
narrow, often spiny segments; spadix usually small and branched,
subtended by two hard spiny spathes; fruits small, globose, each

with a single seed.
Fruit ellipsoid; leaves glabrous or nearly so B. major.
Fruit depressed-globose; leaves softly pubescent on the lower
surface B. trichophylla.
Bactris major Jacq. Pork-and-doughboy, Pokenoboy. Huis-
coyol. Biscoyol (Honduras). Abundant in swampy forest; ranging
to South America. Stems rather slender, usually 1-3 meters high,
forming dense clumps or large colonies, densely armed with very
long, slender, dark spines; leaves short, parted into numerous linear
segments, these armed along their edges with short spines, the
rachis and petiole covered with very long, slender, blackish, woolly
spines; spathes 2, hard, spiny; spadix branched; fruits small, globose,
blackish, smooth, 1-seeded. This palm is one of the worst pests in
the lowlands of Central America, often forming thickets that are
impenetrable except by free use of a machete. The spines inflict
painful wounds, and it is difficult to avoid them, because of the
abundance of the plant.

Bactris trichophylla Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 32: 113. 1933.
Type Schipp 8368, collected in forest, without mention of the lo-
cality, 100 meters. Plants about 7.5 meters high, forming colonies;
leaves with about 25 segments; spathes 24 cm. long, covered with
short, slender spines, not tomentose; fruit 1.5 cm. in diameter.
CHAMAEDOREA Willd.
Slender, usually low palms with cane-like smooth green unarmed

stems; leaves scattered along the upper part of the stem, usually
pinnatisect, sometimes simple; flowers of the two sexes on separate
plants, the spadix small, simple or branched, inserted below or
among the leaves, enclosed in several green husk-like spathes;
branches of the spadix usually red or orange in fruit; fruits small,
globose or oblong, black, containing a single seed. The genus con-
tains some of the smallest palms known, plants of certain Central
American species flowering when only 30 cm. high. The plants
are exceptionally attractive because of their graceful slender habit
and small size, and for that reason they often are grown in northern
hothouses. The unopened inflorescences with their enveloping
spathes strongly suggest a small ear of corn with its husks. When
opened, there is found inside a twisted mass of whitish branches
and flowers. These tender inflorescences, called pacayas, are a
favorite vegetable in many parts of Central America, being fried

with eggs. In some species the flowers are too bitter to be eaten.
Fruiting inflorescence simple.
Staminate inflorescence with numerous branches; plants 1.5-2.5
meters high C. Arenbergiana.
Staminate inflorescence with few (about 3) branches; plants small,
about 1 meter high or less C. adscendens.
Fruiting inflorescence branched.

Leaves simple, bifid at the apex C. geonomaeformis.
Leaves divided into numerous narrow segments.
Fruit oblong or ellipsoid C. graminifolia.
Fruit globose C. Schippii.
Chamaedorea adscendens (Dammer) Burret. Jacinto Hills,
Schipp S570; also in Guatemala and Campeche. Leaves with few
or numerous narrow segments.
Chamaedorea Arenbergiana Wendl. Pacaya (Honduras).
In wet forest; extending to Costa Rica. Leaves with numerous
long, narrow segments; fruiting peduncle thick and stout, orange-
red, rarely branched; fruits black, globose, 1.5 cm. in diameter.
Chamaedorea geonomaeformis Wendl. Pacaya (Honduras).
In primary forest of the southern region; extending to Honduras.
Stems very slender, 1.5 meters tall or less, smooth, green; leaves
simple, 30-60 cm. long, slender-stalked, bifid at the apex, the lobes
acute or acuminate; pistillate spike elongate, with a thick, fleshy
rachis; Staminate inflorescence usually much branched; fruits globose,
scarcely 1 cm. in diameter, black.
Chamaedorea graminifolia Wendl. Monkey-tail Palm. Pacaya
(Honduras). Frequent in forest in the southern region and per-
haps also in the north; widely distributed in Central America. Stems
4.5 meters high or less, slender and reed-like; leaves large, divided
into numerous long, narrow segments; inflorescences pendent, with
numerous long, drooping branches; fruits oblong, 1 cm. long.
Chamaedorea Schippii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 1038. 1934. Jacinto Hills, Schipp S569. A handsome, slender
palm, 2.5 meters high, with green stems; leaf segments numerous
and narrow; rachis of the fruiting inflorescence red, the fruits black.
COCCOTHRINAX Sarg.
Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg. Silver Thatch Palm.
Nakaz (Yucatan, Maya). Reported from the region without defi-
nite indication of its distribution, but probably in the northern

plains; West Indies, Yucatan, southern Florida. Trunk as much
as 20 cm. in diameter, usually not more than 6 meters tall and com-
monly much lower; leaves fan-shaped, 70 cm. broad or less, silvery-
white beneath, long-stalked; flower panicles much branched, borne
among the leaves, usually much shorter than the petioles, the flowers
very small, whitish; fruit black, globose, 12 mm. or less in diameter.
COCOS L.
Cocos nucifera L. Coconut. Coco, Cocotero. Common along

the coast, and on the islands; widely distributed in the tropics of
both hemispheres. The coconut, most graceful and varied of all
tropical trees, is of considerable economic importance in British
Honduras. Commercial plantations have been established in some
places, and large numbers of coconuts are exported.
COLLINIA Liebm.
Collinia elegans (Mart.) Liebm. Reported from British Hon-
duras; also in Mexico. A very slender, unarmed palm, the few leaves
clustered at the apex of the green stem; leaves with numerous linear
segments; spadices much branched, borne on long, slender pedun-
cles, the branches slender and flexuous; fruits small and globose.
DESMONCUS Mart.
Large, climbing palms, more or densely armed with slender,

less
blackish, needle-like spines; leaves large, pinnate, the segments

usually more or less spine-armed near the base; upper part of the
leaf rachis without leaflets but bearing pairs of stout, abruptly re-
flexed spines; fruits oblong or globose, in large panicles. The name
Basket Tie-tie is given to these plants in British Honduras. They
are a great nuisance wherever they grow, for the leaves extend far
out from the stem, and grasp and tear any passing object. The leaf
spines are hard and strong and capable of inflicting severe flesh
wounds.
Rachis of the leaf armed with short, slender spines D. Schippii.
Rachis of the leaf without short, slender spines, armed only at the
apex D. leiorhachis.
Desmoncus leiorhachis Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 36: 203.
1934. Rio Grande, Schipp 517a. The two species here listed are
much alike in most of their characters, according to description,
and perhaps are only forms of a single species.
Desmoncus Schippii Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 36: 202. 1934.

Rio Grande, Schipp 517. Described as a vine climbing to a height
of 20-25 meters; fruits red. It is probable that a synonym of this
is Desmoncus quasillarius Bartlett (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25:
85. 1935), the type of which was collected in Corozal District, Gentle
348. The vernacular names are reported as Basket Tie-tie and
Basket Whist.
ELEUTHEROPETALUM (Wendl.) Oerst.
Eleutheropetalum Ernesti-Augusti (Wendl.) Oerst. Re-
ported from the southern part of the colony by Burret, collected
by Schipp; also in southern Mexico. A low, slender, unarmed palm
with smooth green stems; leaves small, simple, bifid at the apex;
fruiting spadix simple, the rachis thick and fleshy; staminate in-
florescence much branched, the branches long and slender.
EUTERPE Gaertn.
Euterpe oleracea Mart.(?) Monkey-tail Palm, Mountain Cab-

bage Palm. In forests; ranging to South America. A tall, unarmed
palm with slender, smooth, cylindrical trunk; leaves long-stalked,
clustered at the top of the trunk, pinnatisect, the numerous narrow
segments acuminate; inflorescences inserted below the leaves, with
2 spathes, the spadix once branched, the branches erect-spreading;
fruits very small, globose, 1-seeded, the stigmas excentric or lateral.
No information is available regarding the distribution of this palm
in the Colony. The specific name is decidedly uncertain.
GEONOMA Willd.
Small or scarcely medium-sized, unarmed palms with usually
smooth stems; leaves rather small, pinnatifid or sometimes simple;
inflorescences simple or branched, the flowers sunken in pits in the
rachis, small; fruit very small, globose, black, 1-seeded.
Spadix simple G. glauca.
Spadix branched.
Spadix pinnately twice branched; fruits 3 mm. long.
G. longepetiolata.
Spadix several times dichotomous; fruits 5-8 mm. long.

Plants tall, as much
as 6 meters high; leaves with numerous
narrow segments G. binervia.
Plants low, 2 meters high or less; leaves with few broad seg-
ments G. oxycarpa.
Geonoma binervia Oerst. Pacuca (Honduras). Occasional

in primary forest in the southern part of the Colony; southward to
Panama. Stems stout and pale, smooth; leaves large, pinnatisect,
the upper segments confluent; spadices pubescent, with stout and
rather short branches, pale reddish. An exceptionally handsome
palm of neat appearance.
Geonoma glauca Oerst. Capuche. Pacuquilla (Honduras).
Primary forest in the southern region; southward to Nicaragua.
Trunk 1 meter high or less, often none; leaves stalked, stiff, divided
into long linear segments, the upper segments broader and confluent;
spadix long and slender, the rachis dull red; fruit purple, 1 cm. long
or less. The species is referable to the genus Calyptrogyne, which
is sometimes separated from Geonoma.
Geonoma longepetiolata Oerst. Occasional in primary forest

in the southern part of the Colony; southward to Panama. Plants
6 meters high or less, with slender, smooth trunk; leaves rather
small, with few narrow segments, these tapering into long and very
slender, thread-like tips; panicles partly on the trunk below the
leaves, pubescent, with long, slender branches.
Geonoma oxycarpa Mart. Monkey-tail Palm. Primary forest
in the southern region; Mexico, Central America, West Indies.
Stems with very short, smooth, pale joints; leaves long-stalked,
small, with few broad segments, these with long, slender tips;
panicles small, somewhat pubescent, the small fruits globose.
HEXOPETION Burret
Hexopetion mexicanum (Liebm.) Burret. Lancetilla (Hon-

duras). Astrocaryum Cohune (Wats.) Standl. Wet hill forests of the
southern part of the colony; Honduras to Mexico. A
rather small
palm, the slender trunk 1.5-4.5 meters high, densely armed with
irregularly spaced spines, these often 5 cm. long or more, linear
or broader, compressed and 2-edged, blackish; leaves large, with
numerous narrow divisions, the petiole and rachis armed with
spines; spathes 20-30 cm. long, white- woolly and spiny; staminate
and pistillate flowers on the same branched spadix; fruits in a dense
spike, obovoid, 5 cm. long, covered with short spines. The plant
is a great pest in the forest, its slender spines penetrating the flesh
easily and painfully.
MANICARIA Gaertn.
Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. Confra, Yolillo (Guatemala). In
coastal swamps in the southern part of the colony; ranging to
Brazil. Plants coarse, sometimes 6 meters high or larger, but usually

with a very short trunk, unarmed; leaves numerous, erect or ascend-
ing, often 5 meters long; inflorescence branched, about a meter
long, with 2 spathes, the outer short, the inner a tough fibrous sac;
flowers inserted in pits in the rachis; fruit of 1-3 globose, 1-seeded,
partly united carpels, 4-5 cm. in diameter, covered with numerous
thick, irregularly pyramidal tubercles. The leaves are much used
in some parts of Central America for thatching, and are said to
last for many years. The brown,feltlike spathes, composed of
tough, interlacing fibers, form a persistent conic covering for the

spadix. They are employed for fashioning long-peaked caps that
are one of the articles commonly sold to tourists in Panama.
ORBIGNYA Mart.
Orbignya Cohune (Mart.) Dahlgren. Attalea Cohune Mart.
Cohune Palm. Manaca. Corozo. Tutz (Maya). The commonest palm
of the region, occurring extensively from sea level to an elevation
of 540 meters, on all types of soil; Mexico, and probably as far
south as Costa Rica. A tall, unarmed palm with very thick trunk,
usually with persisting leaf bases; leaves plumelike and graceful,
sometimes as much as 10 meters long, with numerous narrow seg-
ments; flower and fruit panicles very large and heavy, pendent,
1 meter long or more, often containing 500-800 fruits, these 6 cm.
long, shaped like young coconuts of corresponding size. This palm
is of considerable importance locally. The leaves are much used
for thatching, and the pole-like rachis of the leaf for forming the
framework of huts. Oil is obtained from the kernels, and the tender
"cabbages" are eaten. During the World War large quantities of
the nuts were exported to England for preparing charcoal used in
gas masks. Attempts have been made to extract the oil, but these
have failed heretofore, partly because of the difficulty of crushing
the fruits, and also on account of the uncertainty of a continuous
supply of them. (See Neil S. Stevenson, The Cohune Palm in British
Honduras, Trop. Woods 30: 3-5. 1932.)
REINHARDTIA Liebm.
Small or medium-sized, unarmed palms; leaves small or large,
long-stalked, parted or sometimes simple; spadix long-stalked, with
few or numerous, erect or somewhat spreading branches; fruits
globose or oblong.
Leaves with openings in the segments close to the rachis; fruits
oblong R. gracilior.
Leaves without openings in the leaf segments; fruits globose.

R. latisecta.
Reinhardtia gracilior Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
555. 1932. In primary forest, southern part of the colony; type
from Stann Creek Valley, Schipp S369. Plants about 1 meter high,
very slender; leaves mostly 20-30 cm. long, with only a few broad
segments, these irregularly toothed at the apex; fruits 1 cm. long,
black. A very handsome plant, curious because of the "windows"
in the leaves.
Reinhardtia latisecta (Wendl.) Burret. Malortiea latisecta
Wendl. Primary forest in the southern region; Guatemala. Plants
slender, as much as 7 meters high; leaves long-stalked, very large,
cleft into few or numerous segments, these broadened toward the
apex and irregularly toothed or cleft; spadix very long-stalked,

much branched, the branches elongate, slender, sharply angled,
stiff, suberect; fruit small and globose.
ROYSTONEA Cook
Tall palms with smooth, greenish or whitish trunks often 10-20
meters high, usually slightly swollen; leaves many at the top of
the trunk, long and graceful, cut into numerous segments; panicles
large, twice branched, pendent; fruit purplish, 1 cm. long.
Fruit ovoid, about as broad as long; sheaths with brown scales;
leaves drooping R. regia.
Fruit obovoid-oblong, longer than broad; sheaths naked; leaves
horizontal R. oleracea.
Roystonea oleracea (Mart.) Cook. Oreodoxa oleracea Mart.

Cabbage Palm. Yagua (Honduras). Common in low, wet places,
often in swampy forest; Central America, Barbados, and doubtless
elsewhere. Trunk tall, pale, slightly swollen; inflorescences inserted
below the leaves. This palm often rises high above the trees among
which it grows.
Roystonea regia (HBK.) Cook. Royal Palm. Palma Real.
Planted for ornament, but probably not native; Cuba, Florida,
Hispaniola. Similar to the preceding, except as indicated in the key
to the species. The favorite ornamental palm of Central America,
and of many other parts of the American tropics.
SABAL Adans.
Sabal mauritiiformis (Karst.) Griseb. & Wendl. S. excelsa
Morris, Colony of Brit. Hond. 68. 1883. Bayleaf Palm. Boian.
Common and perhaps elsewhere; also in Colombia.

in the hill regions
A tallpalm, the very large, green, long-stalked leaves with fan-
shaped blades 1.5 meters long or even larger; flower panicles very
large and much branched, the branches slender, the minute flowers
scarcely more than 2 mm. long. The name Sabal excelsa is not pub-
lished formally by Morris, but merely mentioned casually in his
discussion of the palms of British Honduras. He states that the
name Bayleaf Palm is applied to the young plants of this species,
whose adult form termed Botan or Bootan Palm.
is
Sabal mayarum Bartlett (Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 35.

1935) is a name recently proposed for this palm, which is reported
also for Yucatan and the Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba. It seems
quite reasonable that the Yucatan plant should be distinct from the
Colombian species to which Burret assigned it. The name Huano is
said to be applied to it in Yucatan.
SCHIPPIA Burret
The genus consists of a single species, and was named in honor
of William A. Schipp, whose botanical collections over several years
have added a great amount of information to former knowledge
of the flora of British Honduras.
Schippia concolor Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 868.

1933. Mountain Palmetto, Silver Palmetto. A tall, unarmed palm,
about 10 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves fan-
shaped, with long petioles, less than 1 meter broad, pale beneath;
inflorescences 60 cm. long or more, much branched, the flowers
spirally arranged upon the branches; fruits globose, 2.5 cm. or
more in diameter.
SYNECHANTHUS Wendl.
Synechanthus fibrosus Wendl. Monkey-tail Palm. Frequent
in primary forest in the southern part of the Colony; Guatemala.
A very slender, unarmed palm, 6 meters high or usually less, with
slender, smooth, cane-like stems; leaves few, rather large, pinnatisect,
the numerous narrow segments thin, long- tapering; inflorescences in-
serted among the leaves, with several spathes; spadix broom-like,
with numerous, long, slender, flexuous branches bearing staminate
and pistillate flowers; fruits small, longer than broad, orange, 1-seeded.
THRINAX Swartz
Thrinax Wendlandiana Beccari. Chit (Yucatan, Maya). Re-
ported rather indefinitely from British Honduras, probably from
the northern plains; Yucatan, Cuba, Honduras (?). Plants rather

low, said to be usually about 3 meters high, unarmed; petioles
with copious wool-like fiber near the base; blades rounded, less than
1 meter broad, plaited, pale and silvery beneath; inflorescences
much branched; fruits globose, 1 cm. in diameter. The soft fiber
produced about the bases of the petioles is employed in some regions
for stuffing pillows and cushions.
CYCLANTHACEAE. Cyclanthus Family

CARLUDOVICA Ruiz & Pavon
Carludovica u tills & Hook. Middlesex, Schipp
(Oerst.) Benth.
S8. A with palm-like, 2-lobed leaves.
large, coarse, epiphytic vine
In some parts of Central America the tough, flexible stems of the
Carludovicas are utilized for making furniture. The specific name
of the British Honduras plant is somewhat uncertain.
ARACEAE. Arum Family

ANTHURIUM Schott
Anthurium aemulum Schott.
Anthurium concinnatum Schott.

Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott.
Anthurium myosuroides (HBK.) Endl. Tie-tie.
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engler.

Anthurium scolopendrinum (Ham.) Kunth.
Anthurium tetragonum (Hook.) Schott. Northern River,
Gentle 1291.
DIEFFENBACHIA Schott
Dieffenbachia seguina (L.) Schott. Dumb Cane. Hoja de Puerco
(Honduras). Eldorado, Schipp S386.
MONSTERA Adans.
Monstera acuminata Koch. Near Cockscomb Mountains,
Schipp S126. Specific determination somewhat uncertain.
MONTRICHARDIA Criiger
Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott. A tall, erect, aquatic
plant, growing in shallow water. It is common in much of tropical
America, but is unknown north of British Honduras.
PHILODENDRON Schott
Philodendron belizense Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 129. 1932.
Type from base of Cockscomb Mountains, Schipp 545.
Philodendron guttiferum Kunth. Middlesex, Schipp.
Philodendron oxycardium Schott.
Philodendron panamense Krause(?). Middlesex, Schipp S9.
Material imperfect, and specific name uncertain.
Philodendron radiatum Schott. Honey Camp, Lundell.
Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott. Stann Creek Valley,
Schipp.
PISTIA L. Water Lettuce
Pistia Stratiotes L. An aquatic plant.
SPATHIPHYLLUM Schott
Spathiphyllum phryniifolium Schott. The young and tender

inflorescences of plants of this genus are cooked and eaten as a
vegetable in certain parts of Central America.
SYNGONIUM Schott
Syngonium podophyllum Schott. A large, coarse, epiphytic

vine with cleft leaves.
XANTHOSOMA Schott
Xanthosoma violaceum Schott.
Coco, Malanga. Munul,
Xcucutmacal (Maya). Cultivated for its large, edible roots. The
young leaves also are cooked and eaten. The plant is widely dis-
tributed in cultivation in America.
MAYACACEAE. Mayaca Family

MAYACA L.
Mayaca Aubleti Michx. A small moss-like aquatic plant with

white flowers.
XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family

XYRIS L.
Xyris Jupicai L. Rich.

Xyris subnavicularis Malme, Arkiv. Bot. 13, pt. 8: 15. 1913.
Type from Stann Creek, Robertson. All Pines, edge of swamp,
Schipp S131.
ERIOCAULONACEAE. Pipewort Family

ERIOCAULON L. Pipewort
Eriocaulon Schiedeanum Koern.
Eriocaulon Schippii Standl. All Pines, Schipp 647.
PAEPALANTHUS Mart.
Paepalanthus Lamarckii Kunth. Collected by Peck.

Paepalanthus sp. One or possibly two additional species of
the genus, perhaps new, have been found in the country recently.
SYNGONANTHUS Ruhl.
Syngonanthus gracilis (Koern.) Ruhl. Collected by Peck.
TONINA Aubl.
Tonina flu via tills Aubl. All Pines, Schipp.
BROMELIACEAE. Pineapple Family

AECHMEA Ruiz & Pav6n
Aechmea bracteata (Swartz) Mez.
Aechmea magdalenae Andre". Silkgrass. Pinuela(Petn). Pita
floja (Central America). Ananas magdalenae Standl. In forest and
thickets. A plant somewhat similar to the pineapple, the leaves
with few remote, coarse teeth. The very acid fruits are edible. The
leaves of this plant furnish one of the best fibers known, remarkable
for its fineness, strength, and length. The plant has been cultivated
in some regions for fiber, at least experimentally.
Aechmea nudicaulis Griseb.

Aechmea tillandsioides Baker. Big Creek, Schipp 98.
ANANAS Adans.
Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill. Pineapple. Pina. A. sativus
Schult. Cultivated and doubtless more or less naturalized; native
probably of Brazil.
BILLBERGIA Thunb.
Billbergia viridiflora Wendl. Jacinto Creek, Machaca, Schipp
S563.
CATOPSIS Griseb.
Catopsis aloides (Cham. & Schlecht.) Baker.
Catopsis Berteroniana (Schult.) Mez. Sittee River, Schipp S132.

Catopsis nitida (Hook.) Griseb. Forest Home, Schipp 1042.
GUZMANIA Ruiz & Pavon

Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez. Machaca, Schipp S591.
PITCAIRNIA L'HSr.
Pitcairnia imbricata Brongn.(?) Jacinto Hills, Schipp S588.
Pitcairnia Hemsleyana Mez. Middlesex, Schipp 456.
TILLANDSIA L.
Tillandsia Balbisiana Schult.

Tillandsia brachycaulos Schlecht. Tower Hill, Karling 10.
Tillandsia bulbosa Hook, f Honey .
Camp ; Stann Creek Valley.
Tillandsia digitata Mez. Middlesex, Schipp 390.
Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz.
Tillandsia festucoides Brongn.
Tillandsia filifolia Cham. & Schlecht.
Maya Mounds, near
Cockscomb Mountains, Schipp S104.
Tillandsia juncea LeConte. Hope Creek, Schipp 133.
Tillandsia polystachya L.
Tillandsia Schiedeana Steud.
Tillandsia streptophylla Scheidw. Tower Hill, Karling 23.
Tillandsia sublaxa Baker.
Tillandsia vestita Schlecht. & Cham.
VRIESIA Lindl.
Vriesia disticha (L.) Standl. Middlesex, Schipp S22.

Vriesia paniculata (L.) Mez. Mullins River Road, Schipp S189.
Vriesia Schippii L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 99: 18. pi.
1932.
5, figs. 5, 6. Type from Middlesex, Schipp S82.
COMMELINACEAE. Dayflower Family

CALLISIA L.
Gallisia repens L.
CAMPELIA L. Rich
Gampelia Zanonia (L.) HBK. Stann Creek Valley, Schipp.

COMMELINAL. Dayflower
Commelina elegans HBK. Hierba de Polio (Yucatan).
Commelina longicaulis Jacq.
DICHORISANDRA Mikan
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl.
NEODONNELLIA Rose
Neodonnellia grandiflora (Donn. Smith) Rose. Big Creek,
Schipp 934; Campeche and Guatemala. A slender vine with very
fragrant, white flowers; grown in Campeche gardens over trellises
for ornament.
RHOEO Hance
Rhoeo discolor (L'He"r.) Hance. Senoritas embar-codas (Hon-
duras). Chactsam (Yucatan, Maya).
TRADESCANTIA L.
Tradescantia cumanensis Kunth.

Tradescantia geniculata Jacq.
ZEBRINA Schnizl.
Zebrina pendula Schnizl. Cucarachita (Yucatan). A trail-
ing plant, leaves striped with silver, dark purple-red beneath;

its
cultivated in the United States under the name Wandering Jew.
PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerelweed Family

EICHHORNIA Kunth. Water Hyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Common.
PONTEDERIA L. Pickerelweed
Pontederia lanceolata Nutt.

Pontederia rotundifolia L.
LILIACEAE. Lily Family

ALLIUM L.
Allium Cepa L. Onion. Cebolla. Cucut (Maya). Cultivated

commonly; native of the Old World.
Allium sativum L. Garlic. Ajo. Cucut (Maya). Cultivated;
an Old World plant.
DRACAENA L.
Dracaena americana Donn. Smith. Candlewood. Fiddle-
wood (?). Frequent in moist forest; south to Costa Rica.
Cerbatana.
A tree 4-12 meters high with thick trunk and few, thick branches;
branches densely leafy, the leaves linear, 20-30 cm. long, glabrous;
flowers very small, creamy white, in large terminal panicles; fruit
fleshy, yellowish green, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, containing one or
two large seeds. A handsome tree of striking appearance, sugges-
tive of a yucca. It is of particular interest because it is the only
American representative of a genus whose other species are native
in the Old World.
YUCCA L.
Yucca elephantipes Regel. Yucca. Izote (Guatemala). Tuc
(Yucatan, Maya). Planted for ornament. A tree of 3-10 meters,
simple or branched, with narrow, swordlike leaves and large panicles
of handsome white flowers. The young flowers often are cooked
and eaten in Central America.
SMILACACEAE. Sarsaparilla Family

SMILAX L.
Large or small, woody vines, usually armed with stout prickles;

leaves leathery, mostly entire, with 3-7 conspicuous longitudinal
nerves; flowers small, greenish or brownish, in umbels in the leaf
axils; stamens 6; fruit a globose, black or red berry containing 1-6
seeds.
Leaves hairy S. mollis.
Leaves glabrous.
Stems 4-sided S. ornata.
Stems terete.
Staminate flowers 1.5-2 mm. long S. mexicana.

Staminate flowers 3 mm. long S. domingensis.
Smilax domingensis Willd. Tietie. Zarza, Corona de Cristo

(Honduras). Frequent; widely distributed in tropical America.
A large glabrous vine, the stems only sparsely prickly or often un-
armed; leaves oblong to ovate, very thick, obtuse or acute, cordate
to acutish at the base; berries black or dark purple.
Smilax mexicana Griseb. Zarza, Zarzaparrilla (Yucatan).
Coceh (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in forest and thickets. A
large, prickly vine, the leaves lanceolate to ovate; fruit black.
Smilax tnollis Willd. Pate (Honduras). Honey Camp; Eldo-

rado; widely distributed in tropical America. A
large or small,
unarmed vine, brownish-pubescent throughout; leaves oblong to
narrowly ovate, cordate at the base; berries red. The large, yam-
like roots are employed in Honduras for poisoning fish.
Smilax ornata Lem. Zarza, Zarzaparrilla (Honduras). Forests

of the southern part of the colony. Guatemala to Honduras, and
probably of wider distribution. A
very large, woody vine, the thick
4-angled stems densely beset on the angles with large, hard, com-
pressed prickles; flowers cream-colored; berries black. The large
thick roots of this species are one of the sources of commercial sar-
saparilla; they often are gathered in Central America for export.
HAEMODORACEAE. Bloodwort Family

XIPHIDIUM Aubl.
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family
Some of the species of Agave and Furcraea occur in British Hon-
duras, at least in cultivation, but no material of them is available,
and it is uncertain which species are represented. The local Maya
names are reported as Ki and Ikeh. In Yucatan the Agaves are
grown on a large scale for their fiber, from which twine is made.
CRINUM L.
Crinum cruentum Ker. Roaring Creek.
CURCULIGO Gaertn.
Curculigo scorzonerifolia (Lam.) Baker.
HIPPEASTRUM Herb.
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urban. Amaryllis. Adonis,

Azucena roja (Yucatan). Ahandsome ornamental plant with red
flowers, cultivated in gardens, and perhaps naturalized in some
localities. Native of tropical America.
HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Spider Lily

Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. Lirio (Yucatan).
HYPOXIS L.
Hypoxis decumbens L.
POLIANTHES L.
Polianthes tuberosa L. Tuberose. Nardo (Central America).

An ornamental plant of gardens, of Mexican origin.
DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family

DIOSCOREA L. Yam
Besides the native species listed below, some of the cultivated
yams are grown in British Honduras for their edible roots, an im-
portant vegetable in most parts of tropical America.
Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham. & Schlecht.
Dioscorea esurientium Uline.
Dioscorea macrostachya Benth.
Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl.
Dioscorea spiculiflora Hemsl.
IRIDACEAE. Iris Family

CIPURA Aubl.
Cipura paludosa Aubl.
MARICA Ker
Marica gracilis Herb.
NEMASTYLIS Nutt.
Nemastylis Bequaertii Standl. Honey Camp; All Pines;

Baker's Pine Ridge; Isabella Pine Ridge. Also in Yucatan.
MUSACEAE. Banana Family

HELICONIA L.
Heliconia acuminata Rich.
Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesbr.
Heliconia Bihai L. Fairview, Schipp S414.
Heliconia Champneiana Griggs. Stann Creek Valley, Schipp.
Heliconia Mariae Hook. Fairview, Schipp S413.
Heliconia pendula Wawra. Middlesex, Schipp.
MUSA L.
Musa paradisiaca L. Plantain. Platano. Haas, Box haas
(Maya). Cultivated commonly.
Musa sapientum L. Banana. Guinea. Haas (Maya). Cul-

tivated abundantly.
ZINGIBERACEAE. Ginger Family

ALPINIA L. Shell-flower
Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) Schum. Native of the East Indies,
sometimes grown for ornament.
COSTUS L.
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Swartz. Cana de Cristo. Pahtsab
(Yucatan, Maya).
Costus villosissimus Jacq. Middlesex, Schipp 416.
RENEALMIA L. f.
Renealmia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. Nabay (Pete"n, Maya).
CANNACEAE. Canna Family

CANNA L.
Canna edulis Ker. Bijao, Platanitto (Honduras). Chankala
(Yucatan, Maya). Stann Creek Valley.
Canna indica L.
HEDYCHIUM Koenig
Hedychium coronarium Koenig. Cultivated for ornament
and perhaps naturalized; native of India.
MARANTACEAE. Arrowroot Family

CALATHEA Meyer
Calathea albicans Brongn. Stann Creek district, Stacker 17;
Middlesex, Schipp 253.
Calathea insignis Peters.
Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Meyer. Bijao (Honduras).
Calathea macrosepala Schum.
MARANTA L. Arrowroot
Maranta arundinacea L. Sagu (Yucatan). Chaac (Yucatan,
Maya). Cultivated and also wild. Starch is made from the roots
of cultivated plants.
MYROSMA L. f.
Myrosma guapilensis Donn. Smith. Middlesex, Schipp.
PLEIOSTACHYA Schum.
Pleiostachya pruinosa (Regel) Schum. Bijaguillo (Honduras).
Eldorado, Schipp 1048.
STROMANTHE Sond.
Stromanthe Hjalmarssonii (Koern.) Peters. Without local-
ity, Kinloch.
THALIA L.
Thalia geniculata L. Frequent in swamps.
BURMANNIAGEAE. Burmannia Family

APTERIA Nutt.
Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart.
BURMANNIA L.
Burmannia capitata (Walt.) Mart.
DICTYOSTEGIA Miers
Dictyostegia campanulata Karst.
GYMNOSIPHON Blume
Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urban.
ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family

The list of orchids here presented is a short one, and there is
no doubt that numerous other genera and many more species are
to be found in British Honduras, especially in the wet forests of the
southern part of the Colony.
BRASSAVOLA R. Br.
Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. All Pines; Honey Camp; Tower
Hill.
BLETIA Ruiz & Pavon

Bletia tuberosa (L.) Ames. Tower Hill, Karling.
CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth.
Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe.

Campylocentrum Sullivanii Fawc. & Rendle.
CATASETUM L. Rich.
Catasetum integerrimum Hook.
CHYSIS Lindl.
Chysis bractescens Lindl. Reported for British Honduras by

Schlechter.
CORYANTHES Hook.
Coryanthes picturata Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 1864: 332, 415.
1864. Type from Belize, collected by Day.
CORYMBORCHIS Thouars
Corymborchis flava Kuntze. Stann Creek Valley, Schipp S302.
CYCHNOCHES Lindl.
Cychnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch. Without locality, K. P.

Schmidt in 1923.
DIACRIUM Benth.
Diacrium bidentatum (Lindl.) Hemsl. Reported by Schlechter.
DICHAEA Lindl.
Dichaea Tuerckheimii Schlechter. Near Middlesex, Schipp

S76.
ELLEANTHUS Presl
Elleanthus linifolius Presl. Middlesex, Schipp S75.
EPIDENDRUM L.
Epidendrum alatum Batem.

Epidendrum belizense Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 78. 1877.
Encyclia belizensis Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, pt. 2: 471.
1918. Type from Belize, collected by Day and Saunders.
Epidendrum Boothianum Lindl.

Epidendrum bractescens Lindl.
Epidendrum cochlea turn L. Honey Camp.
Epidendrum imatophyllum Lindl.

Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq.
Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavon. Sittee River,
Schipp S96.
Epidendrum polyanthum Lindl.
Epidendrum polybulbon Swartz. Dinema polybulbon Ldndl.
Reported by Schlechter.
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.

Epidendrum Stamfordianum Batem.
Epidendrum stenopetalum Hook.
ERYTHRODES Blume
Erythrodes purpurea Ames.
EULOPHIA R. Br.
Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle. Honey Camp, Lundell 142.
GALEANDRA Lindl.
Galeandra Batemanii Rolfe. All Pines; Stann Creek Railway;
by Schipp.
collected
HABENARIA Willd.
Habenaria Lankesteri Ames.
Habenaria mesodactyla Griseb. All Pines, Schipp 605.
Habenaria odontopetala Reichenb. f. Honey Camp, Lundett
684.
Habenaria repens Nutt. All Pines, Schipp 655.
HORMIDIUM Lindl.
Hormidium tripterum (Brongn.) Cogn. Near Middlesex,

Schipp S81.
IONOPSIS HBK.
lonopsis utricularioides (Swartz) Lindl. Tower Hill, Karling.
ISOCHILUS R. Br.
Isochilus crassiflorus A. Rich. & Gal.
LAELIA Lindl.
Laelia Digbyana (Lindl.) Benth. Reported by Schlechter.

MASDEVALLIA Ruiz & Pavon

Masdevallia tubuliflora Ames. Near Cockscomb Mountains,
Schipp S102.
MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pavon
Maxillaria Friedrichsthaliana Reichenb. f.
Maxillaria tenuifolia Lindl.

Maxillaria uncata Lindl. M. Macleei Batem.
MORMOLYCE Fenzl
Mormolyce ringens (Lindl.) Schlechter.
NOTYLIA Lindl.
Notylia trisepala Lindl. & Paxt.
ONCIDIUM Swartz. Butterfly Orchid

Oncidium ascendens Lindl.
Oncidium carthagenense (Jacq.) Swartz. Honey Camp,
Lundell 85.
Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichenb. f. Middlesex, Schipp S79.
Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl.
ORNITHOCEPHALUS Hook.
Ornithocephalus Pottsiae Wats.
PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br.
Pleurothallis Blaisdellii Wats.
Pleurothallis marginata Lindl.
Pleurothallis yucatanensis Ames & Schweinf.
POLYSTACHYA Hook.
Polystachya luteola Hook. Honey Camp, Middlesex.
Polystachya minor Fa we. & Rendle. All Pines; Stann Creek
Valley.
PONERA Lindl.
Ponera stria ta Lindl.
SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl.
Scaphyglottis Behrii (Reichenb. f.) Benth. & Hook.

SCHOMBURGKIA Lindl.
Schomburgkia tibicinis Batem. All Pines, Schipp S97.
SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pav6n

Sobralia fragrans Lindl. Stann Creek.
SPIRANTHES L. Rich.
Spiranthes graminea Lindl. All Pines, Schipp S98.
STELIS Swartz
Stelis ciliaris Lindl.
TRIGONIDIUM Lindl.
Trigonidium Egertonianum Batem.
VANILLA Swartz. Vanilla
Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames. Vainilla. Zizbic (Yucatan,

Maya). Reported to be frequent in the forests.
CASUARINAGEAE. Beefwood Family

CASUARINA L. Beefwood
Gasuarina equisetifolia L. Planted as an ornamental tree;
native of tropical Asia and Africa. Somewhat similar to a pine in
general appearance, the branches whorled and spreading, the very
slender branchlets bearing whorls of scales and suggestive of the
stems of Equisetum or horsetail; fruit conelike, 1-2 cm. in diameter.
PIPERACEAE. Pepper Family

PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pavon
The species of this genus are fleshy herbs, usually epiphytic
in habit.
Peperomia chucanebana Trelease.

Peperomia crassiuscula Millsp.
Peperomia glutinosa Millsp.
Peperomia Gollii Trelease.
Peperomia granulosa Trelease(?).
Peperomia Lundellii Trelease. Honey Camp, Lundell 96a.
Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK. The only terrestrial species
known from British Honduras.
Peperomia pololensis Trelease. Little Cocquericot, Lundell

3830.
Peperomia praetenuis Trelease. Belize, in cultivation, Lundell.

Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) HBK. Stann Creek Valley,
Schipp.
PIPER L.
Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs; leaves alternate, entire;

flowers minute, green, arranged in very dense, slender spikes,
resembling catkins.
Spikes several together on a common peduncle.
Leaves peltate P. peltatum.
Leaves not peltate P. umbellatum.
Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves.

Leaves peltate P. Tuerckheimii.
Leaves not peltate.
Leaves deeply cordate at the base, very large and thin.
P. auritum.
Leaves not cordate, or small and obscurely cordate.
Leaves 3-5-nerved, the nerves arising from the very base of
the leaf blade.
Flowers pedicellate P. yucatanense.
Flowers sessile.
Leaves narrowly oblong P. Schippianum.
Leaves oblong-ovate to rounded-ovate.
Leaves 5-nerved, truncate or rounded at the base.
P. Lundellii.
Leaves 3-nerved, obtuse or acute at the base.
P. psilorhache.
Leaves penninerved, all or most of the nerves arising above
the base of the blade.
Flower spikes conspicuously curved P. elongatum.
Flower spikes straight.
Leaves truncate or very broadly rounded at the base,
not conspicuously unequal P. middlesexense.
Leaves conspicuously unequal at the base, one side
shorter than the other, sometimes acute or acutish,
never truncate or broadly rounded.
Leaves glabrous, smooth to the touch.

Leaves very unequal at the base, one side much
shorter than the other P. Donnell-Smithii.
Leaves only slightly unequal at the base, obtuse or
acutish.
Lateral nerves of the leaves spreading at a wide
angle P. eldoradense.
Lateral nerves strongly ascending. P. atrichopus.
Leaves conspicuously pubescent, at least beneath,
often rough to the touch.
Leaves smooth and shining on upper surface.
P. nitidulifolium.
Leaves rough on upper surface, dull . . P. Stevensonii.
Piper atrichopus Trelease. Rio Grande, in forest, Schipp;

Honduras. A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, rounded or acutish at the base.
Piper auritum HBK. Momo (Yucatan). Xmakulam (Yucatan,
Maya). Moist thickets; widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, rather succulent, 2 meters
high or less; leaves often 20 cm. wide or larger. The crushed plant
has a strong odor suggestive of sarsaparilla.
Piper Donnell-Smithii C. DC. Middlesex, Schipp 477; Guate-
mala. A shrub or tree as much as 6 meters high; leaves oblong,
acuminate.
Piper eldoradense Trelease. Eldorado Road, dense forest,
Schipp 1005. A small glabrous tree, the trunk as much as 7 cm.
in diameter; leaves lance-oblong or elliptic-oblong, narrowly acumi-
nate, acute at the base.
Piper elongatum Vahl. Spanish Elder. Middlesex, Record 15

(Yale 8783); widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or
small tree, growing in huamil; leaves lance-oblong, narrowly long-
acuminate, rather softly pubescent beneath. This is one of the forms
known as P. aduncum L., and perhaps should be so recognized.
Piper Lundellii Trelease. Type from Honey Camp, Lundell
570. A slender shrub; leaves short-petioled, broadly ovate, acute
or short-acuminate, glabrous.
Piper middlesexense Trelease. Type from Middlesex, Schipp

286. A shrub 1.5 meters high, glabrous; leaves rather large, ovate,
acuminate; flower spikes very long and slender.
Piper nitidulifolium Trelease. Tower Hill Estate, Honey

Camp, Cayo District, Roaring Creek. A shrub; leaves short-peti-
olate, oblong to oblong-obovate, abruptly short-acuminate; spikes
short and thick.
Piper peltatum L. Frequent in second-growth thickets or in

wet forest; a species of wide distribution. A large, coarse herb,
easily recognizedby the very large, ovate-rounded, peltate leaves.
Piper psilorhache C. DC. Stann Creek Valley, Tower Hill
Estate, Roaring Creek. A slender shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, rather small, glabrous, long-acuminate, bright green.
Piper Schippianum Trelease. Type from Stann Creek Valley,

in forest, Schipp 316. Reported (probably in error) as a tree of 9
meters, with a trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves small, long-acumi-
nate, glabrous; spikes much elongate, very slender.
Piper Stevensonii Trelease. Type from Toledo District, N. S.

Stevenson 93 (Yale 14496); Big Creek. A shrub 3 meters high,
the trunk 5-7 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong-ovate, long-acuminate,
copiously pubescent. With this species I have placed several British
Honduras collections that have been indicated by Trelease as new
species, the plants, however, differing in no important respect from
P. Stevensonii. The group of Piper to which this species belongs
has been divided into a ridiculously large number of species, few
of which, I feel sure, can be separated or recognized with any
confidence.
Piper Tuerckheimii C. DC. Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 437;

Guatemala and Honduras. A shrub a meter high; leaves ovate,
very long-acuminate; branches densely pubescent.
Piper umbellatum L. Wet thickets and forest, at least in the
southern part of the Colony; a species of wide distribution. A large
coarse herb, easy to recognize because of the very large, broad, thin,
rounded leaves, deeply cordate at the base.
Piper yucatanense C. DC. Northern part of the Colony; also
in Yucatan. A slender shrub with short-petioled, ovate-oval leaves
having long, narrow, tapering tips, distinct from all other local
species in having pedicellate flowers.
LACISTEMACEAE. Lacistema Family

LACISTEMA Swartz
Lacistema aggregatum (Berg) Rusby. Palo Mulato. Occa-
sional in forest; widely distributed in tropical America. A glabrous
tree 9 meters high, the trunk 10-20 cm. in diameter; leaves alternate,
short-stalked, oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, entire or nearly
so; flowers minute, in very short and dense, bracted, clustered
spikes in the leaf axils; fruit a small 3-valved capsule, red and
somewhat fleshy at maturity. Wood brown, light, tough, and fibrous,
suggesting Willow (Salix)', not utilized.
SALICACEAE. Willow Family

SALIX L. Willow
Salix chilensis Molina. Willow. Sauc.e (usual Spanish name).
Occasional along streams, perhaps not native; widely distributed
in tropical America, the only species of the genus that extends
south of Guatemala. A tree sometimes 18 meters high, with thick
trunk and long drooping branches; leaves linear. The foliage is of
a much lighter and brighter green than is usual in tropical trees.
The wood is similar to that of the Black Willow (Salix nigra Marsh.)
of the United States. (For description of the wood see T. of T. A.,
pp. 106-107.)
MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family
MYRICA L. Bayberry
Myrica cerifera L. Tea Bark, Tea Box. Honey Camp, Pine
Peak, and elsewhere; Yucatan to Honduras; West Indies and
eastern United States. A shrub or small tree; leaves alternate,
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base,
irregularly toothed or almost entire, without stipules, dotted beneath
with yellow resin glands; flowers minute, the two sexes on separate
plants, in small, dense spikes in the leaf axils; fruit a small globose
nutlet, covered with whitish wax. The greenish wax obtained by
boiling the fruits in water is employed in the United States for
making candles that burn with an agreeable fragrance. The single
collection from Pine Peak may be referable to Myrica mexicana
Willd., but it is not clear to the writer how that species is to be
separated from M. cerifera. What passes as the latter species in
Mexico and Central America is a lowland shrub, growing usually
in coastal thickets, while M. mexicana grows at greater elevations,
often in high mountains.
FAGACEAE. Beech Family

QUERCUS L. Oak
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent; flowers
monoecious, the staminate in slender catkins, the pistillate solitary
or clustered; fruit an acorn, subtended by an enlarged cup. The

wood is hard, heavy, tough, and strong, with the structure typical
of the Live Oak group; used only locally.
Cup of the acorn 3-8 cm. wide.

Twigs glabrous; cup of the acorn 5-8 cm. wide. . .
.Q. insignis.
Twigs hairy; cup 3-5 cm. wide Q. corrugata.

Cup of the acorn 1.5 cm. wide or less.
Leaves pale beneath, covered with a dense close tomentum.

Leaves usually entire, acute at the base and conspicuously
stalked Q. oleoides.
Leaves conspicuously crenate, more or less cordate at the
narrow, almost sessile base Q. purulhana.
Leaves green beneath, glabrous or almost so.
Leaves serrate with bristle-tipped teeth Q. acutifolia.

Leaves entire or undulate.
Twigs glabrous; leaves narrowly oblong Q. parviglans.
Twigs hairy; leaves oblong-elliptic or obovate Q. Schippii.

Quercus acutifolia Collected only by Schipp, along the
Ne'e.
Guatemalan boundary, 780 meters. Also in Mexico. A tree of 15
meters, the trunk 45 cm. in diameter; leaves slender-stalked, oblong-
lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate. The form occurring in
British Honduras is var. angustifolia A. DC.
Quercus corrugata Hook. Oak. In the high mountains, D.
Stevenson, without special locality; southward to Costa Rica. A tall
tree; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, long-acuminate, coarsely and

very sharply toothed, glabrous or nearly so; cup with large corky-
thickened scales.
Quercus insignis Mart. & Gal. Camp 36, Guatemalan bound-

ary, 850 meters, Schipp 1247 also in Mexico.
;
A tree of 27 meters,
the trunk 90 cm. in diameter; leaves large, obovate-oblong, entire
or undulate, somewhat hairy beneath. This species is remarkable
for its huge acorns, as much as 7 cm. broad.
Quercus oleoides Cham. & Schlecht. Encino negro (Guate-

mala). Seine Bight, Stann Creek Valley, and elsewhere; Mexico to
Costa Rica. A tree 9-12 meters high, the trunk 30 cm. in diameter;
leaves small, obtuse or rounded at the apex, glabrous and very
lustrous on the upper surface; cup of the acorn 1.5 cm. broad. The
form occurring in British Honduras is var. australis Trelease.
Quercus parviglans Trelease. All Pines, open pine flats, Schipp

663; Guatemala. A
tree 9 meters high, with a trunk 22 cm. in
diameter; leaves obtuse or acute, narrowly obtuse at the base or
sometimes acute, often somewhat glaucous beneath; cup 1 cm. broad.
Quercus purulhana Trelease.Great Southern Pine Ridge,
Stacker; Guatemala. Leaves large, rounded or very obtuse at the
apex, coarsely crenate, green and glabrate above, densely tomentose
beneath; cup of the acorn almost 2 cm. wide.
Quercus Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 53.
1935. Camp 36, Guatemalan boundary, 840 meters, Schipp 1248.
Known only from the type collection. A tree 30 meters, the trunk
1 meter in diameter; adult leaves almost glabrous, large, short-stalked.
ULMACEAE. Elm Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, 3-nerved; sap watery; stipules
small and inconspicuous; flowers small, greenish, often of two sexes,
the calyx 4-5-lobed or of 4 or 5 sepals; petals none; fruit a small
drupe.
Calyx deciduous; leaves entire or coarsely toothed Celtis.
Calyx persistent at the base of the fruit; leaves closely and finely
toothed Trema.
CELTIS L.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes armed with spines; flowers borne in

the axils of the leaves; drupe ovoid or globose, usually yellow at
maturity.
Branches unarmed; leaves entire C. Hottlei.
Branches armed with hooked spines; leaves toothed. . . .C. iguanaea.
Celtis Hottlei Standl. Bullhoof (Female). Manteca (Honduras).

Hillbank, C. S. Brown; Pete"n, Guatemala, and Honduras; Panama;
Colombia. A tree 18 meters high, the trunk 50 cm. in diameter;
leaves short-petiolate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute or acuminate,
shining, smooth; flowers in small axillary cymes scarcely longer than
the petioles; drupes 1 cm. long or larger. The hard, heavy, and
tough wood is not utilized, but is of scientific interest because of
the normal occurrence of abundant calcium carbonate in the vessels
of the heartwood and, to less extent, in the sapwood. (See Trop.
Woods 12: 26 and 20: 21.)
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Muc (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent
in thickets, especially in second growth. Widely distributed in
tropical America. A shrub or small tree, the branches often elongated

and clambering; leaves small, oblong to elliptic, glabrate; flowers
greenish yellow.
TREMA Lour.
Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves oblique at the base, acute or
acuminate; flowers minute, greenish or whitish, in small cymes in
the leaf axils; drupes very small, red.
Leaves conspicuously cordate at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate;
inflorescence dense and compact T. floridana.
Leaves merely oblique at the base, not cordate; inflorescence lax
and open T. micrantha.
Trema floridana Britton.Capulin, White capulin, Wild bay
cedar, Bastard bay cedar. Apparently frequent in the Corozal
District; Guatemala, Yucatan, Florida. A shrub or small tree,
usually in second growth; leaves short-petiolate, grayish, densely
pubescent beneath; drupes 2 mm. long. The wood is pinkish, light,
firm, medium-textured, and perishable; not utilized.
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume. Corozal region and probably
elsewhere. Widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or
tree, sometimes 15 meters high, very similar to the last species, but
with narrower, often much greener leaves. The bark contains a
strong, tough fiber.
MORACEAE. Mulberry Family

Chiefly trees or shrubs, commonly with milky sap; leaves mostly
alternate, with stipules; flowers minute, green, of two sexes; fruit
exceedingly variable as to form, but always more or less juicy.
One of the larger families of Central American plants, some of the
trees important as a source of lumber or other products.
Plants herbaceous Dorstenia.
Plants trees or shrubs.
Leaves deeply lobed.
Leaves pinnately lobed; cultivated trees Artocarpus.
Leaves palmately lobed native trees.
;
Flowers in very dense, clustered spikes; leaves peltate, the

petiole attached above the base of the blade. .Cecropia.
.
Flowers in loose cymes; petiole attached at the base of the

leaf blade Pourouma.
Leaves entire or merely toothed.
Flowers borne on the inner surface of a globose hollow receptacle,

this with a small opening at the apex Ficus.
Flowers never on the inside of a receptacle.
Flowers of one or both sexes in catkin-like spikes or racemes.
Pistillate flowers in globose heads; trees often armed with
spines Chlorophora.
Pistillate and staminate flowers both in spikes or racemes;
trees unarmed Trophis.
Flowers never in spikes or racemes, arranged in heads or
upon flattened receptacles, sometimes solitary.
Plants with stout prickles on the branchlets and stipules.
Poulsenia.
Plants unarmed.
Staminate peduncles bearing several heads; leaves white-
tomentose beneath Coussapoa.
Staminate peduncles bearing a single head or receptacle;
leaves not white-tomentose beneath.
Pistillate receptacles many-flowered; leaves densely
hairy, cordate at the base Castillo,.
Pistillate receptacles 1-2-flowered; leaves glabrous or
nearly so, not cordate.

Receptacles sessile, the bracts broad and conspicuous.
Pseudolmedia.
Receptacles stalked, the bracts minute and incon-
spicuous.
Pistillate flowers 2 or more on the turbinate
receptacle; staminate flowers with a perianth.
Piratinera.
Pistillate flower 1 on the globose receptacle;
staminate flowers without a perianth.
Brosimum.
ARTOCARPUS Forst.
Artocarpus communis Forst. Breadfruit. Mazapan, Arbol

de Pan. Planted for its edible fruit and as a shade tree. Native of
the East Indies and the Pacific islands, but introduced long ago to
tropical America.
BROSIMUM Swartz
Large or medium-sized trees; leaves short-petiolate, ovate to
oblong, more or less coriaceous, glabrous, entire except sometimes
on young shoots; receptacles globose, many-flowered; fruit rather

large, globose, with abundant flesh. The woods of the British
Honduras species are pale brown or nearly white, hard, tough,
and strong, of about the consistency of Hickory (Carya), not difficult
to work, finishing smoothly, not resistant to decay or insects.
Leaves acute or obtuse, the nerves usually conspicuously oblique
to the costa B. Alicastrum.
Leaves long-acuminate, the lower nerves perpendicular to the costa.
B. terrabanum.
Brosimum Alicastrum Swartz. Breadnut. Ramdn, Masico,
Capomo. Ox (Maya). A
large or medium-sized tree, occurring in
the northern portion of the Colony. In Yucatan and British Hon-
duras the branches are cut and fed to horses and other stock, being
often the most important forage during the dry season. The pulp
and the seeds when boiled are palatable and
of the fruit is edible,
nutritious, being consumed in substantial amounts in some regions.
Brosimum terrabanum Pittier. Masicar&n. In the forests of
the southern part of the Colony; one of the most abundant trees
of the Atlantic lowlands of Central America, ranging southward
at least to Costa Rica and probably to Panama. It is rather doubtful
whether this species is distinct from B. Alicastrum, although the two
forms usually can be distinguished by the foliage, and B. Alicastrum
does not range south of the Yucatan Peninsula. It occurs also in
the Antilles.
CASTILLA Cervantes
The generic name often is written Castilloa, without justification.
Castilla elastica Cervantes. Rubber tree. Ule. Yaxha, Kiikche
(Yucatan, Maya). A medium-sized tree of lowland forest; Mexico
to Honduras, and perhaps farther southward. Noteworthy for its
large flannel-like leaves, drooping on each side of the branches, and
for its large, bright-red, showy fruits. Castilla trees are the source
of Central American rubber, and most of the larger individuals seen
either in the forest or in cultivation bear large, oblique gashes on
their trunks that show they have been tapped. Attempts at cultiva-
tion of the tree on a large scale have not proved profitable. The
wood is pale brown, light, fairly soft, not strong, perishable; not
utilized. (For description see T. of T. A., pp. 128-130.)
CECROPIA L.
Small or medium-sized trees with hollow, whitish, smooth trunks;
stipules large, deciduous; leaves long-stalked, very large, peltate,
deeply lobed, usually whitish beneath and tomentose; flowers dioe-

cious, in dense spikes, these clustered at the ends of short or long
peduncles. The hollow branches invariably are infested by small
ants that inflict severe bites when the tree is molested. The name
Trumpet sometimes given to the trees alludes to a tradition that
the stems were employed for making trumpets by the aborigines
of tropical America.After palms, the Cecropias probably constitute
the most conspicuous and characteristic element of the vegetation
of the Central American lowlands, for their appearance is quite
unlike that of any northern tree. The light, soft, coarse-textured,
perishable wood is not utilized. (For description see T. of T. A.,
pp. 144-147.)
Fruiting spikes 4-8 cm. long C. asperrima.
Fruiting spikes 20-40 cm. long C. mexicana.
Cecropia asperrima Pittier.

Trumpet. Igarata. Ix-coch
(Maya). Collected only at Alfonsoville, but probably of frequent
occurrence. Extending to Costa Rica.
Cecropia mexicana Hemsl. Trumpet. Guarumo. A frequent

small tree of the lowlands, springing up abundantly in abandoned
land; southern Mexico to Panama.
CHLOROPHORA Gaud.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Fustic. Mora. A small or
medium-sized tree of well-drained soil; widely distributed in tropical
America. Leaves of young branches frequently lobed, like those of
mulberry. The majority of the trees, perhaps, have their branches
armed with long stout spines, but many individuals are altogether
spineless. Wood bright yellow, becoming brownish upon exposure;
very hard, heavy, tough, and strong, takes a high polish and is
resistant to decay and insects; used locally for fence posts and fuel,
but is best known as a dyewood. (For detailed description see
T. of T. A., pp. 118-122.)
COUSSAPOA Aubl.
Coussapoa oligocephala Bonn. Smith. Honey Camp; Forest
Home; Guatemala. A small or medium-sized tree, at first a stran-
gling epiphyte, but standing alone after the death of the host; leaves
stalked, oblong, entire, green above, white beneath; latex yellow;
flower heads globose, the staminate 4 mm. broad, the pistillate three
times as large.
DORSTENIA L.
Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Contrahierba. The plant is much

used in domestic medicine. In Central America the thick rootstocks
often are employed for flavoring cigarette tobacco.
Dorstenia Contrajerva L. var. Houston! (L.) Bureau. In
this variety the leaves are entire or merely angled. In the typical
form of the species they are deeply lobed.
Dorstenia Lindeniana Bureau. Pueblo Viejo, Schipp 1276.
FICUS L. Fig
Large or medium-sized trees; leaves alternate; flowers minute,
borne upon the inside of a small or large, hollow receptacle, this
usually globose, with a small opening at the apex covered by a few
overlapping bracts, the whole receptacle in age becoming fleshy.
The fruits (receptacles) of the wild figs are similar to those of the
cultivated fig (Ficus Carica), but usually much smaller, and scarcely
edible, or at best of unattractive flavor. The trees usually begin
growth as epiphytes, germinating on the branches of trees, the
young plants sending down cord-like roots that ultimately envelop
and strangle the host. Wild figs, although abundant in most parts
of Central America, have at present little economic importance.
They are esteemed as shade trees because of their dense, broad
crowns. Their bark was employed by the aborigines long ago for
making paper and clothing. The sap of some species, at least,
contains a kind of rubber of probably inferior quality. The woods
are light-colored, soft, laminated, and perishable; not utilized. (For
description see T. of T. A., pp. 142-143.)
Receptacles (fruits) solitary, the involucre at their base 3-lobed.
Leaves rounded at the apex and abruptly short-pointed, often
rough beneath F. radula.
Leaves gradually narrowed to the acute or acuminate tip, smooth.
Leaves about four times as long as broad F. segoviae.
Leaves not more than two and one-half times as long as broad.
F. glabrata.
Receptacles in pairs, the involucre 2-lobed.
Receptacles sessile.
Leaves hairy beneath along the midrib F. Colubrinae.

Leaves glabrous beneath.
Involucre evidently asymmetric, almost as long as the fruit.
Leaves mostly 4-8 cm. long F. Lundellii.

Leaves chiefly 9-17 cm. long F. Tuerckheimii.
Involucre symmetric, small and inconspicuous.
Receptacles large, mostly 12-15 mm. in diameter; leaves

usually 3 times as long as broad or longer.
F. panamensis.
Receptacles mostly less than 10 mm. in diameter; leaves

about twice as long as broad.
Leaf blades obtuse or rounded at the base, not at all
cordate F. Schippii.
Leaf blades shallowly cordate at the base.
Stipules persistent; leaves mostly obovate or obovate-
oblong F. costaricana.
Stipules early deciduous; leaves not obovate.

F. Kellermanii.
Receptacles stalked.
Leaves conspicuously pubescent beneath.
Receptacles 8-9 mm. in diameter; leaves 3-5 times as long
as broad F. Donnell-Smithii.
Receptacles larger; leaves less than two and one-half times

as long as broad.
Leaves glabrous on the upper surface or nearly so; fruits
as broad as long F. lapathifolia.
Leaves hairy and rough on the upper surface; fruits longer
than broad F. Popenoei.
Leaves glabrous beneath.
Fruits large, 15-25 mm. in diameter.
Leaves cuneate-obovate, rounded at the apex. .F. involuta.
.
Leaves oblong or oval, broadest at or below the middle.

F. Goldmanii.
Fruits small, 4-12 mm. in diameter.
Receptacles only 4-6 mm. in diameter. Leaves small,

obovate-oblong, tapering to the base . . .F. Oerstediana.
Receptacles larger.
Leaves usually rounded or obtuse at the apex, mostly
emarginate at the base F. ovalis.
Leaves acuminate.
Ostiole (the small opening at the apex of the fruit)

depressed; leaves mostly acute at the base.
F. padifolia.
Ostiole elevated; leaves rounded or very obtuse at the
base.
Fruits globose, together with their stalks less than
half as long as the petioles F. Hemsleyana.
Fruits globose-obovoid, with their stalks often almost
equaling the petioles F. laevigata.
Ficus Colubrinae Standl. Maya Mounds, Forest Home, Schipp;
southward to Costa Rica. A tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter
of 10-13 cm. leaves small, 3-nerved, with few lateral nerves, abruptly
;
short-pointed, the petioles hairy; fruits very small.

Ficus costaricana (Liebm.) Miq. Amate (Guatemala). Sittee
River, Schipp 533; extending to Panama. A
tree 18 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 60 cm.; leaves oblong to obovate, glabrous
or nearly so; stipules large and often long-persistent.
Ficus Donnell-Smithii Standl. Toledo, Schipp 1050; Guate-
mala. A tree of 15 meters, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaves
petioled, oblong or narrowly oblong, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate to
rounded at the apex, glabrate above, short-pilose or almost glabrous
beneath.
Ficus glabrata HBK. Wild Fig. Amate. A tree 9-18 meters
high or even larger, with trunk diameter of 15-45 cm. or more, the
bark smooth and pale; leaves large, pale green, with numerous
lateral nerves; fruits mostly 1.5-4 cm. in diameter. The trees of
this species probably attain a larger size than those of any other
Central American fig. The large fruits are sweet and fairly good to
eat. Like those of most species, they are much sought by birds and
other animals.
Ficus Goldmanii Standl. Matapalo. Honey Camp; northern
Mexico to Salvador. A medium-sized tree; leaves large and thick,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, shallowly cordate at the base.
Ficus Hemsleyana Standl. Big Creek, Schipp 115; southward
to Panama. A tree 7.5 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. or more in
diameter; leaves long-stalked, oblong, abruptly narrow-acuminate;
fruits8-10 mm. in diameter.
Ficus involuta (Liebm.) Miq. Matapalo. Apparently frequent;
Mexico to Panama. A handsome tree, as much as 15 meters high with
trunk diameter of 30 cm., the crown broad and spreading; leaves
short-stalked, longand narrow, long-tapering to the base, glabrous;

fruitson very short, thick stalks.
Ficus Kellermanii Standl. Big Fall, Belize River, Landell
3954, and probably of frequent occurrence; Mexico to Honduras.
A large or medium-sized tree; stipules 1-2 cm. long; leaves mostly
oval-oblong to oval, 5-15 cm. long, rounded to acute at the apex.
Ficus laevigata Vahl. Forest Home, Schipp; Yucatan, West
Indies. A tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 10-13 cm.;
leaves oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate, rounded at the base; fruits
green or yellow.
Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Miq. Forest Home, Schipp 993;
southern Mexico and Guatemala. A tree 12 meters high with trunk
diameter of 15 cm.; leaves thick, medium-sized, acute or obtuse,
obtuse or rounded at the base; fruits short-stalked, densely soft-hairy.
Ficus Lundellii Standl. Of infrequent occurrence, apparently;
also in Pete'n.Leaves small, mostly elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute
to rounded at the apex, the stipules small and narrow.
Ficus Oerstediana Miq. Matapalo. Frequent; southward to
northern South America. A tree 9-15 meters high, the trunk 20-60
cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked, small, leathery, short-pointed;
fruits smaller than in any other Central American species.
Ficus ovalis (Liebm.) Miq. Matapalo. Frequent in forest or

thickets; southward to Costa Rica. A small tree; leaves long-
stalked, oblong to oval, glabrous; fruits small, short-stalked.
Ficus padifolia HBK. Higuillo (Honduras). Occasional in
forest; Mexico to Panama. A tree of medium or rather large size, the
crown spreading; leaves small, lance-oblong, often long-acuminate,
frequently acute at the base; fruits long-stalked.
Ficus panamensis Standl. Higuero (Honduras). Frequent in
forest; southern Mexico to Colombia. A tree 9 meters high with
trunk diameter of 12-20 cm., or larger; leaves large and thin, slender-
stalked, gradually narrowed to the narrow rounded base, abruptly
pointed.
Ficus Popenoei Standl. Forest Home, Schipp 1008; Honduras;
Pete'n (?). A tree 9 meters high with trunk diameter of 12-15 cm.;
leaves large, more or less obovate, usually rounded at the apex,
broadly rounded or narrowly cordate at the base, very rough on the
upper surface; fruits large, yellow, densely hairy.
Ficus radula Willd. Higo, Higuero (Honduras). Frequent in
forest; Mexico to South America. A large or medium-sized tree;
leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong; stipules large but soon deciduous;

fruits 1.5-3 cm. in diameter.
Ficus Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 7. 1930. Type

from Middlesex, Schipp 334. An epiphytic tree 15 meters high,
the trunk 10-13 cm. in diameter; leaves thick, elliptic-oblong,
medium-sized, rather long-acuminate; fruits very small.
Ficus segoviae Miq. El Cayo, Bartlett 12078; Mexico to
Nicaragua. A large or small tree; leaves narrowly lance-oblong,
long-acuminate, bright green, smooth; fruits large, pale green.
Ficus Tuerckheimii Standl. Forest Home, Schipp 1035; south-
ward to Costa Rica. An epiphytic tree 9 meters high, the trunk
13 cm. in diameter; leaves medium-sized, oval, thick, rounded at
the apex and bluntly short-pointed.
PIRATINERA Aubl.
Piratinera panamensis Pittier. Collected at Nazareth and
along the Guatemalan boundary, at 60-850 meters; also in Panama.
An almost glabrous tree 10 meters high, with smooth grayish bark;
leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, short-stalked, 5-10 cm. long,
abruptly short-acuminate, obtuse and somewhat oblique at the
base, pale beneath; receptacles axillary, solitary, stalked, 1-1.5 cm.
broad, covered with rounded peltate bracts; fruit with 1 or 2 seeds.
The wood is white, fine-grained, and hard.
POULSENIA
Eggers
Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Standl. Rio Grande, in forest,
Schipp 1154; Costa Rica to Ecuador. A tree of 15 meters, the trunk
25 cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked, rounded-ovate to oblong,
large, abruptly short-pointed, somewhat oblique at the base; flowers
in dense globose heads. In Panama the Indians make a kind of
coarse cloth from the inner bark, soaking it in water and beating
it out into thin sheets. A similar sort of cloth is sometimes made
in various parts of Central America from other trees of this family.
POUROUMA Aubl.
Pourouma aspera Tre"cul. Trumpet. Guarumo de Montana
(Honduras). Maya Mounds at the base of the Cockscombs, com-
mon, Schipp S127; ranging to northern South America; frequent
on low hills along the Atlantic coast of Central America. Often a
tall tree, the foliage similar to that of Cecropia but the leaves grayish
rather than white beneath; fruits 1.5 cm. long, black at maturity,
arranged in lax cymes. The wood is pale brown, light, soft, coarse-
textured, and perishable; not utilized.
PSEUDOLMEDIA Tr<cul
Small or large trees; leaves coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate,

entire, glabrous or nearly so; flowers dioecious, the staminate in
sessile axillary heads, the pistillate solitary; fruit small, ovoid, sub-
tended by the broad persistent bracts.
Lateral nerves of the leaves 10-12 on each side; bracts of the stami-
nate flowers glabrate P. spuria.
Lateral nerves 15-20 on each side; bracts densely silky.
P. oxyphyllaria.
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria Donn. Smith. Cherry. Watrous
Road, Columbia; southern Mexico and Guatemala. A medium-
sized tree.
Pseudolmedia spuria (Swartz) Griseb. Cherry. Manax (Maya).
On high ridges; also in adjacent Guatemala and in the Greater
Antilles. A large or medium-sized tree with thin bark. It is re-
ported that the latex flows easily, but is hard to collect. The red
fruits, called "cherries," are said to have a delicious flavor, and are
much eaten. The wood is lightbrown, hard, heavy, tough, coarse-
textured, splintery, not durable; the parenchyma is in very numer-
ous, broken, tangential lines, forming an irregular network with
the rays; timber not utilized.
TROPHIS L.
Small or large trees, the leaves entire or toothed; flowers green,

dioecious, the staminate in long slender aments, the pistillate in
spikes or racemes; fruit a small drupe with scant flesh and a large
seed.
Leaves rough to the touch; fruiting spikes dense T. racemosa.
Leaves smooth to the touch; fruiting spikes much interrupted and
with relatively few flowers T. chorizantha.
Trophis chorizantha Standl. Pueblo Viejo, 510 meters, Schipp

1261; also in Honduras. A tree of 6 meters, the trunk 7 cm. in diam-
eter; leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate-oblong, narrowly
acuminate, entire, glabrous; fruit 5-6 mm. long.
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban. T. americana L. White Ramdn.
Chacox (Yucatan, Maya). Widely distributed in tropical America.
A small or medium-sized tree; leaves entire or practically so, often
very rough; fruits 1 cm. long or less, red, in short spikes. It is re-
ported that the leaves are fed to stock, like those oiBrosimum. The
fruits are edible, but their flesh is scant. The wood is dark brown,
hard, heavy, coarse-textured, splintery; the parenchyma is in some-
what irregular tangential bands producing a laminated structure
suggesting Ficus; timber not utilized.
URTICACEAE. Nettle Family
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, often armed with stinging hairs;

leaves alternate or opposite, entire or toothed, often sprinkled with
pale, linear or dot-like cystoliths; flowers small, greenish, usually
of separate sexes, without petals; perianth of 2-5 lobes or sepals,
or sometimes absent; stamens 2-5; fruit small, 1-seeded, dry or
fleshy. The woods are of anomalous structure, containing very
numerous phloem which quickly decay and leave
strands of included
a fibrous structure suggesting the inner part of a palm stem.
Shrubs or small trees.
Flowers sessile and densely clustered in the leaf axils; plants un-
armed Phenax.
Flowers in cymes, panicles, or spikes.
Perianth present; flowers in cymes or panicles; plants usually
with stinging hairs Urera.
Perianth none; flowers in long, very slender, drooping spikes,
or in panicles; plants without stinging hairs. .Myriocarpa.
.
Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Plants without stinging hairs Pilea.
Leaves alternate.
Plants with stinging hairs; leaves coarsely toothed Fleurya.
Plants without stinging hairs; leaves entire Rousselia.
FLEURYA Gaud.
Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud.
MYRIOCARPA Benth.
Shrubs or small trees with small or large leaves; flowers minute,
white; fruit dry.
Leaves small, usually 7 cm. wide or less.
Pistillate inflorescence panicled, with short branches; achenes

long-ciliate M. obovata.
Pistillate inflorescence oflong pendent racemes; achenes eciliate

(?)or sparsely short-ciliate M. heterostachya.
Leaves large, mostly 10 cm. wide or broader; inflorescence simple.
M. yzabalensis.
Myriocarpa heterostachya Donn. Smith. Sand Hill, in forest,
Schipp; Guatemala. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 18 cm. in
diameter; leaves slender-stalked, lanceolate to lance-elliptic, almost
acuminate.
entire, glabrate,
Myriocarpa obovata Donn. Smith. Caves, Stann Creek Rail-

way, in forest, Schipp 869; ranging to Nicaragua. A
tree 12 meters
high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate,
glabrous, inconspicuously toothed.
Myriocarpa yzabalensis (Donn. Smith) Killip. Chichicastillo
(Honduras). Frequent in forest; extending to Panama. A shrub
or small tree 3-6 meters high, with few branches; leaves broadly
ovate to oblong-elliptic, finely and closely blunt-toothed, harshly
pubescent; spikes thread-like, drooping, often 30-60 cm. long.
PHENAX Wedd.
Phenax hirtus (Swartz) Wedd. Rio Viejo, in forest, Schipp
S607; widely distributed in tropical America. A slender shrub or
small tree, according to Schipp a tree of 7 meters with trunk diameter
of 10 cm.; leaves slender-petioled, 3-nerved, ovate to lanceolate,
narrow-acuminate, coarsely crenate; flowers brownish; fruit dry.
PILEA Lindl.
Pilea chiapensis Killip. Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, 630

meters, Schipp S702. A rare plant, occurring also in southern
Mexico.
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Yomha (Yucatan, Maya).
Pilea pubescens Liebm. Roaring Creek, Lundell 330.
ROUSSELIA Gaud.
Rousselia humilis (Swartz) Urban. Honey Camp, Lundell
552. The genus is unknown elsewhere in Central America.
URERA Gaud.
Shrubs or small
trees; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, toothed;
flowersusually dioecious, small, greenish; achene in fruit sur-
rounded by the fleshy, enlarged calyx, the whole resembling a
juicy fruit.
Leaves coarsely toothed; achene more than 2 mm. long; fruit white.
U. baccifera.
Leaves finely toothed; achene less than 2 mm. long; fruit orange-red.
U. elata.
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Cow-itch. Ortiga (Yucatan).

Chichicaste (Central America generally). Laal (Yucatan, Maya).
Common in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub or a small tree with brittle branches, the branches densely
armed with stout prickle-like hairs; leaves oval to broadly ovate.
Often planted in Central America for hedges. If the plant is touched
even gently, the hairs sting the flesh, causing extreme pain and often
irritation of the flesh that may last for many hours.
Urera elata (Swartz) Griseb. Chichicaste (Honduras). Occa-
sional in thickets or forest; Central America, Jamaica. Sometimes
a tree of but usually smaller, armed with stinging hairs;
7.5 meters
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at the base. The plant
stings much less painfully than the preceding species.
PROTEACEAE. Protea Family
ROUPALA Aubl.
Roupala borealis Hemsl. Rio Privation, El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11794; Mexico, Guatemala. A large shrub or small tree;
leaves alternate, long-stalked, those on sterile branches pinnate,
those of fertile branches simple, ovate or elliptic, long-acuminate,
coarsely toothed, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, in long slender
spikes; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4; fruit a woody follicle. Wood
brown or reddish, hard, heavy, with prominent Oak-like rays that
give rise to attractive ribbon grain on quarter-sawed lumber; uses
very limited because of the small size of the trees. (For description
of similar wood see T. of T. A., pp. 147-149.)
LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family
Parasitic shrubs; leaves opposite, thick, fleshy, entire; flowers

small or large, with a simple perianth, usually no corolla present,
but the calyx often colored and corolla-like; fruit a small, often trans-
parent berry with very sticky pulp.
Flowers large and showy, 2.5 cm. long or larger Psittacanthus.
Flowers small and inconspicuous, less than 1 cm. long.

Flowers immersed in the axis of the spike.
Perianth simple, no corolla present; leaves not cordate at the

base Phoradendron.
Perianth double, both corolla and calyx present; leaves cor-
date at the base Oryctanthus.
Flowers not immersed in the spike.
Flowers sessile Phthinisa.
Flowers pediceled Struthanthus.
ORYCTANTHUS Eichler
Oryctanthus cordifolius (Presl) Urban. Maskall Pine Ridge,

Gentle 1175; probably of frequent occurrence; of wide distribution
in tropical America. A
small parasitic shrub; leaves sessile, broadly
ovate, very thick, somewhat narrowed to the obtuse or rounded
apex; flowers in thick brownish spikes.
PHORADENDRON Nutt. Mistletoe
Coarse but small, parasitic shrubs with thick leaves; flowers

very small, in short dense spikes. The European mistletoe, although
a rather similar plant, belongs to a different genus.
Scales present at the base of all the joints of the branches. Leaves
chiefly elliptic, acute at each end P. piperoides.
Scales present only on the lowest joint of each branch.
Flowers in 2 ranks on each joint of the flower spike.
P. cheirocarpum.
Flowers in 4-6 ranks.
Branches 4-angled P. ceibanum.
Branches terete.
Leaves very thick, broad, abruptly contracted at the base.

P. robtistissimum.
Leaves thin, narrow, long-tapering at the base.
P. Millspaughii.
Phoradendron ceibanum Trelease. Honey Camp, Meyer
193; Honduras. Plants glabrous (as in the other species listed
here); leaves stalked, oblong to ovate, acute or acutish, acute at
the base.
Phoradendron cheirocarpum Trelease. Honey Camp, Meyer
192; Guatemala. Leaves about 1.5 cm. wide, narrowly oblanceolate-
oblong, rounded at the apex, thin; fruits conspicuously short-stalked.
Phoradendron Millspaughii Trelease. Honey Camp, Lundell

563; Yucatan. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, about 1.5
cm. wide, very obtuse or rounded at the apex.
Phoradendron piperoides (HBK.) Trelease. Liga (Guate-
mala). Suelda con Suelda (Honduras). Common; widely distrib-
uted in tropical America. Branches sometimes a meter long, often
pendent in dense masses; spikes green or greenish yellow.
Phoradendron robustissimum Eichl. Suelda con Suelda
(Honduras). Middlesex, Schipp; southward to Costa Rica. Leaves
oblong or very broadly oblong, rounded at the apex, short-stalked;
spikes green.
PHTHIRUSA Mart.
Small parasitic shrubs, forming dense clumps upon trees; leaves
small or large, leathery, short-petioled.
Branches densely brown-scurfy; inflorescences small and few-flow-
ered P. phaneroloma.
Branches glabrous; inflorescences elongate, many-flowered.
P. pyrifolia.
Phthirusa phaneroloma Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 55. 1935.Type from Sibun River, Gentle 1426. Leaves 3-4
cm. long, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
brown-scurfy on the margins.
Phthirusa pyrifolia (HBK.) Eichl. Suelda con Suelda (Hon-
duras). Frequent; widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub,
often pendent in dense tangles; leaves slender-stalked, chiefly oblong,
rather thin, glabrous; flowers green, the spikes long and interrupted,
the rachis brown-scurfy.
PSITTACANTHUS Mart.
Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) Don. Muerdago (Yucatan).
Chacxiu (Yucatan, Maya). Forest Home, on Ficus, Schipp 1039;
Mexico and Central America. A small shrub; leaves very thick,
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the tip, curved; flowers bright red,
usually 3 cm. long or larger; fruit a large black berry.
STRUTHANTHUS Mart.
Small parasitic shrubs, the branches often long and somewhat
twining, glabrous; flowers in clusters of 3, greenish or yellowish.
Leaves orbicular or broadly elliptic S. orbicularis.
Leaves obovate or cuneate S. cassythoides.

Struthanthus cassythoides Millsp. Frequent; Yucatan and

Guatemala. A slender shrub; leaves short-stalked, rarely rounded;
petals 4, linear, 3 mm. long.
Struthanthus orbicularis (HBK.) Blume. Frequent; of
wide distribution in tropical America. Leaves conspicuously stalked,
rounded at the apex, rounded to acutish at the base.
OLACACEAE. Olax Family

Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules;
flowers small, axillary, the calyx 4-6-toothed or 4-6-parted; corolla
with 4-6 petals or lobes; stamens twice as many as the corolla seg-
ments; fruit a drupe.
Plants unarmed; calyx becoming enlarged and red in fruit . Heisteria.
.
Plants armed with spines; calyx not enlarged in fruit, green.

Ximenia.
HEISTERIA Jacq.
Heisteria Chippiana Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 130. 1932.
Type from Stann Creek Valley, in forest along creek bank, Schipp
970. A glabrous tree 12 meters high, the trunk 30 cm. in diameter;
leaves leathery, short-stalked, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or
short-acuminate; flowers short-pediceled, the bright red fruiting
calyx saucer-shaped, 3 cm. broad or wider, the drupe cream-colored.
The wood is of about the consistency of Liquidambar ; not utilized.
XIMENIA L.
Ximenia americana L. Cagalera (Honduras). Xkukche
(Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets, chiefly along the coast;
widely distributed in tropical America. A glabrous shrub or small
tree, reported to be sometimes 9 meters high, with a trunk 12 cm.
in diameter; leaves oblong to elliptic, thin, deciduous, rounded or
obtuse at the apex; flowers small, fragrant, white, in small cymes;
corolla densely hairy within; fruit plum-like, yellow, 1.5 cm. long.
The edible fruit has juicy, acid flesh. The bark is reported to be
and useful for tanning. Wood orange-brown, very hard
astringent,
and heavy, fine-textured; not utilized.
BALANOPHORACEAE. Balanophora Family

HELOSIS L. Rich.
Helosis mexicana Liebm. Middlesex, in dense forest, Schipp
S5. A fleshy herb, without chlorophyll, resembling a mushroom,
parasitic upon the roots of other plants.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family

ARISTOLOCHIA L.
Vines, usually herbaceous, but sometimes with woody stems.
The rays of the wood are very coarse.
Aristolochia Chapmaniana Standl. Guaco. Forest Home,

Schipp S415; also in the Canal Zone. A large vine with a more or
less woody stem 5 cm. thick.
Aristolochia grandiflora Swartz. Guaco (Yucatan). A large

herbaceous vine with enormous flowers whose shape suggests a duck.
The flowers, probably the largest produced by any American plant,
are also as large as a duck, and they have a slender, pendent, tail-
like appendage that is sometimes a meter long. Often called Duck
Flower or Pelican Flower in cultivation.
Aristolochia maxima L. Guaco. Middlesex, Eldorado, and
elsewhere; widely distributed in tropical America. A
somewhat
woody vine with oblong leaves and relatively small flowers.
Aristolochia pilosa HBK. Sombrerito (Guatemala).

Aristolochia Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 8. 1930.
Type from Big Creek, Schipp 75. A large, woody vine, the stems
covered with corky-ridged bark; flowers yellow, with reddish brown
veins; leaves large, triangular-cordate.
Aristolochia trilobata L. Contrayerba, Country Ebo, Contrebo.
Media-luna (Honduras). Belize-Sibun Road, Gentle 16. Used
locally as a remedy for fevers.
RAFFLESIACEAE. Rafflesia Family

APODANTHES Poit.
Apodanthes Caseariae Poit. Temash River, Schipp S916.

A South American species, unknown elsewhere in North America,
growing here on branches of Casearia sp. A parasite, consisting of
sessile flowers only a few millimeters long, subtended by a few scales.
POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, entire, usually with
sheathing stipules (ocreae) flowers mostly very small, with a green
;
or colored perianth of 4-6 segments; fruit a compressed or 3-angled

achene.
Plants climbing by tendrils. Sepals cordate, bright pink, the flowers
showy Antigonon.
Plants not climbing, without tendrils.

Herbs Polygonum.
Trees or shrubs.
Sepals cordate at the base, thin Gymnopodium.
Sepals not cordate, fleshy and succulent in fruit Coccoloba.
ANTIGONON Endl.
Antigonon leptopus Hook & Am. San Diego Flower. Corozal

Districtand doubtless elsewhere, but probably only in gardens, or as
an escape from cultivation.
COCCOLOBA L.
Shrubs or trees; leaves persistent, usually thick and leathery;
flowers small, green or pinkish, in long, often interrupted racemes or
spikes; calyx becoming enlarged and fleshy, resembling a berry.
The mature rather the calyces, are juicy and have a rather
fruits, or
agreeable flavor. They often are eaten, and sometimes are used
for the preparation of preserves.
Leaves deeply and narrowly cordate at the base, membranous.
C. cardiophylla.
Leaves rounded to acute at the base or, if more or less cordate, the
blades leathery.
Flowers in panicled racemes.
Leaves thick and leathery, usually conspicuously cordate at
the base C. belizensis.
Leaves thin, usually acute at the base C. Tuerckheimii.
Flowers in simple spikes or racemes.
Leaves obovate or rounded-obovate, usually rounded at the
apex C. reflexiflora.
Leaves broadest at or below the middle.
Rachis of the inflorescence glabrous.
Leaves lance-oblong, acute or acuminate. . .C. cozumelensis.
Leaves oval or broadly elliptic, obtuse or rounded at the

apex C. barbadensis.
Rachis puberulent.
Leaves broadly oblong or elliptic, acute or acutish.
C. Schiedeana.
Leaves orbicular or nearly so, broadly rounded at the apex.
Leaves usually broader than long, cordate or emarginate

at the base C. Uvifera.
Leaves fully as long as broad, rounded at the base.
C. L/undellii.
Coccoloba belizensis Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 38. 1928. Wild
Grape. Uva (Honduras). Type from Tipperary Road to Silk Grass,
N. S. Stevenson 7 (Yale 10689) All Pines, broken forest, open pine
;
flats, Schipp 794; Honey Camp; Tower Hill Estate; Honduras. A

small or rather large tree, often 9 meters high, with a trunk 15 cm.
in diameter; leaves large, oval or elliptic, finely pubescent beneath
on the costa or almost glabrous; flowers white; fruit reddish green.
Coccoloba barbadensis Jacq. Wild Grape. Grenada. Uva
(Honduras). Northern part of the Colony; Honduras; West Indies.
A glabrous tree 12 meters high or less with short, clean trunk and
dense, rounded crown; leaves rather small, cordate or rounded at
the base; flowers green.
Coccoloba cardiophylla Standl. Honey Camp, Lundell 514;
Yucatan. A small, glabrous tree; leaves ovate-rounded, 5-7 cm.
long, obtuse or abruptly acute.
Coccoloba cozumelensis Hemsl. Honey Camp, Meyer 50;
Cozumel Island and Yucatan. A glabrous tree; leaves small, obtuse
or acutish at the base.
Coccoloba Lundellii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 138. 1930.
Type from Honey Camp, Lundell 649. Leaves thick and leathery,
broadly rounded at the apex; racemes much elongate, the pedicels
greatly exceeding the ocreolae.
Coccoloba reflexiflora Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 203. 1929.
Type from Tower Hill, Karling 15; Honey Camp; Campeche; Pete"n,
Guatemala. A small, glabrous tree, the trunk 5-8 cm. in diameter;
leaves rather small, thick, obtuse and unequal at the base; racemes
recurved, the flowers often reflexed.
Coccoloba Schiedeana Lindau. Wild Grape. Iril. Bobche
(Yucatan, Maya). Occasional by streams and in thickets; southern
Mexico to Honduras. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 15 cm. in
diameter; racemes often much elongate; fruit dull pale purple;
flowers whitish.
Coccoloba Tuerckheimii Bonn. Smith. Wild Grape. Uva
(Honduras). Crique Negra, N. S. Stevenson; Guatemala and Hon-
duras. A medium-sized tree with large, thin leaves. The dark red
wood is very attractive.
Coccoloba Uvif era (L.) Jacq. Grape. Uva (Honduras). Niiche

(Yucatan, Maya). Sea beaches; widely distributed on the beaches
of tropical America. A dense, rounded shrub or small tree; leaves
almost sessile, stiff and thick; fruit white or purple, as much as 2
cm. long, very juicy. The bark, when cut, yields an astringent red
sap, the source of West Indian kino, which formerly was an article
of commerce. The usual English name for the plant is Sea Grape.
Wood reddish, hard, heavy, strong, fine-textured, fairly durable;
little used except for fuel. (For description see T. of T. A., pp.
151-153.)
GYMNOPODIUM Rolfe
Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe in Hook. Icon. 27: pi. 2699.

1901. Millspaughia leiophylla Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 62. 1917.
Bastard Logwood. Cruceto. Type from Manatee, Campbell 60; type
of M. from Manatee Lagoon, Peck 320; Corozal District;
leiophylla
Pete"n, Guatemala, and Campeche. A dense shrub 3 meters high
with stiff branches; leaves small, obovate, rounded at the apex,
shallowly and narrowly cordate at the base, glabrous; flowers in
short racemes; sepals 6-7 mm. long.
POLYGONUM L. Smartweed
Polygonum acuminatum HBK.
Polygonum persicarioides HBK.
Polygonum punctatum Ell.
BETA L.
Beta vulgaris L. Beet. Remolacha. Cultivated; native of the

Mediterranean region.
CHENOPODIAGEAE. Goosefoot Family

CHENOPODIUM L.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Wormseed. Apazote (Yuca-

tan). iMcumxiu (Yucatan, Maya). An occasional weed. The seeds
are used widely as an agent for expelling intestinal parasites of
man.
AMARANTHACEAE. Pigweed Family

All except one of the British Honduras members of the family
are herbs, usually of weedy habit.
ALTERNANTHERA Forsk.
Alternanthera Bettzickiana (Regel) Standl. La Coqueta. A

cultivated plant of American origin. "Supposed to be a natural
repellent of the weewee ant. It is claimed that the ants will not
pass through, under, or over the plant." (H. P. Smart.)
Alternanthera obovata (Mart. & Gal.) Standl.
Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.
AMARANTHUS L. Pigweed
Amaranthus caudatus L. Pison calaloo.
Amaranthus polygonoides L.
Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny amaranth. Bledo (Yucatan).
Xtez, Kixxtez (Yucatan, Maya).
Amaranthus viridis L. A. gracilis of authors, not Desf.
Bledo (Honduras).
CELOSIA L.
Celosia argentea L. Amor seco. An escape from cultivation, the

primitive form of the garden cockscomb (var. cristata).
CHAMISSOA HBK.
Chamissoa altissima CJacq.) HBK. Often a large vine, some-
times becoming somewhat woody.
Chamissoa macrocarpa HBK. Jones Bank, Belize River,
Lundell 4223. A South American species, known in North America
only from this collection.
GYATHULA Lour.
Gyathula achyranthoides (HBK.) Moq. Mozote (Honduras).
GOMPHRENA L.
Gomphrena dispersa Standl. Amor seco (Yucatan). Chacmol

(Yucatan, Maya).
Gomphrena globosa L. This common garden plant of American
origin, called immortelle, globe amaranth, and bachelor's button,
is in cultivation.
IRESINE P. Br.
Iresine Gelosia L. Hierba de Gato (Honduras).

Iresine nigra Uline & Bray. Caves, Stann Creek Railway,

Schipp 865; southern Mexico to Honduras and Salvador. A slender,
glabrous shrub or tree, sometimes 9 meters high, with a trunk 7.5
cm. in diameter; leaves ovate or lanceolate; flowers minute, white,
in small glomerules, these arranged in panicled spikes.
PFAFFIA Mart.
Pfaffia Hookeriana (Hemsl.) Greenm. Hope River; southern
Mexico to Panama. A large vine, herbaceous or somewhat woody,
sometimes 9 meters long, sparsely pubescent.
PHILOXERUS R. Br.
Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Br. Xukuk (Yucatan, Maya).
On or near beaches.
NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o'clock Family
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes climbing; leaves opposite or

alternate, without stipules, entire; flowers small, or large and showy;
corolla none, the perianth, however, often corolla-like and brightly
colored; fruit an anthocarp, composed of the persistent base of the
perianth and an indehiscent utricle, either dry and resembling a
seed or fleshy and drupe-like. The woods are of anomalous structure,
with very numerous strands of included phloem similar to those
in the Urticaceae.
Plants herbaceous.
Flowers large and showy, subtended by a calyx-like involucre of
united bracts; fruit terete Mirabilis.
Flowers minute, the bracts distinct; fruit angled or sometimes
sulcate Boerhaavia.
Plants armed with spines; fruit dry, with stalked glands along
the angles Pisonia.
Plants unarmed; fruit juicy, without glands.
Stamens exserted Torrubia.
Stamens included in the perianth Neea.
BOERHAAVIA L.
Boerhaavia caribaea Jacq. Chacilxiu (Yucatan, Maya). A

common weed, like other species of the genus.
Boerhaavia coccinea Mill.

Boerhaavia erecta L. Zacxiu (Yucatan, Maya).
BOUGAINVILLEA Commers.
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. Bougainvillea. A woody vine
planted for ornament in most tropical regions. Native of Brazil.
MIRABILIS L.
Mirabilis Jalapa L. Four-o'clock. Maravilla (Central America).

Cultivated for ornament, and escaping.
Mirabilis violacea (L.) Heimerl.
NEEA Ruiz & Pav6n

Shrubs or small trees, the leaves opposite or whorled; flowers
small and greenish, arranged in cymes or small panicles, the two
sexes on separate plants; fruit an elongate drupe with scant flesh.
Leaves mostly 20-30 cm. long or larger, very long-acuminate.
N. acuminatissima.
Leaves mostly 6-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate.
N. psychotrioid.es.
Neea acuminatissima Standl. Eldorado, in forest, Schipp 1075 ;
Honduras. A shrub or small tree as much as 6 meters high, with

trunk diameter of 7 cm.; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, glabrous;
drupes 1.5 cm. long, red, dark purple, or pinkish white.
Neea psychotrioides Donn. Smith. Apparently frequent in
moist forest; southern Mexico to Panama. A shrub or tree, some-
times as much as 9 meters high, with a trunk 12 cm. in diameter,
almost glabrous, but with minute rusty pubescence on the inflo-
rescence; leaves thin, oblong or lanceolate; flowers very small,
greenish or reddish, in loose cymes; fruit red or black, 1 cm. long
or less. An inconspicuous plant, of no economic importance.
PISONIA L.
Pisonia aculeata L. Una de gato (Yucatan). Beeb (Yucatan,

Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub or small tree, densely pubescent or almost glabrous, the
branches usually long and more or less climbing or pendent, armed
with stout recurved spines; flowers greenish or reddish.
Pisonia macranthocarpa Donn. Smith. Creek banks, Temash
River, Schipp 1362; southern Mexico to Venezuela. A shrub or a
vine as much as 10 meters long, with a stem 7 cm. in diameter;

similar to the preceding species, but the fruits much larger, 1-2 cm.
long and 7-10 mm. thick; flowers cream colored.
TORRUBIA Veil.
Torrubia linearibracteata (Heimerl) Standl. Stann Creek

Railway, in jungle, Schipp 160; Yucatan. A shrub 2 meters high;
leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, glabrous; flowers
dirty-yellow, minute, in loose cymes; fruit oval.
BATIDACEAE. Batis Family

BATIS L.
Batis maritima L. Seashores or salt flats. Plants herbaceous
or suffrutescent.
PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeberry Family

MICROTEA Swartz
Microtea debilis Swartz.
PETIVERIA L.
Guinea-hen Root, Skunk-weed.
Petiveria alliacea L. Zorrillo.
Payche (Yucatan, Maya). An herb with garlic-like odor.
PHYTOLACCA L. Pokeberry
Phy tolacca icosandra L. Calaloo, Scorpion Tail. Tekox (Yuca-
tan, Maya).
Phy tolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche". Quilete,Cola de Ardilla
(Honduras). According to Schipp, "the leaves are used as tea"
locally. In Central America the young foliage of this and other
species often is cooked as a pot herb. The vernacular name Jocote
accompanying one of the British Honduras specimens probably is
the result of some misunderstanding.
RIVINA L.
Rivina humilis L. Achotillo (Honduras). Kuxubcan (Yucatan,
Maya).
BASELLACEAE. Basella Family
BOUSSINGAULTIA HBK.
Boussingaultia leptostachys Moq. New Town, Schipp 834.
An herbaceous vine.
AIZOACEAE. Carpetweed Family

SESUVIUM L.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum L. A plant of salt flatsand marshes.
TRIANTHEMA L.
Trianthema Portulacastrum L.
PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family

PORTULACA L. Purslane
Portulaca oleracea L. Verdolaga (Central America generally).

Xucul (Yucatan, Maya). The young plants often are cooked and
eaten as a pot herb.
Portulaca pilosa L. Tsayoch (Yucatan, Maya).
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Carnation Family

DRYMARIA Willd.
Drymaria cordata Willd.
NYMPHAEACEAE. Waterlily Family

BRASENIA Schreb.
Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. All Pines, Schipp 747. This,

like the other members of the family, is an aquatic herb.
CABOMBA Aubl.
Cabomba aquatica Aubl.
NYMPHAEA L. Waterlily
r
Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. Ninfa (Yucatan). A aa6
(Yucatan, Maya).
Nymphaea blanda Meyer. Forest Home, Schipp 1026.
RANUNCULACEAE. Buttercup Family

CLEMATIS L.
Clematis dioica L. Barbas de viejo (Yucatan). Mexnuxib
(Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in
tropical America. A slender, somewhat woody vine with pinnate
leaves and white flowers.
MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family

Trees or woody vines; leaves alternate, petiolate, without stipules;
flowers small, greenish, dioecious, with 4 or more sepals and 6 petals;
stamens as many as the petals or fewer; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or
a cluster of drupes.
Leaves not peltate Hyperbaena.
Leaves peltate, the petiole attached above the base of the blade.
Leaves coriaceous, glabrous; fruit 1.5 cm. long. .Disciphania.
. .
Leaves membranaceous, more or less hairy; fruit about 5 mm.

long Cissampelos.
CISSAMPELOS L.
Slender vines, often almost wholly herbaceous; leaves thin,

rounded; inflorescences many-flowered; staminate flowers with 4
sepals; fruit a single red or orange drupe.
Bracts of the staminate inflorescence much reduced or absent;
leaves densely pilose C. Pareira.
Bracts large and foliaceous in both staminate and pistillate inflo-
rescence; leaves usually glabrate C. tropaeolifolia.
Cissampelos Pareira L. Akot&n (various parts of Central

America). Tsutsuc (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely
distributed in tropical America. Climbing over small shrubs or low
trees; leaves 3-10 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. broad. Rather handsome
because of the contrasting red fruits and soft gray leaves.
Cissampelos tropaeolifolia DC. Occasional in thickets or

forest; widely distributed in tropical America.
DISCIPHANIA Eichl.
Disciphania coriacea Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.

461: 55. 1935. Type from Rio Grande, Schipp S458. A
in forest,
woody vine as much as 18 meters long, the trunk 2.5 cm. in diam-
eter, glabrous; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, short-acuminate;
flowers racemose; fruit yellow.
HYPERBAENA Miers
Vines or small trees; leaves thick and leathery, often lobed or
coarsely toothed, short-stalked; flowers very small, in axillary pani-
cles; fruit a rather large drupe. Wood yellowish, hard, heavy, rather
fine-textured; structure anomalous, with the included phloem in
concentric bands suggesting Avicennia; rays coarse, widening at

phloem bands.
Leaves broadest near the apex and usually shallowly 3-lobed or
angled H. Winzerlingii.
Leaves narrowed to the apex, entire.
Leaves pinnate-nerved H. nectandrifolia.

Leaves palmately 5-nerved at the base H. hondurensis.
Hyperbaena hondurensis Standl. Jacinto Creek, Schipp 1189;
A woody vine as much as 15 meters long, the
also in Honduras.
stems 3.5 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to
ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, obtuse at the base; flowers yellow.
Hyperbaena nectandrifolia Standl. Eldorado, in forest, Schipp

S390; Yucatan. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 15 cm. in diameter;
leaves large, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, obtuse or
rounded at the base; fruit yellow.
Hyperbaena Winzerlingii Standl. Trop. Woods 9: 10. 1927.
Knock-me-back. Tkansik (Maya). Type from Orange Walk District,
Winzerling V.12; several recent collections have been made at
Honey Camp and elsewhere; Yucatan; Campeche. A densely
branched tree 6 meters high, the trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaves
leathery, wedge-shaped, long-tapering to the short petiole. The
wood is described as very hard, porous, and pale yellow.
ANONACEAE. Custard Apple Family
Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules; flowers
solitary or clustered, usually perfect, commonly with 3 sepals and
6 fleshy or leathery petals; stamens numerous; fruit of one or more
carpels, these sessile or stalked, usually fleshy, free or united to
form a many-celled fruit. Woods variable from soft to hard, rather
fine-textured, not durable; characterized by fine, closely spaced,
concentric lines of parenchyma forming a spider-web pattern with
the rays.
Carpels of the fruit fused as a large fleshy mass.
Petals connate into a 3-6-lobed tube, the outer ones with broad
wings Rottinia.
Petals neither connate nor winged Anona.
Carpels of the fruit distinct, often stalked.
Petals very large, as much as 4 cm. long, brown-purple. Carpels
of the fruit sessile Sapranthus.
Petals much smaller.
Carpels of the fruit opening at maturity; leaves more or less

sericeous beneath Xylopia.
Carpels not opening; leaves not sericeous.
Petals with strongly incurved margins, rounded, very thick
and fleshy Cymbopetalum.
Petals flat or nearly so, often very narrow.
Petals linear or oblong-linear Desmopsis.
Petals oblong to rounded.
Stamens few (6-18), laxly imbricate Oxandra.
Stamens very numerous, densely crowded.
Outer petals valvate in bud Unonopsis.
Outer petals imbricate in bud.
Petals sericeous outside Guatteria.
Petals glabrous Malmea.
ANONA L.
Shrubs or trees with persistent or deciduous leaves; flowers
usually solitary and lateral on the branches; fruit composed of
numerous fleshy carpels crowded together and fused at maturity
to form a large, fleshy body.
Flowers globose, as broad as long.
Leaves glabrous, ovate; fruit smooth, glabrous A. glabra.
Leaves tomentose beneath when young, broadly obovate; fruit
densely tomentose, covered with spine-like projections.
A. purpurea.
Flowers elongate, narrow, more than twice as long as broad.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath, obtuse or acutish A. Cherimolia.
.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so, long-acuminate.

Leaves 15 cm. long or less, acute at the base A. reticulata.
Leaves mostly 20-30 cm. long or larger, rounded at the base.

A. testudinea.
Anona Cherimolia Mill. Tukib, Pox (Maya). Chirimoya
(Yucatan). Honey Camp, perhaps only in
cultivation; widely
distributed in tropical America, native probably in South America.
A small tree; fruit globose or ovoid, the surface with rounded pro-
tuberances or marked with U-shaped areoles, sometimes almost
smooth. The white pulp is edible and of pleasant flavor.
Anona glabra L. Corkwood, Alligator Apple, Bobwood. Xmak

(Yucatan, Maya). Widely distributed in tropical America; growing
usually along streams, or often in coastal thickets. A

small, glabrous
tree; fruit small, ovoid, yellow at maturity. The fruit is scarcely
edible.
Anona purpurea Moc. & Sesse". Oop (Maya). Sencuya (Hon-

duras). Polbox (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in dry forest or
thickets; southern Mexico to northern South America. A rather
large tree, the trunk sometimes 45 cm. in diameter, with spreading
crown; leaves often 20-30 cm. long; flowers brown-purple, pendent;
fruit ovoid or subglobose, 15 cm. long, covered with a brown felt,
its flesh orange-colored, fragrant, fibrous. The fruit is little eaten,
being of poor flavor and quality.

Anona reticulata L. Oop (Maya). Anona (Central America
generally). Tsulipox (Yucatan, Maya). Cultivated and perhaps
also native; widely distributed in tropical America. A small tree
with narrow leaves; fruit often very large, its surface divided into
rather obscure, angled areoles, the flesh whitish, sweet, rather insipid.
The anona is one of the favorite fruits of Central America, but it
usually has little appeal to the northern palate.
Anona squamosa L. This species has been reported from
British Honduras as the Wild Custard Apple, but very likely in
error. It is known in Central America only in cultivation, and is
little planted.
Anona testudinea Safford. In forest, Stann Creek Valley;
foot of the Cockscombs; Guatemala and Honduras. A glabrous tree
11 meters high, the trunk 22 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly oblong,
acuminate; flowers greenish yellow; fruit globose, 8-10 cm. in
diameter, the surface divided by slightly raised ridges into irregular
polygonal areas, the shell thick and hard.
CYMBOPETALUM Benth.
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Dunal) Baill. Stann Creek

Valley and elsewhere; southern Mexico and Guatemala. A tree
11 meters high, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaves almost sessile,
large, oblong, acuminate, glabrate; flowers pendent from long
peduncles, 3 cm. broad, greenish yellow; fruit a cluster of narrow,
stalked berries 7 cm. long. Schipp describes the wood as soft and
cream-colored. This plant is the "sacred ear flower" of the ancient
Aztecs. Its concave, thick, fleshy petals, when dried, were employed
for flavoring cacao and other articles. The dried petals often are
sold today for the same purposes in the markets of Guatemala and
Salvador.
DESMOPSIS Safford
Small trees; leaves large, short-petioled, acuminate; flowers

borne on young branchlets in the axils of leaves or on naked branches,
the petals long and very narrow; fruit a cluster of long-stalked berries.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so D. Schippii.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath D. stenopetala.
Desmopsis Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 130. 1932.
Type from Stann Creek Valley, in forest along creek banks, Schipp
960. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 22 cm. in diameter; leaves
elliptic; flowers borne in the axils of leaves; petals linear, green
turning yellow, 3 cm. long.
Desmopsis stenopetala (Bonn. Smith) Fries. Crique Negra,
N. S. Stevenson 105 (Yale 14889); Guatemalan boundary; Guate-
mala. A small or medium-sized tree, sometimes 9 meters high,
with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong;
flowers borne on old branches; petals 2 cm. long or larger.
GUATTERIA Ruiz & Pavon

Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch. Occasional in forest;
southward to Panama. A shrub or tree, as much as 9 meters high,
with a trunk 12 cm. in diameter, the bark smooth, whitish; leaves
on very short petioles, oblong to elliptic, 20-35 cm. long, short-
acuminate, glabrate; flowers 3 cm. broad or larger, pale green or
cream-colored, with 6 fleshy petals; fruit a cluster of numerous small,
oval berries on long, slender, red stalks.
MALMEA Fries
Malmea depressa Fries.
(Baill.) Lancewood, Wild Soursop.
Elemuy (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in forest; southern Mexico
to Honduras. A tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high, with a trunk
10 cm. in diameter, the bark pale and smooth; leaves oblong or
elliptic-oblong, 11-17 cm. long, acute or acuminate, thick, glabrous;
flowers 5 cm. broad, the large, rounded petals glabrous; fruit a
cluster of many ellipsoid berries 1.5 cm. long on slender, red stalks.
Guatteria leiophylla (Bonn. Smith) Safford apparently is referable
to this species. Material reported from British Honduras as G.
diospyroides Baill. likewise probably is to be referred to M. depressa.
OXANDRA A. Rich.
Oxandra sp. A collection from Crique Negra, N. S. Stevenson

103 (Yale 14887), has been referred to this genus by R. E. Fries.
The specimen in Field Museum is sterile, and therefore not to be

placed definitely.
ROLLINIA St. Hil.
Rollinia Jimenezii Safford(?). Middlesex, hill slopes, Schipp

408; the species occurs in Costa Rica and Panama, and perhaps
farther northward. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 12 cm. in
diameter; leaves large, oblong, acuminate, obtuse at the base,
appressed-pilosulous beneath; fruit 3.5 cm. long, globose, with
many blunt tubercles, the flesh sour. The specimens have no
flowers, and the specific determination is questionable.
SAPRANTHUS Seem.
Sapranthus campechianus (HBK.) Standl. Sufricaya. Ele-

muy. Palanco (Honduras). Chacmax (Yucatan, Maya). Honey
Camp; Yucatan and Campeche to Honduras. A shrub or small
tree; leaves obovate-oblong, short-acuminate, thin, densely pubescent
beneath; flowers solitary, ill-scented, the purple-brown petals 4 cm.
long or less; fruit of several large sessile berries. The flowers have
the odor of carrion.
XYLOPIA L.
Xylopia frutescens Aubl. Polewood. Frequent in thickets;

southern Mexico to South America. A slender shrub or small tree,
the trunk sometimes 22 cm. in diameter; leaves 2-ranked, small,
leathery, narrowly lance-oblong, attenuate, pale and sparsely
sericeous beneath; flowers small, axillary, whitish; fruit a cluster of
red berries, these splitting open when ripe. The slender stems are
used for poling boats and dories.
UNONOPSIS Fries
Unonopsis Pittieri Safford. Fair View, wet forest; Jacinto

Hills; southward to Panama. A tree 9 meters high, with trunk
diameter of 15 cm.; leaves very large, almost sessile, oblong, acu-
minate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers borne on old, naked branches;
fruit a cluster of stalked, orange or black, globose berries.
MYRISTICACEAE. Nutmeg Family

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate, entire,
stalked, without stipules; flowers small, of 2 sexes on separate plants,
often umbellate or panicled, regular; perianth usually 3-lobed, its
lobes valvate in bud; fruit fleshy, opening by valves, the single
seed covered by an aril. The woods are of medium density, straight-

grained, easy to work, but not resistant to decay or insects. (For
descriptions see T. of T. A., pp. 167-171.)
Anthers free from the stamen column; flowers glabrous Dialyanthera.
.
Anthers adnate below to the stamen column; flowers pubescent.

Stamen column cylindric; aril deeply lobed; leaves usually pubes-
cent beneath Virola.
Stamen column obconic; aril entire; leaves glabrous. Compsoneura.
COMPSONEURA Warb.
Compsoneura Sprucei (A. DC.) Warb. Frequent in forest;
Central and South America. A glabrous shrub or tree, sometimes
13 meters high, with a trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked,
lustrous, leathery, oblong or obovate-oblong, short-acuminate, acute
at the base; flowers minute, yellowish, in small, lateral, often recurved
panicles; fruit oval, 2.5-3 cm. long.
DIALYANTHERA Warb.
Dialyanthera multiflora Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 13. 1930.
Type from Stann Creek Railway, Twelve Mile, in forest, Schipp
279. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves
small, petioled, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, acute
at the base; flowers small, yellowish, umbellate, tomentose, the
umbels in small, lateral panicles much shorter than the leaves.
VIROLA Aubl.
Large trees; leaves short-stalked, acute or acuminate; flowers
small and inconspicuous, tomentose, in stalked axillary panicles.
These trees are closely related to the nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
of the East Indies, and and appearance.
their fruits are similar in size
The fruits are much sought by rodents and other animals.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath, at least when young, rounded or
shallowly cordate at the base V. merendonis.
Leaves glabrate beneath, acute at the base V. brachycarpa.
Virola brachycarpa Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 131. 1932.
Banak, Bastard Banak. Type from Stann Creek Valley, in primary
forest, common, Burns 20; Big Creek, Schipp 858; near Middlesex,
Schipp 475. A tree 12-15 meters high, the trunk 20-25 cm. in
diameter, with smooth bark, the bole very clean, the branches sel-
dom large; leaves small, 14 cm. long or less, long-acuminate, almost
glabrous on both surfaces; panicles small and open; fruit 1.5 cm. long.
Virola merendonis Pittier. Banak. Sangre, Palo de Sangre.

Common in wet forest south of Sibun River; Guatemala to Panama.
A tall buttressed tree, often 30 meters high, with a crown of stout,
whorled branches and a smooth straight trunk 15-90 cm. in diameter,
or as much as 120 cm.; leaves large, oblong, acuminate, glabrous
above or nearly so, brownish-tomentose beneath when young and
often in age; panicles large and many-flowered; fruit 2.5 cm. long
or larger. The seeds are rich in oil. They are strikingly handsome
because of the contrast between the shining brown surface and the
white or pink, lace-like aril. This species is considered the most
important of the secondary timbers of the Colony (see p. 34).
MONIMIACEAE. Monimia Family

Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, short-petioled, without
stipules, toothed or entire; flowers small, greenish, axillary, in
fascicles or small panicles, with 4 sepals, no petals, and usually
numerous stamens; fruit of numerous small fleshy carpels.
Anthers dehiscent by longitudinal slits; pubescence of simple hairs.
Mollinedia.
Anthers dehiscent by valves; pubescence of small stellate hairs.
Siparuna.
MOLLINEDIA Ruiz & Pavon
Mollinedia guatemalensis Perkins. Frequent in forest; Guate-
mala. A shrub or tree as much as 6 meters high, the trunk 7 cm.
in diameter; leaves oblong-elliptic, almost entire, glabrate; inflores-
cences much longer than the petioles, often borne at leafless nodes.
Wood yellow, not very hard, fine-textured; characterized by con-
spicuous rays and very small pores; parenchyma lines absent.
SIPARUNA Aubl.
Siparuna nicaraguensis Hemsl. Big Creek, in forest, Schipp
140; southern Mexico to Panama. A shrub 4.5 meters high, the
trunk 5 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong, acuminate, glabrate,
undulate-dentate flowers small, greenish fruit reddish. The crushed
; ;
leaves have a strong odor somewhat suggestive of lemon. Wood

yellowish brown, rather soft, fine-textured; parenchyma in very
numerous, fine lines between the rays, which are narrow, but high.
LAURACEAE. Laurel Family

Shrubs or trees, rarely epiphytic herbs; leaves alternate, entire,
without stipules, usually leathery; flowers small, white, greenish,
or yellowish; perianth 6-lobed; stamens and staminodia usually

twice as many as the perianth lobes, the anthers erect, 2- or 4-celled;
fruit drupe-like, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the persistent
cup-like calyx tube, the whole often resembling an acorn with its
cup. The woods of the Central American species vary in color from
yellowish or olive to reddish, dark brown, or almost black; luster
usually satiny; density medium; working qualities excellent; some
of the timbers are fragrantly scented, resistant to decay and insects,
and suitable for furniture; not commercially known because of the
scarcity of the trees.
The family is a difficult one, and the Central American trees of
the group, although important economically, are imperfectly under-
stood, chiefly because of the lack of adequate material of them. The
differences between most of the genera are based upon stamen
characters that are difficult to determine.For this reason, in the
following key to the genera, except in the case of groups easily
recognizable by other than stamen characters, the individual species
of the genera Ocotea, Nectandra, and Phoebe have been keyed.
Plants small, epiphytic herbs, without leaves Cassytha.
Plants trees or shrubs with large leaves.
Flowers in stalked heads Misanteca.
Flowers not in heads.
Sepals very unequal, the outer ones shorter; fruit usually very
large and 5 cm. long or more Persea.
Sepals all equal in size or nearly so.
Leaves densely velvety-pubescent beneath with spreading

hairs Phoebe helicterifolia.
Leaves glabrous beneath, or pubescent, but not with soft,
spreading hairs.
Leaves densely but very minutely sericeous beneath, even
in age, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, very long-acu-
minate.
Leaves 3 cm. wide or less Ocotea campechiana.
Leaves more than 3 cm. wide. . . Nectandra membranacea.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate beneath, usually broader.
Flowers glabrous Ocotea cernua.
Flowers pubescent.
Leaves conspicuously triplinerved, the 2 principal
lateral nerves arising far above the base of the
blade . . Phoebe mexicana.
.
Leaves penninerved, the lower lateral nerves arising

near the base of the blade.
Branches of the inflorescence very densely sericeous
with minute pale hairs Nectandra globosa.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, or the pubescence of spreading hairs.
Leaves with small tufts of hairs beneath in the
axils of the nerves Nectandra sanguinea.
Leaves not tufted beneath.
Veinlets conspicuous and prominent on the
upper leaf surface, this very lustrous.
Ocotea Lundellii.
Veinlets obsolete on the dull upper leaf surface.
Nectandra glabrescens.
GASSYTHA L.
Cassytha filif ormis L. A plant similar in habit and appearance
to dodder (Cuscuta).
MISANTECA Cham. & Schlecht.

Misanteca capitata Cham. & Schlecht. Aguacatillo (Hon-
duras). Middlesex, secondary jungle, Schipp S24; southern Mexico
to Honduras. An almost glabrous tree 6-9 meters high; leaves
short-petioled, oblong to elliptic, large, acuminate, acute to obtuse
at the base, leathery; flowers in long-stalked, few-flowered heads
in the leaf axils; fruit black, 2 cm. long, half enclosed in a broad
deep cup.
NECTANDRA Roland
Trees or shrubs with more or less leathery leaves; flowers small,
in axillary or terminal, panicled cymes; perfect stamens 9, those
of the first and second series eglandular, the anthers introrsely 4-
celled, those of the third series with glands at the base, the anthers
extrorsely 4-celled.
Nectandra glabrescens Benth. Sweetwood. Laurel. Aguacatillo.
Honey Camp and elsewhere; southern Mexico to Colombia. A
large or small tree, almost glabrous; leaves lance-oblong to elliptic,
acuminate, acute at the base; flowers conspicuously pedicellate.
Nectandra globosa (Aubl.) Mez. Timber Sweet, Wild Pear.
Aguacatillo (Honduras). A
large or small tree; leaves broadly oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, often finely appressed-
pubescent beneath, but in age usually glabrate; flowers white, rather

showy, in usually large panicles.
Nectandra membranacea Griseb. Middlesex, Stann Creek
Valley and elsewhere; widely distributed in tropical America. A
tree 9-12 meters high, the trunk 15-22 cm. in diameter, or larger;
leaves short-petiolate, acute at the base, thick; flowers small, white,
the panicles scarcely half as long as the leaves.
Nectandra sanguinea Rottb. Laurel. Freshwater Creek,
Stann Creek Valley, Honey Camp region, and elsewhere; widely
distributed in tropical America. A large or medium-sized tree,
almost glabrous; leaves rather small, lustrous, lance-oblong to
oblong-elliptic, acute at each end; flowers small, white, the panicles
half as long as the leaves.
OCOTEA Aubl.
Trees or shrubs with coriaceous leaves; flowers whitish, in
axillary or subterminal panicles; perfect stamens 9, those of the
first and second series eglandular, the anthers introrsely 4-celled,
those of the third series minute and sometimes wanting; fruit at
first included in the thickened perianth tube, later exserted.
Ocotea campechiana Standl. Indian Church, New River

Lagoon, C. S. Brown 31; Campeche and Pete"n. A tree of 15 meters,
the trunk 35 cm. in diameter; leaves small, narrowly oblong-lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long; flowers umbellate-paniculate,
the buds 2-2.5 mm. in diameter.
Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez. Aguacatillo (Honduras). Occa-
sional in forest; southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies.
A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 10-15 cm. in diameter, glabrous
throughout; leaves slender-petioled, elliptic or oval-elliptic, 10-15
cm. long, abruptly and narrowly long-acuminate, obtuse or acute
at the base, leathery; flowers very small, white, often recurved, in
small, axillary panicles; fruit black, the cup and pedicel red.
Ocotea Lundellii Standl. Jacinto Hills; Maskall; Pete*n. A
tree of 10 meters with trunk diameter of 25 cm. ;leaves lance-oblong
to oblong-ovate, 9-12 cm. long, short-acuminate; flowers cymose-
paniculate, the panicles shorter than the leaves; fruit black.
PERSEA Gaertn.
Large or medium-sized trees with leathery, deciduous leaves;
flowers rather large, in stalked, axillary or subterminal panicles;
perfect stamens 9, those of the two outer series eglandular, those
of the third series with a gland on each side at the base; anthers
extrorsely 4-celled.
Young branches densely rusty-tomentose; pedicels 8-15 mm. long.
P. Schiedeana.
Young branches glabrate; pedicels 6 mm. long or shorter.
P. americana.
Persea americana Mill. Pear, Butter Pear, Alligator Pear,
Avocado. Aguacate. On (Maya). Cultivated, and also reported as
wild, perhaps in error; native, probably, of Mexico and Central
America, now grown in all tropical and subtropical regions. In
the opinion of many persons, the fruit of this tree is the finest of
alltropical fruits. Certainly it is one of those most highly esteemed
in Central America.
Persea Schiedeana Nees. Wild Pear. Occasional in hill

forest; southern Mexico to Panama. A tall tree; leaves large, usually
broadly rounded or even somewhat cordate at the base, more or
less woolly beneath; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, pale greenish yellow,
in age turning crimson or light rose. This wild avocado has a fruit
similar to that of Persea americana, with a thick but pliable skin
and flesh of fine, oily texture and good flavor.
PHOEBE Nees
Trees or shrubs; flowers in axillary panicles; perfect stamens 9,
those of the first and second series eglandular, with introrsely
4-celled anthers, those of the third series each with 2 glands at the
base, the anthers extrorsely 4-celled.
Phoebe helicterifolia Mez. Timber Sweet. Laurel. Big Creek;
Freshwater Creek; Mexico to Honduras. A tree 9 meters high,
the trunk 22 cm. in diameter; leaves short-petiolate, oblong, acu-
minate, acute or obtuse at the base; panicles densely pubescent,
the small flowers white.
Phoebe mexicana Meisn. Aguacatillo (Honduras). Hope
Creek, Schipp 281; southern Mexico to Costa Rica. An almost
glabrous tree 12 meters high, the trunk 22 cm. in diameter; leaves
oblong or narrowly oblong, acuminate, acute at the base, often pale
beneath; flowers long-pedicellate, sparsely sericeous.
CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family

BRASSICA L.
Brassica integrifolia (West) Schulz.
Brassica oleracea L. Cabbage. Repollo. Cultivated commonly;

native of the Old World.
Brassica Rapa L. Turnip. Nabo. Cultivated for food; native
of the Old World.
CAKILE Mill.
Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. On seashores.
LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass
Lepidium virginicum L. Mastuerzo (Yucatan). Putxiu
(Yucatan, Maya).
CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, simple or compound
leaves, with or without stipules; flowers axillary, or in racemes or
corymbs; sepals 4-8; petals 4; stamens elongate, few or many;
fruit a capsule or berry.
Leaves simple. Shrubs or trees Capparis.

Leaves digitately compound.
Fruit a berry; trees or shrubs.
Petals none; fruit sessile Forchammeria.
Petals 4; fruit stipitate. Crataeva.
Fruit a capsule; herbs.
Pods sessile; plants unarmed Polanisia.
Pods stipitate; plants often prickly Cleome.
CAPPARIS L.
Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or variously pubescent; leaves

simple, petioled, often leathery; flowers small or large, the petals
white; stamens numerous; fruit technically a berry, variable as to
form. Besides the species listed here, another, represented only
by incomplete material but probably an undescribed species, occurs
in British Honduras.
Leaves densely covered beneath with small brown scales.
C. cynophallophora.
Leaves glabrous C. Tuerckheimii.
Capparis cynophallophora L. Without locality, Castillo;

widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or small tree;
leaves oblong-elliptic, leathery, glabrous above, covered beneath
with brown scales; flowers white or purplish, fragrant, the sepals

covered with large brown scales; stamens greatly elongate.
Capparis Tuerckheimii Donn. Smith. Apparently frequent in

wet forest; Guatemala and Honduras. A glabrous shrub or small
tree; leaves long-stalked, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; flowers large,
white, in few-flowered terminal racemes.
CLEOME L.
Cleome serrata Jacq.
Cleome spinosa Jacq.
CRATAEVA L.
Crataeva Tapia L. Waika Bead. Yuy. Kolokmax (Yucatan,
Maya) Occasional in forest or thickets widely distributed in tropical
.
;
America. A small, glabrous tree; leaves long-stalked, the 3 leaflets

oblong to elliptic, thin, acute or acuminate, entire, pale beneath;
flowers green or purplish, in corymb-like racemes; petals long-clawed;
stamens 5-6 cm. long; fruit globose, green or yellowish, 2.5-5.5 cm.
in diameter. Wood pale yellow, moderately hard, coarse-textured,
fairly easy to work, not resistant to decay, not utilized.
FORCHAMMERIA Liebm.
Forchammeria trifoliata Radlk. Bastard Dogwood. Tres
Marias. Northern part of the Colony; Yucatan to Salvador. A
glabrous tree, reported as sometimes 15 meters high; leaves long-
stalked, the 3 leaflets leathery, obovate-oblong, entire; flowers
borne
small, green, panicled; fruit small, globose, yellow, the style
near its base. The wood is of anomalous structure, the included
bast being in concentric zones.
POLANISIA Raf.
Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC.
MORINGACEAE. Horseradish Tree Family

MORINGA Juss. Horseradish Tree
Moringa oleifera Lam. Maranga, Maranga Calalu. Paraiso

(Central America generally). Planted and also naturalized in
thickets; native of Africa and the East Indies. A tree 9 meters
high or less; leaves alternate, 2-3 times pinnate; flowers white,
sweet-scented, panicled, with 5 petals and 5 stamens; fruit a long,
slender, pendent, 3-angled capsule with winged seeds. The young
leaves sometimes are cooked and eaten in British Honduras. From

the seeds obtained the ben oil of commerce, employed for lubricat-
is
ing watches and other delicate instruments.
DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family

DROSERAL. Sundew
Drosera capillaris Poir. Spider Plant. In Pine forest. The
genus has not been discovered in other parts of Central America.
PODOSTEMONACEAE. Podostemon Family

MARATHRUM Humb. & Bonpl.
Marathrum foeniculaceum Humb. & Bonpl. Stann Creek
An
Railway, Twenty-two Mile, Schipp 948. aquatic herb, growing
on submerged or partly exposed rocks.
CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family

BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb.
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Hoja de la vida (Hon-

duras). In gardens and also probably naturalized; native of the
Old World tropics.
HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch-hazel Family

LIQUIDAMBAR L.
Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Liquidambar. Reported to occur
insome abundance in the higher parts of the Cockscomb Mountains;
Mexico to Honduras, and widely distributed in the southeastern
United States. A large or medium-sized tree, the bark grayish,
furrowed, the young branches usually with corky wings; leaves
bright green, with 5 radiating acute lobes; staminate flowers in
racemes, the pistillate in large, globose, stalked heads, the heads
becoming cone-like and spiny in fruit. A fragrant balsam obtained
from incisions in the trunk is used in local medicine in Honduras
and other parts of Central America and has been exported to Europe
for use in medicine and industry. In the United States the tree
is called Red Gum or Sweet Gum, and the timber is of great com-
mercial importance. (For description see T. of T. A., pp. 193-194.)
ROSACEAE. Rose Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or nearly so,
with small stipules; flowers small, or large and showy, perfect, with
or without petals; stamens few or numerous; calyx 5-lobed; fruit a

drupe. The tropical members of the family have little superficial
resemblance to the better-known temperate plants of the group.
The woods are grayish or reddish, hard, heavy, and strong, not
resistant to decay. They have rather few, prominent pores, fine
rays, and numerous concentric lines of wood parenchyma. The
timbers are used because of their scarcity or poor dimensions.
little
(For further information see T. of T. A., pp. 195-199.)

Leaves palmately compound, with several leaflets; stems armed
with prickles Rubus.
Leaves simple; plants unarmed.
Stamens 3-10.
Petals conspicuous; shrubs or small trees Hirtella.
Petals none or minute; usually rather large trees Licania.

Stamens 12 or more.
Fruit with several seeds; flowers in corymb-like panicles.
Photinia.
Fruit 1-seeded.
Calyx tube elongate, narrow; flowers in racemes or panicles.

Couepia.
Calyx tube short and broad; flowers in cymes. Chrysobalanus.
CHRYSOBALANUS L.
Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Coco Plum. Icaco (Central America
generally). Frequent on sea beaches; widely distributed in tropical
America; western Africa. An almost glabrous shrub, 1.5 meters
high or less; leaves small, rounded; flowers small, white, sweet-
scented, in axillary cymes; fruit 2-4 cm. in diameter, globose or nearly
so, white, pink, purple, or black. A characteristic shrub of sandy
beaches, often prostrate. The sweet, white, juicy flesh of the fruit
is eaten, but the flavor is not attractive. The bark and leaves are
astringent, the seeds rich in oil.
COUEPIA Aubl.
Couepia dodecandra (DC.) Hemsl. Baboon Cap, Monkey Cup.
Munzap (Honduras). Uspib (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in forests;
southern Mexico to Honduras and Salvador. A tree 12 meters high,
the trunk 20-25 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong or elliptic, obtuse
or acutish, covered beneath with a fine, whitish, felt-like tomentum;
flowers small, white, in panicles; fruit ellipsoid, yellow, 5 cm. long
or larger, edible.It is doubtful whether the tree is native in Hon-

duras and Salvador, but it is planted not infrequently even as far
south as Costa Rica.
HIRTELLA L.
Shrubs or small trees with abundant pubescence; flowers small

but often rather showy, with long-exserted stamens.
Flowers in simple racemes; stamens 5 H. racemosa.
Flowers in narrow panicles; stamens 3.
Leaves sparsely short-pilose beneath; flowers long-pedicellate.
H: triandra.
Leaves densely velvety-pubescent beneath; flowers sessile or
nearly so H. americana.
Hirtella americana L. H. guatemalensis Standl. Pigeon Plum,
Wild Coco Plum. Pasta (Honduras) Frequent in forest and thickets
.
;
widely distributed in tropical America from Central America south-

ward. A shrub or tree, sometimes 18 meters high, with a trunk 12-25
cm. or more in diameter; leaves almost sessile, acute; petals white,
the stamens rose-purple; fruit almost 2 cm. long.
Hirtella racemosa Lam. Wild Coco Plum. Grenada (Granada?) .
Uayamche (Maya). Pasta (Honduras). Frequent in forest and

thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A
slender shrub
or small tree, sometimes 4.5 meters high, with a trunk 5 cm. in
diameter; leaves smaller, oblong or elliptic; flowers pink or purplish,
fragrant; fruit plum-like, 1 cm. long, dark red or purplish. The
bark of some species of Hirtella is said to have been used for tanning.
Hirtella triandra Swartz. Wild Coco Plum, Wild Pigeon Plum.
Toledo District, N. S. Stevenson; Central America, West Indies, and
South America. A shrub or small tree; fruits densely pilose; leaves
acuminate.
LICANIA Aubl.
Trees; leaves small or large, on very short petioles; flowers small,

in panicles; fruit small or often very large.
Leaves white beneath, thin, covered with a dense minute tomentum.

L. hypoleuca.
Leaves green beneath, leathery, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves large, mostly 17-25 cm. long, rounded at the base.
L. platypus.
Leaves small, 8-12 cm. long, acute at the base L. sparsipilis.
Licania hypoleuca Benth. Pigeon Plum. Chozo. In forest or

broken pine ridge, frequent; southward to Colombia. A tree 9-12
meters high, the trunk 10-22 cm. in diameter, the twigs very slender;
leaves small, oblong, long-acuminate, green and glabrous above;
flowers minute, greenish white; fruit red, 1.5 cm. long, constricted
near the base.
Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch. Monkey Apple. Urraco
(Honduras). In forest, occasional; southern Mexico to Panama.
Often a very large tree with thick, pale trunk and usually a narrow,
dense crown; leaves narrowly oblong, glabrous, rounded or short-
pointed at the apex; flowers in large panicles; fruit obovoid, 13 cm.
long or larger, rough and brownish. One of the handsomest of
Central American trees because of its beautiful foliage, which when
young is tinged with bronze or red; a superior shade tree. The fruit,
which requires about a year for maturing, is edible but little esteemed,
especially because of a belief that it causes fevers and other ailments.
Its flesh is yellow, juicy, somewhat fibrous, and slightly acid.
Licania sparsipilis Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 67. 1917.

Type from Sittee River, in forest, Peck 858; Big Creek, Schipp 102.
A tree 12 meters high, the trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves lance-
oblong, lustrous, acuminate, almost glabrous; panicles small, little
longer than the leaves, the flowers white, fragrant. The wood is
said to be red, hard, and close-grained.
PHOTINIA Lindl.
The species here listed is the only one known from Central
America.
Photinia microcarpa Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
57. 1935. Known only from the Guatemalan boundary, the type
collected at Camp 32, alt. 800 meters, Schipp 1291. A tree of 15
meters, the trunk 25-45 cm. in diameter, the young branches reddish-
tomentose; leaves small, oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute or
obtuse, entire or crenate-serrate toward the apex; flowers small,
white; fruit 1 cm. long.
RUBUS L.
Rubus amplior Rydb. Camp 32 on the Guatemalan boundary,

Schipp S704; Guatemala. A large vine, the stems as much as 7 cm.
in diameter. The specific determination is somewhat uncertain
because of the unsatisfactory nature of the single specimen seen.
Mr. Schipp states that still another species of the genus occurs in
the Colony, but no specimens have been seen by the writer.
CONNARACEAE. Connarus Family
Woody vines; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, the leaflets leathery,

entire; flowers small, whitish, in racemes or panicles, with 5 petals
and 10 or fewer stamens; fruit a leathery or woody follicle, its single
seed subtended by a fleshy aril.
Leaflets 3; fruit stalked within the calyx Connarus.
Leaflets more than 3; fruit sessile.
Fruit densely hairy; leaves densely pubescent beneath .Cnestidium.
Fruit glabrous; leaves glabrous or nearly so Rourea.
CNESTIDIUM Planch.
Cnestidium rufescens Planch. Frequent in thickets; southern

Mexico to Panama; Cuba. A large vine; leaflets 7-13, oblong,
acuminate, rusty-tomentose beneath; flowers in rather large panicles;
fruit 1-1.5 cm. long.
CONNARUS L.
Large vines; leaves long-petiolate, the leaflets acuminate, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers small, whitish, panicled; follicles large, con-
spicuously stalked, striate-nerved.
Leaflets oblong, mostly 3-4 cm. wide; flowers conspicuously pedi-
cellate C. Lambertii.
Leaflets oval, 4-6 cm. wide; flowers sessile or very shortly pedicellate.
C. lonchotus.
Connarus Lambertii (DC.) Britton. Frequent in swampy

thickets or forest; ranging to northern South America. Flowers
cream-colored, sweet-scented; stems 5-7 cm. in diameter.
Connarus lonchotus Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 69. 1917.
Type from Moho River, Peck 727. I have seen no material of this
species, which probably is not distinct from the preceding.
ROUREA Aubl.
Woody vines, glabrous or pubescent; leaves pinnate, with few
leaflets; flowers small, whitish, in lax panicles.
Calyx glabrous or nearly so; leaflets usually 5 and oblong. JR. glabra.
Calyx tomentulose; leaflets usually 7 and elliptic R. Schippii.

Rourea glabra HBK. Tietie. Occasional in thickets; Mexico

to South America. A large or small, almost glabrous vine; leaflets
usually 5, oblong to elliptic, small; panicles few- or many-flowered,
pubescent; fruit 10-17 mm. long, the shining, dark brown seed with
an orange aril. There is good evidence for believing that the seeds
are very poisonous, and they are said to have been employed
in some parts of Central America for criminal poisoning. It is
reported, also, that people have been poisoned by eating the flesh
of birds that had fed upon the seeds.
Rourea Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 58.
1935. Type collected in forest, Rio Grande, Schipp 1168. A vine
12 meters long, the trunk 5 cm. in diameter; leaflets 7-11 cm. long,
short-acuminate, glabrous; petals 6-7 mm. long.
LEGUMINOSAE. Bean Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often vines, frequently armed with spines
or prickles; leaves chiefly alternate, nearly always compound, pro-
vided with stipules; flowers usually resembling those of the bean or
pea, but sometimes almost regular; petals normally very unlike, one
of them (the banner or standard) being larger than the others, the
two lateral ones (wings) narrower, the two lowest (keel) often still
smaller and frequently united; sepals more or less united; stamens
commonly 10, sometimes 5 or 9 or more than 10; fruit a pod, often
resembling a bean pod but frequently greatly modified. One of the
largest groups of Central American plants, its members often of
great economic importance.
The family is divided commonly into three groups, as keyed
below, and these groups sometimes are treated as separate families,

but the differences between them are not well marked. In the fol-
lowing keys to genera the herbaceous plants have been omitted.
Flowers regular, the petals all alike and equal or nearly so; petals
valvate in bud, usually united below the middle. Stamens dis-
tinct or united; leaves bipinnate, except in Inga. .1. Mimoseae.
.
Flowers irregular, the petals unequal, imbricated in bud, usually

distinct.
Uppermost petals in bud within the others; stamens usually dis-

tinct; leaves pinnate or bipinnate, rarely simple.
II. Caesalpinieae.
Uppermost petals in bud outside the others; stamens frequently
united into a sheath; leaves never bipinnate.
III. Papilionatae.
I. MIMOSEAE (Mimosaceae)
Leaves once pinnate. Unarmed trees Inga.
Leaves twice pinnate.
Anthers tipped with a small gland. Flowers in spikes; woody
unarmed vines with very large pods Entada.
Anthers without glands.
Stamens as many as the corolla lobes or twice as many.
Plants armed with prickles; pods breaking up into joints.
Mimosa.
Plants unarmed; pods not breaking up into joints.
Pods about 3 mm. wide; plants herbaceous or essen-
tially so Desmanthus.
Pods more than 1 cm. wide; trees or large shrubs.
Leucaena.
Stamens numerous.
Stamens free. Flowers in heads or spikes; plants unarmed
or more often with spines or prickles Acacia.
Stamens united below.
Valves of the pod separating from the persistent thickened
margin. Plants unarmed; flowers in heads; pods thin
and flat Lysiloma.
Valves of the pod not separating from the margin.
Valves of the pod elastically recurved after dehiscence.
Plants unarmed; flowers in heads Calliandra.
Valves not elastically recurved.
Valves of the pod very thin, broad, straight. Plants
unarmed flowers in heads
; Albizzia.
Valves of the pod usually thick, often curved or coiled,
or twisted. Plants often armed with spines.
Pod very broad, flat, indehiscent, coiled into a cir-
cle; unarmed tree; flowers in heads.
Enterolobium.
Pods various, but usually not coiled, commonly
narrow and dehiscent; plants armed or unarmed;
flowers in heads or spikes Pithecolobium.
II. CAESALPINIEAE (Caesalpiniaceae)

Leaves simple.
Leaves bilobate, entire Bauhinia.
Leaves not lobed, remotely toothed Zotternia.

Leaves compound.
Leaves, at least most of them, bipinnate.
Pods finely nerved, splitting open along the middle of the
thin valves Haematoxylum.
Pods not nerved, splitting open along the margins, or not
opening.
Ovary united with the calyx tube; tree with very large
leaves, often a meter long Schizolobium.
Ovary free from the calyx tube.

Calyx lobes imbricate; valves of the pod thin .Caesalpinia.
.
Calyx lobes valvate; valves of the pod woody Delonix.

Leaves once pinnate, sometimes with only 2 leaflets.
Leaflets 2; trees.
Ovules 2 in the ovary; pods rough; flowers small, clustered
in the leaf axils Cynometra.
Ovules 3; pods smooth; flowers large, in terminal panicles.
Hymenaea.
Leaflets more than 2, or only 2 in some species of Cassia that
are low herbs.
Petals only 1-2 or none.
Calyx entire, closed in bud; stamens numerous. . .Swartzia.
Calyx lobed, open in bud; stamens 2-3 Dialium.

Petals 5.
Anthers erect Cassia.

Anthers versatile Tamarindus.
III. PAPILIONATAE (Fabaceae)

Fruit with 4 longitudinal wings, indehiscent Piscidia.
Fruit not winged, or with winged margins only.
Pods inflated, thin-walled. Unarmed trees; flowers yellow.
Diphysa.
Pods not inflated.
Leaflets dotted with large translucent oil glands .... Myroxylon.

Leaflets without translucent glands.
Stamens free.
Pods 1-seeded . . . . Ateleia.

Pods with more than one seed.

Stamens long-exserted; pods very thin Sweetia.
Stamens included; pods thick.
Calyx shallowly toothed; seeds brown; pods almost
terete Sophora.
Calyx deeply lobed; seeds scarlet and black; pods
compressed Ormosia.
Stamens united below to form a tube, one sometimes free
from the others.
Leaves even-pinnate, with an even number of leaflets.
A small woody vine; seeds scarlet and black Abrus.
Leaves odd-pinnate, with an uneven number of leaflets,
sometimes reduced to a single leaflet.
Fruit samara-like, with a large terminal wing; stipules
often indurate and spine-like.
Wing of the fruit reticulate- veined Machaerium.

Wing of the fruit with numerous transverse parallel
nerves Tipuana.
Fruit not samara-like; stipules not spine-like.
Seeds scarlet; standard petal much longer than the
others, linear; leaflets 3 Erythrina.
Seeds not scarlet; standard not linear.
Pods opening at maturity; flowers white, pink, red,
or purple.
Leaflets 3 Cajanus.
Leaflets more than 3.
Inflorescences terminal or opposite the leaves;

flowers 5.5 cm. long, red Barbieria.
Inflorescences axillary; flowers smaller, not red.
Style coiled; leaflets not blotched beneath;
flowers less than 1 cm. long Lennea.
Style straight; leaflets blotched with pale
purple beneath; flowers 2.5 cm. long.
Gliricidia.
Pods not opening at maturity.
Fruit drupe-like, subglobose. Flowers deep pur-
ple, in large dense panicles; leaflets oppo-
site . . Andira.
Fruit compressed, not drupe-like.

Leaflets opposite.
Flowers yellow; ovule 1 Platymiscium.
Flowers pink or purple; ovules usually
several Lonchocarpus.
Leaflets alternate.
Pods winged; flowers yellow Pterocarpus.
Pods not winged; flowers pink or purple.
Pods coiled to form almost a circle.
Drepanocarpus.
Pods not coiled Dalbergia.
I. MIMOSEAE
ACACIA Willd.
Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with spines or prickles;

leaves bipinnate, with few or numerous leaflets, bearing glands on
the petiole or rachis; flowers small, in heads or spikes; stamens very
numerous.
Spines very large, inflated, hollow.
Flowers in globose heads A. Cookii.
Flowers in short, very dense spikes.
Pods opening only along the ventral edge A. Hindsii.
Pods opening along both edges.
Leaflets 1-nerved A. Collinsii.
Leaflets more or less evidently 3-nerved A. costaricensis.
Spines or prickles slender, small, sometimes absent.

Flowers in spikes A. dolichostachya.
Flowers in globose heads.
Pinnae mostly 2-5 pairs; pods almost terete in cross section.
A. Farnesiana.
Pinnae 6-8 pairs or more; pods flat, thin A. glomerosa.
Acacia Collinsii Safford. Belize River and probably elsewhere;
Guatemala and southern Mexico. A shrub or small tree; spines
pale or brownish, somewhat united at the base; pinnae and leaflets
numerous; fruit terete, 5 cm. long, opening by 2 valves.
Acacia Cookii Safford. Cockspur, Ant Thorn. Huascanal. A.
bucerophora Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 502. 1913. Type of
A. bucerophora from British Honduras, Peck 632. Occasional in
thickets; Guatemala. Ashrub or small tree; pinnae numerous, the

numerous leaflets small,linear; flowers yellow, in dense spheric
heads. This is one of the Bullhorn Acacias, a small group confined
to Mexico and Central America. The large, inflated spines, in pairs
and suggesting the horns of an ox, are hollow, and each is inhabited
by a separate colony of ants, which enter through a small hole cut
for the purpose in the spine. The ants live in part upon nectar
bodies borne on the young leaves of the plant. The insects are ex-
ceedingly active and sally forth from the spines whenever the plant
is molested. They are able to most painful bites. Wood
inflict
hard, heavy, tough, straight-grained, rather coarse-textured; has

about the consistency of Hickory (Gary a).
Acacia costaricensis Schenck. Cockspur. Apparently frequent;
southern Mexico to Panama. A shrub or small tree; spines brown
or black, often much swollen; pinnae 4-8 pairs, the numerous nar-
row leaflets 8-10 mm. long; fruit somewhat compressed, 4-6 cm.
long, beaked, opening by 2 valves.
Acacia dolichostachya Blake. Wild Tamarind, Black Tamarind.
Hillbank and elsewhere; Yucatan. A small, unarmed tree; pinnae
numerous, the leaflets very numerous, linear-oblong, 3.5 mm. long;
flowers pale yellow, the dense spikes 3-7 cm. long; pods flat, thin.
Acacia Farnesiana (L.) Willd. Kuntich (Maya). Aromo (Yu-
catan). Occasional in thickets or open places; widely distributed
shrub or small tree, armed with short or
long, stout, pale spines; flowers bright yellow, fragrant, in spheric
heads; pods glabrous, 5-7.5 cm. long. This shrub is cultivated in
southern Europe for its flowers ("cassie flowers" of commerce),
from which perfume is prepared. In some regions ink is made from
the pods for local use. Wood reddish brown, very hard and heavy,
rather fine-textured, probably durable.
Acacia glomerosa Benth. White Tamarind, Bastard Prickly
Yellow, Prickly Yellow, Jim Crow, Wild Tamarind. Frequent in
thickets and open forest; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub or tree, as much as 12 meters high, with a trunk 25 cm. in
diameter, usually armed with scattered short prickles; leaves large,
with very numerous oblong leaflets; flowers white, fragrant, in dense
heads; pods about 15 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Wood nearly white,
moderately hard and heavy, suitable for veneers and interior con-
struction; not resistant to decay or insects.
Acacia Hindsii Benth. Rio Grande, river bank, Schipp 1142;
Honduras to Mexico. A tree 10 meters high or less, the trunk as
much as 10 cm. in diameter; spines blackish or dark brown, usually

very large and strongly compressed; pods 4-6 cm. long, beaked.
The specimens made by Schipp are noteworthy because of the fact
that they bear no spines and thus are very different in general
appearance from the usual, very spiny form.
ALBIZZIA Durazz.
Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves bipinnate; flowers in solitary
or panicled heads or umbels; stamens numerous, united below; pods
broadly linear, flat, thin.
Leaflets large, 2-6 cm. long.

Flowers pediceled, in umbels A. Lebbeck.
Flowers sessile, in heads A. adinocephala.
Leaflets small, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long.
Leaflets glabrate A. idiopoda.
Leaflets densely and minutely velvety-pubescent A. tomentosa.
Albizzia adinocephala (Donn. Smith) Britt. & Rose. Oc-
casional in forest; Central America. A large tree, almost glabrous;
pinnae 1-3 pairs, the leaflets 2-5 pairs, lanceolate to ovate, pale be-
neath; flowers yellowish white, in large spherical heads; pods 10-17
cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, glabrous. Wood brownish, moderately
hard, strong, coarse-textured; not utilized.
Albizzia idiopoda (Blake) Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 44.
1928. Pithecolobium idiopodum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 70.
1917. Salem. Type from pine ridges, Manatee Lagoon, Peck 437;
Stann Creek Valley; Corozal District; Honey Camp. A tree 20
meters high, the trunk 20-45 cm. in diameter; pinnae 3-4 pairs, the
numerous leaflets oblong, obtuse; flowers pedicellate, in spherical
umbels. The bark is employed for tanning.
Albizzia Lebbeck (L.) Benth. Corozal District, probably cul-
tivated, or perhaps escaped from cultivation; native of the Old
World. A medium-sized tree; pinnae 2-4 pairs, the leaflets 4-9
pairs, oblong or obovate, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so; pods 15-30
cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, glabrous. (For description of the wood see
Trop. Woods 18: 23-25.)
Albizzia tomentosa (Micheli) Standl. Prickly Yellow, Small-
leaved Prickly Yellow, Wild Tamarind. A. Hummeliana Britt. &
Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 46. 1928. Hillbank; type of A. Hummeliana
collected at Hillbank by Record, No. 27; Mexico. A small tree;
pinnae 3-4 pairs, the numerous leaflets broadly oblong, obtuse;
flowers sessile, in globose heads; pods 8-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide,
puberulent. Heartwood brownish, sapwood thick, yellowish, tough
and strong, ofabout the consistency of Hickory (Carya)', not re-
sistant to decay or insects.
GALLIANDRA Benth.
Unarmed shrubs; leaves bipinnate, with small or large leaflets;
flowers small or rather large, in dense heads, purple, red, or white,
the numerous stamens long-exserted; fruit flat, straight, the valves
recurved after the pod opens.
Pinnae 7-15 pairs; flower heads in terminal racemes or panicles.
Flowers glabrous C. confusa.
Flowers strigose C. Houstoniana.
Pinnae 1-7 pairs; heads not in racemes or panicles.
Leaflets only one pair to each pinna, coriaceous, large, rounded
at the apex C. yucatanensis.
Leaflets 3 or more pairs.
Leaflets 3-5 pairs.
Leaflets 3 pairs, membranaceous, broadly rounded at the
apex C. Cookii.
Leaflets 5 pairs, thick, long-acuminate C. rhodocephala.
Leaflets many pairs, small and narrow.
Branches sharply 4-angled C. tetragona.
Branches not angled.
Leaflets coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so; heads very large,
sessile C. belizensis.
Leaflets membranaceous, pilose; heads small, long-
stalked C. portoricensis.
Calliandra belizensis (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Field Mus.
Bot. 4: 309. 1929. Anneslia belizensis Britt. & Rose in Standl.
Trop. Woods 11: 19. 1927. Capulin de Corona. Type from Hill-
bank, Winzerling VII.4; Honey Camp, Landell 148. Reported,
probably in error, as a tree 10 meters high; pinnae 2 pairs, the leaflets
linear-oblong, 8-12 mm. long, acute; stamens as much as 7 cm. long.
Calliandra confusa Sprague & Riley. Ichumpich (Maya).
Cabello de Angel (Honduras). Probably in pine ridges (exact local-
ity not reported); southern Mexico to Costa Rica. A low, stout
shrub, almost glabrous; leaflets very numerous, linear, 6-8 mm.
long, acute; corolla 4 mm. long, the stamens 4 cm. long.
Calliandra Cookii (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Collected by Win-

zerling,without locality; Peten. A slender, glabrous shrub; pinnae
1-2 pairs; leaflets broadly obovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, pale beneath,
flowers white.
Calliandra Houstoniana (Mill.) Standl. Frequent in open

pine woods; southern Mexico to Honduras. A stiff shrub 1.5 meters
high, simple or branched; leaflets linear, 4-7 mm. long, often slightly
curved; flowers purple-red, the corolla 8-10 mm. long; pods 8-12
cm. long, densely brown-hairy. A showy and handsome plant be-
cause of the long, brightly colored stamens.
Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. Riverain Shrub.
In thickets; Mexico and Central America; West Indies. A slender
shrub; leaflets linear-oblong, 8-16 mm. long, obtuse; flowers white;
pods 4-10 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so.
Calliandra rhodocephala Bonn. Smith. Big Creek, stream
banks, Schipp S175; Guatemala. A shrub 2 meters high; pinnae
1 pair, the leaflets oblong to lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long; heads short-
stalked, the long stamens bright red.
Calliandra tetragona (Willd.) Benth. Camp Six, Record 50
(Yale 8818); widely distributed in tropical America. A large shrub;
leaflets 6-12 mm. long, ciliate; flower heads white, with very long
stamens; pods glabrous, 10-12 cm. long.

Calliandra yucatanensis (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Old Man's
Beard. Without locality, Castillo; Yucatan. A low, stiff
shrub;
pinnae 1 pair, the leaflets oblong-obovate, glabrous; flowers purple,
in small heads.
DESMANTHUS Willd.
Desman thus virgatus (L.) Willd. Plants essentially her-
baceous, sometimes becoming more or less shrubby in age.
ENTADA Adans.
Large, woody vines; leaves twice pinnate, with numerous large
leaflets; flowers small, greenish, in dense spikes; stamens 5-10; pods
at maturity breaking up into 1-seeded joints. Stems of normal
structure; vessels very large and numerous.
Pods more than 10 cm. wide, constricted between the seeds; seeds
5-6 cm. broad E. gigas.
Pods usually less than 8 cm. wide, not constricted between the seeds;
seeds 2 cm. broad E. polystachia.
En tad a gigas (L.) Fawc. & Rendle. Occasional in forest;

tropics of both hemispheres. A large vine, climbing to the tops of
the stems compressed and twisted; pinnae 1-2 pairs, the
tall trees,
leaflets pairs, oblong, 2-8 cm. long, the leaf ending in a tendril;
4-5
pods usually 1-2 meters long, containing 10-12 seeds, these dark
brown or blackish, compressed, smooth. Easily recognized by the
immense pods. The seeds are one of the "sea beans" found com-
monly on tropical coasts.
Entada polystachia (L.) DC. Stann Creek, edge of mangrove
swamp, Schipp; widely distributed in tropical America. vine as A
much as 12 meters long, the stems 7 cm. in diameter; pinnae 2-6
pairs, the leaflets 6-8 pairs, oblong to obovate, 2-4 cm. long.
ENTEROLOBIUM Mart. Ear-tree
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Tubroos. Gua-

nacaste. Pick (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in open forest; Mexico
to Venezuela. A giant tree with thick trunk and broad, spreading
crown; leaves with very numerous, linear leaflets 10-12 mm. long,
pale beneath, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, white, in dense,
globose heads; pods broad and flat, brown, coiled into an almost
complete circle in such a manner as to suggest a human ear. The
fallen pods, flowers, and leaves are much eaten by cattle. The tree
is an easy one to recognize because of its distinctive fruits. It is
one of the three or four largest trees inhabiting the forests of Central
America. Wood brown of various shades; moderately light and soft,
easy to work, takes a smooth finish and is durable; is suitable for
furniture and interior trim; timber from Mexico is known in the
markets of the United States. (See T. of T. A., pp. 204-207; Trop.
Woods 18: 25-26.)
INGA Scop.
Mostly medium-sized, unarmed trees; leaves pinnate, with few

large leaflets; flowers large, white or greenish, in spikes, racemes,
heads, or umbels; stamens numerous, very long and hair-like; fruit a
large pod, variable as to form, containing few large seeds, these
usually surrounded by a whitish edible pulp. The copious pulp
about the seeds in some of the species is edible, having a pleasant
sweet flavor. The trees are abundant in most parts of Central
America, particularly in the lowlands. They are much planted in
the uplands for coffee shade, being considered the best of all trees
for this purpose. The trees are not large enough for lumber and the
wood is not sufficiently durable to be used for railway crossties,

fence posts, etc., without preservative material.
Rachis of the leaves broadly winged between the leaflets.

Pods much broader than thick, with very acute or almost wing-
like angles; leaflets 3-4 pairs 7. Rodrigueziana.
Pods about as thick as broad, with obtuse angles, leaflets 4-6

pairs 7. edulis.
Rachis of the leaf not winged, or with very narrow and inconspic-
uous wings.
Flowers in umbels 7. Schippii.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.

Leaflets 5-6 pairs 7. Recordii.
Leaflets 2-4 pairs.

Leaflets copiously hairy on the upper surface ... 7. pinetorum.
Leaflets glabrous on the upper surface or practically so.
Calyx 1-1.5 mm. long.
Corolla 5 mm. long; leaflets 6-8 cm. long . . .7. belizensis.
Corolla 9-10 mm. long; leaflets 12-15 cm. long.

7. Stevensonii.
Calyx 3-4 mm. long.

Leaflets 2 pairs 7. punctata.
Leaflets 3 pairs 7. leptoloba.
Inga belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 307. 1929. Type

from Mullins River Road, Schipp 24. A tree 12 meters high, the
trunk 15 cm. in diameter; rachis very narrowly winged; leaflets
3 pairs, lance-oblong to obovate-oblong, glabrous or sparsely and
minutely puberulent; flowers in short head-like spikes.
Inga edulis Mart. Bribri. Guamo. Frequent in forest; southern
Mexico to Brazil. A tree 9-12 meters high, the trunk 15-30 cm. in
diameter; leaflets oblong to elliptic, acuminate, finely pubescent
beneath; flowers pubescent, white, in short spikes; calyx 5-8 mm.
long; pods 20-30 cm. long or larger, densely pubescent, often twisted.
Inga leptoloba Schlecht. Frequent in forest, especially along
streams; southern Mexico to Panama. A tree 7 meters high, with
trunk diameter of 10 cm. or more; leaflets oblong or lanceolate,
leathery; spikes short and head-like; corolla sericeous; pods flat,
15 cm. long or less, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, puberulent.
Inga pinetorum Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 185. 1916.
Type from pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 343; All Pines,
edge of swamp, Schipp 767. A shrub 3 meters high; leaflets 2 pairs,

acute to rounded at the apex; flowers in spikes, the calyx 7 mm.
long, densely hairy; pods compressed, densely hairy, 4.5 cm. long,
2.5 cm. wide.
Inga punctata Willd. Frequent in

Cuajiniquil (Honduras).
South America. A tree as
forest or thickets; ranging to northern
much as 12 meters high, with trunk diameter of 15 cm.; leaflets
lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate, glabrate; flowers white, in short,
dense spikes; pods compressed, 10-12 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide. Wood
yellowish, rather light and soft, of medium texture, easy to work,
finishes smoothly, is not durable.
Inga Recordii Britt. & Rose in Standl. Trop. Woods 7: 5. 1926.
Macho, Tamatama. Type from Stann Creek District,

Bribri, Bribri
Record; Middlesex; Big Creek; Guatemala. A tree 8-12 meters
high with trunk diameter of 12-15 cm.; leaflets lance-oblong, long-
acuminate, leathery, appressed-pilose beneath; flowers in spikes,
white, the calyx 4-5 mm. long; corolla sericeous; pods compressed,
2 cm. wide, densely puberulent. Wood brownish gray or with pinkish
hue; hard, heavy, straight-grained, rather fine-textured, not durable.
Inga Rodrigueziana Bribri, Tamatama.
Pittier. Guamo.
Common in forest, especiallyon stream banks; Guatemala. A tree
12 meters high, the trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaflets large, 3-4
pairs; hairy; flowers white, in dense spikes; calyx 13-15 mm. long;
corolla hairy, 3 cm. long; pods large, glabrous or nearly so. Wood
pale brown or pinkish, moderately hard, somewhat cross-grained,
rather coarse-textured, not durable.
Inga Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 132. 1932. Type
from Banana Bank, base of Cockscomb Mountains, in forest, Schipp
538; also Camp 31, Guatemalan boundary. A tree 12 meters high,
the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaflets 3 pairs, narrowly oblong,
acute or acuminate, large, glabrate; flowers white, fragrant, slender-
pediceled, the slender calyx almost 1 cm. long.
Inga Stevensonii Standl. Trop. Woods 23: 7. 1930. Turtle
Bone. Type from Freshwater Creek, D. Stevenson. Leaflets lance-
oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous, acute at the base; flowers in
short spikes; corolla sparsely and minutely puberulent. (For de-
scription of the wood see Trop. Woods, loc. cit.)
LEUCAENA Benth.
Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. Wild Tamarind. Guaje (Yuca-
tan). Uaxim (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets; widely
distributed in tropical America. A

shrub or small tree, unarmed;
leaves bipinnate, the very numerous leaflets narrowly oblong, acute,
7-15 mm. long, almost glabrous; flowers white, in dense, globose,
stalked heads in the leaf axils; pods flat, thin, 10-16 cm. long, 1.5
cm. wide.
LYSILOMA Benth.
Lysiloma bahamense Benth.

Salom. Tzalam (Yucatan,
Maya). Occasional in thickets; Yucatan, West Indies, southern
Florida. A medium-sized or small tree with gray bark; leaves bi-
pinnate, the pinnae 2-5 pairs, the very numerous leaflets oblong,
obtuse, 8-15 mm. long; flowers in globose racemose heads, white;
pods linear-oblong, 8-15 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, the margin at
maturity separating from the thin valves.
MIMOSA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes woody vines, usually

armed with prickles; leaves twice pinnate, the leaflets small or
large, few or numerous; flowers small but often showy, in heads or
spikes; stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes;
pods commonly flat, breaking up at maturity into few or many joints.
Leaflets only two pairs, large M. albida.
Leaflets more than two pairs, usually numerous, small.

Leaflets mostly 7-12 mm. wide or larger, rhombic, as broad as
long; a woody vine M. Recordii.
Leaflets 5 mm. wide or smaller, oblong or linear.
Pubescence mostly of gland-tipped hairs M . somnians.

Pubescence of glandless hairs, or absent.
Pinnae 1 or 2 pairs; plants herbaceous.
Petioles prickly; peduncles glabrous M. pinetorum.
Petioles unarmed; peduncles hairy M. pudica.
Pinnae more than 2 pairs.
Leaves unarmed; margins of the pods thin, irregularly
toothed and fringed hemiendyta.M .
Leaves prickly; pods with entire margins.

Pods hispid; flowers pink M. pigra.
Pods glabrous; flowers white.
Leaflets 5-7 pairs M. hondurana.
Leaflets 14-18 pairs M. scalpens.
Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. Frequent in pine woods and

open places; widely distributed in tropical America. shrub 1-2 A
meters high, armed with recurved prickles; pinnae 1 pair, the leaf-
lets 3-8 cm. long, obtuse, densely pubescent; flowers pink, in glo-
bose heads; pods 2-3 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, hispid.
Mimosa hemiendyta Rose & Robinson. Logwood Brush,
Bastard Logwood, Catseem Logwood. Citsim (Maya). Common in
Orange Walk District; Campeche and Yucatan. A tree, reported as
reaching a height of 22 meters, with trunk diameter of 60 cm.,
armed with rather few prickles; leaflets numerous, 4-5 mm. long,
glabrate; flowers pink, in panicled heads.
Mimosa hondurana Britt. Eldorado, in forest, Schipp 1097;
Honduras. A large, very prickly vine, as much as 9 meters long,
the stem 2.5 cm. in diameter; leaflets small, rhombic, acute, glabrate;
flowers white, fragrant, the very numerous small heads panicled.
Mimosa pigra L. Sensitive Weed. Carbon (Honduras). Common
in wet thickets and in marshes; widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica. An erect shrub about 2 meters high, armed with stout prickles;
very numerous,
leaflets linear, 5-8 mm. long; flowers pink; pods 3-8
cm. long, 1 cm. wide.
Mimosa pinetorum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 131. 1932.
Type from Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District, Bartlett 11629.
Mimosa pudica L. Dormilona (Yucatan). Xmuts (Yucatan,
Maya). A small annual. The best-known of American "sensitive
plants." The leaflets fold together quickly if the plant is disturbed,
also in cloudy weather and during darkness. Many other plants of
the group Mimoseae have foliage that exhibits similar movements.
MimosaRecordii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 170. 1928.
Haulback. Type from Middlesex, Record; Sittee River, river bank,
Schipp 725. A coarse, woody vine, armed with innumerable small,
recurved prickles; leaflets 4-6 pairs, the leaflets 4-9 pairs, densely
pubescent; flower heads small, white, fragrant, in large panicles.
Mimosa scalpens Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 58.
1935. A
climbing shrub 3-12 meters long, the branches densely
armed with recurved prickles; pinnae 3-10 pairs, the numerous
leaflets oblong, 2.5-5 mm. wide, acuminate, appressed-pilose;
flowers in heads; pods with prickly margins.
Mimosa somnians Humb. & Bonpl. Zarza (Campeche). Fre-

quent in pine woods; widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub 1.5 meters high, or a low herb, densely prickly; flowers pink.
PITHECOLOBIUM Mart.
Tree or shrub, armed or unarmed; leaves twice pinnate, the few
or numerous leaflets large or small; flowers rather small but often
showy, in heads, spikes, or umbels; stamens numerous, united below
into a tube; fruit very variable, the valves often thickened or coiled
or twisted.
Leaflets more than 3, usually 6 to many, pairs.
Flowers pediceled, in umbels or racemes.
Leaflets densely soft-pubescent P. Saman.
Leaflets glabrous or nearly so, sometimes minutely puberulent.
Leaflets about 1 cm. long, narrowly oblong ... P. halogenes.
Leaflets 2-5 cm. long, obovate or broadly oblong.
Corolla densely tomentose or sericeous with white hairs;
glands of the leaves all small P. leucocalyx.
Corolla puberulent; gland between the lowest pair of
pinnae large and cupular P. macradenium.
Flowers sessile, in heads or spikes.
Flowers in spikes.
Pinnae 2-4 pairs.
Leaflets oval or oblong, rounded at the apex . . P. Peckii.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the apex.
P. pistaciifolium.
Pinnae 10-15 pairs P. macrandrium.
Flowers in globose heads.
Leaflets less than 1 cm. long P. albicans.
Leaflets more than 1 cm. long, usually much longer.
Leaflets lance-oblong, acute or acuminate.
P. Donnell-Smithii.
Leaflets oblong to ovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex.
Leaflets glabrous; peduncles not bracted. P. graciliflorum.
Leaflets pubescent, sometimes glabrate in age; peduncles
bearing a single bract P. erythrocarpum.
Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs.
Corolla glabrous or nearly so; plants unarmed.
Valves of the pods more or less coiled after dehiscence; leaflets
rounded or very obtuse at the apex; peduncles much
longer than the flower heads P. keyense.
Valves not coiled after dehiscence; leaflets mostly acute or

acutish; peduncles usually shorter than the heads.
Flowers in globose heads; calyx 1 mm. long. . .P. belizense.
Flowers in short spikes; calyx 2 mm. long. . . .P. Recordii.
Corolla densely pubescent; plants usually armed with spines.
Leaflets glabrous or essentially so.
Pods terete, about 2 cm. thick P. pachypus.
Pods somewhat compressed, about 1 cm. thick.
P. lanceolatum.
Leaflets conspicuously pubescent beneath.
Leaflets velvety-pubescent, rounded at the apex, the veins
not conspicuous beneath P. Brownii.
Leaflets sparsely hirsute beneath, acute or abruptly pointed,
the veins elevated and very conspicuous beneath.
P. Johanseni.
Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth) Benth. Huisache (Cam-
peche). Chucum (Yucatan, Maya). Corozal District; Yucatan and
Campeche. A tree sometimes 20 meters high, the trunk 18 cm.
in diameter, armed with short prickles; leaflets numerous, linear-
oblong, mostly 3-6 mm. long; flower heads panicled; pods flat and
thin, 10 cm. long, finely brown-pubescent. In Yucatan the wood
is said to be used for construction, and the bark for tanning skins.
Pithecolobium arboreum (L.) Urban. Wild Tamarind. Barba

de Jolote (Honduras). Middlesex, Hope; Central America, West
Indies. An unarmed tree 9-18 meters high with broad, open crown;
leaflets very numerous, 8-12 mm. long, glabrous; flowers greenish
white, in long-stalked, globose heads 2.5 cm. broad; pods some-

what fleshy, slender, red, pendent, twisted, the seeds black. Wood
reddish brown, moderately hard, easy to work, finishes smoothly,
has good cabinet qualities, is durable. (See T. of T. A., pp. 209-210.)
Pithecolobium belizense Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 212.
1929. Inga Peckii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 502. 1913;
Zygia Peckii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 39. 1928. Type Peck
673, without locality; collected also by Record. An almost gla-

brous tree; leaves nearly sessile, the pinnae 1 pair, the leaflets 2-3
pairs, oblong, acuminate, 9-18 cm. long; pods 13 cm. long and 2
cm. wide, somewhat curved.
Pithecolobium Brownii Standl. Trop. Woods 18: 30. 1929.
Red Fowl. Type from Hillbank, along lagoons and rivers. C. S.
Brown 28. A
tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 50 cm.,
armed with short spines; pinnae 1 pair, the leaflets 1 pair, broadly
oblong, 5 cm. long; flowers in short, dense spikes. Sapwood yellow,
heartwood brown, very hard, heavy, tough, and strong, of medium
texture, probably durable; not utilized.
Pithecolobium Donnell-Smithii (Britt. & Rose) Standl.,
comb. nov. Cojoba Donnell-Smithii Britt. & Rose. John Crow Bead.
Rio Blanco Branch; Big Creek; Guatemala and southern Mexico.
A shrub or a large tree; pinnae 2-7 pairs, the numerous, narrow
leaflets 1-2 cm. long or even larger, pubescent; flowers white, fragrant.
Wood pale brown, of medium density, coarse-textured, not durable.
Pithecolobium erythrocarpum Standl., nom. nov. Cojoba
Recordii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 31. 1928. Frequent in
forest;type collected near the Botanic Station, lower Belize River,
Record. A shrub or small tree, 1-6 meters high, the trunk some-
times 12 cm. in diameter; pinnae 2-3 pairs, the numerous leaflets
thin; flowers white; pods much elongate and slender, much twisted
after dehiscence, red.
Pithecolobium graciliflorum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:

69. 1917.Cojoba graciliflora Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 31.
1928. Type from Toledo, Peck 921. Pinnae 2-3 pairs, the leaflets
6-12 pairs, thin, 1-4.5 cm. long; calyx 4 mm. long.
Pithecolobium halogenes Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 59. 1935. Type from Punta Gorda, in mangrove swamp, Schipp
1196. A tree 10 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter, unarmed;
pinnae 5 or 6 pairs, the leaflets numerous, glabrous, or, when young,
slightly sericeous; racemes short and head-like, the corolla glabrous
or nearly so; fruit compressed, coiled, the seeds gray and black.
Pithecolobium Johanseni Standl. Cocquericot, Bartlett 12070;
Honduras. A
shrub or small tree; branchlets hirsute; leaflets 4,
broadly obovate, 4-6 cm. long; pods very thick, curved, 6 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. wide.
Pithecolobium keyense Britton. All Pines, edge of mangrove
swamp, Schipp 748; Yucatan, West Indies, southern Florida. A
tree 4.5 meters high, the trunk 7 cm. in diameter; leaflets usually
4, obovate, thick, glabrous, 3-7 cm. long; flowers in globose heads,
salmon-colored, fragrant; pods curved or coiled, 8-10 mm. wide.
Pithecolobium lanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl.) Benth. Red
Fowl. Siemche (Maya). P. Winzerlingii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer.
Fl. 23: 193. 1928 (type from Hillbank, Winzerling 1.2). Frequent
in thickets; Mexico to Venezuela. A spiny shrub or tree, about 7

meters high, with trunk diameter of 10 cm. or more; leaflets 4,
leathery, glabrous, 2-7 cm. long, rounded to acutish at the apex;
flowers white, in short, dense spikes; pods subterete, 8-15 cm. long,
1 cm. wide, the valves much twisted after dehiscence.
Pithecolobium leucocalyx (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Wild

Tamarind. Hillbank, C. S. Brown; Guatemala and Tabasco. An
unarmed tree; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, the leaflets 4-6 pairs, 2-5 cm.
long, rounded at the apex; stamens 3-4 cm. long; pods glabrous.
Pithecolobium macradenium Pittier. Westmoreland, along
creek bank, Schipp 1024; Panama. A tree 15 meters high, the
trunk 45 cm. in diameter, unarmed; pinnae usually 3 pairs, the
leaflets 5-8 pairs, thick, rounded at the apex, 2-5 cm. long; pods
10 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, flat, hard.
Pithecolobium macrandrium Bonn. Smith. Prickle Wood.
Hillbank, Winzerling; Guatemala. A tree armed with stout spines;
leaflets oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 1-2 cm. long, pale
and minutely pubescent beneath; spikes very thick and dense.
Pithecolobium pachypus Pittier. Northern River, Gentle 989;
Veracruz to Salvador. A small tree, armed with stout spines; leaf-
lets 1 pair, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acutish, 3-5 cm. long, con-
spicuously veined; spikes long and very dense; stamens very long,
their tube exserted; pods 6-8 cm. long.
Pithecolobium Peckii Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 71. 1917.
Type material, Peck 738 and 829, without definite locality. A
small gnarled tree, armed with spines; pinnae 2-3 pairs, the leaf-
lets 5-11 pairs, oval or oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded at the
apex; spikes 2-3.5 cm. long; pods coiled, 1.5 cm. wide.
Pithecolobium pistaciifolium Standl. Type from river bank,
Rio Grande, Schipp 1260. A tree 10 meters high, the trunk 20
cm. in diameter; stipules persistent and indurate, spinelike; leaf-
lets 7 or 8 pairs, 1-3 cm. long and 5-8 mm. wide; flowers white,
in short spikes; corolla glabrous.
Pithecolobium Recordii (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Field Mus.

Bot. 4: 212. 1929. Zygia Recordii Britt. & Rose in Standl. Trop.
Woods 7: 6. 1926. Turtle-bone. Type collected along the bank of
New River, near Guinea Grass, Record; Sittee River, Schipp 621,
749; Guatemala. A tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of
12-20 cm., growing on stream banks; leaves almost sessile, the
pinnae 1 pair, the leaflets 1-2 pairs, oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse,
glabrous, 4-9 cm. long; flowers small, white, the peduncles clustered
on old wood; pods 5-16 cm. long, 1 cm. wide.
Pithecolobium Saman (Jacq.) Benth. Cenlcero (Guatemala).
Corozal District and elsewhere; Yucatan and Central America to
Brazil. A tall tree with very thick trunk and spreading, rather
open crown; pinnae 2-6 pairs, rhombic, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse, pubes-
cent beneath; flowers pinkish, in long-stalked umbels; pods fleshy,
almost straight, 10-20 cm. long. The pods contain a sweet pulp,
and they are eaten by cattle. The leaflets are said to fold together
in cloudy weather, hence the name of Rain Tree often given to
this species. Sections of the large trunks often are used in Central
America as cart wheels. Sapwood thin and white, heartwood dark
walnut-brown, often beautifully figured; of medium hardness, usu-
ally cross-grained, fairly strong, takes a beautiful finish and is suit-
able for interior trim and furniture. (See T. of T. A., p. 204.)
II. CAESALPINIEAE
BAUHINIA L.
Shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, frequently armed
with spines, the stems often compressed; leaves simple and palmately
nerved, bilobate, or sometimes composed of 2 leaflets; flowers mostly
large and showy, in racemes; fruit flat, indehiscent or bivalvate.
Leaves composed of 2 leaflets B. sericella.

Leaves simple, deeply or shallowly bilobate.
Leaves almost entire, very shallowly bilobate at the apex.
B. emarginella.
Leaves deeply bilobate.
Lobes of the leaves very obtuse or rounded; pubescence of the
flowers brown B. glabra.
Lobes of the leaves acute or acutish; pubescence of the flowers
whitish or grayish B. divaricata.
Bauhinia divaricata L. Cowfoot. Pata de vaca. Tsulubtok
(Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets; Mexico, Central America,
West Indies. A slender shrub 1-3 meters high; leaves glabrous,
bilobed to the middle, pale beneath, the lobes acutish; flowers white,
in lax racemes, with long, narrow petals; pods flat, linear, opening
elastically.
Bauhinia emarginella Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.

461: 60. 1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp
S630. A
tree of 9 meters, the trunk 9 cm. in diameter, unarmed;
leaves 9-14 cm. long, slightly hairy beneath; petals 2 cm. long.
Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Pata de vaca (Yucatan). Cibix quibix
(Yucatan, Maya). An unarmed,
scandent shrub; leaves more or
less brown-sericeous beneath; flowers in long racemes; pods 2-3-
seeded, densely pubescent.

Bauhinia sericella Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
60. 1935. Type from Jacinto Creek, Schipp 1197. A woody vine
as muchas 15 meters long, unarmed, provided with coiled tendrils;
leafletssemiovate, acute, 5 cm. long, minutely sericeous beneath;
flowers cream-colored, the petals 12 mm. long; pods densely
brown-sericeous.
CAESALPINIA L.
Trees or shrubs, usually unarmed, rarely prickly; leaves bi-

pinnate; flowers racemose, usually large and showy; fruit variable,
dehiscent or indehiscent. The woods are usually hard, heavy, and
highly colored; some species are the source of important timbers
ofcommerce, but those in British Honduras are too small or infre-
quent to be utilized.
Pods short and broad, almost as broad as long, covered with long
stiff prickles.
Stipules leaf-like; bracts of the raceme reflexed; seeds gray.

C. crista.
Stipules subulate; bracts suberect; seeds yellow C. Bonduc.
Pods linear, unarmed.
Lower lobe of the calyx deeply laciniate. C. violacea.
Lower lobe of the calyx not laciniate.
Leaflets densely soft-pubescent C. Recordii.
Leaflets glabrous or nearly so.
Pedicelsmuch longer than the flowers; leaflets oblong or oval,
twice as long as broad C. pulcherrima.
Pedicels shorter than the flowers or about equaling them;
leaflets less than twice as long as broad C. Gaumeri.
Caesalpinia Bonduc (L.) Roxb. El Cayo,Bartlett; West Indies;

Asia. A low shrub, or a vine, armed with stout, recurved prickles;
leaflets 4-8 cm. long, oblong to elliptic; flowers yellow, in long,
stout racemes; pods 6-12 cm. long.
Caesalpinia crista L. Sittee River, Schipp; widely distributed

in the tropics of both hemispheres, usually on seashores. A low,
dense shrub or a long, coarse vine, armed with stout, recurved

prickles; leaflets oblong to elliptic, 3-7 cm. long; pods 5-10 cm.
long. The English name is Nickernut.
Caesalpinia Gaumeri Greenm. Peccary Wood, Warree Wood,

Bastard Logwood. Citinche (Yucatan, Maya) Freshwater Creek and
.
elsewhere, common in low lands; Guatemala, Yucatan. tree as A

much as 18 meters high, with trunk diameter of 75 cm., unarmed;
leaflets numerous, rhombic, 2-3 cm. long; flowers large, yellow, in
long or short racemes; pods flat, elastically dehiscent.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz. Flambeau Flower.
Kansik (Maya). Guacamaya (Honduras). Zinkin (Yucatan, Maya).
Cultivated for ornament and perhaps escaping; widely distributed
in tropical America. A glabrous shrub or small tree, often armed with
long, slender bristles; leaflets numerous, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse,
oblong; flowers very large, red or yellow; pods large, flat, elastically
dehiscent.
Caesalpinia Recordii Britt.& Rose, Trop. Woods 7: 6. 1926.

Poincianella Recordii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 329. 1930.
Warree Wood, Peccary Wood, Bastard Billy Webb. Caramayo.
Apparently frequent; type collected in British Honduras by Record.
An unarmed shrub or small tree; leaflets few, oblong, obtuse, 3-5
cm. long; flowers large, yellow, in long racemes; pods linear-oblong,
densely pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. wide.
Caesalpinia violacea (Mill. )Standl. Brasiletto. Robinia violacea
Mill.; C. cubensis Greenm. Occasional; Yucatan, Cuba, Jamaica.
A medium-sized tree; leaflets numerous, elliptic to oblong, glabrate;
flowers yellow, in long racemes; pods flat and thin, oblong, 2.5-3
cm. wide.
CASSIA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, unarmed; leaves pinnate, the leaflets

large or small; flowers chiefly yellow and large and showy, racemose,
panicled, or solitary; fruit various in form, dehiscent or indehiscent.
Pods flat and thin, linear, elastically dehiscent; herbs.
Leaflets 1-3 pairs.
Leaflets one pair.
Stems glabrous; sepals many-nerved C. diphylla.
Stems pilose; sepals not many-nerved C. rotundifolia.
Leaflets 2-3 pairs.
Flowers in terminal racemes; plants viscid-hairy. .C. Killipii.
Flowers axillary; plants without viscid hairs.

Pods 1-4-seeded; sepals not many-nerved; plants prostrate.
C. Tagera.
Pods many-seeded; sepals many-nerved; plants erect.
C. Bartlettii.
Leaflets many pairs.
Leaflets mostly 20-40 pairs, coriaceous; branches zigzag.
C. flexuosa.
Leaflets usually less than 20 pairs, thin; branches not zigzag.
C. stenocarpa.
Pods various, but never elastically dehiscent; herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaflets 2 pairs, acute or acuminate. Fruit terete.
Leaflets copiously hairy beneath C. oxyphylla.
Leaflets glabrous beneath or nearly so.
Bracts of the inflorescence large, green, persisting; leaflets
lustrous above, green beneath; flowers greenish yellow.
C. undulata.
Bracts small, inconspicuous, early deciduous; leaflets dull,
pale beneath; flowers pale buff C. bacillaris.
Leaflets more than 2 pairs or, if rarely only 2 pairs, then rounded
at the apex.
Petiole with a large gland at its base. Herb; leaflets long-
acuminate C. occidentalis.
Petiole without a gland at its base.
Pods very 15-90 cm. long, indehiscent or only
large, terete,
tardily opening. Large trees.
Flowers pink; leaflets oblong, rounded at the apex.
C. grandis.
Flowers yellow; leaflets sometimes acute, or broader than
oblong.
Leaflets 3-8 pairs, glabrous; pods often 60 cm. long.
C. Fistula.
Leaflets mostly 8-15 pairs, pubescent beneath; pods
15-30 cm. long C. spectabilis.
Pods much smaller, often flat, usually dehiscent.
Leaves without glands.
Plants armed with recurved prickles C. petensis.
Plants unarmed.
Leaflets densely velvety-pubescent C. emarginata.

Fruit not winged
flat, C. reticulata.
Fruit with broad longitudinal wings C. alata.
Leaves with glands between the leaflets.
Pods 4 cm. long or less, deeply constricted between the
seeds C. uniflora.
Pods much longer, not constricted between the seeds.
Fruit terete, usually 12-15 mm. in diameter.
C. bicapsularis.
Fruit compressed, less than 6 mm. wide.
Pods 4 mm. wide C. leiophylla.
Pods 2.5 mm. wide C. Tora.
Cassia alata L. Flor del Secreto (Yucatan). El Cayo and
elsewhere; widely distributed in tropical America. Ashrub 2-4
meters high; leaflets numerous, oval to oblong, 6-17 cm. long, rounded
at the apex; flowers large, pale yellow, in racemes; pods 15 cm. long.
An ointment prepared from the plant is used in various regions as
a remedy for ringworm.
Cassia bacillaris L. Stann Creek Valley; widely distributed
in tropical America. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 7.5 meters
high; leaflets large, ovate to elliptic; flowers large and showy. Wood
yellow, rather light and soft, fine-textured, easy to work, finishes
very smoothly; no known uses.
Cassia Bartlettii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 132. 1932.
Type from Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District, Bartlett 11649;
All Pines; Cornhouse Creek; Baldy Sibun. A stiff, erect shrub or
herb as much as 1.5 meters high; leaflets small, obovate-oblong,
finely nerved; flowers large, bright yellow.
Cassia bicapsularis L. Wild Currant, Wood Creeper. Alcaparrillo
(Yucatan). In thickets; widely distributed in tropical America.
A slender shrub; leaflets oval, rounded at the apex, 1-3.5 cm. long,
glabrous or pubescent; flowers large, yellow, in few-flowered racemes.
Cassia diphylla L. Honey Camp region and elsewhere.
Cassia emarginata L. Barba de Jolote. Xtuab (Yucatan,
Maya). Corozal District; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub or small tree; leaflets few, oblong to rounded-oval, rounded
at the apex; flowers yellow or orange, in racemes; pods flat, thick,
1-1.5 cm. wide, indehiscent. Wood bright greenish yellow, hard
and heavy, fine-textured, takes a beautiful polish, appears durable;

not utilized.
Cassia Fistula L. Canafistula. Planted and perhaps also
naturalized; native of tropical Asia. A
medium-sized tree; leaflets
acutish, 7-20 cm. long; flowers large, yellow, in lax, drooping racemes
30-50 cm. long.
Cassia flexuosa L. El Cayo District and elsewhere.
Cassia grandis L. Stinking Toe, Bookoot, Bookut, Beef-feed.
Carao (Honduras). A large tree with spreading crown, often 12
meters high or more; leaflets numerous, oblong, 3-5 cm. long, densely
hairy beneath; flowers large, in long racemes; pods 45-60 cm. long
and 3.5 cm. thick, filled with dark pulp and large seeds. The pulp
has laxative properties and is much used in domestic medicine.
The tree is a remarkably beautiful one in flower, the color and
appearance of the blossoms reminding one of apple trees. Wood
brownish yellow, rather hard and heavy, coarse-textured, not
durable; not utilized.
Cassia Killipii Rose. All Pines; El Cayo District.
Cassia leiophylla Vog. Mullins River Road. A coarse, erect

herb, sometimes more or less shrubby.
Cassia occidentalis L. Frijolillo (Honduras).
Cassia oxyphylla Kunth. Occasional in thickets; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. A
large shrub or small tree; leaflets
large, oblong to elliptic, thick, long-acuminate; flowers large and
showy.
Cassia petensis (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Pseudocassia petensis
Britt. & Rose. ElCayo District; Petn. Branches armed with
pairs of stout, curved prickles; leaflets mostly 3 or 4 pairs, oblong-
elliptic, obtuse, densely pubescent beneath; flowers yellow, in short,
dense racemes; pods long and narrow, compressed, as much as 30
cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide.
Cassia reticulata
Willd. Baraja (Honduras). Yaaxhabin
(Yucatan, Maya). Corozal District; widely distributed in tropical
America. A coarse shrub or small tree, 3-6 meters high; leaflets
numerous, oblong, 8-10 cm. long or larger; flowers large, in dense
racemes, the sepals and bracts orange, the petals bright yellow;
pods 1.5-2 cm. wide. A showy plant when in flower. The leaflets
fold together in the evening, remaining folded until sunrise or later.
Cassia rotundifolia Pers. Collected by Peck.

Cassia spectabilis DC. Frequent; widely distributed in

tropical America. A tree asmuch as 7 meters high with spreading
crown; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, 3-6 cm. long; flowers
large, yellow, panicled. Wood yellow, light, rather soft, medium-
textured; not utilized.
Cassia stenocarpa Vog.
Cassia Tagera L. Occasional in pine forest.
Cassia Tora L.
Cassia undulata Benth. Frequent in thickets; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. A shrub or small tree, often somewhat
scandent, 6 meters high or less; leaflets oblique, lance-oblong or ovate-
oblong, 4.5-9 cm. long.
Cassia uniflora Mill.
CYNOMETRA L.
Cynometra retusa Britt. & Rose. Fruta de Danto (Honduras).
Occasional in forest; ranging to Honduras. A
tree 6-12 meters
high; leaves on very short stalks, the 2 leaflets oblong, very oblique,
obtuse to acuminate, 7-10 cm. long, glabrous; flowers small, clustered
in the leaf axils oron naked branches; young pods hairy. Heart-
wood pale brown, merging into the lighter-colored sapwood; hard,
strong, tough, fairly straight-grained, fine- textured, not durable;
no known use.
DELONIX Raf. Poinciana, Flame Tree

Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. Flamboy&n (Yucatan). Planted for
ornament; native of Madagascar. A low tree with few spreading
branches and very large, deciduous, bipinnate leaves; very showy
when covered with its large flame-colored blossoms.
DIALIUM L.
Dialium guianense (Aubl.) Steud. D. divaricatum Vahl. Iron-

wood, Wild Tamarind. Paleta. Uhee-tee (corruption of some Maya
name) Frequent
. in forest Guatemala
;
to Brazil A large or medium-
.
sized tree with smooth bark, and frequently with large, thin
buttresses; leaves pinnate, the 5-7 leaflets thin, ovate, 6-9 cm. long,
with long, tapering tips, glabrous or almost so; flowers small, yellow,
in large panicles; stamens only 2; fruit globose or ovoid, smooth,
not opening, 1-seeded, 2 cm. long. The fruits are a favorite food of
many wild animals. Wood dark reddish or blackish brown, very
hard, heavy, tough and strong, and highly resistant to decay and
insects; esteemed locally for heavy and durable construction, repairs
to logging-cart wheels, etc. (For description of wood see T. of T. A.,
pp. 239-240.)
HAEMATOXYLUM L.
Haematoxylum campechianum L. Logwood. Tinta. Ek

(Maya). Abundant in low forest and thickets in the northern
plains; Campeche to Honduras; West Indies. A small tree with
compressed and fluted trunk, the bark smooth, light gray, armed
with stout spines; leaves glabrous, pinnate, the few leaflets broadly
wedge-shaped, 1-3 cm. long, with numerous parallel nerves; flowers
yellow, 5-6 mm. long, in racemes; pods flat, thin, 2-5 cm. long,
8-12 mm. wide. The wood, the well-known source of Logwood dye,
is still an article of export, though no longer of its former importance.
(See p. 28. For description of the wood see T. of T. A., pp. 244-246.)
HYMENAEA L.
Hymenaea Courbaril L. Locust. Guapinol. Occasional in
forest; widely distributed in tropical America. A
small or medium-
sized tree with smooth bark; leaflets 2, oblong to oblong-ovate,
4-9 cm. long, acute or acuminate, asymmetric, glabrous; flowers
whitish, large, in small or large, terminal panicles; pod woody and
hard, not opening, oblong, dark brown, compressed, 5-10 cm. long,
few-seeded. A pale yellow or reddish gum, known in trade as
South American copal, exudes from the trunk and sometimes
becomes buried in the soil, to be dug up later as "fossil" gum. It
is employed in the manufacture of varnish, as well as for incense.
The sweet, mealy pulp surrounding the large seeds is edible. Wood
variable in color from orange-brown to reddish or purplish; hard,
heavy, tough, and strong, rather coarse-textured, not very difficult
to work; used locally for heavy and durable construction and wheel-
wright work. (For description of the wood see T. of T. A., pp.
232-233.)
SCHIZOLOBIUM Vog.
Schizolobium parahybum (Veil.) Blake. Quam. Zorra.
Tambor (Honduras). Common in wet forest from Hillbank south;
ranging to Brazil. A tall tree, 15 meters high or more, with a tall,
clean trunk 25 cm. or more in diameter, small crown, and often large
buttresses; leaves large, frequently a meter long, the very numerous
leaflets oblong, 2 cm. long, rounded at the tip; flowers large, bright
yellow, showy, in long panicled racemes; pods flat and thin, broadly
spatulate. The petioles of the leaves are exceedingly viscid. Young
trees often are unbranched or with only a few stout branches, these
terminated by a cluster of huge leaves that suggest the fronds of a
tree fern. The tree is an exceptionally conspicuous one when in
flower, because of the great abundance of bright-colored blossoms.
It often grows in huamil or cut-over land. Wood nearly white,
with streaks of brown; soft and springy to moderately hard; rather
coarse- textured, has a soft feel, saws woolly, is not durable; not
utilized, but appears suitable for paper pulp. (See Trap. Woods
2: 2-5.)
SWARTZIA Schreb.
Swartzia simplex (Swartz) Spreng. Temash River and else-

where; southern Mexico to Panama and the West Indies. A slender
tree 9 meters high, the trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves pinnate, the
rachis very narrowly winged, the leaflets 5-7, ovate, 4-10 cm. long,
acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; inflorescences few-flowered, the
flowers on long, slender pedicels, the buds globose; petal only one
(the standard), yellow; pods terete, 1-3-seeded, long-beaked. The
woods of the genus Swartzia are highly colored, very hard and heavy,
with alternating bands of wood fibers and parenchyma, and with
distinct ripple marks; suitable for heavy and durable construction.
TAMARINDUS L.
Tamarindus indica L. Tamarind. Tamarindo. Planted and

probably escaping; native of the Old World tropics. A large or
medium-sized tree, unarmed; leaves pinnate, the numerous leaflets
oblong, 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow, striped with red, in racemes;
pods brown, indehiscent. The 4-7 seeds are surrounded by a some-
what acid, juicy pulp that is often employed for preparing cooling
beverages.
ZOLLERNIA Mart.
Zollernia Tango Stand Tango. Toledo District, Balderamos
1 .
(Yale 14501); Honduras. A tall tree; leaves simple, short-petioled,

glabrous, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 10-12 cm. long or shorter,
acuminate, remotely toothed; flowers in terminal racemes; fruit
subglobose, 2 cm. in diameter, 1-seeded. Structure of the wood
similar to that of Swartzia; heartwood chocolate-brown, sap wood
thick, yellowish, exceedingly hard and heavy, rather fine-textured,
finishes very smoothly, and is very strong; suitable for tool handles.
III. PAPILIONATAE
ABRUS L.
Abrus precatorius John Crow Bead. Yocoak (Yucatan,

L.
Maya). Stann Creek; Belize. A small, slender, somewhat woody
vine; leaves even-pinnate; seeds scarlet and black. The handsome
seeds often are employed for making necklaces, bracelets, and other
ornamental articles.
AESCHYNOMENE L.
Aeschynomene americana L. One of the most common weeds
of Central America.
Aeschynomene brasiliana (Poir.) DC. Reported as collected

by Peck, No. 285.
Aeschynomene Deamii Robinson & Bartlett. Northern River,
Gentle 1365. A rare species, occurring also in Guatemala.
Aeschynomene hystrix Poir.

Aeschynomene laevis Mart. & Gal. Rio Privaci6n, El Cayo
District, Bartlett 11784.
Aeschynomene sensitiva Swartz.

Aeschynomene tenerrima Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49:
503. 1913. Type collected in swamp near Icaco Lagoon, Peck 900.
ANDIRA Lam.
Andira inermis HBK. Cabbagebark, Cornwood, Black Blossom
Berry. Almendro, Carbdn, Chaperno. Iximche (Maya). Frequent in
forest; widely distributed in tropical America. A large tree with
dense, dark green crown; leaves pinnate, the leaflets opposite,
7-13, oblong, acuminate, glabrous; flowers purple, 1-1.5 cm. long,
in large, dense panicles; fruit globose, hard, 2-4 cm. in diameter or
larger, containing a single large seed. The bark has a nauseous odor,
and is used sometimes as a vermifuge, purgative, and narcotic, but
in large doses it is reported to be a dangerous poison. Wood reddish
or brown, with fine, light-colored striping; very hard, heavy, strong,
and durable; easily sawn, fairly easy to work; used locally for heavy
construction and wheelwright work. (For description of the wood
see T. of T. A., p. 300.)
ARACHIS L.
Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut. Mani. Cultivated; native of

Brazil.
ATELEIA Moc. & Sess4

Ateleia cu ben sis Griseb. Tuxche (Maya). Honey Camp,
Lundell 580; All Pines, Schipp 705; Cuba and Bahamas. A tree
9 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves pinnate, the
leaflets numerous, elliptic, obtuse, leathery, pubescent; flowers very
small, cream-colored, slightly fragrant, in long axillary racemes;

petal only 1; fruit small, compressed, samara-like, 1-seeded.
BARBIERIA DC.
Barbieria pinnata (Pers.) Baill. Rio Grande, open places in
forest,Schipp 1108; southern Mexico to South America. A slender
shrub, according to Schipp 6 meters high, the branches hirsute;
leaves odd-pinnate, with numerous large oblong leaflets; flowers red,
5.5 cm. long; pods linear, hirsute.
BENTHAMANTHA Alef.
Benthamantha Greenmanii (Millsp.) Britten & Baker f.
Maskall, Gentle 1319; known also from Yucatan and Campeche.
CAJANUSDC. Pigeon Pea

Ca janus bicolor DC. Chicharo (Honduras). Cultivated for
its edible seeds, and also naturalized. A tall, coarse herb, or often
shrubby; native of tropical Asia.
CALOPOGONIUM Desv.
Calopogonium brachycarpum Benth. Carib Reserve, Schipp.
Calopogonium coeruleum Benth. A large or small vine,
often slightly woody.
CANAVALIA HBK.
Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Thou. Frijol del Mar (Honduras).
Common on sea beaches.
Canavalia mexicana Piper. Haba (Yucatan).
Canavalia villosa Benth.
CENTROSEMA DC.
Centrosema angustifolium (HBK.) Benth.
Centrcsema Plumierii Turp. Corozal District, Gentle 1071.
Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl.) Brandeg. Belize
River, Lundell 4365. Easily recognized by the leaves, which consist
of a single sagittate leaflet.
Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth.
CLITORIA L.
Clitoria Ternatea L. Corozal District. Cultivated and escap-
ing; native of the Old World tropics.
Clitoria guianensis (Aubl.) Benth.
CROTALARIA L.
Crotalaria incana L. Sacpet (Yucatan, Maya).

Crotalaria maypurensis HBK.
Crotalaria pumila Ortega. Tronadora (Yucatan).
Crotalaria retusa L. Reported to be used medicinally.
Crotalaria sagittalis L. Honey Camp.
Crotalaria verrucosa L. VirginFlower. Belize District, Gentle 38.
DALBERGIA L. f.
Shrubs or trees; leaves with 1 to numerous leaflets, the leaflets

alternate; flowers small, in axillary racemes or panicles; fruit com-
pressed, either short or elongate, with thin valves. All trees of this
genus that attain sufficient size yield timber of good quality for
cabinet work, furniture, and turnery; the best known are the true
Rosewoods and Cocobolo.
Leaves with only 1 leaflet, appearing simple.
Leaflets glabrous beneath; fruit 1-3-seeded D. Brownei.
Leaflets with fine appressed hairs beneath; pods 1 -seeded.
D. Ecastophyllum.
Leaves with few or numerous leaflets.
Leaflets small, 2.5 cm. long or less, rounded at the apex . . D. glabra.
Leaflets large, usually more than 5 cm. long.
Leaflets glabrous beneath.
Leaflets elliptic, narrowly very long-acuminate . . D. monetaria.
Leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, blunt-tipped . . . D. laevigata.
Leaflets hairy beneath.
Leaflets softly pubescent on both surfaces with more or less
spreading hairs D. cubilquitzensis.
Leaflets glabrous above, closely appressed-hairy beneath.
D. Stevensonii.
Dalbergia Brownei (Jacq.) Urban. Red Fowl. Belize-Sibun
Road, Gentle 57, 18; widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub
or small tree, often with recurved or somewhat clambering branches,
almost glabrous; leaflet ovate or oval, retuse to acutish, 3-7 cm.
long; flowers small, white, densely clustered.

Dalbergia cubilquitzensis (Donn. Smith) Pittier. Rosewood.
Granadillo (Guatemala, Honduras). Occasional in forest; ranging
to Honduras. A tree 9-15 meters high or larger; leaflets about
13, oblong to ovate, thin; flowers creamy white, in dense cymes in
the leaf axils. Wood orange-colored, with purple streaks, darkening
to purplish brown; not scented; rather hard and heavy, very tough,
texture medium-fine, grain more or less interlocked; a high-grade
cabinet wood of little use in British Honduras, but highly appreciated
in the Republic of Honduras where the timber is more plentiful.
Dalbergia Ecastophyllum (L.) Taub. In coastal thickets and

tidal swamps; widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or
small tree, the branches sometimes long and trailing; leaflet oblong-
ovate, 7-13 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, with fine appressed
hairs on the lower surface; flowers white, 8 mm. long, in short, dense
racemes; pods 1-seeded.
Dalbergia glabra (Mill.) Standl. Cibix, Muc (Yucatan, Maya).
Honey Camp, New Town, and elsewhere; southern Mexico. An
erect or climbing shrub; leaflets few, oval or obovate, more or less
appressed-hairy or glabrous; flowers white, fragrant, in short axillary
panicles; fruit small, 1-seeded.
Dalbergia laevigata Standl. Trop. Woods 12: 5. 1927. Type

from lower Belize River, Record; Stann Creek Valley, broken pine
ridge, occasional, Schipp 462. A
tree 15 meters high, the trunk
45 cm. in diameter; leaflets 9-11, lance-oblong, 4-7.5 cm. long;
panicles equaling or longer than the leaves; fruit thin, glabrous,
1-2-seeded, 1.5-2 cm. wide.
Dalbergia monetaria L. f. Occasional in mangrove swamps;
widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or small tree, some-
times scandent, glabrous; leaflets 3-5; flowers small, white, in short,
dense racemes; pods thin, glabrous.
Dalbergia Stevensonii Standl. Trop. Woods 12: 4. 1927.
Rosewood. Type collected along San Antonio Road near Westmore-
land, Punta Gorda, N. S. Stevenson (Yale 10696); other collections
have been made in the same general region. A large or medium-sized
tree, 15-30 meters high; leaflets 5-7, 3.5-5.5 cm. long, obtuse to
rounded at the apex; panicles shorter than the leaves, lax and much
branched; pods 1-seeded, 4-^4.5 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide. A well-
known commercial timber, exported to the United States for making
bars for xylophones and marimbas. (See p. 32; also T. of T. A.,

pp. 285-286.)
DESMODIUM Desv.
Desmodium adscendens (Swartz) DC.
Desmodium axillare (Swartz) DC.
Desmodium barbatum (L.) Benth. & Oerst.
Desmodium frutescens (Jacq.) Schindl. Mozote (Honduras).
Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urban. Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp.
Desmodium purpureum (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle. Kintah
(Yucatan, Maya).
Desmodium Scorpiurus (Swartz) Desv.
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.
DIOCLEA HBK.
Dioclea guianensis Benth. This and the following are large
vines thatmay be either wholly herbaceous or somewhat woody.
Dioclea reflexa Benth. Horse-eye Seed. All Pines; Belize-Sibun
Road.
DIPHYSA Jacq.
Diphysa carthaginensis Jacq. Wild Ruda. Susuk, Tsidsuc
(Maya). Frequent open forest; Mexico to northern
in thickets or
South America. A small or medium-sized tree, the trunk 15-25
cm. in diameter; leaves pinnate, the small leaflets oblong to oval
or obovate, rounded at the apex, pale beneath, glabrous or nearly
so; flowers rather large, bright yellow, in short racemes; pods narrow,
inflated and bladder-like. Wood greenish yellow to olive-brown,
very hard, heavy, strong, of medium-fine texture, and irregular
grain; highly durable; suitable for same purposes as Black Locust
(Robinia Pseudacacia).
DOLICHOS L. Hyacinth Bean

Dolichos Lablab L.
Belize River, Lundell, doubtless in cultiva-
tion. An ornamental plant with white or purple flowers and large,
edible seeds.
DREPANOCARPUS Meyer
Drepanocarpus lunatus (L. f.) Meyer. Jacinto Creek, Schipp
S577; southern Mexico to South America, and in western Africa.
A large, woody vine, as much as 15 meters long, with a stem 6 cm.

in diameter, armed with short spines; leaves odd-pinnate, the
numerous leaflets oblong or obovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, finely nerved,
glabrous; flowers small, panicled, pink or purple; pods small, flat,
curved almost into a circle.
ERIOSEMA Desv.
Eriosema diffusum (HBK.) Don. Frequent in pine lands.
Eriosema pinetorum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 315. 1931.
Type from open forest, All Pines, Schipp 584; El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11605; also in Pete'n.
Eriosema pulchellum (HBK.) Don. All Pines, Schipp.
ERYTHRINA L.
Erythrina rubrinervia HBK. Coama Wood, Tiger Wood. Pito,
Colorin. Chacmokhe, Sumpankle (Maya). Frequent in forest or
thickets; extending to South America. A prickly shrub or tree 3-6
meters high with few thick branches and pale bark; leaflets 3, large,
thin, long-acuminate, pale and silky-hairy beneath; flowers red,
the standard petal long and narrow, scimitar-shaped, the other
petals small; pods long and drooping, several-seeded, deeply con-
stricted between the seeds; seeds large, bean-like, bright scarlet.
The wood is light, soft, very coarse-textured, and perishable, not
utilized.
It may be that E. hondurensis Standl. also occurs in British Hon-

duras, but more flowering specimens are needed to decide the matter.
GALACTIA P. Br.
Galactia belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 133. 1932.

Type from river bluffs, El Cayo, Bartlett 11449.
Galactia nitida Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 62.
1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp S680.
Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban. Honey Camp; Corozal District.
GLIRICIDIA HBK.
Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Steud. Madre de Cacao. Zacyab
(Yucatan, Maya). Commonin thickets and open forest; widely
tree 5-9 meters high; leaves
pinnate, the 7-15 leaflets elliptic to oblong, 4-6 cm. long, acute or
obtuse, usually blotched with purple beneath; flowers in racemes,
pink or white, 2 cm. long; pods linear, flat, 10-15 cm. long, 1.5 cm.
wide, glabrous. The tree is a showy and handsome one when in
flower, strongly suggestive of the Black Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia)
of the United States, to which it is closely related. The name Madre
de Cacao is derived from the fact that in preconquest times, as well
as later, the tree was used commonly to shade cacao plantations,
since cacao trees thrived particularly well when associated with it.
This was because of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that inhabit the
roots of the tree. At the present time the tree is one of those most
often planted for living fence posts. Wood light to dark olive-brown,
becoming russet upon exposure; very hard, heavy, and strong, takes
a high polish, and is highly durable; is suitable for the same purposes
as Black Locust.
INDIGOFERA L.
Indigofera mucronata Spreng. Anilillo (Yucatan).
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Indigo. Anil (Central America

generally).Choh (Yucatan, Maya). A coarse herb, often becoming
somewhat shrubby. Formerly this plant was cultivated extensively
in Central America as a source of indigo.
Indigofera tinctoria L. Belize River, introduced.
LENNEA Klotzsch
Lennea robinioides Klotzsch. Roaring Creek, Lundell 390;
Guatemala, southern Mexico. A slender shrub 2-3 meters high;
leaflets usually 9-11, thin, glabrous, oval or broadly ovate, rounded
and emarginate at the apex; flowers red or purplish, small, in very
lax racemes in the leaf axils; fruit a flat, glabrous, linear pod.
LONCHOCARPUS HBK.
Trees or large shrubs; leaves pinnate, the few or numerous
leaflets opposite; flowers largeand showy, pink or purple, in panicled
racemes; fruit flat, usually thin, oblong or linear, indehiscent. The
woods of Lonchocarpus are rather highly colored, hard, heavy, tough,
and strong; have a laminated structure suggesting Dogwood
(Piscidia); used for heavy and durable construction.
Leaflets broadlyrounded at the apex, the venation beneath conspicu-
ously elevated and reticulate L. rugosus.
Leaflets obtuse to acuminate, not reticulate-veined beneath.
Leaflets small, less than 1.5 cm. wide, with strongly revolute
margins, pale beneath and minutely strigose L. Castilloi.
Leaflets more than cm. wide, not revolute.

1.5
Leaflets glabrous except sometimes beneath along the costa,

green beneath L. hondurensis.
Leaflets sericeous or puberulent beneath, at least when young,
usually paler beneath.
Calyx 6-7 mm. long; leaflets small, 15-18 mm. wide.
L. amarus.
Calyx 3-5 mm. long; leaflets mostly more than 2.5 cm. wide.
Calyx about 3 mm. long L. latifolius.
mm. long
Calyx 4.5-5 L. guatemalensis.
Lonchocarpus amarus Standl. Carnegie Wash. Publ.

Inst.
461: 63. 1935. Bitterwood. Type from Rio Grande, Schipp 1120. A
tree of 24 meters, the trunk 60 cm. in diameter; leaflets 11-13,
oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded or very obtuse at the apex,
glabrous above, sericeous beneath; flowers purple.
Lonchocarpus Castilloi Standl. Trop. Woods 32: 15. 1932.
Cabbage-bark, Black Cabbage-bark. Machich (Maya). Type from
Freshwater Creek Reserve, high swamp forest, fairly common,
Castillo 30; collected at several other stations; Pete*n. A
tree 9-36
meters high, the trunk 15-120 cm. in diameter; leaflets numerous,
small and narrow, obtuse, with inconspicuous venation; pods thin,
1-2-seeded, 2.5-3 cm. wide.
Lonchocarpus guatemalensis Benth. Swamp Dogwood. Cincho.
Apparently frequent in forest; southern Mexico to Costa Rica. A
large tree, often leafless at flowering time, the trunk 60 cm. in
diameter; leaflets about 7, large, oblanceolate-oblong to obovate,
acute or acuminate, tapering to the base, often glabrate in age;
flowers rather large, white and purple. From the bark of related
species of the genus, the native people of Yucatan formerly, at least,
prepared an intoxicating beverage. This drink, called Balche, was
an important adjunct of some of their religious ceremonies. Probably
all the species of the genus were employed in the same manner in
this general region.
Lonchocarpus hondurensis Benth. Swamp Dogwood, Water-

Yax habin (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in forest;
side Turtlebone.
southern Mexico to Honduras. A large tree; leaflets 5-9, ovate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, 4-10 cm. long; flowers red-purple, 12
mm. long, often in long and very dense racemes.
Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.) HBK. Swamp Dogwood.
Cincho (Honduras). Frequent in forest, especially along streams or
in swamps; southward to Panama. A tree 9-15 meters high with

trunk diameter of 12-22 cm.; leaflets 5-9, oblong or ovate-oblong,
sometimes 20 cm. long, acuminate, pale and usually finely silky
beneath; flowers 1 cm. long, reddish purple; pods thin, lanceolate,
narrowed to each end, 1-5-seeded, 2-2.5 cm. wide. Schipp states
that the tree is infested by a certain species of ant.
Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth. Black Cabbage-bark. Canacin

(Maya). Apparently frequent, especially in open forest; Mexico and
Guatemala. A shrub or tree, the trunk sometimes 12 cm. in diameter;
leaflets about 13, oblong-elliptic, pubescent or glabrate, leathery;
flowers dull red; pods thin, brown-sericeous.
MACHAERIUM Pers.
Shrubs or trees, often large, woody vines, often armed with

spines or prickles; leaflets small or large, few or numerous, alternate;
flowers small, usually purple, in racemes, the racemes often panicled ;
compressed, the basal portion 1-seeded, the body
fruit samara-like,
extended into a large, broad, terminal wing much longer than the
body itself.
Leaflets acute or acuminate, mostly 1.5-4 cm. wide.

Leaflets densely and minutely sericeous beneath . . . . M. rosescens.
Leaflets glabrous beneath or nearly so.

Branches usually hispid; leaflets mostly 7-15 cm. long.
M. marginatum.
Branches not hispid; leaflets mostly 3-6 cm. long. M. Seemannii.
Leaflets obtuse or rounded at the apex, less than 1.5 cm. wide.
Leaflets mostly emarginate at apex, more than 1 cm. wide, glabrous.
M. habroneurum.
mm. wide or less.
Leaflets not emarginate, 8
Leaflets small, about 3 mm. wide and 8 mm. long Menillii. . M .
Leaflets larger, 6-8 mm. wide, 3-4 cm. long M. setulosum.

Machaerium habroneurum Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Publ. 461: 63. 1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S676. A climbing shrub 12 meters long, the trunk 5 cm.
in diameter, armed with very short, recurved spines; leaflets 7-9,
oblong or cuneate-oblong, with very numerous fine lateral nerves;
flowers purple.
Machaerium marginatum Standl. Rio Grande, Schipp;

southward to Panama. A large vine, 15-25 meters long, the trunk
as much as 7.5 cm. in diameter; leaflets large, leathery, lustrous;

flowers pink, in large panicles.
Machaerium Merrillii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 15. 1930.
Type from Stann Creek Railway, Twelve Mile, in jungle, Schipp
113; Malfredi Lagoon, Schipp S555; Pete'n. A
woody vine 9-15
meters long, the stems 5-10 cm. in diameter, armed with stout spines;
leaflets very numerous, oblong, glabrate; flowers pink or dark rose,
in large panicles, the branches of the panicle hispid.
Machaerium rosescens Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.

461: 64. 1935. In forest, Big Rock, Toledo, Schipp 1091. A
climb-
ing shrub 9 meters long, the stem 5 cm. in diameter; stipules
persistent and indurate but scarcely spine-like; leaflets 5-7, oblong
or ovate-oblong, 5-7 cm. long; flowers small, white flushed with
pink, in large panicles.
Machaerium Seemannii Benth. Jacinto Creek, Schipp 1194;
extending to Panama. A woody vine as much as 25 meters long,
with a trunk 7 cm. in diameter; leaflets ovate, acuminate, leathery,
very lustrous; flowers purple, in short racemes.
Machaerium setulosum Pittier. Mullins River Road, swampy
forest, Schipp 931; Guatemala and southern Mexico. A climbing
shrub 12 meters long, the stems 10 cm. in diameter; leaflets very
numerous, densely silky when young, almost glabrous in age;
racemes forming large panicles, the flowers purple, small.
MUCUNA Adans.
The species of this genus are vines, usually herbaceous but
often with more or less woody stems.
Mucuna Andreana Micheli.
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Cowitch. Picapica. Chilean
(Yucatan, Maya). Pods covered with stiff hairs that penetrate the
skin readily, causing intense irritation. These hairs, mixed with
molasses, formerly supplied a favorite remedy for expelling intestinal
parasites from the human body.
Mucuna rostrata Benth. Rio Grande, Schipp S622.
Mucuna Sloanei Fa we. & Rendl. El Cayo; Stann Creek.
MYROXYLON L.
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms, var. Pereirae (Royle)
Harms. Balsam. Balsamo. Nab& (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in
forest; this variety in Central America, the other forms of the species
widely distributed in tropical America. A tall tree with small crown,

the bark smooth and pale; leaves pinnate, the 7-11 leaflets with large,
translucent oil glands; flowers whitish, racemose; fruit samara-like,
7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, the apex thick and 1-seeded, the basal
portion long and broadly winged. By tapping the tree there is
obtained the Balsam of Peru, a fragrant aromatic liquid variously
employed in industry, and an official drug of the United States
Pharmacopoeia. Almost all of this product comes from the so-called
Balsam Coast of the Republic of Salvador. The wood, though of
excellent quality, is of no commercial importance in British Hon-
duras because of its scarcity. (For description see T. of T. A.,
pp. 265-267.)
ORMOSIA Jacks.
Large trees; leaves pinnate, the few leaflets large, oblong or
obovate, leathery, obtuse or acute; flowers rather large, panicled;
pods small, oblong, few-seeded, the large bean-like seeds scarlet or
red and black.
Leaflets velvety-pubescent beneath , . . . .0. coarctata.
Leaflets glabrous or nearly so 0. toledoana.
Ormosia coarctata Jacks. Mullins River Road; Temash River;
northern South America. A tree 12-18 meters high, the trunk
20-30 cm. in diameter; flowers dark purple; seeds red and black.
Wood hard, close-grained, yellow when cut.
Ormosia toledoana Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 64.
1935. Type from Forest Home, Toledo, Schipp 1052. A tree of 12
meters, the trunk 60 cm. in diameter; leaflets 7, oblong, 6-12 cm.
long; calyx grayish-sericeous; seeds said to be red.
PACHYRHIZUS Rich.
Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban. Jicama. Chicam (Maya).

Cultivated for tubers, which somewhat suggest turnips in form
its
and have a watery flesh of agreeable flavor. Probably a native of
Mexico.
Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (Moc. & Sesse") Benth. & Hook.
All Pines, Schipp. A herbaceous vine.
PHASEOLUSL. Bean
Phaseolus adenanthus Meyer.
Phaseolus atropurpureus DC. Belize District.
Phaseolus elegans Piper. Kantzin (Yucatan, Maya). Corozal

District.
Phaseolus gracilis Poepp.
Phaseolus lathyroides L.
Phaseolus lunatus L. The wild form from which the cultivated
lima bean probably originated.
Phaseolus peduncularis HBK. Stann Creek Valley, Schipp
864.
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean. Frijol. Bid, Buul (Maya). Cul-
tivated extensively. A native of America, but perhaps not of North
America.
PISCIDIA L.
Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. Dogwood, May Bush. Habim
(Maya). Common in coastal thickets; Mexico, Central America,
West Indies, Florida, Colombia. A large shrub or a tree, becoming
15 meters high, with a trunk 75 cm. in diameter; leaves pinnate, the
large leaflets oblong to oval, acute to rounded at the apex, minutely
appressed-pubescent beneath; flowers large, pink; pods not opening,
with 4 very broad, irregular, thin, longitudinal wings. The bark and
foliage of the tree are or have been employed widely for poisoning
fish. The plant has been much used in local medicine because of its
marked narcotic properties. The form occurring in British Honduras
is Piscidia communis (Blake) Harms, which appears not to be dis-
tinguishable from the typical Jamaican form by any constant or

important character. Wood yellowish brown, with prominent
parenchyma markings; hard and heavy, very strong and tough,
highly durable, of medium texture and interlocked grain; used for
heavy and durable construction and for wheelwright work. (For
detailed description of wood see T. of T. A., pp. 298-300.)
PLATYMISCIUM Vog.
Platymiscium yucatanum Standl. Granadillo (Yucatan).
Zubinche (Yucatan, Maya). Big Creek, Schipp 226; Yucatan. A
tree 12 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves deciduous,
pinnate, the leaflets long-petiolulate, lance-oblong to ovate, obtuse-
acuminate, glabrous; flowers small, yellow, the racemes clustered
on old wood.
PTEROCARPUS L.
Trees; leaves pinnate, with few large leaflets; flowers large,

yellow, in racemes or panicles; fruit short and broad, compressed,
1-2-seeded, often broadly winged. Although some Old World species

of Pterocarpus are the source of excellent cabinet timbers, the
American species are practically valueless, the wood being without
attractive color or figure. (For description of the wood see T. of
T. A., pp. 293-296.)
Calyx glabrous; wings of the fruit narrow and thick, often obsolete.
P. officinalis.
Calyx densely pubescent; wing of the fruit broad and thin P. Hayesii.
.
Pterocarpus Hayesii Hemsl. P. reticulatus Standl. Trop.

Woods 16: 38. 1928.Occasional in forest; type of P. reticulatus
from Boca, C. S. Brown 15 (Yale 12306); southward to Panama.
A tree 18 meters high with trunk diameter of 30 cm. leaflets oblong,
;
acuminate, large, reticulate-veined, rather thin, more or less pubes-

cent; flowers orange-yellow, in dense racemes; fruit orbicular or
nearly so, 5 cm. wide or larger.
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. P. belizensis Standl. Trop.
Woods 7: 6. 1926. Kaway, Swamp Kaway. Sangre (Honduras).
Type of P. belizensis from Middlesex, Record 12 (Yale 8780) frequent ;
in low America. A tall tree

forest; widely distributed in tropical
with slender trunk and thin buttresses, the bark smooth; sap blood-
red; leaflets 7-9, oblong to ovate, 10-18 cm. long, glabrous or nearly
so; fruit 5-10 cm. wide. The fruits are produced in great abundance,
and when they fall often cover the water of swamps in which the
trees grow.
RHYNCHOSIA Lour.
Rhynchosia discolor Mart. & Gal. Camp 34, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp.
Rhynchosia longeracemosa Mart. & Gal. Corozal District,
Gentle 649.
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.

Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Urban. Noteworthy for its
handsome, scarlet and black, bean-like seeds, which sometimes are
used for making bracelets and necklaces.
SESBANIA Adans.
Sesbania Emerus (Aubl.) Urban. Northern River, Gentle 1371.
Sesbania sericea (Willd.) Link. Belize; Northern River. The
species is unknown elsewhere in Central America.
SOPHORA L.
Sophora tomentosa L. All Pines, in broken coral behind man-
groves, Schipp; widely distributed on tropical seashores of both
hemispheres. A
shrub 3 meters high, with dense soft pale pubescence
on parts; leaves pinnate, the opposite leaflets oval or rounded,
all
broadly rounded at the apex; flowers yellow, in long racemes; pods

long and slender, deeply constricted between the few large brown
seeds.
STYLOSANTHES Swartz
Stylosanthes guyanensis (Aubl.) Swartz.
Stylosanthes humilis HBK. El Cayo District, Bartlett 11836.
Stylosanthes viscosa Swartz. Butcher Burn, Sibun River,

Bartlett 11405.
SWEETIA Spreng.
Sweetia panamensis Benth. Billy Webb. Chichipate. Occa-
sional in forest; southern Mexico to Panama. A medium-sized tree;
leaves pinnate, the leaflets alternate, ovate or oblong-elliptic, lustrous
above, pale beneath, obtuse; flowers small, whitish, in axillary
panicles; fruit thin, 1-2-seeded, 2 cm. wide, acute at each end,
glabrous, slender-stalked.
TEPHROSIA Pers.
Tephrosia cathartica (Sesse" & Moc.) Urban. Seine Bight,
Schipp 670.
Tephrosia littoralis (L.) Pers.
Tephrosia toxicaria (Swartz) Pers.
TIPUANA Benth.
Tipuana Lundellii Standl. El Cayo, Chanek 163; Peten. A

tall tree; leaves pinnate, the 11-15 leaflets elliptic, 2.5-5 cm. long,
truncate or excised at the apex, sericeous beneath at first but soon
glabrate; fruit samara-like, 10-13 cm. long, the wing 2.5-3 cm.
broad. The other species of the genus are South American.
VIGNA Savi
Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze. Frijol de Playa (Honduras).

Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.
ZORNIA Gmel.
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.
OXALIDACEAE. Wood Sorrel Family

BIOPHYTUM
DC.
Biophytum dendroides (HBK.) DC. Roaring Creek, Lundett.
OXALIS L.
Oxalis Neaei DC. All Pines.

Oxalis yucatanensis (Rose) Standl.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE. Coca Family

ERYTHROXYLON L.
Glabrous shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, entire, thin,

stipulate, short-petioled; flowers small, whitish or yellowish, soli-
tary or clustered in the leaf axils; fruit a small drupe.
Leaves rounded or very obtuse at the apex; stipules small and
inconspicuous, not striate E. areolatum.
Leaves acute or acuminate; stipules large and conspicuous,
striate E. tabascense.
Erythroxylon areolatum L. Redwood, Ridge Redwood, Swamp
Redwood. Frequent in thickets or open forest; West Indies. A gla-
brous shrub or small tree, sometimes 5 meters high; leaves alternate,
obovate-oblong to broadly obovate, 5-10 cm. long, rounded at the
apex, entire, with small stipules; flowers small, clustered in the leaf
axils, pedicellate, cream-colored, with 5 petals; stamens 10; fruit a
red drupe 6-9 mm. long. The drug cocaine is obtained from E. Coca
Lam. of the South American Andes. It is not known whether the
Central American members of the genus have similar properties.
Some of the British Honduras material has been referred to E.
obovatum Macfad. and to other species, but it seems to belong to
a single species, not separable from E. areolatum. Wood reddish
brown, with oily appearance; hard, heavy, fine-textured, irregularly
grained, highly durable. (For further description of wood see T. of
T. A., pp. 310-311.)
Erythroxylon tabascense Britton. Wooded creek bank, Ma-

chaca, Schipp S586; Tabasco. A tree of 4.5 meters, the trunk 7
cm. in diameter; leaves oblong, about 15 cm. long; fruit red.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Lignum Vitae Family

KALLSTROEMIA Scop.
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Torr. & Gray. A prostrate herb
with small yellow flowers.
RUTACEAE. Rue Family

Trees, often armed with prickles; leaves opposite or alternate,
without stipules, compound, dotted with transparent oil glands;
flowers small, the inferior calyx with 3-5 lobes or sepals; petals 3-5;
stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; fruit of 1-5 or
more numerous free or united carpels, dry or fleshy. The best-
known commercial timbers of the family are the true Satinwoods
of the West Indies and Ceylon.
Fruit dry.
Leaves pinnate; fruit of 1-5 follicles Zanthoxylum.
Leaves digitately compound; fruit a hard capsule. .Esenbeckia.
.
Fruit fleshy.
Leaves digitately compound, with usually 5 leaflets. .Casimiroa.
Leaves pinnate or with a single leaflet.

Fruit a small drupe; native trees Amyris.
Fruit a large berry; introduced trees Citrus.
AMYRIS L.
Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite or alternate, the leaflets 3-5;

flowers small, greenish, in terminal or lateral panicles; sepals and
petals 4-5; fruit a black or reddish drupe. The yellowish wood is
oily, fine-textured, and durable. (For description of the wood see
T. of T. A., pp. 327-328.)
Leaflets almost sessile, 1.5-3 cm. long A. rhomboidea.
Leaflets on slender, elongate petiolules, usually more than 3 cm. long.
Leaves opposite A. elemifera.
Leaves alternate A. sylvatica.
Amyris elemifera L. Waika Pine. Occasional; Mexico, Cen-

tral America, West Indies. A shrub or small tree; leaflets 3-5,
lanceolate to broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, crenulate, glabrous;
fruit 5-8 mm. long.
Amyris rhomboidea Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:

65. 1935.Type from Jacinto Hills, in forest, Schipp 1227. A tree
of 10 meters, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaflets 5 or 7, rhombic-
lanceolate or rhombic-ovate, minutely puberulent or glabrate,
obtusely acute or acuminate.
Amyris sylvatica Jacq. Belize District; Mexico to South Amer-
ica; West Indies. A tree sometimes 6 meters high; leaflets usually 3,
crenate, glabrous.
CASIMIROA Llave & Lex.
Casimiroa tetrameria Millsp. Matasano (general in Central

America). Yuy (Yucatan, Maya). Sometimes called White Sapote
in cultivation. Corozal District and doubtless elsewhere, perhaps
only in cultivation; Mexico to Costa Rica. A tree with spreading
crown; leaves digitately compound, the usually 5 leaflets elliptic or
obovate, entire, densely soft-pubescent beneath; fruit resembling a
green apple. The rather watery, sweet, whitish flesh is edible, and
of rather good flavor, but the fruit is little esteemed in Central
America, chiefly because there is a prevalent belief that it is "un-
healthy." As a matter of fact, there has been extracted from the
seeds and leaves a glucoside having a soporific effect, hence there
is probably some basis for another belief that eating the fruit induces
drowsiness. Wood yellowish or nearly white; of medium density

and rather fine texture, easy to work, not resistant to decay or
insects; parenchyma and pores in rather wide bands producing a
"laminated structure.
CITRUS L.
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. Lime. Limdn. Like

the following species, native of the Old World but in cultivation.
The lime also has become naturalized in some localities. The wood
of Citrus is used in the United States for manicure sticks.
Citrus Aurantium L. Sour Orange. Naranja acida. Zutspakal

(Maya).
Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Grapefruit. Toronja.
Citrus medica L. Citron. Cidra.
Citrus sinensis Osbeck. Sweet Orange. Naranja Duke. Pakal
(Maya).
ESENBECKIA HBK.
Esenbeckia pentaphylla (Macfad.) Griseb. Hokab (Yucatan,
Maya). Middlesex, in jungle, Schipp 248; Yucatan, Guatemala,
Jamaica. A
tree 12 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter;
leaves long-petioled, the 3-5 leaflets oblong to obovate, entire,
glabrous, rounded at the apex; flowers minute, cream-colored, in
large terminal panicles; capsule angled, 4-5 cm. broad.
ZANTHOXYLUM L.
Trees or large shrubs, the trunk often armed with large hard
conic prickles, the branches usually beset with small prickles; leaves
pinnate, the leaflets entire or toothed, gland-dotted; flowers small,

greenish; fruit dry, composed of 1-5 small pods containing shining
black seeds.
Leaflets with pubescence of small stellate hairs. . .Z. microcarpum.
Leaflets glabrous, or the pubescence of simple hairs.
Leaves odd-pinnate, with a terminal leaflet.
Leaflets entire or nearly so Z. trichilioides.

Leaflets coarsely crenate Z. caribaeum.
Leaves even-pinnate, without a terminal leaflet.
Sepals 3 Z. procerum.
Sepals 4 or 5.
Leaflets mostly rounded at the base, usually coriaceous,

panicles short, less than half as long as the leaves.
Z. Kellermanii.
Leaflets acute or acutish at the base, thin; panicles large
and much branched, often almost as long as the leaves.
Z. mayanum.
Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. Bastard Prickly Yellow. Si-
nanche (Yucatan, Maya). Belize-Sibun Road, Gentle 13; widely dis-
very prickly shrub or small tree,
glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 5-13, acute or obtuse; flowers in small
panicles, the branches more or less corky-thickened.
Zanthoxylum Kellermanii P. Wilson. Prickly Yellow. Cedro

Espino (Honduras). Hillbank; Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador.
An almost glabrous tree, the thick trunk covered with corky conic
prickles; leaflets 6-8, oblong, acuminate; follicles 2-3, about 6 mm.
long. The crushed leaves have the odor of lemon. Wood pale
yellow, moderately hard, fairly straight-grained, coarse-textured,
easy to work, finishes smoothly, is not very durable, suitable for
general carpentry.
Zanthoxylum mayanum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 140.
1930. Type from Honey Camp, Landell 672; Hill-
Prickly Yellow.
bank. Leaflets about 14, short-acuminate, glabrate; panicles as
much as 25 cm. long.
Zanthoxylum microcarpum Griseb. Alligator-toothed Prickly

Yellow. Hillbank; widely distributed in tropical America. tree A
with prickly trunk; leaflets 11-20 or more, oblong, densely or sparsely
stellate-pubescent beneath; follicles 1-2, subglobose, 4-5 mm. in
diameter. Wood lustrous greenish yellow, moderately light and
soft, rather fine-textured, very easy to work, finishes very smoothly,

is not durable; suitable for the same purposes as Yellow Poplar
(Liriodendrori) .
Zanthoxylum procerum Bonn. Smith. Black Prickly Yellow.

Ceibillo,Lagarto (Guatemala). Occasional in forest; Guatemala. A
large tree; leaflets long-acuminate, often very oblique at the base,
crenate; panicles large and many-flowered; follicle only one, 6-7
mm. long.
Zanthoxylum trichilioides Standl. Middlesex, secondary

forest, Schipp 304; Yucatan. A
tree 9 meters high, the trunk 14
cm. in diameter, covered with large corky prickles; flowers white,
in small panicles.
SIMARUBACEAE. Simaruba Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves mostly alternate, simple or pinnate;
flowers perfect or of separate sexes, mostly small; sepals 3-7, dis-
tinct or united; petals 3-7, distinct, sometimes absent; stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals; carpels 2-5, distinct or united;
fruit usually 1-seeded.
Leaves simple, entire Suriana.

Leaves pinnate.
Rachis of the leaf broadly winged; leaflets usually 5. .
.Quassia.
Rachis not winged; leaflets more than 5.
Flowers in large branched panicles; leaflets leathery, obtuse.
Simaruba.
Flowers in long slender simple spikelike panicles; leaflets
thin.
Fruit fleshy; leaflets acuminate Picramnia.

Fruit dry; leaflets rounded at the apex Alvaradoa.
ALVARADOA Liebm.
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Palo de Hormigas (Yucatan).
Maya). Corozal District, Gentle 320; Mexico
Belzinic-che (Yucatan,
and Central America, West Indies, southern Florida. A small tree;
cm. long, finely sericeous beneath;
leaflets 19-51, oval or oblong, 1-2.5
flowers small, greenish or yellowish; fruit a lanceolate samara 1-1.5
cm. long, hairy. Wood brown, hard, rather fine-textured; pores
small, in irregular tangential lines or chains; parenchyma in numer-
ous concentric lines.
PICRAMNIA Swartz
Slender shrubs or small trees; leaves pinnate, the leaflets entire,
opposite or alternate, petiolulate; flowers very small and greenish,
in spikelike or branched panicles, the two sexes on separate plants;
fruit a berry.
Leaflets glabrous beneath or nearly so P. antidesma.
Leaflets densely pubescent beneath at maturity P. andicola.
Picramnia andicola Freshwater Creek Reserve;
Tulasne.
Maskall; southern Mexico. A small tree; leaflets 7-13, oblong to
ovate, acuminate; racemes simple, very long and slender.
Picramnia antidesma Swartz. Corozal District and elsewhere,
in forest or thickets; southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies.
A slender shrub or small tree; leaflets 7-13, oblong-ovate, entire;
flowers minute, green; fruit a small red berry. The leaves and bark
are exceedingly bitter, and have been employed medicinally, not
only in tropical America but in Europe.
QUASSIA L. Quassia
Quassia amara L.Occasional in forest; southern Mexico to
South America. A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaflets acuminate,
entire; flowers bright red, 3 cm. long, in lax racemes; fruit of usually
5 black juicy drupes. When in flower the shrub is exceptionally
handsome and brilliant. All parts of the plant are bitter as quinine,
the flavor resulting from a principle, quasin, that formerly was be-
lieved to be of value as a febrifuge. The plant supplies the Quassia
or Bitterwood of commerce, employed in the manufacture of in-
secticides, as a substitute for hops in brewing ale and beer, and in
the preparation of proprietary medicines and of "conditioning
powders" for domestic animals. Wood pale yellowish, light and
soft, exceedingly bitter; not utilized. (For description of wood see
T. of T. A., p. 329.)
SIMARUBA Aubl.
Simaruba glauca DC. Negrito. Xpazakil (Yucatan, Maya).
In forest or broken and high ridge; widely distributed in tropical
America. A glabrous tree as much as 15 meters high, with trunk
diameter of 50 cm.; leaflets 11-21, oblong, pale beneath; flowers
small, greenish; fruit olive-like, black or pinkish, 1.5-2 cm. long.
The bark is bitter. The have a juicy white flesh that is eaten,
fruits
although it is not of especially good quality. Wood yellowish white,

light, firm, straight-grained, medium-textured, easy to work, not
durable, has a bitter taste; suitable for carpentry and general in-
side construction.
SURIANA L. Bay Cedar

Suriana maritima L. Pantsil (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional
on seashores; Yucatan, West Indies, northern South America. A
stout dense shrub a meter high, densely leafy; leaves linear-spatu-
late, pubescent; flowers small, yellow, clustered. Wood reddish,
hard and heavy, very fine-textured, takes a high polish, is durable;
not utilized. (For further description of the wood see T. of T. A.,
p. 333.)
BURSERACEAE. Torchwood Family

Resinous trees with aromatic sap; leaves pinnate, mostly de-
ciduous, with narrow entire long-pointed leaflets; flowers small,
greenish white, panicled; petals 3-5; stamens twice as many as the
petals; ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, some of the cells
usually abortive, the capsular or somewhat fleshy fruit having fewer
cells or often only one.
Petals imbricated in bud, distinct; fruit dry, dehiscent, 3-angled.

Bursera.
Petals valvate; fruit drupaceous, somewhat fleshy.
Petals united Tetragastris.
Petals distinct Protium.
BURSERA Jacq.
Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg. Birch, Gumbolimbo. Indio Des-
nudo, Palo Chino, Palo Jiote. Hukup, Chacah (Maya). Frequent
in thickets and forest; Mexico, Central America, West Indies. A
small or large tree, the bark thin, smooth, greenish or brownish,
peeling off in paper-like sheets; leaflets mostly 5-7, glabrous or
nearly so; flowers small, greenish or yellowish, in short axillary
panicles; capsule pointed, 1 cm. long. One of the most common
trees of the Central American lowlands, often planted for living
fence posts. When the trunk is cut, there exudes a red aromatic
sap that soon hardens. This often is employed for mending broken
dishes, or for coating canoes, to protect them from insects. Wood
nearly colorless when fresh, but subject to sapstain; light, fairly
soft, but firm and tenacious; texture medium to coarse, easy to
work, finishes fairly smoothly, is perishable in contact with the
ground; suitable for boxes if lumber is kiln-dried. (For detailed
description of the wood see T. of T. A., pp. 337-339.)
PROTIUM Burm.
Large or small trees, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets few, large,
entire; flowers small, whitish, in small or large panicles; fruit rather
large and somewhat fleshy at maturity. The woods resemble Birch
(Betula) and are suitable for the same purposes. (For description
of the woods see T. of T. A., pp. 334-337.)
Flowers pediceled P. costaricense.
Flowers closely sessile P. Copal.
Protium Copal (Schlecht. &Cham.) Engler. Copal Pom
(Maya). Tontol (Guatemala). Frequent in forest; southern Mexico.
A large or medium-sized, almost glabrous tree; leaflets 3-7, thick,
usually acute at the base; flowers small, sessile, white, in short
axillary panicles; fruit green and red, ovoid, not lobed, 2.5 cm. long.
The resin obtained from the tree is suitable for making varnish, and
it probably supplied the copal used by the ancient Mayas in their
religious ceremonies. British Honduras specimens have been re-
ferred to P. sessiliflorum (Rose) Standl., a species of southern Cen-
tral America, perhaps not distinct from P. Copal.
Protium costaricense (Rose) Engler. Copal Macho. Hillbank;

Fair View; southward to Costa Rica. A
tree 10-15 meters high,
the trunk 15-20 cm. in diameter; leaflets 5-7, rather thin, long-
stalked,somewhat hairy beneath when young but soon glabrate,
conspicuously veined, acute or acuminate; fruit almost 2 cm. long.
TETRAGASTRIS Gaertn.
Tetragastris Stevensonii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 216.

1929. Carbdn. Type N. S. Stevenson 9, without locality; found
also at Punta Gorda, between Columbia and Toledo, and on Mullins
River Road; ranging southward to Nicaragua. A glabrous tree
12-15 meters high or more, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaflets
about 7, thick and leathery; flowers reddish brown, in short panicles;
fruit broader than long, often somewhat lobed, 2 cm. broad. Wood
similar in structure and properties to that of Protium.
MELIACEAE. Mahogany Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, pinnate, without stipules;
flowers mostly small and inconspicuous, the calyx 4-5-lobed; petals
4^5; stamens 5, 8, or 10; fruit a capsule or a drupe. Some of the
timbers of this family are among those most highly esteemed for
cabinet work and furniture.
Leaves bipinnate, the numerous leaflets toothed ; fruit a drupe . . Melia.

Leaflets once pinnate, the leaflets entire; fruit a capsule.
Filaments free. Capsule about 3 cm. long; seeds winged .Cedrela. .
Filaments united at least to the middle.

Anthers borne on the apex of the stamen tube or its lobes;
capsules usually 1 cm. or less in diameter. Seeds not
winged Trichilia.
Anthers borne inside the apex of the stamen tube; capsules

mostly 2.5 cm. in diameter or larger.
Seeds winged; ovules 12 in each cell Swietenia.
Seeds not winged; ovules 1-6 in each cell.
Petals imbricate; seeds surrounded by an aril. . . .Trichilia.
Petals contorted; seed not arillate Carapa.
CARAPA Aubl.
Carapa guianensis Aubl. Bastard Mahogany. Temash River

and doubtless elsewhere; extending to South America. A large tree;
leaves very large, the 10-14 or more leaflets oblong, acute, 15-30
cm. long or larger, glabrous, leathery; flowers in axillary panicles,
the 4 petals 5 mm. long; fruit a woody 4-angled capsule 7-10 cm.
in diameter. The seeds are rich in oil used in South America for
making soap and for illuminating purposes. The wood is reddish
brown, rather hard and compact, mostly straight-grained, rather
coarse-textured, works readily, finishes smoothly, and is durable.
In some regions it is used extensively for general construction and
for furniture.
CEDRELA L. Spanish Cedar

Cedrela mexicana Roem. Cedar. Cedro. Kulche (Yucatan,
Maya). In forests; widely distributed in tropical America. A very
large tree with narrow thick buttresses; leaves large, pinnate, the
10-30 leaflets thin, short-stalked, oblong or lanceolate, entire; flowers
greenish, in large panicles, the petals 5-6 mm. long; capsule ellipsoid,
4 cm. long, containing numerous winged seeds. The trees of British
Honduras have been referred incorrectly to C. odorata L. It may
be that other species besides C. mexicana occur in the region. (For
an account of the wood see p. 32; also T. of T. A., pp. 340-348.)
GUAREA Allem.
Trees or large shrubs; leaflets few or numerous, entire; flowers
small, greenish, in chiefly axillary panicles; calyx 4-5-toothed; the
corolla of 4-5 petals; anthers 8 or 10, borne on the inside of the

apex of the stamen tube; capsule 3-5-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in
each cell.
Ovary glabrous; leaflets 4-6 G. excelsa.
Ovary hairy; leaflets 10 or more.

Petals 12-13 mm. long G. Chichon.
Petals 5-7.5 mm. long G. Guara.
Guarea Chichon C. DC. Carbon (?). Nochocche (Maya).

Toledo District; Stann Creek Valley; Tabasco. A tree 15 meters
high, the trunk 75 cm. in diameter; leaflets oblong, mostly 6-7 cm.
wide, short-stalked, glabrous; panicles large and many-flowered;
calyx 5-6 mm. broad; petals white.
Guarea excelsa HBK. Cramantee. Carbon (Honduras). Fre-
quent in forest;Mexico and Central America. A large or medium-
sized tree with broad dense crown; leaflets mostly 5 cm. wide or
less, obtuse or short-pointed, tufted beneath in the axils of the
nerves, otherwise glabrous; panicles small, many-flowered, appressed-

hairy; capsule 2 cm. broad. Wood salmon-brown, moderately hard,
heavy, tough, and strong, rather splintery, not highly durable;
parenchyma in numerous, wavy, concentric bands, producing a
laminated structure; timber suitable for many of the purposes for
which Birch (Betula} is used in the United States.
Guarea Guara (Jacq.) P. Wilson. Forest Home, Schipp 1070;
ranging to South America. A
tree of 10 meters, the trunk 20 cm.
in diameter; leaflets oblong, glabrous or nearly so, narrowly acumi-
nate; capsules glabrous.
MELIA L.
Melia Azedarach L. Paradise Tree. Paraiso (Honduras).

Planted as a shade tree, and also apparently naturalized; native of
southeastern Asia. A small tree with panicles of fragrant, showy,
lavender and purple flowers; fruit a large translucent drupe. A
common shade tree in many parts of tropical America.
SWIETENIA Jacq.
Swietenia macrophylla King. Mahogany. Caoba. Chiculte
(Maya). Punab (Yucatan, Maya). Honduras Mahogany. Fre-
quent in forest; Mexico to Colombia. A large tree; leaves large,
shining, the 8-12 leaflets lanceolate, unequal, acuminate, 7-15 cm.
long or larger, entire, glabrous; flowers small, whitish, in panicles
in the leaf axils; capsule ovoid, 12-15 cm. long, acutish, splitting
into 5 valves and freeing the large winged seeds. The most im-
portant timber tree in the Colony. (See p. 30; also T. of T. A.,
pp. 348-356.)
TRICHILIA L.
Large shrubs or trees; leaves pinnate, sometimes reduced to a

single leaflet, flowers small, greenish or yellowish, panicled, with
4-5 petals; anthers 4-10, borne on the apex of the tube or its lobes;
fruit normally a small 3-valved 3-seeded capsule; seed 1 in each
cell, surrounded by a usually red and showy aril.
Panicles small and dense, shorter than the petioles.
Leaflets 3-5, long-acuminate; capsule hairy T. montana.
Leaflets usually more than 5, obtuse or merely acutish; capsule
glabrous T. havanensis.
Panicles comparatively large, often lax and open, longer than the
petioles, sometimes equaling the leaves.
Flowers about 1 mm. long. Panicles very lax and open.
T. minutiflora.
Flowers much more than 1 mm. long.
Filaments united into a tube T. moschata.
Filaments free.
Leaflets mostly 2-3.5 cm. wide T. hirta.

Leaflets mostly 4-6 cm. wide T. cuneata.
Tiichilia cuneata Radlk. Ixbahach (Maya). In forest or

thickets;Central America. A small tree; leaflets 5-9, obtusely
acuminate, hairy beneath; capsule hairy.
Trichilia havanensis Jacq. Bastard Lime. Limoncillo (Hon-
duras). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica. A large shrub or small tree, sometimes 9 meters high; leaflets
obovate or oblong, shining, glabrous, the rachis of the leaf narrowly
winged; flowers greenish or whitish. Wood yellowish, light and
soft, very easy to work, is not durable; suitable for boxes and general
carpentry when protected from the weather.
Trichilia hirta L. Red Cedar. Kulimziz (Yucatan, Maya).
Occasional in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub or small tree; leaves deciduous; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or
ovate, more or less hairy beneath, acute or acuminate; flowers
greenish. Wood reddish brown, hard, heavy, strong, and durable,
medium-textured, fairly straight-grained, somewhat splintery, takes
a high polish, and is suitable for furniture and implements.
Trichilia minutiflora Standl. Trop. Woods 11: 20. 1927. Wild

Lime. Xpukusikil (Maya). Type from Orange Walk District,
WinzerlingVlll.l (Yale 9870); Freshwater Creek, Heyder & Kirdoch
13; Guatemala. A tree; leaflets 7-11, small, lance-oblong, obtusely
acuminate, hairy beneath. Wood pale brown, hard, heavy, strong,
fine-textured, not durable.
Trichilia montana HBK. Carb6n de Rio. In forest, Temash
River; Eldorado, Kinloch 38; Central and South America. shrub A
or small tree, sometimes 9 meters high with trunk diameter of 15
cm.; rachis of the leaf not winged, the leaflets large, bright green.
Trichilia moschata Swartz. Collected by Schipp along the
Guatemalan boundary; Yucatan Peninsula and Jamaica. A tree
of 9-15 meters, the trunk 20-30 cm. in diameter; leaflets 3-9, oblong
to acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, white;
elliptic,
capsule ovoid to subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. long, densely pubescent.
The wood is said to be used in Guatemala for making marimba keys.
MALPIGHIAGEAE. Malpighia Family

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; leaves opposite or whorled,
entire or lobed, often with glands on the petioles or on the lower
surface of the blade; pubescence often of glistening, appressed hairs
which are attached by their middle; sepals 5, usually with glands
on their outer surface; petals 5, broad, clawed, often fringed or
toothed; fruit a drupe or of samaras or nutlets. The woods are of
little or no commercial importance.
Fruit a drupe; plants never scandent.

Petals pink or pale red; flowers in small cymes. Leaves glabrous
or nearly so Malpighia.
Petals yellow; flowers in elongate racemes or panicles.
Styles with tapering slender tips Byrsonima.

Styles with thickened tips Bunchosia.
Fruit of 1-3 samaras; plants mostly scandent.
Samaras with lateral as well as dorsal wings.
Wings of the fruit deeply lobed Tetrapteris.
Wings of the fruit not lobed.
Stipules borne on the petiole above its base; shrubs or small

trees Hiraea.
Stipules inserted at the base of the petiole; vines. Mascagnia.

Samaras with dorsal wings only.
Wing of the fruit much reduced and crestlike; perfect stamens

10 Brachypterys.
Wings of the samara large, obovate.
Perfect stamens 10; wings of the samara thickened on the
outer edge Heteropteris.
Perfect stamens 4; wings of the samara thickened on the
inner edge Stigmaphyllon.
BRACHYPTERYS Juss.
Brachypterys ovata (Cav.) Small. Belize, Lundell 4087; ranging
to Panama and northern South America. A woody vine; leaves
short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, minutely sericeous
beneath; flowers yellow, showy; samaras hard and bonelike, with
very short wings.
BUNCHOSIA Rich.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves short-petioled, entire; flowers
yellow, in racemes or small panicles in the leaf axils; fruit a red or
orange drupe, 2-3-lobed.
Sepals 4-5 mm. long; leaves large, usually thin and long-acuminate.
B. lanceolata.
Sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long; leaves small, thick, mostly obtuse or acute.
B. Swarlziana.
Bunchosia Swartziana Griseb. Zipche (Yucatan, Maya).
Occasional in thickets or forest, often in low swampy land; Yucatan,
West Indies. A shrub or tree 4-7 meters high, the trunk 10 cm.
or less in diameter; leaves oblong to elliptic, often lustrous, glabrous,
usually 8 cm. long or less.
Bunchosia lanceolata Turcz. Cojdn de Fraile. Frequent in
thickets and secondary
forest; Mexico and Central America. A
slender shrub 2-3 meters high; leaves mostly 19 cm. long or
larger, almost glabrous; racemes strigose; fruit glabrous, yellow
or red, 1 cm. broad or larger.
BYRSONIMA Rich.
Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, without glands, short-stalked,
entire; flowers yellow, in terminalracemes or panicles; fruit an ovoid
or globose drupe.
Leaves acute or acuminate, usually abundantly tomentose beneath,
even in age B. crassifolia.
Leaves rounded at the apex, glabrate beneath B. bucidifolia.
Byrsonima bucidifolia Standl. Craboo. Honey Camp region;

Yucatan. Ashrub or small tree; leaves obovate or wedge-shaped,
often emarginate, paler beneath; fruit yellow, about 12 mm. in
diameter. The fruit is edible, and Meyer reports that it is sometimes
sold in the markets.
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC. Craboo, Crapoo, Wild Craboo.

Zacpah (Maya). Nanche (Yucatan). Common in pine forest and
large shrub
or small tree, as much as 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of
12 cm. ; leaves oblong to obovate, densely grayish- or rusty-tomentose
beneath, thick; petals large, bright yellow, turning reddish in age;
fruit globose, yellow, 1 cm. or more in diameter. The fruit has a
flavor somewhat suggestive of green apples, and it is much eaten
in Central America generally, at least by children. The tree is a
highly ornamental one when in blossom, bearing its golden flowers
in the greatest profusion. Wood dull reddish or pinkish brown,
rather hard and heavy, strong but brittle, rather coarse-textured,
roe-grained, fairly easy to work, but does not finish very smoothly,
isonly moderately durable; suitable for general construction. (For
further description of wood see T. of T. A., pp. 363-365.)
HETEROPTERIS HBK.
Woody vines or sometimes erect shrubs; leaves opposite, entire;
flowers usually large, in panicled cymes; calyx glandless or with
8 glands; petals entire or toothed; fruit of 2-3 large samaras.
Leaves thin, densely tomentose beneath H. Beecheyana.
Leaves leathery, glabrate.
Samaras with broad wings 2 cm. long or larger H. laurifolia.
Samaras merely with small crests H. heterocarpa.
Heteropteris Beecheyana Juss. Sobach (Maya). In broken

pine ridge and thickets; Mexico to Colombia. A large woody vine;
leaves oblong to oval, rounded to acute at the apex, conspicuously
veined; flowers showy, pink, panicled; samaras with long broad
wings, often colored red or purple.
Heteropteris heterocarpa (Standl.) Standl., comb. nov. Bani-

steria heterocarpa Standl. Trop. Woods 9: 11. 1927. Type from
Orange Walk District, Winzerling V.15; Honey Camp, Meyer 120;
New Town, Schipp 818. Northern River, Gentle 1309; Corozal
District, Gentle 504. A spreading shrub or small tree 2-4.5 meters
high; leaves oblong, very thick, obtuse to acute, short-stalked;

flowers yellow.
Heteropteris laurifolia (L.) Juss. Tietie. A

large shrub or a
vine, as much as 6 meters high, with trunk diameter of 7.5 cm.;
leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute or short-acuminate, shining; flowers
large, bright yellow; branches of the panicle densely rusty-tomentose.
HIRAEA Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees, sometimes vines; leaves opposite, entire,
leathery, short-petioled; stipules very small, borne on the petioles;
petals yellow; fruit of 3 samaras having large broad thin wings.
Leaves rounded or very obtuse at the apex H. obovata.
Leaves acute or acuminate.
Umbels with few, usually 3-5, flowers, the pedicels slender.
H. fagifolia.
Umbels dense, with numerous flowers, the pedicels stout.
H. smilacina.
Hiraea obovata (HBK.) Niedenzu. Maskall; Toledo; Yucatan,
Campeche, Central America. An erect or sometimes scandent
shrub or a small tree; leaves oblong or obovate, 4-15 cm. long,
almost glabrous beneath.
Hiraea fagifolia (DC.) Juss. Occasional in open forest; Central
America and northern South America. A shrub or small tree;
leaves short-stalked, obovate to ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate,
obtuse at the base, glabrate; flowers showy, yellow, in short-stalked
umbels; samaras large and broadly winged, 3-5 cm. wide.
Hiraea smilacina Standl. In forest, Rio Grande, Schipp 1138;
Panama. A woody vine 12 meters long, the stems 2.5 cm. in diameter;
leaves large, oval-elliptic, abruptly acuminate, glabrate; umbels
large and showy, the peduncles often white-tomentose.
MALPIGHIA L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, entire; flowers in small
axillary cymes; calyx with 6-10 glands; petals toothed; fruit a red
drupe.
Leaves acute or acuminate M. glabra.
Leaves very obtuse or rounded at the apex M. punicifolia.
Malpighia glabra L. Wild Craboo. Simche (Maya). Nance,

Nancen (Yucatan). Hillbank; Corozal District; widely distributed
in tropicalAmerica. A shrub or small tree, as much as 6 meters high,

with trunk diameter of 20 cm.; leaves small, ovate or elliptic, gla-
brate; flowers pink; fruit a small red drupe. The acid fruit is edible.
The bark is said to have been employed in some regions for tanning.
Malpighia punicifolia L. Uzte (Yucatan, Maya). Without
definite locality, Castillo; Yucatan, WestIndies, northern South
America. A shrub or small tree; leaves oblong to obovate, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers pink. The edible fruits bear a few needle-like
hairs that are easily detached, and cause intense irritation if they
penetrate the skin.
MASCAGNIA Bertero
Mascagnia macroptera (Moc. & Sess^) Niedenzu. El Cayo,
Chanek 133; Guatemala and Mexico. A large or small, woody
vine; leaves lanceolate to oval, petioled, acute to rounded at the
apex, glabrate; flowers large, bright yellow; samaras 4.5-5.5 cm.
wide, the margins toothed or wavy.
Mascagnia vacciniif olia Niedenzu. In forest, Machaca, Schipp
S657; Guatemala and Mexico. A slender vine as much as 15 meters
long, the stem 2.5 cm. in diameter; leaves mostly 1-3.5 cm. long,
rounded and usually emarginate at the apex; petals purple; wings
of the fruit only 1 cm. long.
STIGMAPHYLLON Juss.
Slender woody vines; leaves broad, opposite, entire or toothed,

long-stalked; flowers large, yellow, in stalked axillary umbel-like
corymbs, the petals toothed; fruit of 2-3 samaras.
Leaf blades glabrous, entire or nearly so.
Leaf blades deeply cordate at the base S. ciliatum.
Leaf blades rounded at the base S. ellipticum.
Leaf blades copiously pubescent beneath, not cordate, often lobed

or toothed.
Wing conspicuously contracted above the body of the samara.

S. Lindenianum.
Wing broad, not constricted above the samara body. .S. puberum.
Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) Juss. Stann Creek, in thickets
near the seashore; West Indies and South America. A slender vine;
leaves broadly ovate-cordate, small, acute, pale beneath, glandular-
ciliate; flowers 3 cm. broad, bright yellow; wing about as long as the
body of the samara. Known on the North American continent

only from British Honduras.
Stigmaphyllon ellipticum (HBK.) Juss. H. mucronatum
Juss. Punta Gorda, Schipp S456; a species of wide distribution. A
large or small, slender vine, almost glabrous; leaves chiefly oblong,
acute or acuminate; flowers bright yellow, large and showy.
Stigmaphyllon Lindenianum Juss. Middlesex, open thickets,

Schipp; Mexico and Central America. A large or small vine; leaves
thin, large, covered beneath with dense or sparse silvery hairs; wing
of the samara much longer than the body.
Stigmaphyllon puberum Juss. Eldorado, in forest; Corozal-
Consejo Road West Indies, northern South America. A large slender
;
woody vine; leaves slender-stalked, broadly ovate or elliptic, large,

acute or acuminate, silky beneath; samaras 2-3 cm. long.
TETRAPTERIS Cav.
Woody vines with opposite entire leaves; flowers showy, the calyx
with 8 glands; fruit of 3 samaras, each of these with 4 narrow wings.
Lower wings of the samara almost as large as the upper ones.
T. Schiedeana.
Lower wings of the samara greatly reduced and much smaller
than the upper ones T. glabrifolia.
Tetrapteris glabrifolia (Griseb.) Small. Rio Grande, in forest,

Schipp 1147; Costa Rica and Panama. A large vine as much as 15
meters long, the stem 5 cm. in diameter; leaves 6-15 cm. long,
glabrous or nearly so; wings of the fruit as much as 4 cm. long.
Tetrapteris Schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham. Occasional in
thickets; Mexico and Central America. Alarge or small, woody
vine; leaves short-stalked, lanceolate to elliptic, acute or obtuse,
glabrate or pubescent beneath; flowers large, yellow; fruit of three
4-winged samaras.
TRIGONIACEAE. Trigonia Family

TRIGONIA Aubl.
Trigonia floribimda Oerst. Northern River, Gentle 876; south-
ward to Panama. A woody vine; leaves opposite, short-petioled,
entire, densely white-tomentose beneath; flowers small, white, in
terminal panicles; petals 5, unequal; stamens 10; fruit a large
3-angled capsule.
VOCHYSIACEAE. Vochysia Family

VOCHYSIA (Aubl.) Juss.
Vochysia hondurensis Sprague, Kew Bull. 183. 1922. Type

from Belize, Campbell 10; frequent in forest, especially in the south;
Guatemala to Costa Rica. White Mahogany, Yemen, Emeri, Emery,
San Juan. A tall tree, often 16-30 meters high, with pale trunk and
small narrow crown; leaves in whorls of 3-4, short-petioled, oblong
or oblanceolate-oblong, 8-14 cm. long, rounded to acute at the apex,
glabrous; flowers bright yellow, in narrow dense panicles at the ends
of the branches and in the axils of the leaves; sepals 5, one of them
produced as a spur; petals 3; fruit a 3-angled 3-celled capsule 4 cm.
long. A conspicuous and exceedingly handsome tree when in flower.
Wood reddish brown or pale brown with a pinkish hue and a golden
sub-luster, although the surface may appear rather dull and "mealy" ;
light in weight, fairly tough, coarse-textured, inclined to be gritty

and hard on tools when dry, holds its place well when manufactured;
dark-colored material fairly resistant to decay or insects; rays dis-
tinct;parenchyma about the large pores and in irregular concentric
bands, producing distinct pattern (in proper light) on tangential
surface; vertical traumatic gum ducts often present and sometimes
large enough to constitute a defect in lumber; timber used in the
southern part of the Colony for boards and the construction of
dories; has been exported in limited amount to the United States
for veneers.
POLYGALACEAE. Polygala Family

Herbs or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, entire,
without stipules; flowers perfect, small or large, irregular, with 5
inferior sepals, the 2 lateral sepals often large and colored; petals
usually 3 and more or less united; stamens normally 8.
Herbs or erect shrubs Polygala.

Woody vines.
Fruit a large samara Securidaca.
Fruit a narrow capsule Bredemeyera.
BREDEMEYERA Willd.
Bredemeyera lucida (Benth.) Benn. Occasional in thickets or
open forest; Guianas and Brazil. A
large vine, the stems 5-6 cm.
thick; leaves leathery, short-petiolate, oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse,
with minute scattered appressed hairs; flowers densely clustered,
small, the clusters racemose; capsule 10-14 mm. long, glabrous;
seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the tip. In North America the
genus is known only from the Yucatan Peninsula.
POLYGALA L.
Polygala adenophora DC.

Polygala asperuloides HBK.
Polygala hygrophila HBK.
Polygala incarnata L.
Polygala jamaicensis Chodat. Camp 36, Guatemalan bound-
ary, Schipp 1254; Pete*n; Jamaica. A
shrub 1 meter high; leaves
short-petiolate, ovate, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex,
strigillose; flowers yellow, 4 mm. long, in short racemes.
Polygala longicaulis HBK.

Polygala paniculata L. Flowers purple or white (f. leucoptera
Blake).
Polygala Timoutou Aubl. All Pines.
Polygala variabilis HBK.
SECURIDACA L.
Small or large, woody vines; leaves alternate, entire, with small

stipular glands; flowers small, pink, in racemes; fruit a samara with
a large broad wing.
Leaves with closely appressed hairs on lower surface. . .S. diversifolia.
Leaves with short spreading hairs on lower surface. . . .S. sylvestris.
Securidaca diversifolia (L.) Blake. S. erecta Jacq. In thickets;

widely distributed in tropical America. A small or large vine; leaves
almost sessile, ovate to oblong, acute, reticulate-veined, the pubes-
cence of minute appressed hairs; flowers showy, bright pink, in
racemes; samaras 4-7 cm. long, with a broad wing. A handsome
plant in flower, suggestive of some of the Leguminosae.
Securidaca sylvestris Schlecht. Maskall, Gentle 1194; Panama
to Mexico. Leaves ovate to elliptic; racemes 2-10 cm. long, the
flowers 1 cm. long.
DICHAPETALACEAE. Dichapetalum Family

DICHAPETALUM Thouars
Dichapetalum Donnell-Smithii Engler. Middlesex and All
Pines; southward to Panama. A shrub or a woody vine, sometimes
climbing to a height of 9 meters; leaves alternate, short-petioled,

with stipules, oblong, acute or acuminate, entire, softly hairy
beneath; flowers small, cream-colored, in axillary cymes, the peduncle
adnate to the petiole; sepals and petals each 5; stamens 5; fruit a
densely pubescent drupe 1.5-2 cm. long.
EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family

One of the largest families of plants, composed of diverse groups
of unlike appearance; sap usually milky; leaves commonly alternate
and simple; pubescence often of branched hairs or of scales; flowers
mostly small and unisexual, with or without petals; fruit most often
a 3-celled capsule.
Plants climbing.
Flower clusters enclosed by 2 enlarged and often colored bracts;
capsule 3-celled Dalechampia.
Flower clusters not enclosed by bracts; capsule 4-celled Plukenetia.
.
Plants not climbing.

Flowers enclosed in a cup-like involucre containing both staminate
and pistillate flowers. Herbs Euphorbia.
Flowers not involucrate or, if so, the involucre containing flowers
of only one sex.
Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary; stamens, at least the outer
ones, opposite the sepals.
Pubescence of small scales; flowers dioecious Hieronyma.
Pubescence none or of simple hairs; flowers monoecious.
Flowers chiefly spicate; leaves leathery Amanoa.
Flowers not spicate; leaves thin Phyllanihus.
Ovule 1 in each cell; stamens, at least the outer ones, alternate
with the sepals.
Flowers in dichotomous cymes Jatropha.
Flowers variously arranged but not in dichotomous cymes.
Leaves deeply lobed.
Pubescence of branched hairs Jatropha.
Pubescence none or of simple hairs.
Lobes of the leaves entire Manihot.

Lobes of the leaves toothed Ricinus.
Leaves not lobed.
Petiole bearing 2 large glands below the blade. .Sapium.
Petiole without conspicuous glands.
Flowers in spike-like panicles, the panicles with con-

spicuous large glands Mabea.
Flowers not panicled, or, if so, the inflorescence with-
out conspicuous glands.
Fruit fleshy, resembling a small apple. tree ofA
seashores Hippomane.
Fruit a dry capsule, or a small pubescent drupe with
scant flesh.
Fruit 1-seeded. Leaves entire; flowers axillary.
Drypetes.
Fruit 3-seeded.
subtended by green
Pistillate flowers spicate,
toothed bracts. Herbs, shrubs, or trees;
staminate flowers in catkin-like spikes.
Acalypha.
Pistillate flowers variously arranged, but not
subtended by green toothed bracts.
Plants herbaceous Caperonia.
Plants woody.
Pubescence of minute scales. Flowers
clustered in the leaf axils Pera.
Pubescence none or of hairs, if of scales,
the flowers racemose.
Flowers, at least the staminate, panicled.

Alchornea.
Flowers not panicled.
Petals present, at least in the staminate
flowers. Pubescence of branched
hairs; flowers racemose Croton.
Petals none.
Flowers clustered in thejleaf axils
or on naked branches. .Adelia. .
Flowers spicate.
Leaves densely pubescent.
Bernardia.
Leaves glabrous.
Calyx of the staminate flower

almost obsolete.
Sebastiania.
Calyx of the staminate flower

well developed, of 3 sepals.
Gymnanthes.
ACALYPHA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate, long-petiolate,
usually crenate, with stipules; flowers monoecious, in long or short
spikes; pistillate flowers subtended by dentate foliaceous bracts;
fruit a small 3-celled capsule.
Herbs.
Flower spikes all axillary, the pistillate ones 1 cm. thick.
A. arvensis.
Flower spikes partly terminal, the pistillate 5 mm. thick. A. setosa.
Shrubs or small trees.
Pistillate flowers pediceled, in panicles A. lancetillae.
Pistillate flowers sessile, in spikes.
Lower bracts of the pistillate inflorescence greatly enlarged and

leaf-like. Young branches hirsute A. chlorocardia.
Lower bracts little larger than the upper ones, not leaf-like.
Leaves broadly ovate, commonly 10-15 cm. wide, velvety-

pubescent beneath; pistillate spikes without staminate
flowers A. macrostachya.
Leaves lance-oblong or elliptic-oblong, mostly 3-6 cm. wide,
pubescent or glabrate beneath; pistillate spikes with
staminate flowers above A. diversifolia.
Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.
Acalypha chlorocardia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 18. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, on river bank, Schipp S45. A shrub 1 meter

high; leaves large, ovate, serrate, long-acuminate.
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. Costilla de danto
(Honduras).
Frequent in thickets and
forest; widely distributed in tropical
America. A slender shrub or small tree, sometimes 8 meters high,
with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter; flowers green, in slender catkin-
like spikes. One of the most common shrubs of second-growth in
Central America generally. Wood yellowish brown, compact, fine-
textured; not utilized.
Acalypha lancetillae Standl. Jacinto Hills; headwaters of

the Rio Grande; Guatemala and Honduras. A slender shrub 1-2
meters high; leaves short-petioled, oblanceolate-oblong, acuminate,
coarsely toothed, softly pubescent beneath, narrowed to an obtuse
or narrowly rounded base.
Acalypha macrostachya Jacq. Frequent in thickets; widely

stout shrub 2 meters high;
spikes often as much as 40 cm. long.
Acalypha setosa A. Rich.
ADELIA L.
Adelia barbinervis Schlecht. & Cham. Frequent in forest or

thickets; Mexico to Guatemala. A shrub or small tree, sometimes
7.5 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter, the branches
frequently spine-like; leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, sinuate
or entire, glabrate; flowers minute, greenish, clustered in the leaf
axils, the pistillate on long slender pedicels; capsule small, 3-lobed.
ALCHORNEA Swartz
Trees or shrubs; leaves petioled, usually toothed; flowers dioecious
or monoecious, in lateral spikes or racemes; fruit a 2-3-celled capsule.
Leaves narrowly oblong or lance-oblong, penninerved A. oblongifolia.
.
Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic-oblong, palmate-nerved. A. latifolia.

Alchornea latifolia Swartz. Canelito (Honduras). Big Creek,
Schipp; southern Mexico to Honduras; West Indies. A spreading
tree 15 meters high or less, the trunk up to 45 cm. in diameter, the
branches often elongate and drooping or trailing; leaves long-
petiolate, broadly ovate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse to cordate at the
base, coarsely dentate, glabrous or nearly so; staminate flowers in
large pubescent panicles. Wood brown, rather light and soft,
medium-textured, with numerous radial canals the size of pinholes;
not utilized.
Alchornea oblongifolia Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 66. 1935.Type collected in forest, Camp 35, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S729. A tree of 15 meters, the trunk 45 cm. in
diameter; leaves 16-24 cm. long, short-acuminate, glabrous, crenate-
serrate; capsule 3-celled.
AMANOA Aubl.
Amanoa grandiflora Muell. Arg. Temash River; Moho River;
Surinam and British Guiana. A glabrous tree as much as 12 meters
high, with a trunk diameter of 30 cm. ; leaves short-petiolate, oblong

or elliptic, acuminate, obtuse or acute at the base, entire; flowers
small, clustered in the leaf axils or arranged in simple or branched,
2-3 cm. long. This is the only
spike-like inflorescences; capsule
Central American representative of the genus. Wood brown, hard,
heavy, tough, and strong, fine-textured, with interwoven grain;
parenchyma in very numerous, fine lines producing an irregular
network with the closely spaced rays; no local uses, but probably
suitable for tool handles.
BERNARDIA Adans.
Bernardia interrupta (Schlecht.) Muell. Arg. Waika Ribbon.
El Cayo District; southern Mexico. A shrub or tree, sometimes with
a trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaves petiolate, oblong to elliptic or
obovate, sinuate-dentate, acuminate, sparsely stellate-pubescent or
glabrate; flowers green, dioecious, spicate; capsule 3-lobed, 12 mm.
broad. Wood pale brown, with silky luster; moderately hard,
tough and strong, fine-textured, easy to work, finishes very smoothly,
isnot resistant to decay; probably suitable for tool handles.
CAPERONIA St. Hil.
Caperonia palustris (L.) St. Hil.
CODIAEUM Juss.
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume. Laurel (Honduras). Culti-

vated commonly as an ornamental plant; native of the Pacific
islands. A shrub, noteworthy for the great variation exhibited by
its leaves, which are of various shapes and innumerable combinations
of colors. The plant usually is known incorrectly by the name
Croton.
CROTON L.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with stellate or scurfy pubescence; leaves

alternate; flowers racemose, the pistillate below, the staminate above;
fruit a 3-lobed capsule.
Leaves deeply lobed, or coarsely toothed; plants annual.
Leaves deeply lobed C. lobatus.
Leaves coarsely toothed C. tragioides.

Leaves not lobed, entire or nearly so; plants perennial.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; plants essentially or
wholly herbaceous, 1 meter high or less C. punctatus.
Leaves acute or acuminate; trees or tall shrubs.

Pubescence of minute, appressed, silvery or brown scales.
Leaves mostly oblong; capsule tuberculate C. glabettus.

Leaves ovate; capsule not tuberculate C. niveus.
Pubescence of branched hairs.
Leaves long-petiolate, 10-20 cm. long; flowers in long, much
interrupted racemes C. pyramidalis.
Leaves short-petiolate, smaller; flowers in short racemes.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, in stout dense racemes.
C. flavens.
Flowers slender-pediceled, in lax and interrupted racemes.
C. humilis.
Croton flavens L. Ekbalam, Xixim coh (Yucatan, Maya). El
Cayo, Chanek 183; Yucatan to Honduras. An aromatic shrub,
densely stellate- tomentose throughout; leaves oblong-ovate, rounded
or cordate at the base.
Croton glabellus L. Wild Cinnamon. Chuts (Yucatan, Maya).
Perescuch (Pete*n). Frequent in forest or thickets; southern Mexico
to the West Indies and northern South America. A tree 6-7.5
meters high, the trunk 12 cm. or less in diameter, appearing glabrous
but with minute scattered brownish scales on the foliage; leaves
oblong or elliptic-oblong. Wood brownish, moderately hard, rather
fine- textured; occasionally with large radial canals; not utilized.
Croton humilis L. Ikaban, Xic gaban (Yucatan, Maya).
Maskall Pine Ridge, Gentle 1170; Mexico. A low aromatic shrub,
densely stellate-pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate, sometimes
glabrate, obtuse or rounded at the base; sepals glandular-ciliate.
Croton lobatus L.
Croton niveus Jacq. Chul (Yucatan, Maya). El Cayo District,

Chanek; Mexico to northern South America. A large shrub or a
small tree, covered with minute silvery scales; leaves usually cordate
at the base.
Croton punctatus Jacq. A seashore plant.
Croton pyramidalis Donn. Smith. Frequent in forest and
thickets; Guatemala and Honduras. A large shrub or small tree,
sometimes 9 meters high with a trunk diameter of 10 cm.
Croton tragioides Blake. Quema-nariz (Honduras). Forest
Home, Schipp 1020.
DALECHAMPIA L.
Dalechampia laevigata Standl. Corozal District, Gentle 319.
Dalechampia scandens L. Moolcoh (Yucatan, Maya). All
Pines, Schipp S140.
Dalechampia Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 133. 1932.
Type from Sara wee, pine ridge, Schipp S181; Manatee Pine Ridge,
Gentle 76; Stann Creek Valley, Petty.
Dalechampia Schottii Greenm. Moolcoh (

Yucatan, Maya).
Big Creek, Schipp 189.
Dalechampia spathulata (Scheidw.) Baill. Jacinto Hills,
Schipp 1298.
DRYPETES Vahl
Shrubs or trees with glabrous coriaceous leaves; flowers axillary,
clustered, dioecious, without petals; stamens 2-8; fruit drupaceous,
usually 1-seeded.
Leaves acute at the base, narrowed to the petiole; fruit 1.5 cm. long
or larger D. Brownii.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the base; fruit less than 1 cm. long.
D. lateriflora.
Drypetes Brownii Standl. Trop. Woods 20: 20. 1929. Bullhoof
Macho. Type from Hillbank, C. S. Brown 38; El Cayo District,
Bartlett 12865; Eldorado, Schipp; Pete"n. A glabrous tree 14 meters
high, the trunk 15-20 cm. in diameter; leaves alternate, short-
petiolate, leathery, oblong, acuminate, entire, unequal at the base;
flowers dioecious, without petals, 2.5 mm. long, clustered in the
leaf axils; fruitbrown, globose, 1-celled and 1-seeded, 1.5 cm. long,
with thin flesh. Wood yellowish brown, often with reddish brown
streaks; hard, heavy, strong, somewhat brittle, medium-textured,
fairly straight-grained, not difficult to work, finishes smoothly, is
not durable; parenchyma in numerous, fine lines of the same width
as the rays and forming a network with them; timber suitable for
implements and tool handles.
Drypetes lateriflora (Swartz) Krug & Urban. Collected by
Schipp along the Guatemalan boundary; Pete"n, Mexico, and the
West Indies. A tree 10 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter;
leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate; flowers 2 mm. long.
EUPHORBIA L. Spurge
Euphorbia Armourii Millsp.
Euphorbia Blodgettii Engelm.
Euphorbia buxifolia L. A plant of sea beaches.

Euphorbia graminea Jacq. Onobkax (Yucatan, Maya).
Euphorbia heterophylla L. Red Head. Hobonkax (Yucatan,
Maya).
Euphorbia hirta L. Golondrina (Yucatan). One of the most
abundant weeds of tropical America.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Chickenweed, Pisabed. Toplanxiu

(Yucatan, Maya).
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. El Cayo District.
Euphorbia thy mifolia L. Chickenweed. Golondrina (Honduras).

Euphorbia trichotoma HBK. Freshwater Cay, Schipp 929.
GYMNANTHES Swartz
Gymnanthes lucida Swartz. False Lignum Vitae. Occasional;
Yucatan, Florida, West Indies. A glabrous shrub or tree, sometimes
10 meters high; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate or entire;
flowers small, green, spicate; fruit a capsule. The milky sap is
reported to be very poisonous if in contact with the skin. This
plant has no resemblance to the true Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum) of
the family Zygophyllaceae. The heartwood is variegated olive-
brown, often with dark streaks; sap wood thin, white, hard, heavy,
strong, very fine-textured, takes a lustrous finish, and is durable;
highly attractive wood for walking sticks, handles, articles of turnery,
etc. (For detailed description of the wood see T. of T. A., pp. 373-
374.)
HIERONYMA Allem.
Trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, penninerved, lepidote;
flowers dioecious, without petals, small, racemose or paniculate,
axillary; fruit small, drupaceous, 1-seeded.
Stipules large, petiolate, persistent; leaves chiefly ovate or broadly

elliptic, rounded or obtuse at the base H. alchorneoides.
Stipules small, deciduous; leaves oblong, acute at the base . H. oblonga.
Hieronyma alchorneoides Allem. Curtidor (Honduras). Base
of Cockscomb Mountains, in forest, Schipp 541; southward through
Central America to Brazil. A tree 12 meters high, the trunk 25 cm.
in diameter; leaves large,
acuminate, very sparsely lepidote beneath;
drupes black, 2-3 mm. long. Sapwood pinkish white; heartwood
very dark brown, exuding a blackish sap when freshly cut; rather
hard and heavy, of uneven and mostly coarse texture, difficult to

work, inclined to warp, appears durable; apparently not utilized.
(For further description of the wood see T. of T. A., pp. 370-371.)
Hieronyma oblonga (Tul.) Muell. Arg. Sittee River, secondary

forest,Schipp 592; southern Mexico; Costa Rica to Brazil. A tree
11 meters high, the trunk 22 cm. in diameter; leaves almost glabrous,
acuminate; flowers white.
HIPPOMANE L.
Hippomane Mancinella L. ManchineeL Manzanillo (Central

America). Frequent on seashores; widely distributed in tropical
America. A small glabrous tree with smooth bark; leaves oblong-
ovate to oval, acute, serrulate; fruit resembling a small green apple.
A characteristic tree of seashores. The milky latex in contact with
the flesh often produces intense irritation, with blistering and
swelling. The fruit is poisonous, but it is not of such a nature that
it is likely to be eaten. Wood suggests Circassian Walnut and is
excellent for cabinet work and furniture. (For description of the

timber see T. of T. A., pp. 371-373.)
JATROPHA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate, long-petiolate;
flowers usually monoecious, with or without petals, in cymes; fruit
a capsule.
Leaves deeply lobed, with narrow segments; plants armed with
stinging hairs J. tubulosa.
Leaves entire or very shallowly lobed, with broad lobes; plants

unarmed.
Leaves entire J. Gaumeri.
Leaves shallowly lobed J. Curcas.
Jatropha Curcas L. Pindn (Honduras). Xkakalche (Yucatan,

Maya). Occasional, at least in cultivation; widely distributed in
tropical America. A shrub or small tree with few thick branches;
leaves 10-15 cm. wide, almost glabrous; flowers greenish yellow,
in long-stalked cymes; fruit drupelike, fleshy, the seeds 2 cm. in
diameter. The seeds contain 25 to 40 per cent of an odorless oil
which has been employed in making paints and soap and as a
lubricant. They have an agreeable flavor but so violent purgative
properties that it is dangerous to eat them, although the roasted
kernels are said to be safe for human food.
Jatropha Gaumeri Greenm. Wild Physic Nut. Pindn. Chipche

(Maya). Pomolche (Yucatan, Maya). Northern part of the Colony;
Yucatan. A shrub or tree 3-5 meters high, the trunk sometimes
50 cm. in diameter; leaves rounded-cordate, entire, glabrous or
nearly so; flowers in small, mostly sessile cymes.
Jatropha tubulosa Muell. Arg. Nettle. Picapica. Xchai
(Maya) Frequent in thickets widely distributed in tropical America.
.
;
A shrub or coarse herb 1-2 meters high; leaves large, the lobes coarsely
toothed; flowers white and rather showy, in long-stalked cymes.
The long hairs that cover all parts of the plant sting the flesh most
painfully. The young leaves sometimes are cooked and eaten as a
vegetable.
Jatropha aconitifolia Mill, is cultivated in some parts of
British Honduras, as it isin other near-by regions. It is much like
J. tubulosa, but bears few stinging hairs. The young leaves are
cooked and eaten like spinach.
JULOCROTON Mart.
Julocroton argenteus Didr. Belize River, Lundell 4113.
MABEA Aubl.
Mabea occiden tails Benth. Temash River, Kinloch 44; south-
ern Mexico to northern South America. A slender glabrous
shrub 2.5 meters high; leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, en-
tire, cuspidate-acuminate, pale beneath; flowers in terminal raceme-
like panicles, the staminate flowers small spherical balls of numerous
stamens; fruit a 3-lobed capsule; branches of the panicle with large

sessile glands.
MANIHOT Adans.
Manihot esculenta Crantz. Yuca. Tsin (Maya).
Cassava.
Cultivated for its edible roots, and
becoming naturalized. This
also
vegetable is most popular among the Caribs. For a large part of
South America it is the most important source of bread or starch.
PERA Mutis
Pera barbellata Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 19. 1930. Type
from Mullins River .Road, in jungle, Schipp 201; All Pines, secondary
forest, Schipp 568; Pete*n. A tree 9-12 meters high, the trunk 15-22
cm. in diameter; leaves alternate, oblong, acuminate, entire, with a
few minute scales on the lower surface, tufted in the axils of the
nerves; flowers small, clustered in the leaf axils; fruit a small capsule.
Another species of the genus occurs in Panama.
PHYLLANTHUS L.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, entire, usually 2-ranked;
flowers very small, green, commonly solitary or clustered in the leaf
axils; fruit baccate or more commonly a 3-celled capsule.
Leaves acute or acuminate; shrubs or trees.
Flowers panicled.
Fruit fleshy; leaves 4-7 cm. long P. acidits.
Fruit dry; leaves mostly 8-12 cm. long P. glaucescens.

Flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf axils.
Branches green, angled; leaves mostly 3-5 cm. long.
P. brasiliensis.
Branches, except the youngest, reddish brown; leaves larger.

Lateral nerves of the leaves about 5 pairs P. Bartlettii.
Lateral nerves about 9 pairs P. nobilis.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; herbs or low shrubs.

Leaves 6-15 mm. wide; a low shrub P. ferax.
Leaves less than 5 mm. wide.
Stems fistulose-thickened at the base P. diffusus.
Stems not thickened at the base.
Plants usually withweak branches from the base, the branches
spreading, the upper ones surpassing the main stem.
P. Niruri.
Plants without basal branches, the branches ascending, not
exceeding the main stem P. carolinensis.
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. Wild Plum. Grosella (Yuca-

tan). Sometimes known as Star Gooseberry or Otaheite Gooseberry.
Planted and becoming naturalized; native of the East Indies. A
glabrous tree; flowers small, green or pink, panicled on old branches;
fruit a large green drupe, conspicuously ribbed. The extremely sour
fruit sometimes is eaten, especially in the form of preserves.
Phyllanthus Bartlettii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.

461: 68. 1935. Type from river bluffs at El Cayo, Bartlett 11441;
collected also at San Antonio, Bartlett 13037. A slender shrub
60-120 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves lance-oblong or ovate-
oblong, 5-7.5 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the base.
Phyllanthus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Poir. Ciruelillo. Kahyuo

(Yucatan, Maya). P. Conami Swartz. Frequent in second-growth
thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A slender glabrous
shrub or small tree; leaves two-ranked, the branches suggesting the
fronds of a fern.
Phyllanthus carolinensis Walt.

Phyllanthus diffusus Klotzsch. Honey Camp, Meyer 131.
Phyllanthus ferax Standl. El Cayo, Bartlett 12933; adjacent

Guatemala. A very slender shrub, sometimes a meter high.
Phyllanthus glaucescens HBK. Monkey Rattle. Pixton
(Maya). Northern part of Colony; Yucatan, Campeche, Guatemala,
Salvador. A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves oval to orbicular;
panicles shorter than the leaves; capsule more than 2 cm. in diameter.
Phyllanthus Niruri L.
Phyllanthus nobilis (L. f.) Muell. Arg. Clawberry. Xnabalche
(Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in trop-
ical America. A glabrous shrub or small tree. Var. hypomalacus
Standl., with leaves pubescent beneath, has been collected at New
River, Gentle 538.
PLUKENETIA L.
Plukenetia angustifolia Standl. Big Creek, edge of jungle,

Schipp 156; Maskall Pine Ridge, Gentle 1091; Guatemala and Hon-
duras. A slender woody vine; leaves alternate, oblong or lance-
oblong, acuminate, acute to rounded at the base, inconspicuously
serrate, almost glabrous; flowers minute, green, in long slender
bracted racemes; capsule deeply 4-lobed.
RICINUS L.
Ricinus communisL. Castor Bean. Higuerilla. Koch (Yuca-

tan, Maya).Cultivated and naturalized; native of tropical Africa.
The seeds are the source of castor oil.
SAPIUM Jacq.
Sapium jamaicense Swartz. Leche de Maria. Honey Camp

region; Forest Home; Central America and the West Indies. A large
glabrous tree, sometimes 18 meters high, with milky latex; easily
recognized by the leaves, which are oblong, petioled, inconspicuously
serrate, and have 2 conspicuous glands on the petiole just below the
blade; flowers in dense spikes; fruit a capsule. The latex of some
Sapium species growing in Central America is reputed poisonous,

but that of others, apparently, is innocuous. South American species
of Sapium yield a kind of commercial rubber, but the Central Ameri-
can trees have not been exploited for the purpose.
SEBASTIANIA Spreng.
Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stalked, serrulate,
with small stipules; flowers minute, green, usually monoecious,
without petals, in spikes.
Leaves acute or short-acuminate S. adenophora.
Leaves abruptly long-cuspidate S. longicuspis.
Sebastiania adenophora Pax & Hoffm. Kanchunup (Yucatan,

Maya). Honey Camp, Lundell 434; Yucatan. A glabrous shrub or
small tree; leaves ovate to oblong, short-petiolate, acuminate, ser-
rulate; flowers green, spicate; fruit a small capsule.
Sebastiania longicuspis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 134. 1932.
Ridge White Poisonwood. Type from Eldorado, Schipp 1018; Vaca,
D. Stevenson (Yale 11985); Guatemala. A tree 13 meters high, the
trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaves small, on short slender petioles,
oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse at the base, inconspicuously
serrulate; fruit large, drupe-like, globose. Wood light brown, mod-
erately heavy, tough and strong, fine-textured, easy to work, finishes
very smoothly, is not resistant to decay; parenchyma in fine, con-
centric lines of same width as the rays but more widely spaced;
timber not utilized, but probably suitable for tool handles.
TRAGIA L.
Tragia yucatanensis Millsp. Popox (Yucatan, Maya). Mach-
aca, Schipp 1211. A species confined to the Yucatan Peninsula.
BUXACEAE. Box Family

BUXUS L.
Only one species of the genus is known from Central America.

Buxus Bartlettii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 134. 1932. Type
from river bluffs, El Cayo, Bartlett 11437; Esperanza Road, Schipp
S724. An almost glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves opposite,
without stipules, narrowly lance-oblong, small, acuminate, with
spine-like tips, entire, thick; flowers small, greenish, in dense axillary
few-flowered inflorescences, the flowers mostly staminate, one in
each cluster usually pistillate; fruit a 3-celled capsule.
ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or pinnate, without
stipules; flowers small, whitish or greenish, panicled; calyx 3-7-cleft;
petals 3-7; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; fruit
superior, usually fleshy and containing a single seed.
Leaves simple, entire.
Stamens 1-5; leaves long-acuminate Mangifera.
Stamens 8-10; leaves rounded at the apex Anacardium.
Leaves pinnate.
Ovary 5-celled; fruit edible Spondias.
Ovary 1-celled; fruit not edible.
Calyx much enlarged and persistent in fruit Astronium.
Calyx not enlarging.
Leaflets 3-7, long-stalked Metopium.
Leaflets 11-17, almost sessile Mosquitoxylum.
ANACARDIUM L.
Anacardium occidentale L. Cashew. Maranon (Central Amer-
ica generally). Common in open forest or thickets; widely distrib-
uted in tropical America. A
small or medium-sized, almost glabrous
tree; leaves obovate, short-stalked, rounded at the apex; flowers
reddish or purplish, in large panicles. The tree is planted commonly
for its fruit, of curious structure. The fruit consists of a gray kidney-
shaped nut borne at the apex of what appears to be a fleshy fruit
but is really an enlarged hypocarp. The latter resembles somewhat
a bullnose pepper, red or yellow, with abundant juicy flesh. It is a
favorite fruit in Central America, although the peculiar flavor does
not appeal to all palates. The outer coat of the nut contains an
acrid oil, cardol, that produces blisters on the skin, but the nut
itself, when roasted, is very good to eat. Large quantities of the
roasted nuts now are consumed in the United States. The oil ob-
tained from the seeds is used sometimes to preserve articles of wood
and leather from the attacks of termites and other insects, and a
gum that exudes from the bark may be utilized for the same purpose.
Wood grayish, pinkish or brownish with rather high luster; moder-
ately hard and strong, medium-textured, easy to work, is not very
resistant to decay.
ASTRONIUM Jacq.
Astronium graveolens Jacq. Glassy Wood. Palo Mulato.
Ciruelillo (Honduras). Kulimche (Yucatan, Maya). Crique Negra,
226 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XII
N. S. Stevenson, and elsewhere; Central and South America. A

large forest tree with small narrow buttresses; leaves pinnate, the
numerous leaflets oblong or ovate, almost glabrous, stalked, toothed,
with long tapering tips; flowers small, in large panicles; sepals be-
coming much enlarged and thin and surrounding the small dry ob-
long fruit. Wood reddish, sometimes plain, but more often richly
striped with black; hard, heavy, fine-textured, durable, easy to work,
and suited for fine furniture and articles of turnery; similar to the
Goncalo Alves of Brazil. (See T. of T. A., pp. 386-390.)
MANGIFERA L.
Mangifera indica L. Mango. Cultivated and probably also

becoming naturalized; native of the East Indies. The favorite fruit
of Central America generally.
METOPIUM P. Br.
Metopium Brownei (Jacq.) Urban. Black Poison Wood. Hon-

duras Walnut. Chechem (Maya). Frequent in thickets and open
forest; southern Mexico and Greater Antilles. A shrub or a medium-
sized tree; leaflets 3-7, obovate or rounded, entire, glabrous, long-
stalked; flowers small, whitish, in large axillary panicles; fruit a
compressed purple drupe 8 mm. long. The tree is highly poisonous,
at least to some persons, causing intense itching, followed by blister-
ing and swelling of the parts affected.Heartwood of various shades
of brown with a greenish tinge and golden luster; hard and heavy,
rather fine-textured, often wavy-grained, not easy to work but
finishes very smoothly and takes a high polish; timber highly es-
teemed locally for furniture. (See Trop. Woods 18: 28.)
MOSQUITOXYLUM & Urban

Krug
Mosquitoxylum jamaicense Krug & Urban. Bastard Ma-
hogany, Ridge Redwood Wild Mahogany, Chichimeca. Nictaa
(?),
(Maya). Frequent in forest; Chiapas to Panama; Jamaica. A large

tree, reported also as a shrub; leaflets 11-17, obovate to oblong,
entire, rounded or obtuse at the apex, unequal at the base, leathery,
minutely appressed-hairy beneath or almost glabrous; flowers small,
in large axillary panicles; fruits red, somewhat compressed, 8 mm.
long. Called Mosquito Wood in Jamaica. According to C. S. Brown,
this is a tall straight slender tree up to 24 meters high, with a trunk
as much as a meter in diameter. Wood pale reddish brown tinged
with yellow; hard, heavy, strong, rather fine- textured, somewhat
cross-grained, finishes very smoothly, is moderately durable.
FLORA OP BRITISH HONDURAS 227
SPONDIAS L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves deciduous; leaflets numerous, un-
equal at the base; flowers small, panicled; fruit a fleshy juicy drupe
with a large, usually 5-celled, rough stone. Wood nearly white when
fresh, but subject to blue stain; light in weight, but firm and tena-
cious; suitable for box boards if kiln-dried; perishable in the soil.
Panicles lateral on old wood, small; leaflets acute to rounded at the
apex, mostly 2-5 cm. long S. purpurea.
Panicles terminal, large; leaflets abruptly obtuse-acuminate, mostly
6-10 cm. long S. Mombin.
Spondias Mombin L. Jobo. Hog Plum. Kanabal (Yucatan,
Maya). Frequent in thickets or open forest; widely distributed in
tropical America. A medium-sized tree with pale, nearly smooth
bark; leaflets almost glabrous, stalked, entire or toothed; flowers
greenish; fruit yellow, plum-like. Often planted, like the following
species, for living fence posts. The fruits are edible, but inferior
in flavor.
Spondias purpurea L. Hog Plum. Ciruela. Abal, Chiabal

(Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in trop-
ical America. A shrub or small tree, often more or less sprawling,
with few thick branches; flowers red or purplish; fruits usually red
or purple. The leaves have a strong acid flavor. The fruits resemble
small plums, and have a somewhat similar taste. Some of the best
varieties are decidedly good to eat.
AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family

ILEX L. Holly
Ilex pan a men sis Standl. Cassada, Dogwood (Gentle). Occa-
sional in forest or thickets, sometimes in mangrove swamps; south-
ward to Honduras and Panama. A
glabrous tree 6-9 meters high, the
trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves leathery, alternate, without stipules,
short-petiolate, oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or abruptly
short-pointed; flowers small, whitish, solitary or clustered in the
a small globose black berry. Called Garlic Wood
leaf axils; fruit
in Panama. Wood grayish cr grayish brown, similar in appearance
and properties to Beech (Fagus~).
CYRILLACEAE. Cyrilla Family

CYRILLA L.
Cyrilla racemiflora L. Rio Privation, El Cayo District, Bart-

lett 11788; southern Mexico, southern United States, West Indies,
and northern South America. A shrub 3-3.5 meters high; leaves

alternate, leathery, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, short-
stalked, entire, glabrous; flowers white or pinkish, in lateral racemes;
sepals 5; petals 5, acute, 3 mm. long; stamens 5; fruit a small 2-celled
capsule. The genus is unknown elsewhere in Central America.
CELASTRACEAE. Bittersweet Family
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, entire or toothed;

stipules minute and caducous or none; flowers small, perfect, fascicled
or in cymes; calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5, small; stamens 4-5, the
anthers 2-celled; ovary 2-5-celled; fruit a capsule or berry.
Fruit with broad longitudinal wings Wimmeria.
Fruit not winged.
Flowers clustered in the leaf axils; fruit a capsule Maytenus.
Flowers in cymes; fruit a berry Rhacoma.
MAYTENUS Molina
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, persistent, entire or toothed,
the stipules minute and deciduous; flowers polygamous; calyx 5-
parted; petals 5; fruit a coriaceous capsule with 1-3 cells, the seed
surrounded by a fleshy aril.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex M. belizensis.
Leaves acute or acuminate M. longipes.
Maytenus belizensis Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 69. 1935. Type from Jacinto Hills, in forest, Schipp S617.
A tree of 10 meters, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong,
leathery, entire or nearly so, the lateral nerves obsolete; capsules
6-9 mm. long.
Maytenus longipes Briq.Apparently frequent in forests; rang-

ing to Colombia and the Guianas. A shrub or tree, as much as
9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 20 cm. leaves short-petiolate,
;
glabrous, obscurely toothed; flowers minute, creamy yellow; fruit

orange-colored.
RHACOMA L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves chiefly opposite, some of them at

times alternate, entire or toothed, the stipules small; flowers small,
in cymes, axillary; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit a drupe, with a single cell.
Calyx densely short-pilose with spreading hairs; veins of the leaves

very prominent R. Gaumeri.
Calyx, minutely puberulent; veins of the leaves inconspicuous.

R. eucymosa.
Rhacoma eucymosa (Loes. & Pitt.) Standl. Myginda eucymosa
Loes. & Pitt. Carbon, Limoncillo. Frequent in forest; southward
to Panama. A glabrous shrub or tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high,
with a trunk 8 cm. in diameter, the bark dark olive-brown, smooth,
but flaking off; leaves opposite, short-petioled, ovate to oblong,
obscurely serrulate; flowers minute, whitish, in small stalked axillary
cymes; petals and stamens each 4; fruit a red or black plum-like
drupe 1-2 cm. long.
Rhacoma Gaumeri (Loes.) Standl., comb. nov. Myginda
Gaumeri Loes. Honey Camp, Lundell 650; El Cayo, Chanek 154;
Campeche; Yucatan. An almost glabrous shrub, 5 meters high or
less; leaves oblong to elliptic, finely serrulate, leathery; flowers dark
red; drupe obovoid, about 1 cm. long.
WIMMERIA Schlecht. & Cham.

Wimmeria concolor Schlecht. & Cham. Temash River, Schipp
1296; Pete"n and Mexico. A
tree of 9 meters, the trunk 15 cm. in
diameter; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-
serrate or almost entire, lustrous on the upper surface; flowers
minute, in axillary cymes; fruit 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the broad thin
wings often tinged with red.
HIPPOCRATEAGEAE. Hippocratea Family

Woody vines; leaves opposite, entire or inconspicuously toothed,
the stipules minute, deciduous; flowers small, perfect, greenish, in
axillary cymes; calyx 5-parted; petals usually 5; stamens normally
3, inserted on a well-developed disk; ovary 3-celled, with a simple
or 3-lobed stigma.
Fruit globose, baccate; seeds not winged Solatia.
Fruit vertically depressed and deeply 3-lobed, dry; seeds broadly
winged Hippocratea.
HIPPOCRATEA L.
Leaves persistent, more or less leathery, short-petiolate; flowers

small, greenish, in lax or dense cymes or panicles; capsule large, flat,
strongly compressed vertically, 3-lobed almost to the base, the lobes
splittingopen along the middle. The curious fruits are altogether
unlike those of any other Central American plant.
Panicles glabrous H. celastroides.
Panicles puberulent or tomentose.

Petals glabrous; leaves obscurely crenulate H. subintegra.
Petals tomentose; leaves conspicuously crenate. . H. yucaianensis.
Hippocratea celastroides HBK. Tulubalam (Yucatan, Maya).
and elsewhere; Mexico and northern Central America,
Sittee River
at least to Guatemala. Asmall or large, woody vine; leaves mostly
oblong, bright green, entire or crenulate, glabrous, acute; flowers
greenish yellow or whitish.
Hippocratea subintegra Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 73.
1917. Type collected in pine ridge thickets, Manatee Lagoon, Peck
456. Reported, perhaps incorrectly, as a small tree; leaves obovate,
cuneate at the base, glabrous; flowers 5 mm. broad.
Hippocratea yucatanensis Standl. Tietie. Salbeets (Yucatan,
Maya). Mullins River Road and elsewhere; Yucatan. A large
woody vine; leaves elliptic-oval to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, some-
times sparsely pubescent beneath along the midrib; petals
4 mm. long.
SALACIA L.
Salacia belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 19. 1930. Type

from Mullins River Road, in jungle, Schipp 128; Sittee River; El
Cayo District; Honduras (?). A large vine as much as 9 meters
long, the trunk 5-10 cm. in diameter; leaves elliptic-oblong, acumi-
nate, entire or nearly so; flowers fragrant, minute, white or green;
fruit hard and woody, globose, 3 cm. in diameter or larger.
ICACINACEAE. Icacina Family
CALATOLA Standl.
The genus consists of three species, one in Mexico, the present

one, and another in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
Calatola laevigata Standl. Collected only by Schipp, Temash
River and Camp 32 on the Guatemalan boundary; Mexico. A
large or medium-sized tree; leaves alternate, petiolate, oblong,
acuminate, entire, glabrous or nearly so; flowers dioecious, the stami-
nate in long slender catkin-like spikes; fruit a very large drupe,
the large stone covered with narrow sharp ridges and in its form
somewhat suggestive of an English walnut. The wood is white.
The fruits of the Costa Rican species are cooked and eaten.
SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family

Trees or shrubs, often woody vines, frequently provided with
tendrils; leaves alternate or subopposite, petioled, compound or
simple, without stipules; flowers small, usually whitish, regular or
nearly so, with 4-5 sepals or calyx lobes, 3-5 petals, and 5-10 stamens
inserted on a disk; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit dry or fleshy. The woods
are of no commercial importance and of little use locally.
Plants climbing, the inflorescence usually provided with tendrils.
Fruit inflated and bladder-like; stems chiefly herbaceous.
Cardiospermum.
Fruit not bladder-like; stems mostly woody.
Fruit of 3 samaras Serjania.
Fruit a capsule.
Capsule thin, with 3 broad wings extending from base to

apex; leaflets 3 Urvillea.
Capsule thick-walled, not winged or winged toward the

apex Paullinia.
Plants erect, without tendrils.
Leaves simple Dodonaea.
Leaves compound.
Leaflets 2-4.
Fruit dry, a samara Thouinia.
Fruit fleshy, not winged.
Leaflets 3, more or less toothed Allophylus.
Leaflets 2 or 4, entire Talisia.
Leaflets more than 4, usually much more numerous.

Fruit not opening, globose, with translucent pulp; leaflets
entire Sapindus.
Fruit opening at maturity, dry.
Sepals distinct; leaves more or less toothed Cupania.

Sepals united; leaflets entire Matayba.
ALLOPHYLUS L.
Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, with 3 leaflets; flowers small,

white, in simple or panicled racemes; sepals and petals each 4;
stamens 8; ovary usually 2-celled; fruit a small 1-seeded drupe.
Leaflets glabrous beneath or nearly so; racemes simple.
A. longeracemosus.
Leaflets densely pubescent beneath; racemes usually branched.

Leaflets sessile or nearly so; pubescence of the young branches
of spreading hairs; fruit sparsely pubescent A. Cominia.
Leaflets conspicuously stalked; pubescence of the branches mostly
appressed; fruit glabrous A. Kinlochii.
Allophylus Cominia (L.) Swartz. Cherry. Huesillo. Bikbach,
Ixbahach (Maya). Palo de Caja (Yucatan). Common in thickets
or open forest; Yucatan, Greater Antilles. A shrub or small tree,
sometimes 6 meters high, densely and softly pubescent throughout;
leaflets elliptic or obovate, acute or acuminate, serrulate; fruit red,
4 mm. long. The fruit is reported to be edible.
Allophylus Kinlochii Standl. Trop. Woods 32: 16. 1932.
Type from Temash River, 14 miles from the bar, levee forest,
common, Kinloch 43. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in
diameter; leaflets small, oblong or elliptic-oblong, long-acuminate,
glabrate above, softly pubescent beneath, coarsely serrate; fruit red.
Allophylus longeracemosus Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 39.
1928. Bastard Axemaster. Type collected between Columbia and
Toledo, Donald & Balderamos 10 (Yale 12304); Clique Negra,
Balderamos 5 (Yale 14882). A small tree; leaflets stalked, oblanceo-
late-oblong to narrowly obovate, acute or acuminate, wavy-
margined or almost entire.
CARDIOSPERMUM L. Balloon Vine
Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz. A slender vine, nearly

or wholly herbaceous.
CUPANIA L.
Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, large, pinnate; flowers small,

whitish, in racemes or panicles; sepals and petals each 5; stamens 7;
fruit a 2-4-lobed capsule, coriaceous or somewhat fleshy; seeds
with a conspicuous aril.

Leaflets conspicuously dentate, often auricled at the base, acute.
C. auriculata.
Leaflets entire or nearly so, obtuse.
Capsules densely tomentose C. triquetra.
Capsules glabrous C. macrophylla.

Leaflets densely and softly pubescent beneath, rounded or obtuse
at the apex.
Fruit densely hairy; leaflets very narrowly oblong, long-attenuate

to the base C. guatemalensis.
Fruit glabrous or nearly so; leaflets oblong, rounded to acute
at the base C. belizensis.
Cupania auriculata Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 20. 1930.

Type from Stann Creek Railway, Six Mile, broken pine ridge jungle,
Schipp 267; Temash River, Kinloch 52. A tree 4.5-9 meters high,
the trunk 5-10 cm. in diameter; leaves very large, the leaflets oblong
or broadly oblong, rounded at the base and often auricled, toothed
toward the apex or almost entire; panicles very large.
Cupania belizensis Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 40. 1928. Grande
Betty. Type from Cohune ridge, Vaca, western Cayo District, D.
Stevenson 15 (Yale 11995); Corozal District, Gentle 362, 367; Pete"n.
A shrub or tree, the trunk as much as 25 cm. in diameter; leaves
large, the leaflets glabrate on the upper surface; panicles mostly
shorter than the leaves; capsule short-stalked.
Cupania guatemalensis Radlk. Red Copal, Grande Betty.

Sacpom (Maya). Occasional in thickets; southward to Costa Rica.
A shrub or small tree with rather small leaves; panicles shorter
than the leaves.
Cupania macrophylla A. Rich. Forest Home, Toledo, Schipp
1069, 1095; Guatemala, Mexico, Cuba. A
tree of 10 meters, the
trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaflets 4 or 6, large, oblong or obovate-
oblong; racemes puberulent, the flowers small, cream-colored; cap-
sule 1.5 cm. long.
Cupania triquetra A. Rich. Grande Betty. Stann Creek Valley,

Petty; West Indies. A tree of 10 meters; leaflets 4-8, large, oblong;
capsule conspicuously stipitate, densely brownish-tomentose.
DODONAEA Jacq.
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Occasional, especially in coastal
thickets; widely distributed in tropical regions of the earth. A
viscid shrub 2-3 meters high; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse,
entire; flowers yellowish, in small lateral clusters; petals none; fruit
a narrow capsule with 3 broad thin vertical wings, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad.
MATAYBA Aubl.
Matayba oppositifolia (A. Rich.) Britton. Mabehu. Boy Job.

Freshwater Creek, Honey Camp, All Pines, in forest; Honduras,
Cuba, Puerto Rico. A tree 7-12 meters high, the trunk 7-20 cm.
in diameter; leaves chiefly opposite, pinnate, the leaflets

oblong to
obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, glabrous, entire;
flowers small, greenish, in large panicles; capsule 2-3-lobed, stalked,
1 cm. long.
PAULLINIA L.
Large or small, woody vines; leaves compound; flowers small,

white, the inflorescences usually provided with tendrils; fruit a
terete or 3-winged capsule, often tinged with red; seeds 1-3, black,
subtended by a fleshy white aril.
Leaves biternate, the lowest pinnae composed of 3 leaflets.
Capsule winged P. fuscescens.

Capsule not winged P. costaricensis.
Leaves pinnate, the lowest leaflets simple, sometimes lobed.
Leaflets obtuse or rounded at the apex, densely pubescent.
P. tomentosa.
Leaflets acuminate, glabrous or nearly so.
Rachis of the leaf broadly winged P. pinnata.
Rachis of the leaf not or very obscurely winged P. costata.
Paullinia costaricensis Radlk. Pate (Honduras). Frequent
in thickets; southern Mexico to Costa Rica. A woody vine, some-
times 11 meters long, with a trunk 5 cm. in diameter; leaflets 9,
elliptic or rhombic, coarsely toothed, pubescent or almost glabrous;
fruit globose or obovoid, nearly 1 cm. long, orange-red, minutely
pubescent.
Paullinia costata Cham. & Schlecht. Occasional in thickets;
Mexico to Costa Rica. A large woody vine, as much as 15 meters
long, nearly glabrous; leaflets 5, oblong to ovate, entire or nearly
so; fruit bright red, globose, 2 cm. or more in diameter.
Paullinia fuscescens HBK. Pate (Honduras). Kexak (Yuca-
tan, Maya). Corozal District; widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica. A large or small vine; leaflets 9, oblong to rhombic, acute,
coarsely toothed, softly pubescent; fruit dull red, broadly 3-winged.
Paullinia pinnata L. Tietie, Fish Poison. Macalte ik (Maya).
Pate (Honduras). Salatxiu (Petn, Maya). Frequent in forest or
thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A large vine,
glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 5, oblong to ovate, thick and leathery,
coarsely toothed; fruit large, obovoid, brown or red, terete. This,
like other species of Paullinia and Serjania, is used rather commonly
in Central America as a barbasco or fish poison. The stems and
leaves are macerated and thrown into ponds or quiet streams, where-
upon after a short time the fish become stupefied and float on the
surface of the water, so that they may be collected easily. The
poisonous properties of the plants are not deleterious to the fish
as human food, and it is stated that if the fish are left in the water,
they recover after a while and swim away. From the seeds of a
Brazilian Paullinia there is prepared a beverage resembling coffee.
Its seeds are an official drug of the United States Pharmacopoeia,
under the name Guarana, being administered as a remedy for chronic
diarrhea.
Paullinia tomentosa Jacq. El Cayo; Mexico to Honduras.

Leaflets 5, ovate to broadly elliptic, coarsely crenate, tomentose
beneath; capsule subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. long, red, tomentose.
SAPINDUS L. Soapberry
Sapindus Saponaria L.
Soapseed Tree. Jabon-che (Spanish
and Maya). Zubul (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets; widely
small or medium-sized tree;
leaves pinnate, the leaflets 5-17, linear-lanceolate to oblong, acumi-
nate, entire, glabrate; flowers whitish, in large terminal panicles;
fruita 1-seeded globose translucent berry. The pulp of the fruits,
when rubbed in water, gives a lather, like soap, and the fruits are
sometimes employed as a substitute for soap. Wood yellow or
brown, hard, heavy, coarse-textured, not durable when exposed;
pores rather large, scattered; parenchyma abundantly developed in
tangential bands, suggesting Leguminosae; timber not utilized.
SERJANIA Schumach.
Large or small, woody vines, with tendrils; flowers small, whitish,
in short or elongate racemes; fruit consisting of 3 samaras, the
samaras dry, winged, 1-seeded, the seed borne in the upper part of
the cell, the wing basal. The tough flexible stems of these plants
and of the Paullinias often are employed locally as a substitute
for rope.
Leaflets 3 S. yucatanensis.
Leaflets obtuse, coarsely crenate, broad S. adiantoides.
Leaflets acuminate, entire or nearly so, narrow S. pterarthra.
Leaflets 9.
Cells of the fruit strongly compressed, glabrate. .S. mexicana.

Cells of the fruit not compressed, pubescent.
Leaflets leathery, lanceolate, entire or with a few remote
teeth 5. atrolineata.
Leaflets thin, ovate or rhombic-elliptic, coarsely toothed.
S. scatens.
Serjania adiantoides Radlk. Bui (Yucatan, Maya). Honey

Camp; Corozal District; Yucatan. A slender vine, the stems
hirsute; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets obtuse, crenate, hairy or
glabrate.
Serjania atrolineata Sauv. & Wright. Buiche (Yucatan, Maya).
Big Creek, edge of stream, Schipp 71; Central America and West
Indies. A large vine, almost glabrous.
Serjania mexicana Willd. Frequent in thickets; of wide dis-

tribution in tropical America. A
large woody vine; leaflets oblong
to ovate, usually acute or acuminate, toothed or almost entire,
glabrous or nearly so; fruit 2-2.5 cm. long.
Serjania pterarthra Standl. Little Fall, Belize River, Lundell
4050; Campeche. A woody vine with hispid, almost prickly, angled
stems; rachis of the leaf broadly winged; fruit glabrous, 1.5 cm. long.
Serjania scatens Radlk. El Cayo District, Bartlett; Central
America and northern South America. A large vine; fruit about
2 cm. long.
Serjania yucatanensis Standl. Corozal District, Gentle 386;
Yucatan. Leaflets obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate or entire,
glabrous or nearly so; samaras glabrous.
TALISIA Aubl.
Shrubs or trees; leaves pinnate, with few entire leathery leaflets;
flowers small, white, in terminal panicles; fruit drupaceous.
Leaflets 2 T. diphylla.
Leaflets 4 T. oliviformis.
Talisia diphylla Standl. Uayamcox (Maya). Freshwater Creek
Reserve, in primary intermediate forest, Castillo 25; Yucatan. A
small or medium-sized tree; leaves short-stalked, some of them often
simple, the leaflets oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous;
panicles equaling or slightly exceeding the leaves; fruit at first
sparsely appressed-hairy but soon glabrate.
Talisia oliviformis (HBK.) Radlk. Kinep, Canip (Maya).
Guayo (Yucatan). Uayum (Yucatan, Maya). Honey Camp and
elsewhere; southern Mexico to Colombia. A tree of medium size

with dense spreading crown; oblong to elliptic, obtuse or
leaflets
acute, glabrous, leathery; flowers yellowish white, in short dense

panicles; fruit edible, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter and somewhat longer,
yellow or brown, with a large stone and thin orange-colored juicy
pulp. The tree is planted in Central America for its fruit.
THOUINIA Poit.
Thouinia paucidentata Radlk. Kanchunup (Yucatan, Maya).

Jacinto Hills, in forest, Schipp 1292; Yucatan, Campeche, Pete"n.
A tree of 10 meters, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaflets 3, lanceolate
or lance-elliptic, acute or acuminate, remotely serrate; flowers small,
whitish, in raceme-like lateral panicles; fruit of 2 or 3 samaras
10-12 mm. long.
URVILLEA HBK.
Urvillea ulmacea HBK. Puluxtacoc (Yucatan, Maya). In
thickets; Texas to South America. A pubescent woody vine; leaflets
3, ovate, acute, toothed; flowers small, white, in racemes; fruit
elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, with 3 thin wings.
RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, entire or toothed, usually provided
with stipules; flowers small and inconspicuous, perfect or of separate
sexes; calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5 or none, often clawed; stamens
4-5, opposite the petals; fruit 1-4-celled, capsular or drupaceous.
The woods are of little or no commercial value; some of them are
among the densest known.
Plants with tendrils; fruit dry, vertically winged Gouania.
Plants without tendrils; fruit juicy, not winged.
Leaves entire; flowers in clusters in the leaf axils . . .
Krugiodendron.
Leaves finely toothed.
Flowers in large panicles; leaves not tomentose beneath.
Sageretia.
Flowers in clusters in the leaf axils; leaves white-tomentose
beneath Zizyphus.
GOUANIA Jacq.
Large shrubs with long trailing branches, sometimes vines;
leaves alternate, short-stalked, ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate,
shallowly toothed; flowers small, whitish, in long racemes; fruit

hard, with 6 narrow or broad, thick wings.
Leaves densely hairy beneath G. polygama.
Leaves glabrous beneath or hairy only on the nerves. .G. lupuloides.
.
Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban. Xomak (Yucatan, Maya).

In thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A slender
shrub 3-5 meters high. Called Chewstick in the British West Indies.
The twigs yield a copious lather when chewed, and they are often
employed for cleaning the teeth. The dried stems of the various
species have been exported from tropical America to Europe and the
United States for use in the preparation of dentifrices.
Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban. Limpia-dientes (Honduras).
Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A
slender shrub 5 meters high or less; fruit 7-9 mm. broad.
KRUGIODENDRON Urban
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban. Axemaster. Quebracho,
Quiebrahacha. Chimtoc (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets
or open forest; Yucatan, West Indies. A tree 10 meters high;
leaves subopposite, small, stalked, ovate or oval, obtuse or emarginate
at the apex, almost glabrous; fruit a black drupe 5-8 mm. long.
Wood orange-brown to dark brown, often more or less streaked;
appears wavy; exceedingly hard and heavy, horn-like, very fine-
textured, finishes smoothly, appears durable. (See Trop. Woods
8: 13-15.)
SAGERETIA Brongn.
Sageretia elegans (HBK.) Brongn. Cherry. A slender shrub
2-4.5 meters high, often with recurved branches; leaves subopposite,
short-stalked, lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, tomentulose beneath when
young but soon glabrate; panicles broad, tomentose; drupe 6-8
mm. in diameter, containing 3 nutlets.
ZIZYPHUS Adans.
Zizyphus Jujuba Lam. Corozal, Lundell 4985, doubtless in
cultivation; native of the Old World tropics. A spiny shrub with
3-nerved leaves and large orange-red fruits. The plant is grown
commonly in some regions of the tropics for its edible fruits.
VITACEAE. Grape Family

Woody vines with tendrils; leaves alternate, simple or com-
pound, petiolate; flowers very small, in cymes or panicles; calyx
4-5-toothed petals 4-5, distinct or coherent; stamens 4-5, opposite

;
the petals; fruit a berry containing few seeds.

Petals distinct; leaves not tomentose beneath Cissus.
Petals united to form a cap; leaves with a tomentum of loose cob-
webby hairs on the lower surface Vitis.
CISSUS L.
Small or large vines with green or red flowers; fruit not edible.
Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets C. rhombifolia.
Leaves simple.
Leaves sparsely or densely pubescent, all of them similar in shape.
C. sicyoides.
Leaves glabrous, often very variable in outline on the same branch.
Larger leaves conspicuously 3-5-lobed C. gossypiifolia.
Larger leaves not lobed C. biformifolia.

Cissus biformifolia Standl. Tietie. Saratoon, N. S. Stevenson;
Panama. A large vine, almost wholly glabrous; larger leaves broadly
oblong-ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, entire or nearly so,
the smaller ones lance-oblong.
Cissus gossypiifolia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 23. 1930.
Type from Honey Camp, Lundell 25; represented by several collec-
tions from Honey Camp and Corozal District. Lobes of the larger
leaves acute or acuminate, entire; smaller leaves varying from
rounded-ovate to oblong; flowers dark red.
Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. Frequent in thickets; a species of
wide distribution in the American tropics. A large woody vine;
leaflets ovate, rhombic, or elliptic, acute, serrate, pubescent; flowers
green or red; berries small, black.

Cissus sicyoides L. Picamano (Honduras). Sanalotodo (Pete"n).
Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A large
vine with long pendent flexible cord-like aerial roots; leaves grayish,
sharply and closely toothed; flowers green. The tough flexible stems
are used as a substitute for twine and rope. The acrid sap is reported
to cause blisters when it comes into contact with the skin. The
inflorescences frequently are distorted by a smut in such a manner
that they suggest a distinct plant parasitic upon the vine.
VITIS L. Grape
Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Water Tietie, Water Wise.
Bejuco de Agua, Uva. Occasional in forest and thickets; widely
distributed in tropical America. A large woody vine, the stems some-

times 15 cm. thick; leaves long-stalked, most of them shallowly
3-lobed, sharply toothed; flowers greenish, sweet-scented; fruits
purplish black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. The fruits are too small and
sour to be eaten, but in certain regions they are made into vinegar.
The name water vine alludes to the fact that from a section of the
stem there may be obtained a substantial quantity of clear flavorless
sap that makes a good substitute for water when the latter is lacking.
TILIACEAE. Linden Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the pubescence most often of branched
hairs; leaves alternate, simple, stalked, sometimes lobed, with
stipules; flowers small or large and showy, with 5 free or coherent
sepals, normally 5 petals, and usually numerous stamens; fruit a
capsule or berry, often bur-like. As here treated, the family includes
the plants sometimes separated as a distinct family, the Elaeo-
carpaceae.
Fruit a berry. Petals large, white or pink Muntingia.
Fruit dry.
Fruit covered with spines or bristles.
Fruit large, more than 1 cm. long, opening by 4 valves .Sloanea.
.
Fruit small, less than 1 cm. long, not opening.

Fruit compressed, with a row of long bristles along the
margin Heliocarpus.
Fruit globose, covered on all sides with hard spines.
Triumfetta.
Fruit without either spines or bristles.
Fruit linear, elongate. Herbs or low shrubs Cor chorus.
Fruit not linear; trees.
Sepals united to form a cup-like calyx Christiania.
Sepals distinct or nearly so.

Fruit compressed, 2-celled, thin-walled; petals violet.
Belotia.
Fruit not compressed, 5-celled; petals white or whitish.

Luehea.
BELOTIA A. Rich.
Belotia Campbellii Sprague, Kew Bull.277. 1921. Moho,
Narrowleaf Moho. Capulin (Honduras). Frequent in forest, the
type from Seven Hills Estate, Campbell 75; southern Mexico to
Honduras. A
tree as much as 15 meters high, with trunk diameter
of 30 cm.; leaves oblong or ovate, short-stalked, long-acuminate,
3-nerved, finely toothed or almost entire, with stellate pubescence
beneath; flowers in dense cymes, 6 mm. long; petals violet, the
sepals pink; pods compressed, 2-celled, densely pubescent, rounded,
containing numerous hairy seeds. A
beautiful and showy tree when
covered with its abundant blossoms. Wood white or pale brownish,
very light and soft, medium-textured, perishable; not utilized.
CHRISTIANIA DC.
Christiania africana DC. Palo Mulato. Orange Walk Dis-
trict,Winzerling; Guianas and northern Brazil; central Africa. A
tree with abundant stellate pubescence; leaves large, long-stalked,
rounded-ovate, deeply cordate at the base, entire; flowers small,
yellowish, in panicled cymes; fruit an obovoid tomentose capsule
1 cm. long. This tree is one of the most extraordinary members of
the forest flora of British Honduras, because of its curious distribution.
CORCHORUS L.
Corchorus olitorius L. is listed for British Honduras by Sprague
and Riley, but apparently it exists only in cultivation. The jute
of commerce is obtained from the bark fiber of two Old World
species of this genus.
Corchorus siliquosus L. Plants herbaceous or becoming some-
what shrubby and a meter high.
HELIOCARPUS L.
Small or medium-sized trees; leaves mostly large and thin, long-
stalked, finely toothed, usually with stellate pubescence; flowers
very small, greenish or yellowish, in large open panicles; fruit elliptic,
3-5 mm. long, hard, the margin with a row of long slender hairy
bristles. Wood white, very light and soft, spongy and fibrous,
perishable; not utilized.
Leaves finely but usually densely stellate-pubescent beneath; calyx
stellate-pubescent H. Donnell-Smithii.
Leaves and calyces glabrous or nearly so H. mexicanus.
Heliocarpus Donnell-Smithii Rose. Broadleaf Moho. Majao
(Honduras). Occasional in thickets or forest; southern Mexico to
Nicaragua. A tree 6-12 meters high, with smooth, pale or brownish
bark, the crown rounded; leaves broad, often cordate at the base;
fruits green or reddish.
Heliocarpus mexicanus (Turcz.) Sprague. Broadleaf Moho.

Occasional in forest; Mexico to Guatemala. A tree 13 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 25 cm.; flowers reddish; leaves mostly ovate
or rounded-ovate and obtuse or rounded at the base. The tough
bark is sometimes employed for making cordage.
LUEHEA Willd.
Small or large trees; leaves short-petioled, oblong to elliptic,
3-nerved; flowers large, white, in dense cymes; fruit a hard woody
5-celled capsule. Wood white to pinkish brown, with little luster;
rather light in weight but firm and strong, medium-textured, easy
to work, not resistant to decay; suitable for box boards, veneers for
general utility, and lumber for interior construction.
Leaves covered beneath with a close brown tomentum, finely serrate;
calyx 1 cm. long; fruit 2-2.5 cm. long, deeply lobed .L. Seemannii.
Leaves whitish-tomentose beneath, with brown nerves, usually
coarsely serrate; calyx 2.5-3 cm. long; fruit 4 cm. long, terete.
L. speciosa.
Luehea Seemannii Triana & Planch.Mapola, Caulote, Tapa-
squit. Guacimo (Honduras). Frequent in lowland forest; southward
to Panama. A very large tree, often 15 meters tall or much larger;
leaves green and smooth on the upper surface; petals greenish white.
In some parts of Central America this tree attains an enormous
size, not inferior to that of any other tree of the region.
Luehea speciosa Willd. L. platypetala A. Rich. Caulote. Kaz-

cat (Maya). Frequent in forest or thickets; widely distributed in
tropical America. A medium-sized or sometimes a large tree, reported
to be at times 30 meters high or more, with trunk diameter of a meter;
leaves abruptly narrow-acuminate. The large, pure white flowers
are borne in such abundance as to make the tree a striking and showy
one during the flowering period.
MUNTINGIA L.
Muntingia Calabura L. Capulin. Frequent in thickets;

widely distributed in tropical America. A small tree, the pubescence
of branched hairs; leaves almost sessile, lance-oblong, very unequal
at the base, 3-nerved, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; flowers
solitary in the leaf axils on long stalks; petals white or pinkish, deli-
cate, 1 cm. long; fruit a red or yellowish, globose berry 1 cm. broad,
containing many small seeds. The bark contains a tough fiber that
has been employed in some regions for making rope. The fruit is
edible but so intensely sweet as to be rather unpleasant. Wood

pale brown, light and soft, fibrous, tenacious, medium-textured,
straight-grained, not durable; not utilized.
SLOANEA L.
Small or large trees with rather large or very large, petioled

leaves; flowers small, whitish, in few-flowered, axillary or lateral
racemes, with numerous stamens; fruit a hard or woody capsule,
usually covered with bristles.
Leaves mostly 8-18 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the base.
S. eriostemon.
Leaves mostly 4-7 cm. wide, acute at the base S. Schippii.
Sloanea eriostemon Sprague & Riley, Kew Bull. 19. 1924.

Wild Atta. Type, Peck 400, without locality; Middlesex; Rio
Grande. A tree about 10 meters high, the trunk 15-25 cm. in
diameter; leaves short-stalked, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, almost
entire; fruit ahard woody capsule, opening by 4 valves, covered with
very long, stiff, spine-like bristles. Wood pale reddish brown, hard,
heavy, tough, strong, fine-textured, irregularly grained, not highly
Sloanea Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 70.
1935. Type from Rio Grande, Schipp 1163; Camp 36, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp 1245. A tree of 10-12 meters, the trunk 15-20 cm.
in diameter; leaves short-stalked, lance-oblong, long-acuminate,
sinuate, almost glabrous; capsules 10-13 mm. long.
TRIUMFETTA L.
Shrubs; leaves long-petioled, usually broad, toothed, thin, with

stellate pubescence; flowers small or large, axillary or opposite the
leaves; sepals appendaged at the apex; fruit a small hard indehiscent
bur covered with stiff spines.
Flowers large, the sepals 2-3 cm. long T. speciosa.
Flowers small, less than 1 cm. long.
7
Petals none T . Lappula.
Petals present.
Spines of the fruit glabrous T. Bartramia.
Spines of the fruit retrorsely barbed T. dumetorum.
Triumfetta Bartramia L. Stann Creek, open places, Schipp

833; West Indies, South America, Old World tropics. A shrub a
meter high, with broad, more or less 3-lobed leaves, and minute
yellow flowers. Perhaps introduced here, since the species has not
been found elsewhere on the continent, so far as I know.
Triumfetta dumetorum Schlecht. Ochmul (Yucatan, Maya).
Caditto (Yucatan). El Cayo, Bartlett 11481; Mexico and Guatemala.
A slender shrub; pubescence of the upper leaf surface of simple hairs.
The burs of this and other species adhere tenaciously to clothing
by their hooked spines.
Triumfetta Lappula L. Bur. Mozote (Honduras). Frequent
in thickets; generally distributed in tropical America. Ashrub 1-2
meters high; leaves finely stellate-pubescent; burs 6 mm. in diameter.
The mucilaginous sap has been utilized for clarifying sugar sirup.
Triumfetta speciosa Seem. Little Mountain, El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11880;Mexico to Panama. A tall shrub, the large flowers
vermilion and yellow, showy; burs with short thick spines.
MALVACEAE. Mallow Family

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, the pubescence most often of
branched hairs; leaves alternate, simple, often lobed, with stipules;
flowers small or large, with 5 more or less united sepals, 5 petals, and
numerous stamens united to form a column; fruit usually dry and
composed of several few-seeded carpels arranged like the sections
of an orange, sometimes a capsule. The plants usually have tough
bark and mucilaginous sap. The genera and species have not been
keyed, since the British Honduras plants of the family, unless other-
wise indicated, are herbs.
ABUTILON Adans.
Abutilon hirtuni (Lam.) Sweet.
ANODA Cav.
Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. Amapolita (Yucatan).
GAYOIDES Small
Gayoides crispum (L.) Small. El Cayo, Bartlett 12951.
GOSSYPIUM L. Cotton
Gossypium mexicanum Todaro. Cotton. Algodon. Taman

(Maya). Occasional in thickets or about dwellings; perhaps native
and also cultivated; Mexico and Central America. A coarse herb,
or often somewhat shrubby. It is probable that this species of cotton

was cultivated in the region in ancient times.
HIBISCUS L.
Hibiscus Abelmoschus L. Algalia (Honduras). Native of

the East Indies.
Hibiscus bifurcatus Cav.
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Jones Bank, Belize River, Lundett
4148; introduced from the Old World.
Hibiscus costatus A. Rich.
Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. Sicitah. Toledo District, N. S.
Stevenson.
Hibiscus esculentus L. Okra. Quimbombd (Yucatan). Culti-
vated for its edible pods; native of Africa.
Hibiscus furcellatus Desr.
Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L. Chinese Hibiscus. In cultivation.
An ornamental shrub, native of China.
Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Roselle, Sorrel. Rosa de Jamaica (Hon-
duras). Cultivated for the fleshy calyces, which are employed in
the preparation of cooling beverages, jam, and jelly.
Hibiscus sororius L. f. El Cayo District, Chanek 50.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Paritium tiliaceum Juss.; P. elatum Don.
Mahoe, Blue Moho. Majao (Honduras). Xholol (Yucatan, Maya).
Coastal thickets, often in swamps; widely distributed in tropical
America. A shrub or small tree; leaves broadly rounded, abruptly
pointed, almost entire, green above, covered beneath with a whitish
felt; flowers yellow, 5-7 cm. long. The tough bark fiber has been
used extensively in some regions for making rope. Heartwood of
a purplish color, somewhat variegated; luster silky; light and soft,
not firm and tenacious, easy to work, fairly durable; not utilized
because of the scarcity of trees of sufficient size for timber.
MALACHRA L.
Malachra alceifolia Jacq. Wild Okra. Malva.
Malachra capitata L. Malva (Yucatan). Macmuch (Yucatan,
Maya).
Malachra fasciata Jacq. Wild Okra.
Malachra radiata L.
MALVASTRUM Gray
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke.
MALVAVISCUS Cav.
Shrubs with stellate pubescence; leaves narrow or broad, 3-5-
nerved, toothed and often lobed, petiolate; flowers solitary or
clustered, the calyx subtended by numerous linear bractlets; petals
red, erect, more or less connivent to form a long and narrow corolla;
fruit fleshy, mucilaginous, becoming red or yellow at maturity.
Bractlets shorter than the calyx M. brevibracteatus.
Bractlets equaling or longer than the calyx M. grandiflorus.
Malvaviscus brevibracteatus E. G. Baker, Journ. Bot. 37: 347.
1899. Type material from Stann Creek, Robertson 34, 35. Leaves
oblong or ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, not
lobed petals 2 cm. long. Perhaps only a form of the following species.
;
Malvaviscus grandiflorus HBK. Tidip&n, Tidipanoia. Bizil,

Tamanche (Yucatan, Maya). Similar to the preceding, except as
indicated in the key. The plants of this genus often are grown for
ornament in northern hothouses because of their bright-colored
flowers. The species of Malvaviscus are poorly understood and
evidently exceedingly variable.
PAVONIA Cav.
Pavonia rosea Schlecht. Mozote (Honduras).
Pavonia spicata Cav. Wild Cotton. Occasional in coastal
thickets or tidal swamps; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub 2-3 meters high; leaves heart-shaped, almost entire, green
and nearly glabrous, long-pointed; flowers in long racemes; calyx
surrounded by linear or lanceolate bractlets; petals pale green or
greenish white, nearly 2 cm. long; fruit a capsule.
SIDA L.
Sida acuta Burm. Wire Weed, Broom Weed. Escobilla (Central
America). Chichibe (Yucatan, Maya).

Sida ciliaris L.
Sida cordifolia L. Malva (Honduras). Zacmizbil (Yucatan,

Maya). S. althaeifolia Swartz. Plants essentially herbaceous, but
often becoming somewhat woody.
Sida linifolia Juss.
Sida paniculata L.
Sida pyramidata Desp. S. dumosa Swartz. Sometimes becom-

much as 1.5 meters high.
ing shrubby and as
Sida rhombifolia L. Escobilla (Central America). One of the
most abundant weeds here, as in tropical America generally.
Sida urens L. Northern River, Gentle 934.
THESPESIA Soland.
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. Cork Tree. Stann Creek,

edge of mangrove swamp, Schipp 505; Belize, Robertson 179; West
Indies and South America. A shrub or small tree; leaves long-
stalked, broadly heart-shaped, acute or acuminate, entire, almost
glabrous but with a few scurfy scales; flowers axillary, the yellow
petals 4-7 cm. long, with purple base, turning purple in age; fruit
a leathery depressed capsule 3-4.5 cm. broad. The tree has not
been found elsewhere in Central America. Heartwood dark brown,
somewhat variegated; moderately heavy, hard, and strong, medium-
textured, irregularly grained, easy to work, and is durable; not
utilized owing to its scarcity.
URENA L.
Urena lobata L. Stann Creek, Schipp. A large herb, or often

somewhat woody; fruit small, covered with short barbed spines.
WISSADULA Medic.
Wissadula excelsior (Cav.) Presl. A large much-branched
herb, sometimes becoming shrubby.
Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) Presl, var. guatemalensis (E. G.
Baker) Hochr.
BOMBACACEAE. Cotton-tree Family
Large or small trees; leaves alternate, simple or palmately com-

pound; pubescence chiefly of branched hairs; flowers often large and
showy, with 5 petals; stamens 5 to many, either free or united to
form a tube; fruit dry or fleshy, 2-5-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent,
with 2 to many seeds in each cell.
Leaves simple.
Flowers large, about 10 cm. long; capsules long and narrow, the
seeds embedded in brown cotton Ochroma.
Flowers 5 cm. long or smaller; fruit ovoid or globose, the seeds
not surrounded by cotton.
Flowers long-pedicellate, the calyx campanulate, about 5 mm.

long Hampea.
Flowers almost sessile, the tubular calyx 2.5 cm. long Quararibea.
.
Leaves palmately compound.

Seeds winged; flowers in one-sided racemes Bernoullia.
Seeds not winged; flowers mostly solitary.
Stamen tube divided into 5 parts, each of these with a few
sessile anthers at the summit; flowers small, 3-3.5 cm.
long Ceiba.
Stamen tube dividing many
into fascicles or filaments,
the
anthers borne on long filaments; flowers larger.
Seeds 1.5 cm. in diameter or larger; flowers mostly 20 cm.
long or larger; fruit without cotton within Pachira.
Seeds 6 mm. or less in diameter; flowers less than 15 cm.
long; capsule filled with brown cotton Bombax.
BERNOULLIA Oliver
Bernoullia flammea Oliver. Mapola. Collected at several

localities;Oaxaca to Guatemala and Honduras. A large tree as
much as 30 meters high, with a trunk 90 cm. in diameter; leaflets
5-6, oblong-oblanceolate, 10-22 cm. long, acuminate, glabrous;
inflorescence bright fire-red; calyx 1 cm. long; petals recurved; sta-
men tube long-exserted; fruit brown, ellipsoid, woody, 20 cm. long.
BOMBAX L.
Bombax ellipticum HBK. Mapola. Kuyche (Yucatan, Maya).
Occasional; Mexico to Nicaragua. A
large unarmed deciduous tree
with smooth, gray or greenish trunk; leaflets 5, elliptic to obovate,
entire,glabrous or nearly so, usually rounded at the apex; stamens
several hundred, purple-red or white; capsule woody, 10-15 cm.
long. Wood brownish, soft, tough and fibrous, not durable; not
utilized.
CEIBA Medic.
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Cotton-tree. Ceiba. Yaxche
(Maya). Occasional; widely distributed in tropical America. A
giant tree with large buttresses, the bark gray or greenish, essentially
smooth but covered with short conic spines; leaflets 5-7 or more,
narrow, long pointed, nearly or quite glabrous, pale beneath; petals
white or pink; capsule oblong, 10 cm. long. One of the half dozen
largest trees of Central America, often with a broad spreading crown.

The silky fiber surrounding the seeds is employed commonly for
stuffing pillows and cushions. Large amounts of it are exported
from the East Indies and West Africa (where, also, the tree is native)
as kapok or kapok fiber, for use in stuffing mattresses, life preservers,
pillows, and other articles. The oil of the seeds has been utilized
for illumination and for the manufacture of soap. Dugout canoes
are made from the large tree trunks. Wood gray, light and soft but
tough, coarse-textured, perishable in contact with the ground;
suitable for box boards and rough lumber, but requires special han-
dling and drying. (For description of the wood see T. ofT. A., pp.
419-420.)
HAMPEA Schlecht.
Small trees; leaves long-stalked, broad, entire or shallowly lobed,
finely stellate-pubescent; flowers small, white, clustered in the leaf
axils; capsule globose, woody, densely stellate-tomentose.
Pedicels mostly shorter than the flowers; leaves, at least most of
them, shallowly cordate at the base H. euryphylla.
Pedicels much longer than the flowers; leaves broadly rounded to
obtuse at the base H. trilobata.
Hampea euryphylla Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11:135. 1932.
Type from Temash River, Smart & Stevenson 142 (Yale 19793);
collected also at several other localities. Leaves rounded and as
broad as long to rounded-ovate, entire, rather coarsely brown-
pubescent beneath.
Hampea trilobata Standl.Moho, Kajana. Frequent, at least
in the northern part of theColony; Yucatan. A tree about 6 meters
high; leaves rather small, finely and closely pubescent beneath,
often shallowly 3-lobed near the apex; capsule minutely tomentose,
about 1.7 cm. long.
OCHROMA Swartz. Balsa

Medium-sized trees with spreading crown; leaves very large,
long-stalked, usually shallowly lobed, stellate-pubescent; flowers
10-15 cm. long, whitish; a long narrow capsule containing
fruit
numerous small seeds embedded in brown cotton. The trees grow
with extreme rapidity, attaining a large size in half a dozen years
or less. The silk or cotton of the pods is often employed like kapok.
Several species of Ochroma have been described from Central America,
but their characters seem too inconstant for serious consideration,
at least for the most part. Indeed, it is questionable whether the

Central American forms are really different from the original Ochroma
lagopus Swartz, of the Greater Antilles. The very light and soft,
but comparatively strong wood is used locally, but is the same as
the well-known Balsa Wood of commerce. (For description of the
timber see T. of T. A., pp. 424-426.)
Leaves green on both sides, almost glabrous 0. concolor.
Leaves densely brownish-tomentose beneath 0. limonensis.
Ochroma concolor Rowlee. Polak. Reported from Livingston,

collected by Hummel; Guatemala. This species is probably a mere
variant of the following:
Ochroma limonensis Rowlee. Polak, Balsa. Guano (Hon-
duras). Frequent in second-growth; south to Panama, and probably
in southern Mexico. Material reported from British Honduras as
0. bicolor Rowlee and 0. velutina Rowlee doubtless is referable to this
species, as here treated.
PACHIRA Aubl.
Pachira aquatica Aubl. Provision Tree. Santo Domingo,
Zapotdn. Frequent in lowland forest or in swamps; southern Mexico
to South America. A corpulent tree, sometimes 18 meters high,
with a trunk diameter of 25 cm. or more, the bark smooth and pale;
leaflets5-7, narrow, short-pointed, almost glabrous, entire, pale
beneath; calyx short and cup-like, the narrow, brownish and greenish
petals 25-30 cm. long; stamens bright purple; fruit ovoid, as large
as a coconut, russet-brown, containing numerous large brown seeds
embedded in whitish flesh. The tree often flowers and fruits when
only 2-3 meters high. The trees frequently are so heavily burdened
with great numbers of the solid fruits that one wonders how they
are able to support their load. The flowers are showy and handsome.
The seeds often are boiled or roasted and eaten. Wood light and soft,
but tough and fibrous; not utilized.
P. macrocarpa (Schlecht. & Cham.) Walp.,

It is possible that
which has been reported from the Colony, may occur here, but there
are no specimens of it available at present. In that species the
petals are normally less than 20 cm. long.
QUARARIBEA Aubl.
Trees or shrubs; leaves mostly oblong, entire or nearly so, pinnate-
nerved; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, opposite the leaves; calyx
tubular or obconic, 3-5-toothed ; petals narrow, white; stamen

column elongate, the anthers borne at the apex; fruit 2-celled, hard
and not opening, sometimes by abortion only 1-celled. The dry
foliage of these trees has the odor of Slippery Elm ( Ulmus fulva).
Leaves with small dense tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves
beneath Q. funebris.
Leaves glabrous beneath, or at least not tufted Q. Fieldii.
Quararibea Fieldii Millsp. Batidos, Majahas. Coco Mama
(Honduras). Occasional in forest; Yucatan to Honduras. A tree
as much as 12 meters high, with a trunk up to 60 cm. in diameter,
the branches in whorls; leaves short-stalked, acuminate; calyx
narrow, 2.5 cm. long, the petals almost twice as long; fruit tomentose,
3 cm. long.
Quararibea funebris (Llave) Standl. Mahass. Middlesex and

elsewhere; southern Mexico to Salvador. A tree 15 meters high, the
trunk 30 cm. in diameter. Wood white,
subject to blue stain; moder-
ately hard, coarse-rayed, medium-textured, easy to work, is not
durable; suitable for interior construction and box boards. (See T. of
T. A., pp. 422-424.)
STERCULIACEAE. Cacao Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the pubescence often of branched hairs;
leaves alternate, simple, with stipules; flowers small or large, the
calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, rarely none, sometimes clawed, either free
or united with the stamen tube; fruit dry or fleshy.
Leaves entire. Shrubs or trees.
Fruit covered with stiff spines, dry Byttneria.

Fruit not spiny, fleshy Theobroma.
Leaves toothed.
Fruit spirally twisted; petals red; shrubs Helicteres.
Fruit not spirally twisted.

Trees; fruit woody, covered with hard sharp-pointed tubercles.
Guazuma.
Herbs, the stems sometimes somewhat woody; fruit a smooth
capsule.
Flowers red, 3 cm. broad; plants almost glabrous Pentapetes. . .
Flowers not red, small; plants densely pubescent.

Capsule 1-celled Waltheria.
Capsule 5-celled Melochia.

BYTTNERIA L.
Shrubs, prickly or unarmed, often somewhat scandent or with

pendent branches; flowers small, usually in lateral umbels or cymes;
calyx 5-lobate; petals 5, clawed, hooded, incurved at the apex and
produced into a long appendage; fruit a 5-celled capsule covered with
long spines.
Stems armed with recurved prickles B. aculeata.
Stems unarmed B. catalpifolia.
Byttneria aculeata Jacq. B. carthaginensis Jacq. Zarza Hueca

(Honduras). Tezak (Yucatan, Maya). Common in thickets; widely
distributed in tropical America. A shrub with hollow branches;
leaves short-petiolate, lanceolate to broadly ovate, entire or toothed,
often prickly beneath; young leaves usually blotched with silver;
flowers purplish brown. The shrub often forms dense and impene-
trable thickets. When itinvades cultivated ground, particularly
banana plantations, it becomes a troublesome weed, difficult to
exterminate.
Byttneria catalpifolia Jacq. Reported without locality, Peck

827; Mexico to Brazil. An unarmed shrub or vine; leaves large,
ovate-cordate, pubescent or glabrous beneath, entire; flowers white;
fruitmuch larger than in the preceding species, its body 2.5-3.5 cm.
wide.
GUAZUMA Adans.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. G. tomentosa HBK. Bay Cedar,
Bastard Cedar. Caidote. Guacimo (Central America). Pixoy
(Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica. A small or medium-sized tree with spreading or rounded
crown; leaves short-stalked, oblong to ovate, toothed, cordate and
unequal at the base, covered with a fine pale stellate pubescence;
flowers small, in axillary clusters, the petals pale yellow; fruit an oval
woody capsule 2-4 cm. long covered with short hard protuberances.
The sweet pulp of the fruit is often eaten, but the numerous large
hard seeds are objectionable. Stock eat the fallen fruits greedily,
and often browse on the young branches. The bark contains a tough
fiber that has been employed for making cordage. The mucilaginous
sap of the branches sometimes is used for clarifying sugar sirup.

Wood pinkish, of rather light weight, but tough and strong, rather
coarse-textured, not durable; suitable for slack cooperage and in-
terior construction. (See T. of T. A., pp. 428-429.)
HELICTERES L.
Helicteres guazumifolia HBK. Occasional in thickets; widely
shrub with small toothed leaves;
flowers axillary, the tubular calyx 1.5-2 cm. long, the petals bright
red; fruit hard, 5-celled, twisted like a screw. The twisted fruits
distinguish this shrub from all other plants of the region. Some
of the British Honduras material has been referred to H. retinophylla
Fries, which it is altogether impossible to separate definitely from
H. guazumifolia.
MELOCHIA L.
Melochia hirsuta Cav.
Melochia lupulina Swartz. Both these species are essentially
herbs, although long-lived individuals may become somewhat woody.
Melochia nodiflora Swartz.
Melochia pyramidata L.
PENTAPETES L.
Pentapetes phoenicea L. Reported on the basis of Campbell

26; perhaps naturalized, but more probably in cultivation; native
of Asia.
STERCULIA L.
Sterculia mexicana R. Br. Temash

River, primary forest,
Schipp 1321; southern Mexico. A tree of thirty meters, the trunk
120 cm. in diameter; leaves digitately compound, the 7-9 leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, stalked, almost glabrous when fully
developed; flowers small, cream-colored, in small or large panicles;
petals none; fruit of 5 woody follicles. According to Schipp, "the
largest tree in this locality."
THEOBROMA L.
Theobroma Cacao L. Cacao. Cucu (Maya). Cultivated and
also wild in the forests, occurring especially in the mountains; widely
distributed in cultivation; native in Mexico and Central America,
and perhaps also farther south. The plant is too well known to need
description or discussion of its economic applications. It was grown
extensively by the aboriginal inhabitants of Middle America. It
is reported that the Indians of British Honduras, like those of other
regions, formerly used the seeds as money. The modern Mayas
of the region prepare a beverage from roasted cacao seeds, which
are ground finely and mixed with cooked pulverized maize flour and
flavored with black pepper. The last is employedin place of the

various spices that formerly were used by the native Americans for
flavoring the drink.
Theobroma angustifolium DC. is listed by Sprague and Riley,
with the statement: "Morris considered that some of the wild cacao
trees seen by him in British Honduras approached T. angustifolium
in their characters." Since the two species are altogether unlike in
foliage and other characters, it is hard to understand this statement.
WALTHERIA L.
Waltheria americana L. Zacxiu (Yucatan, Maya). Plants
essentially herbaceous, sometimes becoming somewhat shrubby.
DILLENIACEAE. Dillenia Family

Trees or shrubs, often climbing; leaves alternate, simple, entire
or toothed, short-stalked, often very rough, without stipules; flowers
mostly panicled or clustered; sepals 3-5, imbricated; petals thin
and delicate; stamens numerous; fruit of 1-5 carpels which split
lengthwise at maturity; seeds commonly provided with a fleshy aril.
Plants erect shrubs or small trees Curatella.
Plants climbing shrubs.

Sepals unlike, the 2 inner ones erect and enclosing the fruit; flowers
mostly in terminal panicles Davilla.
Sepals alike, spreading or ascending, not enclosing the fruit.
Flowers chiefly in terminal panicles; carpels 1-5; leaves rough

on one or both surfaces Tetracera.
Flowers in lateral panicles or umbels; carpel 1; leaves smooth.

Doliocarpus.
CURATELLA L. Sandpaper Tree

Curatella americana L. Yaha, Chaparro. Frequent in pine
shrub or small
tree, as much as 6 meters high, with a trunk 15 cm. in diameter, or
larger; leaves large, oval or elliptic, thick, sinuate, almost sessile;
flowers small, yellowish, in rather large, chiefly terminal panicles;
sepals 5, the inner ones enclosing the fruit; seeds black, surrounded
by an The rough leaves often are employed as a substitute for
aril.
sandpaper. The bark has been employed for tanning. Wood red-
dish brown, rather hard and heavy, with conspicuous rays suggesting
Oak (Quercus) ; suitable for small cabinet work and articles of turnery.
(See T. of T. A., pp. 431-432.)
DAVILLA Vand.
Small or large, woody vines, the leaves leathery, conspicuously
nerved, usually very rough to the touch; flowers yellow, in panicles,
the petals thin and delicate, soon withering and falling; fruit of a
single 1-seeded carpel.
Inner sepals covered with slender spreading hairs D. Kunthii.
Inner sepals merely scabrous or almost glabrous D. aspera.
Davilla aspera (Aubl.) Naud. Corozal District, collected only
by Gentle Trinidad and South America. Leaves very rough, obovate
;
to almost orbicular, rounded at the apex, obscurely toothed.

Davilla Kunthii St. Hil. Chaparro. Frequent in thickets;
widely distributed in tropical America. A small or large, woody
vine; leaves obovate to rounded, rounded at the apex, leathery,
sharply toothed or almost entire, very rough; flowers yellow, in
chiefly terminal panicles, the petals delicate and soon falling;
sepals 5, green, the 2 inner ones enclosing the small fruit; fruit of a
single carpel.
DOLIOCARPUS Roland
Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. In thickets; ranging to
northern South America. A
small or large vine; leaves obovate,
acuminate, coarsely toothed, smooth, glabrous or nearly so; flowers
small, usually clustered on naked branches, stalked; fruit globose, red,
1 cm. in diameter, glabrous.
TETRACERA L.
Woody vines; leaves oblong to obovate, short-stalked, toothed
or almost entire, rough on one or both sides; flowers small, in ter-
minal or axillary panicles; sepals 4-6; fruit of 1-5 carpels, these
distinct or nearly so.
Fruit of a single carpel; sepals glabrous on the inner surface.
T. sessiliflora.
Fruit of 2-5 carpels; sepals silky on the inner surface.
Leaves very scabrous, rough on the lower surface T. volubilis.
Leaves softly velvety-pubescent on the lower surface . . . , T. mollis.
Tetracera mollis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 25. 1930. Type

from Honey Camp, Lundell 47; also Lundell 505; Maskall, Gentle
1000; Pete"n. Leaves inconspicuously dentate, very rough on the
upper surface.
Tetracera sessiliflora Triana & Planch. Stann Creek, in coastal

thickets; southernMexico to Colombia. Carpels of the fruit 6-8
mm. long, shining; flowers white.
Tetracera volubilis L. Occasional in thickets; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. Carpels sparsely hairy at the apex.
The rough leaves of this and other species are used like those of
Curatella. The Tetraceras are well known in Central America as
water vines, the stems yielding potable sap when cut.
ACTINIDIACEAE. Actinidia Family

SAURAUIA Willd.
Saurauia pauciserrata Hemsl. In primary forest; Central
America. A slender tree as much as 6 meters high, with a trunk
diameter of 10 cm.; leaves alternate, without stipules, short-stalked,
oblanceolate-oblong, obscurely toothed, almost glabrous; flowers
small, white, fragrant, in axillary panicles shorter than the leaves;
sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous, adnate to the base of
the corolla; fruit berry-like, almost 1 cm. in diameter, pinkish white.
The pulp of the fruit, which is transparent and looks somewhat like
white of egg, is good to eat. Wood pale reddish brown; rather light,
but firm, medium-textured, straight-grained, of much the same con-
sistency as Red Gum (Liquidambar) not utilized owing to the small
;
size of the tree. (See Trop. Woods 8: 11-13.)
OCHNACEAE. Ochna Family

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, glabrous; leaves simple, with en-
tire ortoothed stipules; flowers small or large and showy, with 5
sepals, 5 petals, and a 3-6-celled ovary.
OURATEA Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves oblong to elliptic, leathery, shining,
and showy, with thin,
finely serrate, short-petioled; flowers large
borne upon a fleshy red disk.
bright yellow petals; fruit juicy, black,
Wood pale reddish brown, moderately hard and heavy, fine-textured,
easy to work, fairly durable; has rather prominent rays producing
attractive figure on radial surface; consistency suggests Beech
(Fagus) suited for small cabinet work.
;
Veins of the leaves conspicuously impressed 0. nitida.

Veins not impressed, more or less prominent.
Panicles broad, pyramidal 0. pyramidalis.
Panicles narrow, raceme-like.
Flower buds narrowly ovoid, acute 0. stenobotrys.

Flower buds broadly ovoid, obtuse 0. Peckii.
Ouratea nitida (Swartz) Engler. BillUrd Patter. Xcanlol
(Maya). Stann Creek Valley, Honey Camp, and elsewhere, some-
times inswampy forest; Honduras to Panama; West Indies. A
straggling shrub 2 meters high; leaves acuminate; flowers in broad
panicles.
Ouratea Peckii Riley, Kew Bull. 109. 1924. Type, Peck 617;
Temash River and elsewhere. A shrub 3.5 meters high.
Ouratea pyramidalis Riley. Billbird Patter. Occasional in
forest or Guatemala and southern Mexico.
thickets; Leaves
oblong-elliptic, 11-15 cm. long, sharply serrate; sepals about 7 mm.
long.
Ouratea stenobotrys Riley, Kew Bull. 109. 1924. Type col-
lectedby Hooper, without locality; Freshwater Creek; Pete"n.
Panicles 10-15 cm. long; sepals as much as 8.5 mm. long. This
probably is not specifically distinct from 0. Peckii.
SAUVAGESIA L.
Sauvagesia erecta L.
Sauvagesia tenella Lam. All Pines, Schipp S184.
MARCGRAVIACEAE. Marcgravia Family

Epiphytic or climbing shrubs; leaves alternate, thick, entire,
more or less fleshy, the juvenile ones often very unlike adult ones;
inflorescence terminal, racemose or umbellate, pendent, often with
greatly modified nectar-bearing bracts; flowers perfect, with 5 im-
bricated sepals; petals5, more or less united and falling off as a cap;
stamens 5-40; fruit globose, indehiscent, often fleshy, 5-many-celled.
Flowers in racemes; bracts sessile, long-spurred Souroubea.
Flowers in umbels; bracts long-stalked, helmet-shaped. .Marcgravia.
MARCGRAVIA L.
Small or large, epiphytic vines with fleshy alternate leaves;
inflorescence umbel-like, the flowers long-pediceled, the nectaries
large, inverted helmet-shaped,
pendent like dippers.
Leaves long-acuminate, with conspicuous lateral nerves; flowers
inserted obliquely upon the pedicel M. nepenthoides.
Leaves obtuse, the nerves obsolete; flowers not oblique.
M. Schippii.
Marcgravia nepenthoides Seem. Cachimba (Honduras). Mid-

dlesex, Schipp 476;southward to Panama. A glabrous epiphytic
woody vine, sometimes 15 meters long, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter;
leaves almost sessile, oblong, acuminate; flowers long-stalked. The
reddish nectaries are pendent like dippers. They contain nectar,
and are much visited by hummingbirds and insects.
Marcgravia Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst.Wash. Publ. 461:71.

1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp 1273.
A large vine 24 meters long, the stem 7.5 cm. in diameter; leaves
sessile, oblong, oblique at the base, 7-8 cm. long.
SOUROUBEA Aubl.
Souroubea guianensis Aubl. Middlesex, Schipp 514; south-
ward to the Guianas. A large woody vine as much as 15 meters
long, glabrous; leaves short-stalked, oblong to oblong-obovate,
rounded or obtuse at the apex; flowers fragrant, red tinged with
yellow, short-stalked.
QUIINACEAE. Quiina Family

QUIINA Aubl.
Quiina Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 28. 1930. Type
from Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 238; Mullins River Road, in
forest, Schipp 231; Machaca, Schipp S572; Honduras. An almost
glabrous tree 6-8 meters high, the trunk 7-10 cm. in diameter;
stipules conspicuous; leaves opposite or ternate, short-petiolate,
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire; flowers small, in short
racemes in the leaf axils or on old branches; sepals 4; petals 4, white,
2.5 mm. long; fruit a glabrous red berry 8 mm. long.
THEACEAE. Tea Family

Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate or opposite, usually leathery,
entire or toothed, stalked, without stipules; flowers axillary, small
or large, regular; sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous; fruit
capsular or leathery and indehiscent. The woods are of no impor-
tance in the Colony.
Leaves finely dentate Eurya.
Leaves entire.
Flowers in racemes Marila.

Flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf axils Ternstroemia.
EURYA Thunb.
Eurya lancifolia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 317. 1931. Type
from Middlesex, mountain forest, Schipp 455; Camp 36, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S710. A tree 15 meters high, the trunk 30 cm. in
diameter; leaves short-stalked, narrowly lance-oblong, long-acumi-
nate, finely toothed, thinly hairy beneath; flowers cream-colored;
fruit black, glabrous, 7 mm. long.
Laplacea haematoxylon (Swartz) Don has been reported as
the Ironwood of British Honduras, but that species, a native of
Jamaica, has not appeared in recent collections. It is probable
that the record really related to Dialium, which is called Ironwood
in British Honduras.
MARILA Swartz
Marila macrophylla Benth. Big Creek, edge of stream, Schipp
101; southward to Panama. A tree 12 meters high; leaves oblong,
short-petioled, glabrous, acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the base;
racemes many-flowered, minutely appressed-hairy; flowers green.
TERNSTROEMIA L. f.
Ternstroemia Tepezapote Schlecht. & Cham. Frequent in

Mexico to Honduras. A glabrous tree as much as 9 meters
forest;
high, with a trunk diameter of 12 cm.; leaves short-stalked, thick
and leathery, oblong to obovate; sepals thick and leathery, per-
sisting beneath the small ovoid fruit. British Honduras specimens
have been referred to T. sphaerocarpa (Rose) Melch. and T. oocarpa
(Rose) Melch., but all of them probably represent a single species.
The species of the genus are poorly defined, and it seems likely that
most of those reported for Mexico and Central America will have
to be reduced to synonymy.
GUTTIFERAE. Clusia Family

Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, entire, usually leathery, with-
out stipules; sap resinous, commonly yellow; flowers mostly of
separate sexes, often large and showy, with 2-6 or more sepals, as
many petals, and numerous stamens; ovary 2-several-celled.
Flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf axils or at the ends of the
branches.
Leaves broadly rounded at the apex; cultivated trees Mammea.
Leaves acute or acuminate; native trees.
Flowers globose, red Symphonia.
Flowers not globose, with spreading petals, whitish Rheedia.

Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Fruit not opening at maturity; leaves with exceedingly numerous
crowded parallel nerves ^.Calophyllum.
Fruit opening at maturity; nerves of the leaves not crowded.
Cells of the ovary with 2 or more ovules; flowers large; leaves
usually leathery Clusia.
Cells of the fruit with 1 ovule; flowers small; leaves thin.
Tovomitopsis.
CALOPHYLLUM L.
Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. var. Rekoi Standl. Santa

Maria. Frequent in mixed rain forest, on all types of soil; southern
Mexico to Panama ; the species ranging to Brazil. A
large or medium-
sized tree, sometimes 36 meters high, with pale, almost smooth bark;
leaves short-stalked, oblong to elliptic, acute or acuminate, leathery,
usually shining, with very numerous close parallel lateral nerves;
flowers white, fragrant, 1 cm. broad, in short racemes; fruit globose,
fleshy, 4-5 cm. in diameter. This makes a handsome shade tree
because of its broad crown and dense persistent foliage. The British
Honduras specimens are variable in leaf form, but apparently all
are referable to this single variety. The name C. Calaba Jacq. has
been applied incorrectly to the British Honduras tree. Wood red-
dish, moderately hard, fairly easy to work, though inclined to warp,
fairly durable; used for beams, framing timber, and veneers. (See
Trop. Woods 30: 9-17.)
CLUSIA L.
Glabrous shrubs or trees, at first usually epiphytic, in age often
standing alone; leaves usually thick and leathery, hard when dried,
with numerous lateral nerves; flowers often large and showy, white
or pink, with thick fleshy petals; fruit a leathery capsule, splitting
at maturity into several segments, these spreading and radiating
like the points of a star.
Leaves acute or acuminate, rather thin C. mexicana.

Leaves rounded or obtuse at the apex, very thick.
Leaves slender-petiolate, the lateral nerves suberect, ascending
at an angle of less than 45 degrees C. Lundellii.
Leaves sessile or on broadly margined petioles, the nerves usually
ascending at an angle of more than 45 degrees.
Leaves broadest at or near the middle. . . .C. belizensis.
Leaves broadest above the middle.

Leaves relatively small, mostly 2-4.5 cm. wide; capsules
usually less than 2 cm. long C. flava.
Leaves larger, usually 5-10 cm. wide; capsules larger.
Leaves very broadly cuneate-obovate, often almost as
broad as long, the petioles about 1 cm. wide .C. rosea.
.
Leaves obovate-oblong, about twice as long as broad, the

petioles much narrower C. Salvinii.
Clusia belizensis Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 72.
1935. Type from Camp 33, Guatemalan boundary, 870 meters,
Schipp 1242. A tree of 9 meters, the trunk 30 cm. in diameter;
leaves short-petiolate, oblong or elliptic, 8-14 cm. long.
Clusia flava Jacq. Matapalo. Chunup (Yucatan, Maya).
Occasional in forest; widely distributed in tropical America. A tree
6-7.5 meters high, the trunk 8 cm. in diameter; leaves mostly small,
often thin when dried; flowers white or cream-colored. It is reported
that the latex, which is yellow at first, as in related species, is
sometimes used to adulterate chicle.
Clusia Lundellii Standl. Matapalo. Silk Grass, N. S. Stevenson

12; Pete"n. A glabrous tree; leaves narrowly oblong or obovate-
oblong, 14-17 cm. long; capsules 3.5 cm. long.
Clusia mexicana Vesque. Occasional in forests; Mexico to
Salvador. A shrub or a tree as much as 9 meters high, with a trunk 7
cm. in diameter; leaves drying thin, small, oblong to elliptic, slender-
stalked; flowers small, cream-colored.
Clusia rosea Jacq. Camp 34, Guatemalan boundary, 870 meters,
Schipp 1288; of wide distribution in tropical America. A tree of 18
meters according to Schipp, the trunk 60 cm. in diameter; leaves
often large and very thick; flowers large, white or cream-colored.
Clusia Salvinii Bonn. Smith. Stann Creek region, and Cocks-
comb Mountains, in or on hilltops; Mexico to
swampy ground
Honduras. A tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 12 cm.;
leaves thick and hard when dried, narrowly obovate, narrowed to
the base, with very numerous lateral nerves; petals cream-colored.
MAMMEA L.
Mammea americana L. Mammee
Apple. Mamey (Central
America). Chacalhaaz (Yucatan, Maya). Planted as a fruit and
shade tree; native perhaps of the West Indies. A large glabrous
tree with broad, very dense crown and milky latex; leaves oval or
elliptic,rounded at the apex, thick and leathery, with very numerous
lateral nerves; flowers white, axillary, the petals 2 cm. long; fruit
subglobose, 8-15 cm. in diameter, brownish, with yellow or reddish
flesh. The fruit is of excellent flavor, somewhat resembling a cling-
stone peach; it is eaten raw and also made into preserves and dulces.
Wood reddish brown, hard, heavy, strong, and durable; little used
because of its scarcity.
RHEEDIA L.
Rheedia edulis (Seem.) Triana & Planch. Waika Plum. Limon-
cillo (probably an erroneous name). Frequent in forest; Mexico to
Panama. A large or medium-sized, glabrous tree with smooth
brownish trunk; leaves short-stalked, narrowly oblong or lance-
oblong, acuminate, leathery, with numerous lateral nerves; flowers
small, cream-colored, clustered in the leaf axils or on naked branches,
slender-stalked; fruit olive-like, yellow, 2.5 cm. long, containing
1 or 2 seeds surrounded by scant pulp. Although the fruit is edible,
it is of inferior quality and flavor, and is little esteemed. Wood rosy-
yellow, resinous, hard, heavy, splintery, coarse-textured; numerous
radial gum ducts present; timber little used.
SYMPHONIA L. f.
Symphonia globulifera L. f. Waika Chewstick, Wycot. Leche

Amarilla. Corban. Frequent in forest; widely distributed in tropi-
cal America. A small or often tall, glabrous tree as much as 18
meters high, with trunk diameter of 45 cm., or larger; leaves short-
stalked, oblong, acuminate, thick, with numerous nerves; flowers
globose, red. The resin exuding from the trunk was employed by
the Indians for caulking boats and making torches. Wood greenish
brown, rather hard and heavy, coarse-textured, works fairly well,
appears moderately durable; used locally for railway crossties and
boat keels, and exported in small amounts for veneers.
TOVOMITOPSIS Planch. & Triana
Tovomitopsis nicaraguensis (Oerst.) Triana & Planch. Camp

32, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp S628; Columbia-Toledo, Donald
S. Stevenson 6 (Yale 12302) ranging to Panama. A tree of 12 meters
;
or less, the trunk as much as 30 cm. in diameter; leaves large, thin,

slender-stalked, oblong-elliptic, acute, glabrous; flowers small, white,
fragrant, in large open panicles; fruit pear-shaped, reddish. Wood
reddish or purplish, with satiny luster, of light weight, but firm and
tenacious, medium-textured, straight-grained; rays conspicuous on
radial surface; suitable for small cabinet work.
HYPERICACEAE. St. Johnswort Family
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves opposite, entire, without

cymes or panicles, sometimes
stipules; flowers perfect, terminal, in
solitary; sepals 5 or 4, imbricate; petals 5-4; stamens numerous;
fruit a berry or a capsule, 3-5-celled.
Fruit a capsule; herbs Hypericum.

Fruit a berry; shrubs or small trees Vismia.
HYPERICUM L.
Hypericum pratense Schlecht. & Cham. Isabella Pine Ridge,

Belize River, Lundell 4136.
Hypericum terrae-firmae Sprague & Riley, Kew Bull. 13. 1924.
Type collected by Peck, No. 321, without locality.
VISMIA Vand.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves usually more or less tomentose
beneath; flowers inconspicuous, in terminal cymes; sepals and petals
each 5, the petals usually villous within; stamens arranged in 5
clusters.
Leaves cordate at the base V. latifolia.
Leaves rounded at the base V. ferruginea.

Vismia ferruginea HBK. V. Camparaguey Sprague & Riley,
Kew Bull. 13. 1924. Old William, Carit-be-helped, Yellow Sangre.
Achiotillo, Camparaguey (Guatemala). Occasional in thickets; Cen-
tral America and northern South America. A shrub or small tree
with bright orange-colored latex; leaves large, oblong or lance-oblong,
acuminate, green above, rusty-tomentose beneath; flowers in rather
large, panicled cymes. One of the local names is explained thus by
J. B. Kinloch: "The wood is poor for building huts, but if nothing
else is available this is used as 'it can't be helped.' Wood pinkish,
'
moderately hard, strong, tough, medium-textured, fairly straight-

grained, not difficult to work, not highly durable; little used.
Vismia latifolia Choisy. Frequent in thickets; southward to
northern South America. Similar to the preceding, and rather
doubtfully distinct.
CISTACEAE. Rock-rose Family

LECHEA L.
Lechea tripetala (Moc. & Sesse") Britton.
BIXACEAE. Anatto Family

BIXA L. Anatto
Bixa Orellana L. Atta. Achiote. Kuxub (Yucatan, Maya).
Frequent in thickets, also cultivated; widely distributed in tropical
America. A shrub or small tree; leaves long-petiolate, alternate,
ovate, long-acuminate, minutely brown-scaly beneath; flowers rather
large, pink or white, in terminal panicles; fruit a globose or ovoid
capsule, usually covered with long flexible spine-like bristles, but
sometimes smooth. The numerous round seeds are imbedded in
orange-red pulp, from which is obtained anatto dye, used extensively
in North America and Europe for coloring butter and cheese,
textiles, oils and varnishes, and soap. In Central America it is
employed generally for imparting a red color to boiled rice. The
dye was used by the aborigines for painting their bodies, partly for
ornament and partly to protect them against the attacks of insects.
The bark contains a tough fiber. Wood pinkish-yellow, light, soft,
tenacious, fine-textured, not durable; not utilized.
COCHLOSPERMACEAE. Cochlospermum Family

COCHLOSPERMUM Kunth
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. Wild Cotton.
Pochote.Chum (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in thickets or open
stocky tree 9
meters high with a trunk 7 cm. in diameter, or often flowering
when only a shrub; branches red-brown; leaves alternate, long-
stalked, deeply cordate at the base, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes
toothed, glabrate; flowers bright yellow, 10 cm. broad, in terminal
clusters, with numerous stamens; fruit a thin-walled capsule 7-8
cm. long, the numerous seeds covered with cottony hairs. The
bark contains a tough The tree is a conspicuous one when
fiber.
in flower, usually when devoid of leaves, the great yellow blos-
it is
soms being strikingly suggestive of roses. Wood white or pale brown,

very light, soft, spongy, brittle, laminated, perishable; not utilized.
VIOLACEAE. Violet Family
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes woody vines; leaves

simple, toothed, provided with stipules; flowers usually small, with
5 sepals, 5 petals which often are unequal, and 5 stamens; fruit a

1-celled capsule, opening by 3 valves.
Lower petal spurred; climbing shrubs; leaves alternate. .Corynostylis.
Lower petal not spurred; plants not climbing.
Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens united; leaves alternate.
Hybanthus.
Corolla regular; stamens free; leaves opposite Rinorea.
CORYNOSTYLIS Mart. & Zucc.
Corynostylis arborea (L.) Blake. Apparently frequent in forest

and thickets; Mexico to South America. A large vine as much as
9 meters long, with a woody stem 2.5 cm. in diameter; leaves peti-
olate, ovate or elliptic, glabrous; flowers white, 3.5 cm. long.
HYBANTHUS Jacq.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees; flowers small, solitary in the leaf axils

or in racemes or cymes, white.
Plants herbaceous, densely hairy H. Ipecacuanha.
Plants trees.
Leaves 12-27 cm. long
subsessile, H. subsessilis.
Leaves petiolate, 6-14 cm. long H. malpighiifolius.

Hybanthus Ipecacuanha (L.)Taub. Big Fall Pine Ridge,
Belize River, Lundell 4230. A South American species, unknown
elsewhere in North America.
Hybanthus malpighiifolius Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.

Publ. 461 73. 1935.
:
Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp 1278,
the type. A tree of
10 meters, the trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, narrowly long-acuminate; flowers about 2 mm.
long.
Hybanthus subsessilis Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:

72. 1935. In forest, Rio Grande, Schipp 1132; Guatemala. A gla-
brous tree 6-18 meters high, the trunk as much as 45 cm. in diameter;
leaves narrowly oblong, acute or acuminate, narrowly rounded at the
base. The generic position of this and the last preceding species is
somewhat uncertain.
RINOREA Aubl.
Slender shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, short-petioled,
thin, acuminate, obscurely serrate or almost entire; stipules small,
deciduous; flowers very small, in racemes or panicles; sepals 5, equal;

petals 5, recurved at the apex; stamens 5; fruit a strongly com-
pressed capsule.
Flowers in small panicles R. Hummelii.
Flowers in racemes.
Leaves acute at the base R. guatemalensis.
Leaves rounded or shallowly cordate at the base . . .R. deflexiflom.
Rinorea deflexiflora Bartlett. Wild Coffee. Mullins River

Road; Stann Creek Valley; Guatemala. A shrub 2.5-4.5 meters
high; leaves almost sessile, obovate; flowers cream-colored.
Rinorea guatemalensis (Wats.) Bartlett. Wild Coffee. Cafe-
cillo.Frequent in forest or thickets; ranging to Honduras. A tree
as much as 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 12 cm.; leaves
conspicuously petiolate, chiefly oblong-elliptic, glabrous or nearly
so; flowers white. Wood yellowish, hard, heavy, strong, fine- tex-
tured, takes a high polish, is not durable; not utilized. (See Trop.
Woods 7: 26.)
Rinorea Hummelii Sprague, Kew Bull. 307. 1921. Wild Coffee.

Type from Salt Creek, Hummel 11; Hillbank; Pete'n. A small tree;
leaves obovate, cuneate at the base, glabrous beneath.
FLACOURTIACEAE. Flacourtia Family
Shrubs or trees; leaves simple, alternate, entire or toothed, peti-

oled, often with translucent dots and lines; stipules usually minute
or wanting; flowers small, perfect or of separate sexes; calyx 3-7-
lobed or of as many distinct sepals; petals as many as the calyx
segments or often wanting; fruit a 1-celled capsule or berry.
Stipules large and leaflike. Flowers terminal Prockia.
Stipules minute or absent.

Fruit covered with long spinelike bristles. Leaves entire; flowers
in panicled racemes Oncoba.
Fruit unarmed.
Leaves 3-nerved.
Flowers in panicles Hasseltia .
Flowers in spikes Lunania.

Leaves penninerved.
Petals present; flowers in long racemes Homalium.
Petals none; flowers not in racemes.
Flowers dioecious; plants usually armed with spines.

Xylosma.
Flowers perfect; plants unarmed.
Sepals distinct, reflexed; staminodia none Laetia.
Sepals overlapping, not reflexed; staminodia present.

Style present; stamens 6-15; fruit usually 1 cm. or less
in diameter Casearia.
Style none; stamens numerous; fruit 2.5 cm. in diam-

eter or larger Zuelania.
CASEARIA Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves usually with transparent dots or
lines; flowers small, white, inconspicuous; petals none; stamens 6-15;
fruit a 3-4-valved capsule, usually red at maturity, the seeds covered
by a fleshy aril.
Stamens about 20; sepals 5-7 C. tremula.
Stamens 6-15; sepals 5.
Flowers in stalked cymes or headlike clusters.
Stamens 8; flowers in stalked cymes C. nitida.
Stamens 10; flowers in stalked headlike clusters. . . .C. arborea.
Flowers in sessile clusters in the leaf axils.
Leaves entire or practically so C. sylvestris.

Leaves conspicuously toothed.
Leaves closely and regularly serrate C. arguta.
Leaves remotely crenate.
Leaves long-acuminate, lustrous beneath, opaque.
C. javitensis.
Leaves obtuse or acutish, dull beneath, punctate.
C. acideata.
Casearia aculeata Jacq. Escambrdn (Honduras). Thickets or
open forest; Central America to northern South America. A tree
9 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter, the branchlets often
thornlike; leaves mostly elliptic to ovate or obovate, glabrous or
nearly so; flowers greenish white, 3 mm. long; fruit 8 mm. in
diameter. Wood nearly white or yellowish, rather hard, fine-textured,
straight-grained, tough, somewhat splintery, not durable; not
utilized.
Casearia arborea (L. Rich.) Urban. In forest and thickets;

Central America to Brazil; West Indies. A shrub or small tree,
as much as 9 meters high, with a trunk diameter of 10 cm.; leaves

almost narrowly oblong, long-acuminate, finely serrate;
sessile, fruit
red, 1 cm. long, the aril red.
Casearia arguta HBK. Guaydbillo (Guatemala). In thickets;
Mexico to Colombia. A shrub or tree, up to 9 meters high, with
a trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaves lance-oblong, long-acuminate,
pubescent beneath on the veins; fruit globose, more than 1 cm.
in diameter.
Gasearia javitensis HBK. In thickets; Mexico to South Amer-

ica. A shrub or tree 3-6 meters high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, coriaceous; capsule 1 cm. long.
Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. Iximche (Maya). Com-
Paletilla.
mon A shrub or
in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America.
tree 1-10 meters high, the trunk as much as 15 cm. in diameter;
leaves thin, elliptic to oblong, acute, almost glabrous; fruit red,
8mm. long. A common and rather weedy shrub in Central America.
Casearia sylvestris Swartz.Wild Sage. Frequent in thickets;
widely distributed in tropical America. An almost glabrous shrub
or small tree, sometimes 6 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in
diameter, the branches slender; leaves small, oblong or lance-oblong,
long-acuminate; fruit 3-4 mm. long. One of the commonest shrubs
of Central America. Wood pale brown, hard, heavy, strong, fine-
textured, finishes smoothly; not utilized, but suitable for small
handles.
Casearia tremula Griseb. In forest, Esperanza, Schipp S722;
Mexico to northern South America. A tree of 12 meters, the trunk
25 cm. in diameter; leaves elliptic or oval, glabrous, crenate or
almost entire; flowers fascicled, on long slender pedicels; fruit 1-1.5
cm. in diameter.
HASSELTIA HBK.
Hasseltia dioica (Benth.) Sleumer. Quina (Guatemala). H.
mexicana Standl. In forest; southern Mexico to Honduras. A
shrub or tree, up to 9 meters high leaves petioled, oblong or oblanceo-
;
late-oblong, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate, irregularly serrate, gla-

brous or nearly so; flowers small, white, in dense terminal panicles;
stamens very numerous; capsule globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter,
minutely pubescent. A showy tree when in flower. Wood yellow-
ish brown, moderately hard and heavy, fine-textured, cross-grained,
splintery; not utilized.

HOMALIUM Jacq.
ilomalium riparium Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
74. 1935. Type from river bank, Rio Grande, Schipp 1182. A
tree of 10 meters, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate, serrate, dentate; racemes long
and slender, the flowers white, 4 mm. long; ovary densely hirsute.
LAETIA Loefl.
Laetia Thamnia Frequent in forest; Yucatan to Panama;

L.
West Indies. A
glabrous shrub or small tree, sometimes 12 meters
high, with trunk diameter of 30 cm. leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-
;
late, acuminate, crenate or almost entire, with pellucid dots and

rather large, white, small inflorescences axillary; petals
lines; flowers
none; stamens numerous; fruit a globose berry 2-4 cm. in diameter.
LUNANIA Hook.
Lunania sessiliflora Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
74. 1935. Type collected in forest, Jacinto Hills, Schipp S606. A
glabrous tree of 6 meters, the trunk 7 cm. in diameter; leaves
short-petiolate, ovate, 5-8 cm. long, acute, serrate; flowers numer-
ous, minute, in simple, axillary and terminal spikes.
ONCOBA Forsk.
Oncoba laurina (Presl) Warb. In forest or thickets; rare;
Mexico (?) to Colombia. A tree 6-9 meters high; leaves long-petio-
late, oblong to narrowly ovate, 12-30 cm. long, long-acuminate,
glabrous; flowers small, white, in panicled terminal racemes; fruit
globose, 1 cm. in diameter, covered with long soft spines. Wood
yellowish brown, hard, heavy, fine-textured, straight-grained, not
PROCKIA L.
Prockia crucis L. Occasional in broken ridge; widely distrib-

uted in tropical America. A shrub or small tree; stipules large
and foliaceous; leaves slender-petiolate, ovate, acuminate, thin, ser-
rate, pubescent; flowers clustered at the ends of short branchlets or
in short racemes, without petals; stamens very numerous; fruit
baccate, 6 mm. in diameter.
XYLOSMA Forst.
Shrubs or small trees, the trunk usually armed with large

branched spines; leaves short-petioled, crenate or almost entire;
flowers minute, fascicled in the leaf axils or in short racemes; petals

none; stamens numerous; fruit a small 2-8-seeded berry.
Leaves leathery, obtuse to rounded at the apex, glabrous.
X. anisophylla.
Leaves thin, acute or acuminate, pubescent beneath X. characantha.
.
Xylosma anisophylla Standl. Honey Camp; Cornhouse Creek;

Yucatan and Campeche. A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves
small, variable in form, oblanceolate to broadly ovate, serrate or
almost entire; fruit glabrous.
Xylosma characantha Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 136. 1932.

Type from El Cayo, Bartlett 12004; Pete"n, A shrub a
Guatemala.
meter high, the slender branches armed with slender spreading spines;
leaves almost sessile, ovate-elliptic; fruit pilose.
ZUELANIA A. Rich.
Zuelania Guidonia (Swartz) Britt. & Millsp. Z. Roussoviae

Pittier. Sangre de Playa, Palacio (Honduras). Tammy
Water-wood.
(Yucatan, Maya). All Pines, Belize, and elsewhere; Mexico to
Panama; West Indies. A tree 13 meters high, the trunk 15-20 cm.
in diameter; leaves oblong or narrowly oblong, 15-25 cm. long,
acute or acuminate, inconspicuously serrate, densely soft-pubescent
beneath; flowers small, whitish, in dense lateral clusters; fruit a
fleshy capsule 3.5 cm. in diameter. Wood yellow, moderately hard,
tough, fine-textured, not durable; not utilized.
TURNERACEAE. Turnera Family
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate, toothed, with

stipules; flowers chiefly axillary, regular, perfect, with 5 sepals or
calyx lobes and 5 fugacious petals; stamens 5, distinct; fruit a capsule,
3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Trees or tall shrubs; flowers 7-8 cm. long ErUichia.
Herbs or low shrubs; flowers rarely as much as 2.5 cm. long.
Pubescence of branched hairs; plants annual Piriqueta.
Pubescence of simple hairs; plants annual or perennial. .Turnera. .
ERBLICHIA Seem.
Erblichia odorata Seem. Butterfly Tree. Conop (Guatemala).
Crique Negra, Balder amos 4 (Yale 14881); southern Mexico to
Panama. A small or medium-sized tree; leaves short-stalked,
lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, sparsely pubescent beneath, incon-

spicuously crenate; flowers long-pedicellate, bright yellow; capsule
4 cm. long. The tree is a remarkably handsome and conspicuous
one when in flower. It sometimes is referred to the genus Turnera,
perhaps justly so. Wood brownish, rather hard, tough, fine-textured ;
not utilized. (See Trop. Woods 11:4.)
PIRIQUETA Aubl.
Piriqueta cistoides (L.) Meyer. Honey Camp.
TURNERA L.
Herbs or shrubs with small toothed leaves; flowers axillary;
calyx tubular or campanulate, with 5 narrow lobes; petals short-
clawed.
Leaves with two conspicuous glands on the petiole or at the base of
the blade; flowers pedicellate, the pedicel united with the
petiole T. ulmifolia.
Leaves without large glands; flowers sessile T. diffusa.
Turnera diffusa Willd. Damiana (Yucatan). El Cayo and
elsewhere; widely distributed in tropical America. A
slender much-
branched shrub, 1 meter high or less, with small leaves and small
yellow flowers. In Mexico the plant has a high reputation because
of supposed aphrodisiac properties attributed to it. These have
not been confirmed by scientific investigation.
Turnera ulmifolia L. Frequent in pine ridge; widely distributed
in tropical America. An herb or a low shrub with bright yellow
flowers. The local specimens represent at least three distinct forms,
but throughout its wide range the plant exhibits such great variation
that scarcely seems worth while to give
it names to the forms occur-
ring in British Honduras.
PASSIFLORACEAE. Passion-flower Family
Herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, often with handsome

flowers. Passiflora ligularis and P. quadrangularis are cultivated
commonly in Central America for their edible fruits, those of the
former species being of excellent quality.
PASSIFLORA L.
Passiflora ambigua Hemsl. Machaca, Schipp 1302, S466.

Passiflora biflora Lam. Media-luna (Honduras).
Passiflora brevipes Killip, ined. Type from Jacinto Hills,

Schipp 1304.
Passiflora Brighami Wats.
Passiflora choconiana Wats.
Passiflora ciliata Ait. Passion-vine. Pasionaria (Yucatan).
Pochkak (Yucatan, Maya).
Passiflora coriacea Juss. Xicozotz (Pete"n, Maya). Easily
recognized by its peltate leaves.
Passiflora foetida L. Granaditta (Honduras). Tuuboc (Yucatan,
Maya).
Passiflora foetida var. nicaraguensis Killip. Passion-flower.
Meldn de Ratdn.
Passiflora guatemalensis Wats.
Passiflora Hahnii Fourn. Collected by Lundell.
Passiflora laurif olia L.
Passiflora obovata Killip, ined. Type from Camp 35, Guate-
malan boundary, Schipp S713.
Passiflora Rovirosae Killip. Collected by Lundell.
Passiflora sericea L.
Passiflora serratifolia L. Jujito amarillo (Campeche).
Passiflora suberosa L. Coceh (Yucatan, Maya). Belize-
Sibun Road, Gentle 23.
CARICACEAE. Papaw Family

CARICA L.
Trees or large shrubs, the trunk simple or branched; leaves
simple or digitately compound, without stipules, alternate, long-
stalked; sap milky; flowers usually dioecious, the pistillate solitary
and axillary or in few-flowered panicles; calyx small, 5-lobed;
staminate corolla with an elongate tube, the limb 5-lobed; stamens
10, inserted in the corolla throat; fruit large, baccate.
Leaves simple but deeply lobed C. Papaya.
Leaves digitately compound, with 3-5 leaflets C. dolichaula.
Carica dolichaula Donn. Smith. In forest; southward to
Panama. A glabrous branched tree as much as 11 meters high,
the trunk 20 cm. in diameter or thicker; leaflets entire, with slender
tail-like tips, short-stalked; inflorescences few-flowered; fruits small.
In spite of the rather wide distribution of this tree, little is known
concerning it. It is, apparently, the Palo de Barril of western

Costa Rica, which develops smooth trunks as much as a meter in
diameter. Although so large, it is said they may be cut down
with only a few strokes of a machete. The cylinders of bark removed
from sections of the trunk are used there for making rough casks
in which grain is stored.
Carica Papaya L. Papaw. Papaya. Put (Maya). Cultivated

commonly, and also naturalized; widely distributed in tropical
America, at least in cultivation. Trunk simple in normal speci-
mens; lobes of the leaves deeply lobed and toothed. One of the
The milky sap contains a sub-
favorite fruits of tropical America.
stance resembling animal pepsin in its action, and for this reason
the fruit is commonly believed to aid digestion.
LOASACEAE. Loasa Family

MENTZELIA L.
Mentzelia aspera L. Corozal District, Gentle 849.
BEGONIACEAE. Begonia Family

BEGONIA L.
Begonia glabra Aubl. An herbaceous vine.
Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schlecht. Pueblo Viejo,
Schipp S695. An acaulescent plant with deeply lobed leaves;
often cultivated for ornament in Central America and the United
States.
Begonia nicaraguensis Standl. An acaulescent plant, the

leaves not lobed.
CACTACEAE. Cactus Family

CEREUS L.
Cereus minutiflorus (Britt. & Rose) Vaupel. Forest Home,
Schipp S411.
Cereus pentagonus L. New Town, climbing in mangroves,
Schipp. A large vine with 3-5-angled stems; flowers very large,
creamy white, fragrant; fruit large, red, edible.
Probably other species of Cereus occur in British Honduras,

besides various species of genera not listed here, particularly Opuntia
and Nopalea.
EPIPHYLLUM Haw.
Epiphyllum crenatum (Haw.) G. Don. Honey Camp. An
epiphytic plant.
Epiphyllum pumilum (Vaupel) Britt. & Rose. Middlesex,
Schipp.
RHIPSALIS Gaertn.
Rhipsalis Cassutha Gaertn. Middlesex, Schipp. An epiphytic

plant.
Rhipsalis coriacea Polak. Middlesex, Schipp S23.
LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family
AMMANNIA L.
Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Corozal-Orange Walk Road.
Gentle 71, 4929. A plant of wet soil.
CUPHEA Adans.
Cuphea axilliflora Koehne. Camp 35, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S634.
Cuphea calophylla Cham. & Schlecht.
Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) Macbride.
Cuphea utriculosa Koehne. Growing usually in shallow water
at the edges of streams.
Cuphea Wrightii Gray. Maskall Pine Ridge, Gentle. The

specific determination is doubtful, the plant perhaps representing
an undescribed species.
LAWSONIAL. Henna
Lawsonia inermis L. Reseda (general in Central America).
Planted for ornament; native of Asia and Africa. A shrub or small
tree with small, very fragrant, greenish flowers.
ROTALA L.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Forest Home, Schipp S492. A

plant of wet soil.
PUNICACEAE. Pomegranate Family

PUNICA L.
Punica Granatum L. Pomegranate. Granado. Sometimes
planted for its edible fruit. Native of the Mediterranean region.
LECYTHIDAGEAE. Brazil-nut Family

GUSTAVIA L.
Gustavia integrifolia Standl. Genip. Jaguillo (Honduras).
Temash River; Rio Grande; also in Honduras and Nicaragua. A
tree of 10 meters, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter, with few branches;
leaves very large, mostly clustered near the ends of the branches,
alternate, elongate-spatulate, acute, entire, long-tapering toward
the sessile base, glabrous or nearly so; flowers about 3 cm. broad,
white, in short racemes, with 4 petals and numerous stamens.
Wood yellow, rather light, fairly hard, coarse-textured. The flowers
and the fleshy fruits are clustered along the trunk and larger branches.
This tree is the most northern representative of its family, whose
center of distribution is in the Amazon Valley.
RHIZOPHORACEAE. Mangrove Family

Shrubs or trees, glabrous or nearly so; leaves opposite, short-
stalked, with stipules; flowers perfect, with valvate sepals, 3-4
petals, and 4-30 stamens; fruit leathery, indehiscent or only tardily
opening.
Calyx 4-parted; fruit 1-seeded; leaves very thick, obtuse. Rhizophora.

Calyx 4-5-lobed; fruit 3-seeded; leaves thin, acuminate. Cassipourea.
CASSIPOUREA Aubl.
Cassipourea podantha Standl. Water-wood. Common in
forestand thickets; southward to Panama. An almost glabrous
shrub or tree as much as 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 15
cm.; leaves small, oblong to elliptic, entire or obscurely toothed;
flowers small, whitish, clustered in the leaf axils on very short stalks,
the petals hairy; fruit leathery, about 7 mm. long, rounded at the
apex and tipped with the persistent slender style. Thick sapwood
yellowish, heartwood pale brown; moderately hard, heavy, tough,
strong, splintery, rather fine-textured, finishes smoothly, is fairly
durable; used locally for railway crossties and house frames.
RHIZOPHORA L. Mangrove
Rhizophora Mangle Red Mangrove. Mangle Colorado.
L.
Tapche (Yucatan, Maya). Common in coastal swamps, often form-
ing large dense thickets; general on tropical American shores. A
small or medium-sized tree with thin, brownish gray, shallowly
furrowed bark, and often numerous stilt roots; leaves short-stalked,
dark green; flowers few, 4 narrow petals

in the leaf axils, stalked, the
yellowish white; fruit conic, leathery, 2-2.5 cm. long. The most
characteristic tree of tropical shores. The seed usually germinates
on the tree, the radicle becoming 25-30 cm. long before the seed
falls from the tree and takes root in the mud. The conspicuous
prop roots usually are exposed at high tide, when the oysters
and other marine animals may be seen attached to them. Man-
grove trees are of great importance in land building, for their roots
hold mud and debris brought down by streams, gradually pushing
seaward and forming new land. Charcoal obtained from mangrove
wood usually is considered the best of all for kitchen use. The bark
is used in the North for tanning hides. The young shoots often are
employed in Central America for dyeing leather and other articles.
Wood red or reddish brown, very hard, heavy, strong, fine-textured,
durable; used for fuel and charcoal and to some extent for construc-
tion. (See T. of T. A., pp. 472-474.)
COMBRETACEAE. Combretum Family

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing; leaves opposite or alternate,
entire, without stipules; flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes; calyx
lobes 4-5, valvate in bud; corolla of 4-5 petals or absent; stamens
twice as many as the calyx lobes, inserted on the limb or base of the
calyx; fruit dry or drupaceous, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Flowers in dense globose conelike heads. Leaves alternate.
Conocarpus.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.
Leaves alternate; petals none.
Calyx limb deciduous; branches unarmed Terminalia.
Calyx limb persistent; branches usually armed with spines.
Bucida.
Leaves opposite; petals present.
Trees; leaves thick and fleshy; calyx limb persistent.
Laguncularia.
Vines; leaves thin; calyx limb deciduous Combretum.
BUCIDA L.
Bucida Buceras L. Pucte (Yucatan,

Bullet Tree, Bully Tree.
Maya). Frequent in coastalswamps or thickets, commonly in
association with mangroves; widely distributed in tropical America.
A tree about 9 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter, often
branched to the ground, almost glabrous, the branchlets often with

2-3 spines at the apex; leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers
small, in stalked spikes in the leaf axils; fruit an ovoid drupe 6 mm.
long. The bark is employed in some regions for tanning. Wood
dark brown to blackish, hard, heavy, tough, strong, fine-textured,
takes a beautiful polish; resistant to decay; used locally for charcoal,
fuel, and railway crossties.
GOMBRETUM L.
Climbing shrubs, sometimes armed with spines; leaves opposite,

petioled, entire; flowers small or large, in terete or one-sided spikes
or racemes; calyx tube cylindric or angled, constricted above the
ovary; petals 4-5, inserted between the calyx lobes; fruit leathery,
1-seeded, with 4-6 longitudinal wings or angles.
Flowers small, the limb of the calyx 2 mm. long; flower spikes not
one-sided C. mexicanum.
Flowers large, the calyx limb 5-15 mm. long; spikes one-sided.
Calyx limb 5 mm. long, with minute scattered scales; fruit broadly
winged C. farinosum.
Calyx limb 10-15 mm. long, sericeous; fruit sharply angled.

C. Cacoucia.
Combretum Cacoucia C. coccineum Engler & Diels.
Exell.
Stann Creek Railway, in Schipp 87; Central America to the
forest,
Guianas. A large woody vine, sometimes 18 meters long, with a
trunk diameter of 7 cm.; leaves oblong, acuminate, almost glabrous;
flowers in long, stout, very dense, leafy-bracted racemes, the whole
flower 2 cm. long. An exceedingly showy plant because of its
abundance of spirelike spikes of bright, deep red flowers.
Combretum farinosum HBK. Tietie, Carasow Comb. Fre-

quent in thickets or open forest; Mexico to Panama. A small or
large vine; leaves oval to elliptic-oblong, with sparse or dense pale
scales on the lower surface; spikes very dense and thick, the flowers
varying from dark red to yellowish; fruit 2 cm. long. A showy, hand-
some plant, its flowers much visited by insects and hummingbirds.
Combretum mexicanum Humb. & Bonpl. Occasional in
thickets; Mexico to Nicaragua. A woody
vine; leaves oval
large,
to broadly oblong, obtuse to acuminate, glabrous or nearly so;
flowers whitish, fragrant, in panicled spikes; fruit 2-2.5 cm. long.
CONOGARPUS L.
Gonocarpus erecta L. Buttonwood, Button Bush. Botoncillo

(Yucatan). Kanche (Yucatan, Maya). Common in mangrove
swamps; tropical America and Africa. A shrub or small tree; leaves
alternate, oval to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, usually glabrous or
nearly so, with 2 small glands at the base; flowers very small, in
dense conelike heads scarcely 1 cm. in diameter, these in terminal
racemes and in the upper leaf axils. The bark is said to be rich in
tannin. Wood olive-brown, heavy, hard, strong, fine-textured; the
favorite fuel wood of the Colony.
LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn.
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. White Mangrove. Mangle

Blanco. Zacolcom (Yucatan, Maya). Common in mangrove swamps;
general in tropical America. A
shrub or small tree with thin, reddish
brown bark; leaves opposite, oblong to oval, rounded at the apex,
leathery, glabrous, the petiole with 2 large glands; flowers small,
in clustered spikes, the silky calyx 2-3 mm. long; fruit a leathery
10-ribbed drupe 1.5 cm. long. Wood yellowish brown, moderately
heavy and hard, strong, medium-textured, not very durable; used
for fuel.
TERMINALIA L.
Large or medium-sized trees; leaves alternate, often crowded at

the ends of the branches; flowers small, greenish, in long slender
spikes; stamens 8-10; petals none; fruit drupaceous or dry, some-
times winged.
Fruit winged, small; leaves acute or acuminate T. obovata.
Fruit not winged; leaves usually rounded and abruptly short-pointed
at the apex T. Catappa.
Terminalia Catappa L. Almond. Almendro (Central America).

Planted as a shade tree and also naturalized; native of the Old
World tropics. A medium-sized tree with whorled branches; leaves
20-30 cm. long, obovate, usually with a gland on each side of the
base of the midrib; fruit compressed, sharp-edged, 4-6 cm. long.
The Indian Almond is one of the most popular shade trees of Central
America, especially near the sea, where it thrives in sandy and saline
soil. The leaves usually become brightly tinged with red and bronze
before they fall. The kernels of the seeds are edible.
Terminalia obovata (R. & P.) Steud. Nargusta. Guayabo.
Canxun (Guatemala, Maya). Frequent in forest; southern Mexico
to South America. A
large or medium-sized tree, the young parts
brown-hairy; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 8-14 cm. long; flowers
greenish; fruit usually less than 1 cm. long, hard, bearing several
thin broad wings. There is some question regarding the species
name of this tree. The Central American trees of the genus are in a
chaotic state, because the available material of them is quite inad-
equate for their proper understanding. Thick sapwood light olive,
heartwood darker and sometimes streaked with red or brown moder- ;
ately hard, tough, strong, and durable, not very difficult to work,
finishes smoothly and presents a very attractive appearance; used
locally for bridge and car timbers, railway crossties, and paneling;
exported to a small extent for veneers.
MYRTACEAE. Myrtle Family

Shrubs or small without stipules,
trees; leaves opposite, entire,
conspicuously dotted with oil glands; flowers mostly small, perfect,
regular, subtended by 2 bractlets; calyx 4-5-lobed or circumscissile
as a cap; petals 4 or 5, mostly white; stamens numerous; fruit a
1-seeded drupe or a many-seeded berry. Wood brownish or light
purplish, hard, heavy, tough, fine-textured, inclined to warp, not
highly durable; little utilized.
Calyx limb closed in bud, in flower cleft longitudinally or circum-

scissile and falling off as a cap.
Calyx limb circumscissile, falling off as a cap; petals 1-2 or none.

Calyptranthes.
Calyx limb irregularly lobed in flower, persisting; petals 4-5.
Psidium.
Calyx limb open bud, or the sepals imbricated.
in
Embryo coiled, the radicle elongated Pimento,.

Embryo not coiled, the cotyledons and radicle folded together,
the radicle often very short.
Radicle very short; flowers variously arranged but not in
panicles Eugenia.
Radicle elongate; flowers in loose panicles Myrcia.
CALYPTRANTHES Swartz
Trees or shrubs; flowers small, white, in axillary and terminal
cymes or panicles; fruit baccate, 2-3-celled, usually 1-2-seeded.
Leaves sessile or essentially so, cordate and clasping at the base.
C. Bartlettii.
Leaves distinctly stalked, not clasping.
Leaves 10-12 cm. wide C. megistophylla.

Leaves all or mostly less than 6 cm. wide.
Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base C. Karlingii.
Leaves acute at the base.
Young branches sparsely appressed-pilose .C. Millspaughii.
. .
Young branches densely pilose with spreading hairs.

C. Chytraculia.
Calyptranthes Bartlettii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 136.

1932. Type collected along stream, Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo
District, Bartlett 11837; Monkey Falls, El Cayo, Bartlett 11458. A
shrub 0.5-3.5 meters high; leaves very narrowly oblong, elongate,
attenuate to an obtuse tip, rusty-tomentose beneath when young,
becoming glabrous, with very numerous slender nerves almost
perpendicular to the midrib; panicles rather large and many-
flowered, rusty- villous; fruit almost 1 cm. in diameter, globose, red
or purple.
Calyptranthes Chytraculia (L.) Swartz. Temash River;

Belize River; also in the West Indies. A
shrub or small tree with
slender branches; leaves lance-oblong to elliptic, acuminate, glabrous;
flowers white, fragrant.
Calyptranthes Karlingii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 29. 1930.

Type from Tower Hill Estate, Karling 39; Maskall, Gentle 1268.
Almost wholly glabrous; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed
to an obtuse apex, with very numerous lateral nerves; flower buds
brown-sericeous.
Calyptranthes megistophylla Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.

Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary,
Publ. 461: 75. 1935.
Schipp 1265. A
tree of 15 meters, the trunk 30 cm. in diameter,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petioled, narrowly oblong, as much
as 35 cm. long.
Calyptranthes Millspaughii Urban. Walk-naked. Indio

Desnudo. Honey Camp; Freshwater Creek; Cozumel Island. A
shrub or small tree; leaves oblong to elliptic, acuminate, glabrous,
with oblique nerves; flower buds sparsely brownish-sericeous.
EUGENIA L.
Shrubs or small trees; flowers white or whitish, small or large,

axillary or terminal; calyx lobes 4-5, persisting at the apex of the
fruit; ovary 2-3-celled, the fruit often containing a single seed. The
genus is represented more extensively in British Honduras than in
most other parts of Central America, another indication, probably,

of the relationship of the flora with that of the West Indies, where
the group is exceptionally well represented.
Inflorescence densely whitish-sericeous, tomentose, or pilose with
somewhat elongate, more or less spreading hairs.
Inflorescence conspicuously stalked ; pubescence of the inflorescence
of closely appressed or subappressed hairs.
Leaves very narrowly lance-oblong, long-acuminate . .E. biflora.
Leaves elliptic to oval.

Flowers in cymes E. fragrans.
Flowers not in cymes.
Fruit oblong or oval E. Fadyenii.
Fruit globose E. yucatanensis.
Inflorescences sessile or nearly so, the pubescence of more or less
spreading hairs.
Leaves rounded or very obtuse at the apex E. mayana.
Leaves acute or acuminate.
Leaves pubescent E. origanoides.
Leaves glabrous E. bumelioides.
Inflorescence glabrous or very minutely puberulent.
Leaves lance-linear, 1 cm. wide or less E. belizensis.
Leaves oblong to elliptic, broader.

Leaves very pale beneath.
Petioles slender; veins conspicuous on the lower leaf surface.
E. xalapensis.
Petioles thick and stout; veins obscure or obsolete on the
lower leaf surface E. Schippii.
Leaves of almost the same shade of green on both surfaces,
not pale beneath.
Leaves rounded at the apex; flowers fascicled .E. Winzerlingii.
Leaves acuminate to obtuse; flowers in short racemes.
Pedicels elongate, mostly 7-10 mm. long E. vincentina.
Pedicels short, 5 mm. long or less.
Leaves long-acuminate, not yellowish when dried, thin.

E. CapuLi.
Leaves obtuse or acutish, yellowish when dried, thick.
E. flavifolia.
Eugenia belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 137. 1932.

Type from Mountain Pine Ridge, along brook, El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11756. A
shrub 3 meters high with slender branches,
glabrous; leaves short-petioled, acute at the base, long-attenuate to
the apex, green; pedicels apparently solitary.
Eugenia biflora DC. Stann Creek Valley; Belize-Sibun Road;

West Indies. A shrub or tree up to 9 meters high, the trunk some-
times 10 cm. in diameter; leaves short-petiolate, thick, pale, sparsely
silky beneath; racemes few-flowered, densely pilose, the pubescence
white or brownish.
Eugenia bumelioides Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
75. 1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary, 640 meters,
Schipp 1279. A tree 7.5 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter;
leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-6 cm. long, abruptly caudate-
acuminate, acute or decurrent at the base; flowers fascicled in the
leaf axils, ferruginous-tomentose.
Eugenia Gapuli (Schlecht. & Cham.) Berg. Walk-naked. Indio

Desnudo, Granada Cimarrona, Cache de Venado, Vaina de Espada.
Common in forest and thickets; Mexico and Central America. A
glabrous shrub or small tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high, with a
trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves small, chiefly lance-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, acute at the base, with a long narrow blunt tip;
flowers very small, often forming dense clusters; fruits small, red
or black when ripe.
Eugenia Fadyenii Krug & Urban. New Town, Stann Creek,

in mangrove swamps; Jamaica. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk
10 cm. in diameter; leaves rather large, pale when dried, slender-
petiolate, sparsely sericeous when young but in age glabrous or
nearly so; flowers in elongate white-sericeous racemes; fruit 1 cm.
long or often much larger, red or black.
Eugenia flavifolia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 320. 1931. Type
from Stann Creek Railway, swampy places, Schipp 450; Cornhouse
Creek, Manatee River, Bartlett 11293. An almost glabrous shrub
or small tree, up to 7.5 meters high, the trunk up to 10 cm. in diameter;
leaves lustrous, short-stalked, oblong to oblong-ovate, acute at the
base; flowers in short dense racemes, white, fragrant; fruit dark red.
Eugenia fragrans (Swartz) Willd. Camp 33, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp 1240; West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala, and Hon-
duras. A tree10 meters high, the trunk 15 cm. in diameter; leaves
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to obovate or elliptic, 3-7 cm. long,
obtuse to rounded at the apex, glabrous; cymes with 3 or few flowers,

the flowers white, fragrant.
Eugenia mayana Standl. Sacloob (Yucatan, Maya). Caves,

Stann Creek Railway, limestone hilltops, Schipp 427; Yucatan. A
tree 9 meters high, the trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves small,
almost sessile, oblong or oblong-obovate, acute at the base, pu-
bescent, especially on the upper surface; fruit red.
Eugenia origanoides Berg. New Town, open places along

beach, Schipp 820; Mexico and Guatemala. A shrub 2.5 meters
high; leaves rather small, oblong-elliptic, pubescent, obtuse or
acutish at the base; fruit small, black.
Eugenia Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 137. 1932.

Type from Seine Bight, open forest, Schipp 669, also No. S141;
Little Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District, Bartlett 13060. A
glabrous shrub or small tree, as much as 9 meters high, with trunk
diameter of 10 cm.; leaves oblong, acuminate, acute or obtuse at
the base, thick; flowers solitary or fascicled; fruit large, black.
Eugenia vincentina Krug & Urban. Cocquericot, Bartlett

West Indies.
12064; Guatemala, A slender shrub; leaves ovate or
broadly elliptic, small, acuminate, acute or very obtuse at the base,
thin, glabrous; inflorescences lax, few-flowered, the flowers rather
large. I have seen no material of this species from St. Vincent,
the type locality, and do not know whether the Central American
specimens are truly conspecific.
Eugenia Winzerlingii Standl. Trop. Woods 11: 20. 1927.
Ginger Guava. Type from Orange Walk District, Winzerling VI 1 1. 7;
Freshwater Creek Reserve, Sibun River, Honey Camp. A shrub
or small tree, as much as 6 meters high, with a trunk 20 cm. in
diameter; leaves almost sessile, leathery, oblong to elliptic or ob-
ovate, glabrous; flowers solitary or fascicled; fruit large, red.
Eugenia xalapensis (HBK.) DC. Middlesex; Belize-Sibun
Road; southern Mexico. A shrub or tree 4-9 meters high with
slender branches; leaves rather small, oblong-elliptic, obtuse-acumi-
nate, acute or obtuse at the base, lustrous and bright green on
the upper surface, glabrous; flowers rather large, in short racemes.
Eugenia yucatanensis Standl. Blossom Berry. Hillbank,

Brown 27; Yucatan. A tree 12 meters high, the trunk 25 cm. in
diameter; leaves slender-petiolate, elliptic, bluntly long-acuminate,
acute at the base, glabrous above, sparsely sericeous or almost
glabrous beneath; racemes elongate, silky.
MYRCIA DC.
Myrcia Oerstediana Berg. All Pines, El
Cayo District; Guate-
mala to Panama. A tree 4.5-6 meters high, with slender brownish-
hairy branches; leaves on very short petioles, oblong or lance-oblong,
bluntly acuminate, obtuse at the base, more or less silky-hairy,
especially beneath, conspicuously veined; flowers white, in lax,
axillary and terminal, small panicles; fruit purple-red, globose,
6-8 mm. in diameter. The fruit is edible, with a somewhat acid,
spicy, agreeable flavor.
PIMENTA Lindl.
Pimenta officinalis Lindl. Allspice, Pimento. Pimienta Gorda.

Cultivated and perhaps native; southern Mexico. A tree 5-9
meters high, with pale brown, scaling bark and dense crown; leaves
petioled, oblong or oval-oblong, large, obtuse, glabrous or nearly
so; flowers small, white, silky-pubescent, in small, mostly axillary
cymes; fruit 1-2-seeded, globose, 4-8 mm. in diameter. The tree
isplanted extensively in some regions as the source of the allspice
of commerce, which consists of the dried unripe berries. All parts
of the tree have a most delightful fragrance, that is retained in-
definitely even in old herbarium specimens.
PSIDIUM L. Guava
Trees or shrubs; flowers often large, the peduncles axillary,
1-3-flowered; calyx limb 4-5-lobed, the lobes partly or wholly
united in bud; petals 4-5, spreading, white; fruit a globose or pear-
shaped berry, usually large and 4-5-celled.
Leaves glabrous, long-acuminate, less than 2 cm. wide.
P. Sartorianum.
Leaves more or less pubescent, not long-acuminate, much wider.
Nerves of the leaves usually 12 or more pairs, parallel and close
together; a large shrub or a tree P. Guajava.
Nerves of the leaves usually fewer than 10 pairs, remote; low
shrubs, less than a meter high.
Leaves rounded, about as broad as long, broadly rounded or
truncate at the base P. rotundifolium.
Leaves mostly obovate or elliptic, much longer than broad,
acute to obtuse at the base.
Leaves whitish beneath, covered with a dense tomentum.
P. hypoglaucum.
Leaves green beneath.
Leaves obtuse, not apiculate, sparsely pilose on the lower

surface with long lax pale hairs P. Schippii.
Leaves rounded and apiculate at the apex, sparsely and
inconspicuously sericeous beneath with closely ap-
pressed hairs P. chrysobalanoides.
Psidium chrysobalanoides Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 319.
1931.Type from All Pines, open places,Schipp 596. A stout shrub
60 cm. high; leaves almost sessile, coriaceous, obovate or rounded-
obovate, 4.5-7 cm. long; fruit sparsely puberulent or almost
glabrous.
Psidium Guajava L. Guava. Guaydba. Pichi, Putah, Coloc
(Maya). Cultivated and also wild in thickets; widely distributed
in tropical America. A shrub or small tree with scaly, pale brown
bark; leaves short-petioled, acute or obtuse, oblong; petals 1.5-2
cm. long. One of the favorite fruit trees of tropical America, its
fruit eaten either raw or cooked, and often employed for making
guava paste.
Psidium hypoglaucum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 320. 1931.
Type from All Pines, open places, Schipp S99. A shrub 60 cm.
high; leaves almost sessile, broadly obovate, obtuse or rounded at
the apex; fruit yellow, 2 cm. in diameter.
Psidium rotundifolium Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 318. 1931.
Type from All Pines, open Schipp S85. A shrub
places, rare,
60 cm. high; leaves 11-13 cm. long, broadly rounded or emarginate
at the apex, leathery, glabrate; fruit 2.5 cm. long, yellow, acid.
Psidium Sartorianum (Berg) Niedenzu. Half Crown. Pich-
iche (Yucatan, Maya). Belize-Sibun Road, Gentle 9; Mexico,
Central America, Cuba. A slender tree, the trunk 15 cm. in di-
ameter; leaves oblong-lanceolate, small, bright green, short-stalked;
flowers white, solitary in the leaf axils, on long slender pedicels;
fruit greenish yellow, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. The fruit is edible,
and is reported to have a rich spicy subacid flavor.
Psidium Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 319. 1931.
Type from All Pines, open places, Schipp 595. A shrub 60 cm.
high; leaves obovate, 11-12 cm. long, leathery, with about 6 pairs
of nerves; fruit yellow, tart, 2 cm. long.
MELASTOMACEAE. Melastome Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves opposite or whorled, entire or
toothed, the pubescence often of branched hairs; flowers perfect,
small or large and showy, with white, pink, yellow, or purple petals;
stamens twice as many as the petals; style simple; calyx united
with the ovary and fruit; fruit a 2-many-celled capsule or a berry.
Except for the genus Mouriria, plants of this large tropical family
are recognized easily by the form of their leaves, which have three
or more longitudinal nerves extending from the base to the apex
of the blade. The fruits of many members of the family are edible,
but otherwise the group is of little economic importance.
Herbs; fruit a capsule.
Stamens subequal, the anthers all of about the same size; con-
nective of the anther not long-appendaged.
Ovary glabrous at its apex Aciotis.
Ovary setose at its apex.

Calyx lobes alternating with penicillate-stellate bristles.
Pterolepis.
Calyx lobes without intermediate bristles Tibouchina.
Stamens very unequal; connective of the larger anthers with 2
elongate appendages.
Petals acute Nepsera.
Petals obtuse.
Teeth of the calyx much shorter than the tube . . Arthrostemma.
Teeth of the calyx equaling the tube or nearly so . . Arisanthera.
Shrubs or trees; fruit baccate except in one genus.
Fruit a capsule; an epiphytic shrub Adelobotrys.
Fruit a berry; plants not epiphytic.
Leaves penninerved or 1-nerved Mouriria.
Leaves with 3 or more longitudinal nerves.
Petioles with large bladder-like appendages.
Appendages present at the base of the petiole; flowers

axillary Maieta.
Appendages present at the apex of the petiole; flowers in
terminal panicles Tococa.
Petioles without bladder-like appendages, but these rarely
present on the leaf blade.
Inflorescence terminal.
Calyx limb closedin bud, separating as a lid .

.Conostegia.
Calyx limb open in bud, not separating.
Petals acute Leandra.
Petals obtuse.
Outer calyx lobes larger than the inner ones. A low

shrub with hispid branches Heterotrichum.
Outer calyx lobes none or small and inconspicuous.
Stems and petioles covered with long thickened
bristles Tococa.
Stems glabrous or hairy, not bristly Miconia.
Inflorescence lateral or axillary.
Leaves closely transverse-striolate between the primary
nerves.
Filaments thickened; anthers short, obtuse. . .Blakea.
Filaments filiform; anthers elongate, beaked .Topobea.
.
Leaves not striolate.

Petals acute.
Peduncles axillary; fruit often conspicuously ribbed.
Ossaea.
Peduncles infra-axillary; fruit not ribbed.
Henriettella.
Petals obtuse.
Inflorescences infra-axillary Henriettea.
Inflorescences axillary.
Anthers linear-subulate, with one pore at the apex.
Clidemia.
Anthers short, obtuse, with 2 pores Bellucia.
ACIOTIS Don
Aciotis paludosa Triana. Mullins River Road, Schipp 46.
AGISANTHERA P. Br.
Acisanthera Bartlettii Gleason, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 17:

145. pi. 19. 1933.Type from Belize District, Bartlett 11260; All
Pines, Schipp 677, 707.
Acisanthera quadrata Juss.
ADELOBOTRYS DC.
Adelobotrys adscendens (Swartz) Triana. Tietie. Temash
River, Kinloch 50; southern Mexico to South America. An epi-
phytic shrub, sometimes subscandent, almost glabrous; leaves short-
petiolate, broadly ovate or elliptic, 5-nerved, acute, rounded at the
base, entire; flowers white, in terminal panicles; fruit an oblong

capsule.
ARTHROSTEMMA Ruiz & Pavon

Arthrostemma fragile Lindl.
Arthrostemma parvifolium Cogn. Jacinto Hills, Schipp S590.
BELLUCIA Neck.
Bellucia costaricensis Cogn. Occasional in forest; southward
to Costa Rica. A tree 10 meters high, the trunk 12 cm. in diameter;
leaves very large, broadly elliptic, thick, entire, 5-plinerved, short-
acuminate, acutish or obtuse at the base, glabrous above, pubescent
beneath; flowers large, white, in lateral clusters, fragrant; fruit a
large berry. Wood creamy yellow, moderately hard, fine-textured,
not durable; not utilized.
BLAKEA L.
Blakea cuneata Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 76.
1935. In forest, Rio Viejo, Schipp S604, type; also Camp 32 on
the Guatemalan boundary, Schipp 1237, and in Guatemala. A shrub
or tree, as much as 7 meters high, the trunk 5-10 cm. in diameter;
leaves petioled, narrowly elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate, tri-
plinerved, scurfy-puberulent or almost glabrous; flowers axillary,
pedicellate, subtended by large foliaceous bracts; petals pink, 1.5
cm. long.
CLIDEMIA Don
Slender, usually small and very hairy shrubs; leaves mostly
ovate and 5-7-nerved, entire or toothed; flowers small and incon-
spicuous, in axillary panicles or clusters; calyx with 4-6 narrow
outer lobes and often a series of very small inner ones; fruit a small
juicy berry.
Flowers sessile in the leaf axils C. rubra.
Flowers in panicles or head-like stalked clusters.
Flowers few, in head-like bracted short-stalked clusters.

C. involucrata.
Flowers numerous, in usually lax panicles or in elongate inter-
rupted spike-like inflorescences.
Flowers in interrupted spike-like inflorescences. . .C. capitellata.
Flowers in loose panicles.

Hairs of the calyx dilated at the base and stellate . .C. laxiflora.
Hairs simple, not stellate.
Lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube.

Branches glandular-pilose C. bidlosa.
Branches without gland-tipped hairs C. Deppeana.
Lobes of the calyx equaling or longer than the tube.
Leaves cordate or broadly rounded at the base . . .C. hirta.
Leaves obtuse to rounded at the base.

Leaves entire or nearly so; panicles scarcely longer than
the petioles C. dentata.
Leaves conspicuously toothed; panicles usually much
longer than the petioles C. neglecta.
Clidemia bullosa (Spreng.) Cogn. Machaca, swampy places
in savanna, Schipp S583; ranging to Brazil. A shrub, densely
covered with gland-tipped hairs; leaves 5-nerved, long-acuminate;
flowers small, greenish.
Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) Don. Mullins River Road,

edge of forest, Schipp 30; ranging to Brazil. A shrub a meter high;
flowers white.
Clidemia dentata Don. In thickets; widely distributed in

tropical America. A slender shrub 1-1.5 meters high; petals white;
fruit blue.
Clidemia Deppeana Steud. Frequent in forest and thickets;

southern Mexico and Central America. A small slender shrub
with abundant viscid hairs; petals white; berries red, turning blue.
Clidemia hirta (L.) Don. Frequent in thickets; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. A shrub a meter high.
Clidemia involucrata DC. Near Middlesex, mountain forest,
Schipp 474; Guianas and Trinidad. A tree-like shrub 3 meters
high; leaves finely dentate, long-acuminate, oblique at the base;
flowers white; fruit black.
Clidemia laxiflora (Schlecht.) Walp. Mullins River Road,

Manatee Pine Ridge, Schipp 80; southern Mexico and Central
America. A shrub 2 meters high; leaves densely hairy, very long-
acuminate.
Clidemia neglecta Don. In thickets; widely distributed in
tropical America. A shrub about a meter high.
Clidemia rubra (Aubl.) Mart. Honey Camp; All Pines;
Manatee Pine Ridge; tropical America. A low, stiff, often simple
shrub; leaves very densely hairy, small; petals pink; fruit red or
black.
CONOSTEGIA Don
Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or pubescent; leaves petiolate,
entire or toothed, 3-5-nerved; flowers small or of medium size, in
terminal panicles; limb of the calyx closed in bud, separating as
a cap and falling as the flowers open; fruit a small berry.
Leaves covered beneath with a fine and very dense, white or brownish
tomentum C. xalapensis.
Leaves glabrous C. subhirsuta.
Leaves densely hairy C. caelestis.
Conostegia caelestis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 318. 1929.

Type from Big Creek, Mullins River Road, Schipp 63. A tree 7.5
meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong or elliptic-
oblong, nearly entire, abruptly acuminate; panicles small and dense;
petals white.
Conostegia subhirsuta DC. Mullins River Road, in forest;
widely distributed in tropical America. A tree 7.5 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 10 cm.; leaves narrow, acuminate, entire
or nearly so; petals white.
Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) Don. Uva. Sirin (Honduras).

Occasional in thickets and open places; Mexico to Colombia.
A large shrub or small tree, often with broad spreading crown;
leaves oblong to ovate, toothed, 5-nerved, green and almost gla-
brous on the upper surface; flowers pink; fruit dark purple. The
berries are sweet and of good flavor, suggestive of the huckleberries
(Gaylussacid) of the United States. In some parts of Central Amer-
ica they are gathered in quantity for sale in the markets. This
species is
probably the most common melastome of Mexico and
Central America, and also one of the handsomest. Wood brownish,
moderately heavy and hard, rather fine-textured, is not durable;
not utilized.
HENRIETTEA DC.
Henrietteasuccosa (Aubl.) DC. Henriettella macrocalyx
Standl. Mus. Bot. 8: 31. 1930. Type of H. macrocalyx
Field
from Six Mile, Stann Creek Railway, Schipp 388; Jacinto Creek,
Schipp 1184; Panama and South America. A tree 7 meters high
with trunk 10 cm. in diameter, or smaller; branches appressed-
setose; leaves 5-plinerved, very rough on both surfaces; petals

white or pink.
HENRIETTELLA Naud.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves mostly short-petiolate and more
or less leathery, entire or nearly so, 3-5-nerved or triplinerved;
flowers small, fasciculate, lateral or axillary; petals usually acute.
Leaves glabrous on the upper surface H. densiflora.
Leaves hairy on the upper surface.
Leaves and branches densely hirsute with very long hairs; leaf
blades long-attenuate at the base H. cuneata.
Leaves and branches with very short hairs; leaf blades obtuse to
acute at the base H. fascicularis.
Henriettella cuneata (Standl.) Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club
58: 75. 1931. Maieta cuneata Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 30. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, in dense forest along mountain stream,
rare, Schipp 320. A shrub 3 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in
diameter, densely hirsute throughout; leaves with short linear tail-
like tips; petals white; fruit orange. The leaves have on the upper
surface near the base small hollow swellings or formicaria, that
perhaps are inhabited by ants.
Henriettella densiflora Standl. Middlesex, in forest, Schipp
264; Honduras, Panama. A shrub 1.5 meters high; leaves long-
acuminate, scurfy-pubescent beneath on the veins; petals white.
Henriettella fascicularis (Swartz) Triana. Stann Creek Valley,
in forest,Schipp 59; West Indies. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk
12 cm. in diameter; leaves small, rough on the upper surface, acute
or obtuse and apiculate; flowers minute, white.
HETEROTRICHUM DC.
Heterotrichum octonum (Humb. & Bonpl.) DC. In forest
or thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub 2
meters high, the stems covered with very long, spreading, stiff,
brown hairs; leaves broadly ovate, 7-9-nerved, cordate at the base,
softly pubescent beneath with branched hairs; petals white; berries
purple-black, covered with long gland-tipped hairs.
LEANDRA Raddi
Densely pubescent shrubs with long-petioled 5-7-nerved crenate-
serrate leaves; flowers small, in open terminal panicles, the petals
acute; fruit a small berry.
Pubescence of the branches of stellate hairs L. costaricensis.

Pubescence of the branches of stiff simple hairs L. dichotoma.
Leandra costaricensis Cogn. Near Middlesex, mountain forest,
rare, Schipp 471; Costa Rica. A shrub 2 meters high; leaves very
large, rounded-ovate or broadly elliptic, densely stellate-pubescent
beneath; petals white; berries deep blue.
Leandra dichotoma (Don) Cogn. Mullins River Road, edge
of forest, rare, Schipp 18; ranging to South America. A shrub 2
meters high; pubescence of red or brownish hairs; petals pink.
MAIETA Aubl.
Maieta tococoidea (DC.) Cogn. Near Middlesex, mountain
forest,Schipp 470; Guatemala to South America. A shrub a meter
high, the branches densely hirsute; leaves long-petiolate, thin,
broadly ovate, finely crenate; petiole with 2 large bladder-like hollow
swellings or formicaria at the base; flowers small, white, clustered
in the leaf axils; berries black. The formicaria are inhabited by
minute red ants.
MICONIA Ruiz & Pavon
Shrubs or small trees; leaves large or small, entire or dentate;
flowers 4-9-parted, in terminal panicles; petals usually white; fruit
a small edible berry, commonly blue, black, or purple. Woods
mostly pale brown, moderately hard and heavy, fine-textured, not
durable; not utilized. The local name Maya is applied to all or
most of the species of this genus.
Leaves sessile and more or less clasping at the base.
Leaves abruptly contracted near the base; anthers subulate.

M. amplexans.
Leaves not contracted near the base; anthers short-linear.
M. impetiolaris.
Leaves petiolate, not clasping, the petiole sometimes margined.
Leaves covered beneath with a close, very dense, brown or white
tomentum or scurf.
Leaves acute or acuminate at the base.
Lateral nerves of the leaves arising far above the base of the
blade M. oligocephala.
Lateral nerves arising at the base of the blade.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. wide chrysophylla.
. . . . M .
Leaves broadly oblong to obovate or elliptic, mostly 6-14

cm. wide.
Flowers secund upon the recurved branches of the

panicle M. habrolepis.
Flowers not secund, the branches of the panicle straight.
M. astroplocama.
Leaves obtuse to cordate at the base.
Petioles 1 cm. long or shorter.
Bracts at the base of the calyx large and broad; leaves
mostly 10-14 cm. wide M. involucrata.
Bracts minute; leaves 6 cm. wide or smaller. .M. albicans.
Petioles 2-4 cm. long or longer.
Flowers conspicuously secund on the branches of the
panicles; leaves mostly oblong M. stenostachya.
Flowers not secund.
Calyx and ovary together about 8 mm. long; flowers
long-pedicellate M. dodecandra.
Calyx and ovary much smaller; flowers sessile or on very
short pedicels.
Leaves long-acuminate, brownish beneath.
M. belizensis.
Leaves very obtuse or acutish, whitish beneath.

M. argentea.
Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath but neither tomentose nor
densely scurfy, green or purple.
Leaves purple-red beneath M. oinochrophylla.
Lateral nerves of the leaves arising well above the base of the
blade.
Inflorescence spicate M. nervosa.
Inflorescence paniculate.
Leaves thinly hirsute on the upper surface, at least when
young M. ibaguensis.
Leaves glabrous on the upper surface or practically so.
Petioles margined to the base M. pteropoda.
Petioles not
margined to the base.
Leaves finely stellate-pubescent beneath, at least
on the veins; branches of the inflorescence
stellate-pubescent.
Leaves abruptly short-acuminate M. obovalis.
Leaves gradually long-attenuate . . . . M. Schlimii.

Leaves glabrous beneath; branches of the inflores-
cence glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves mostly verticillate M. longifolia.
Leaves opposite M. hondurensis.
Lateral nerves of the leaves arising from the very base of the
blade.
Inflorescence spike-like M. angnstispica.
Inflorescence not spike-like.
Branches densely hirsute with long spreading hairs.
Leaves glabrous on the upper surface, acute at the base.
M. Mathaei.
Leaves hirsute on the upper surface, rounded to cordate
at the base.
Flowers spicate M. aeruginosa.
Flowers in cymes, secund upon the recurved
branches M.lacera.
Branches glabrous or puberulent, sometimes incon-
spicuously hirsute at the nodes.
Inflorescence narrow, thyrse-like; petioles sometimes
hirsute at the apex.
Petioles hirsute at the apex M. ciliata.
Petioles not hirsute M. disparilis.
Inflorescence broad, usually more or less pyramidal;

petioles not hirsute.
Leaf blades rounded or very obtuse at the base,
conspicuously 5-nerved M. laevigata.
Leaf blades acute at the base, essentially 3-nerved.
Ovary and calyx turbinate, acute at the base;
panicles few-flowered M. ochroleuca.
Ovary and calyx campanulate, obtuse or rounded

at the base; panicles large and many-flowered.
M. hyperprasina.
Miconia aeruginosa Naud. Maya. Occasional in thickets;
ranging to Venezuela. A shrub or small tree; leaves long-petiolate,
ovate, broadly rounded or cordate at the base, long-acuminate,
densely hirsute.
Miconia albicans (Swartz) Triana. Occasional in thickets;

Mexico to West Indies and South America. A low shrub; branches
white-tomentose; leaves leathery, oblong, acute, narrowly cordate
at the base.
Miconia amplexans (Crueger) Cogn. Big Creek, along streams,
Schipp 58; Central and South America. A tree 7.5 meters high,
the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves very large, broadly obovate,
acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent beneath, the lateral nerves
arising far above the base of the blade; flowers small, white, panicled.
The collector reports that the leaves are sometimes as much as 60
cm. long and 27 cm. wide.
Miconia angustispica Blake. Forest Home, in forest, Schipp
S409; southward to Nicaragua. A shrub 2 meters high; leaves
large, oblong-elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, acute at the
base, 3-nerved, glabrate.
Miconia argentea (Swartz) DC. White Maya. Sirin. Frequent
in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A large shrub
or a tree, sometimes 12 meters high, with a trunk 13 cm. in diameter;
leaves very large, entire or nearly so, white beneath, green on the
upper surface, 5-nerved; flowers in large dense panicles. A handsome
tree because of its foliage. When stirred by the wind the tree appears
to be covered with white flowers, as the white under surfaces of
the leaves become visible.
Miconia astroplocama Bonn. Smith. Mullins River Road, in
forest,Schipp 150; ranging to Costa Rica. A tree 9 meters high, the
trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves large, abruptly short-acuminate,
green above, brownish beneath, 5-nerved; panicles stiffly branched.
Miconia belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 30. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, in Schipp 395. A tree 6 meters high,
forest,
with trunk diameter of 10 cm.; leaves conspicuously dentate, green
above, brownish beneath, 5-nerved, rounded or obtuse at the base.
Miconia calvescens DC. Temash River, in primary forest,
Schipp 1338; southward to Brazil. A tree of 11 meters, the trunk
22 cm. in diameter; leaves very large, stalked, broadly oval or
obovate-oval, abruptly short-pointed, 5-nerved, glabrate but more
or less scurfy along the veins; flowers white, in large panicles;
fruit black.
Miconia chrysophylla (L. Rich.) Urban. Red Maya. Mullins

River Road, and elsewhere; ranging to South America and the
West Indies. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 10-13 cm. in diameter;
leaves brown beneath, green above, long-acuminate, 3-nerved;

flowers small, in
ample panicles.
Miconia ciliata (L. Rich.) DC. Wild Maya. M. Schippii
Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 29. 1930. Occasional in forest and
thickets; type of M.
Schippii from Big Creek, Schipp 220; extending
to South America. A
shrub 1.5-2 meters high; leaves oblong,
acuminate, rounded or obtuse at the base, 5-nerved, when young
short-hirsute on the upper surface; inflorescence a narrow panicle,
more or less hirsute.
Miconia disparilis (Standl.) R. O. Williams. Ossaea disparilis
Standl. Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 239; extending to Surinam.
A slender shrub, glabrous except in the inflorescence; leaves oblong-
elliptic, caudate-acuminate, almost entire, 3-nerved; flowers small,
white.
Miconia dodecandra (Desr.) Cogn. Occasional in forest and
thickets; southern Mexico to South America and the West Indies.
A tree 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 12 cm.; leaves rather
small, ovate, acuminate, thick, entire or nearly so, 5-nerved; flowers
large, the calyx 7 mm. long or more, densely tomentose; petals white;
fruit black.
Miconia habrolepis Standl. Red Maya. In forest, Big Creek,

Stann Creek Valley; Guatemala. A tree 9-12 meters high, the
trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves large, with a short tail-like tip,
3-nerved, green above, brown beneath.
Miconia hondurensis Bonn. Smith. Frequent in forest;
ranging to Nicaragua. A tree 6-9 meters high, with trunk diameter
of 10 cm., glabrous throughout; leaves broadly oblong, triplinerved,
abruptly short-pointed.
Miconia hyperprasina Naud. In forest; southern Mexico and
Central America. A
slender shrub or tree, sometimes 7.5 meters
high, with trunk diameter of 10 cm.; leaves mostly lance-oblong,
3-nerved, narrowly long-acuminate, almost glabrous; flowers small,
in large panicles.
Miconia ibaguensis (Humb. & Bonpl.) Triana. All Pines and

elsewhere, in pine flats; southern Mexico to South America. A
tree 6 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3-5-plinerved, short-hirsute,
finely dentate; flowers in ample panicles.
Miconia impetiolaris (Swartz) Don. Maya. Occasional in
forestand thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A large
shrub or small tree, as much as 7.5 meters high, with trunk diameter
of 10 cm. leaves very large, with narrow short abrupt tips, narrowly
;
and deeply cordate at the base, 3-5-nerved; panicles very large and
many-flowered.
Miconia involucrata Bonn. Smith. Middlesex, secondary
forest,Schipp 377; Guatemala. A tree 7.5 meters high, the trunk
12 cm. in diameter; leaves green above, grayish beneath, with short
tail-like tips, entire or nearly so; panicles small, the flowers large.
Miconia lacera (Humb. & Bonpl.) Naud. Mullins River Road,
edge of forest, Schipp 14; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub a meter high, the branches hirsute with very long, brownish
or red hairs; leaves small, hirsute, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate;
panicles small, narrow, densely hirsute.
Miconia laevigata (L.) DC. Occasional in forest and thickets;
widely distributed in tropical America. A slender shrub; leaves
thin, long-petiolate, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, 5-nerved, finely
pubescent beneath or glabrate; panicles lax and open.
Miconia longifolia (Aubl.) DC. Occasional in forest and
shrub or tree
7.5 meters high or less, the trunk sometimes 10 cm. in diameter;
leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, long-acuminate, entire or nearly so;
flowers small, in ample panicles.
Miconia Mathaei Naud. Big Creek, in forest, Schipp 76;

ranging to South America. A tree 12 meters high, the trunk 17
cm. in diameter; branches very densely brown-hirsute; leaves oblong,
narrowly acuminate, 5-nerved, brown-hirsute beneath.
Miconia nervosa (Smith) Triana. Mullins River Road, edge
and South America. A shrub 1-2
of forest, Schipp 56; Central
meters high, densely short-hairy throughout; leaves rather large,
thin, entire or nearly so, the lateral nerves arising far above the
base of the blade.
Miconia obovalis Naud. Occasional in forest; ranging to the
West Indies and South America. A tree 7-9 meters high, the trunk
10 cm. in diameter; leaves large, leathery, abruptly short-acuminate,
entire or obtusely toothed, minutely brown-pubescent beneath;
panicles small or large, open.
Miconia ochroleuca Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 138. 1932.
Type from Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 407. A tree 7.5 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 7 cm., glabrous or nearly so; leaves small,
entire, acuminate, 3-nerved, acute at the base; panicles small;

petals cream-colored.
Miconia oinochrophylla Donn. Smith. Middlesex, in forest,
Schipp; Guatemala and Honduras. A glabrous shrub 2-3 meters
high; leaves rather large, lance-oblong, entire, 3-nerved; panicles
ample, open, many-flowered, the branches purple-red. The shrub
is an exceptionally handsome one because of its remarkable leaves,
which are green above and brilliant purple-red beneath.

Miconia oligocephala Donn. Smith. Middlesex, in forest,
Schipp 232 Guatemala. A tree 7.5 meters high, with trunk diameter
;
of 10 cm.; leaves lance-oblong, thick, finely dentate, 5-plinerved,

green above, whitish beneath; panicles small and dense.
Miconia pteropoda Naud. Bastard Water Wood. Maskall
Pine Ridge and elsewhere; extending to South America. Leaves
almost glabrous, triplinerved, lustrous, paler beneath, oblong, short-
acuminate.
Miconia Schlimii Triana. Sirin (Honduras). Eldorado, in
forest, Schipp 1032; ranging to northern South America. tree 9 A
meters high with trunk diameter of 10 cm.; leaves narrowly lance-
oblong, unequal at the base, 5-plinerved, brownish-scurfy beneath;
panicles few-flowered, the rather large flowers white.
Miconia stenostachya DC. In forest or thickets; ranging to
the West Indies and South America. A shrub or small tree; leaves
long-petiolate, oblong, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and
glabrous above, white beneath, entire; panicles large, open.
MOURIRIA Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees, glabrous throughout; leaves entire, sessile
or nearly so, 1-nerved or penninerved; flowers small, clustered in
the leaf axils; petals acute or acuminate; fruit baccate, 1-4-seeded.
In general appearance, because of the form of their leaves, the
Mouririas are very unlike other members of the family. Wood
reddish, exceedingly hard, heavy, tough, and strong, fine-textured,
irregularly grained, not easy to work, durable; distinguished from
other melastomes in the Colony by presence of strands of included
phloem; timber little used.
Leaves acute at the base, about 5 cm. wide M. cyphocarpa.
Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base, mostly 2-2.5 cm. wide.
M .
parvifolia.
Mouriria cyphocarpa Standl. Occasional in forest, Schipp

70; Guatemala. A
tree 12 meters high, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter;
leaves lance-oblong or elliptic-oblong, short-petiolate, penninerved.
Mouriria parvifolia Ben th. Jug, Half Crown. Cacho deVenado.
Frequent in forest; Mexico to Panama. A slender shrub or small
tree; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate; flowers very small, white;
berries red.
NEPSERA Naud.
Nepsera aquatica (Aubl.) Naud.
OSSAEA DC.
Shrubs or small trees with thin leaves; flowers small, panicled,
axillary; petals acute; fruit a small, often conspicuously ribbed berry.
Flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils or on naked branches.
0. trichocalyx.
Flowers in lax axillary panicles 0. micrantha.
Ossaea micrantha (Swartz) Macfad. Middlesex, river bank,
Schipp 235; widely distributed in tropical America. A slender shrub
or tree, sometimes 6 meters high, with a trunk 7.5 cm. in diameter;
leaves thin, acuminate, almost glabrous; petals white; berries white
and translucent, strongly ribbed when dry.
Ossaea trichocalyx Pittier. Middlesex, in forest, occasional,
Schipp 240 ranging to Panama. A shrub 2 meters high leaves ovate,
; ;
acuminate, abruptly contracted and decurrent at the base, entire,

glabrate; berries blue or violet.
PTEROLEPIS Miq.
Pterolepis pumila (DC.) Cogn.
Pterolepis trichotoma (Rottb.) Cogn. Honey Camp.
TIBOUCHINA Aubl.
Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl) Baill. Occasional in thickets.
Plants essentially herbaceous, but sometimes suffrutescent.
TOCOCA Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees, hispid or almost glabrous; leaves large,
petiolate, entire or toothed; flowers small or large, in terminal
panicles.
Branches glabrous; petioles bearing inflated vesicles. . . .T. coriacea.
Branches hispid petioles without vesicles

;
T. grandifolia.
Tococa coriacea S. Moore, Journ. Bot. 18: 3. 1880. T. Peckiana

Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 395. 1910. Type of T. coriacea
from Belize; type of T. Peckiana from Manatee Lagoon, Peck 68;
Mullins River Road, in forest, Schipp 227. An almost glabrous
shrub or tree as much as 6 meters high; leaves large, 5-nerved, with
long tail-like tips, finely serrulate, the petiole with large bladder-
like formicaria near the apex; flowers pinkish white, in small dense
terminal panicles; fruit a berry. I have not seen original material
of either of the species listed, but the two descriptions agree well
except in minor details, and I feel safe in reducing the later name to
synonymy, since it is improbable that two closely related species
of this small genus occur in British Honduras.
Tococa grandifolia Standl. Pueblo Viejo, Schipp 1253; Hon-
duras. Ashrub 2-3.5 meters high, the stout branches covered with
very long and thick bristles; leaves short-petioled, broadly elliptic,
about 30 cm. long and 20 cm. wide, 5-nerved, bristly beneath along
the nerves; petals small, pale pink; fruit a purple-red berry.
TOPOBEA Aubl.
Topobea calycularis Naud. In forest, Dolores, Schipp S496;
extending to Mexico and Nicaragua. A shrub or tree as much as
7 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves glabrous,
oblong or elliptic-oblong, caudate-acuminate, entire; flowers solitary
or clustered in the leaf axils, pink, the calyx surrounded by bracts.
ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family

JUSSIAEA L.
Jussiaea affinis DC. Like other species of the genus, this is
an herb with yellow flowers.
Jussiaea erecta L.
Jussiaea nervosa Poir.
Jussiaea repens L. An aquatic plant.
Jussiaea suffruticosa L.
OOCARPON Micheli
Oocarpon torulosum (Am.) Urban. All Pines, Schipp S185.

The plant is unknown elsewhere in continental North America.
ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or compound, with
stipules; flowers perfect or of separate sexes, in heads or umbels,
small, greenish; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb short,
truncate or toothed; petals usually 5; stamens as many as the
petals; fruit a berry, containing 2-7 one-seeded nutlets. Woods
white or grayish, subject to sapstain; rather light, but firm and
tenacious, medium-textured, easy to work, perishable; suitable for
box boards and interior construction lumber.
Flowers in heads; leaves entire or lobed Oreopanax.
Flowers in umbels.
Leaves digitately compound Didymopanax.
Leaves simple Gilibertia.
DIDYMOPANAX Dene. & Planch.
Didymopanax Morototoni (Aubl.) Dene. & Planch. Occasional

southward to South America. A tree 12 meters high or
in forest;
more, with trunk diameter of 22 cm.; leaves long-stalked, large,
the 7-10 leaflets long-stalked, oblong to obovate, entire, densely
tomentose beneath; flowers white, in large panicles; fruit pale,
compressed, 2-celled. (For description of wood see T. of T. A.,
pp. 484-485.)
GILIBERTIA Ruiz & Pavon
Glabrous shrubs or trees; leaves long-stalked, entire or 3-lobed;
umbels arranged in panicles or umbels; fruit fleshy, 5-6-celled.
Leaves elliptic, thick; panicles usually as long as the leaves or longer.
G. concinna.
Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, thin; panicles much shorter than
the leaves G. Smithiana.
Gilibertia concinna Standl. Trop. Woods 18: 30. 1929. White
Gumbolimbo. Sac-chacah (Maya). Type from Honey Camp, Lundell
115; El Cayo, Bartlett 13012; Freshwater Creek, Kinloch. A tree,
the trunk up to 45 cm. in diameter; leaves on very long, slender
petioles, acute at the base, abruptly short-pointed; berries 5 mm.
in diameter.
Gilibertia Smithiana I. M. Johnston. Middlesex, Schipp;

southern Mexico to Panama. A shrub or tree, as much as 15 meters
high, with trunk diameter of 30 cm.; leaves variable in size, often
very unequal, acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the base; flowers
greenish; fruit black. In this, as in related species, the leaves of
fertile branches are entire, while those of vegetative shoots or of
young plants are deeply lobed.
OREOPANAX Dene. & Planch.

Trees or shrubs, terrestrial or epiphytic; flowers small, greenish,
in dense rounded heads; fruits usually black at maturity.
Leaves palmately lobed, stellate-tomentose 0. lachnocephala.

Leaves entire, simple, glabrous.
Leaves ovate to rounded, obtuse or rounded at the base.
0. capitatum.
Leaves oblong, acute at the base. O. meiocephalum.
Oreopanax capitatum (Jacq.) Dene. & Planch. El Cayo

District; Forest Home; widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub or tree, the trunk as much as 12 cm. in diameter, the young
plants often epiphytic; leaves ovate to rounded, long-stalked, acute
to rounded at the apex, leathery, glabrous, entire; flower heads
arranged in dense panicles.
Oreopanax lachnocephala Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 77. 1935.Type collected at Camp 31 on the Guatemalan
boundary, 630 meters, Schipp 1272. A tree of 18 meters, the trunk
30 cm. in diameter; leaves large, deeply 7-lobed; flower heads ar-
ranged in large panicles.
Oreopanax meiocephalum Donn. Smith. Yaxyulup (Maya).
Hillbank, Winzerling (Yale 9889); Guatemala. A small glabrous
tree; leaves thin, entire or undulate, acute or short-acuminate,
slender-stalked; flower heads very small and few-flowered, in small
clusters.
UMBELLIFERAE. Carrot Family

CENTELLA L.
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Maskall Pine Ridge, Gentle
1094.
ERYNGIUM L.
Eryngium foetidum L. A weedy plant

Culantro (Honduras).
whose ill-scented leaves are employed commonly for flavoring soup
and other dishes, to which they impart a most agreeable flavor.
FOENICULUM Hill
Foeniculum vulgare Hill. Fennel. Eneldo. Cultivated for its

foliage and seeds, which are used for flavoring food. Native of the
Old World.
HYDROCOTYLE L.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L.
CLETHRACEAE. Clethra Family

Trees or large shrubs; leaves alternate, short-stalked, entire
or toothed, without stipules; flowers small, perfect, in simple or
branched racemes; sepals 5; petals 5, white or pinkish; stamens 10,
the anthers sagittate, opening by apical pores; fruit a 3-5-valved
capsule. The family Clethraceae consists only of the genera Clethra
and Schizocardia, the latter known only from British Honduras.
Fruit 3-celled; flowers in simple or branched, terminal racemes; sepals
entire, not enlarging in fruit Clethra.
Fruit 5-celled; flowers in simple axillary racemes; sepals deeply
laciniate, enlarging in fruit Schizocardia.
CLETHRA L.
Clethra hondurensis Britt. All Pines, open forest, Schipp
726; ranging to Honduras. A
tree 7.5 meters high, the trunk 10 cm.
in diameter; leaves oblanceolate-oblong, rounded at the apex,
obscurely toothed, green above, white-tomentose beneath; flowers

very fragrant. Wood brown, moderately hard and heavy, fine-
textured, easy to work, is not durable; not utilized. (See Trop.
Woods 15: 20.)
Clethra lanata Mart. & Gal. Temash River, in secondary
forest, Schipp 1343; Mexico and Central America. Similar to the
preceding species, but the leaves covered beneath with a rather
loose, brown tomentum, that of C. hondurensis being fine and
appressed.
SCHIZOCARDIA Smith & Standl.
Schizocardia belizensis Smith & Standl. Trop. Woods 32: 9.
1932. Type from Stann Creek Valley, Nineteen Mile, on mountain
ridges, Schipp 965; near Middlesex, mountain forest, 540 meters,
Schipp 443; Pine Peak, D. Stevenson. A tree 15-18 meters high, the
trunk 25-90 cm. in diameter; leaves small, narrowly oblanceolate-
oblong, entire, glabrous, obtuse; flowers small, pink or white, with
large, deeply fringed, persistent sepals. Wood reddish brown, hard,
heavy, tough, strong, rather fine-textured, irregularly grained; not
utilized. (See Trop. Woods 32: 12.)
ERICACEAE. Heath Family

SATYRIA Klotzsch
Satyria meiantha Bonn. Smith. Camp 35, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S631; Guatemala. A large glabrous epiphytic
shrub; leaveslarge, leathery, lance-oblong, entire, acuminate,

triplinerved; flowers tubular, dark rose, waxy, about 1 cm. long;
fruit a juicy blue-black berry.
MYRSINACEAE. Myrsine Family

Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, without stipules, entire
or toothed, generally marked with translucent or dark dots or
lines; flowers small, perfect, white or pink, 4-5-parted, with inferior
calyx; petals usually more or less united, the corolla rotate; stamens
4-5, opposite the corolla lobes and attached to them; fruit a small
globose berry or drupe. Wood brown or grayish, moderately hard
to soft, rather coarse-textured, with conspicuous rays showing attrac-
tively on radial surface; not durable; not utilized, but sometimes
suitable for small cabinet work.
Flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils Rapanea.
Flowers panicled.
Corolla glabrous outside Ardisia.
Corolla pubescent outside Parathesis.
ARDISIA Swartz
Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous or nearly so; leaves
small or large, entire or toothed, thin or leathery; flowers small,
white or pinkish, chiefly in terminal panicles; fruit globular, 1-seeded.
Leaves conspicuously toothed.
Leaves 30-50 cm. long, with very close, acute teeth. .A. peUucida.
Leaves 8-12 cm. long, with remote obtuse teeth .... A. Mitchellae.
Leaves entire.
Flowers in elongate racemes.
Leaves small, mostly 2-3 cm. wide, broadest above the middle,
acute or acutish A. escallonioides.
Leaves large, commonly 6-7 cm. wide or broader, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, broadest at the middle. .A. paschalis.
Flowers in panicled corymbs or umbels.
Branches of the inflorescence rusty-tomentose; petals 7 mm.
long A. Donnell-Smithii.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; petals
4-5 mm. long A. compressa.
Ardisia compressa HBK. Frequent in forest; Mexico to
northern South America. A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves
oblong-elliptic, 10-17 cm. long, entire; rachis of the inflorescence
bright red, the flowers white; drupes 5 mm. in diameter, red, turning
black. The fruits, as in other species, are edible and have an agreeable
flavor, but the amount of flesh and juice is scant.
Ardisia Donnell-Smithii Mez. Middlesex, in forest; Guate-
mala. A tree 7.5 meters high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves
long-acuminate, entire, minutely puberulent beneath on the veins;
flowers pink, the anthers yellow.
Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. Zachoclub (Yucatan,
Maya). Frequent about Honey Camp; Mexico to Guatemala;
Florida and the West Indies. An almost glabrous shrub or small
tree; flowers white or pink, fragrant, in dense panicles; fruit black,
4-8 mm. in diameter.
Ardisia Mitchellae I. M. Johnston. Pueblo Viejo, in forest,
Schipp S692; Honduras. A shrub or tree, as much as 9 meters high,
with a trunk diameter of 7 cm., glabrous; leaves oblong-elliptic,
acuminate; flowers pink, in small umbels; fruit bright red, almost
1 cm. in diameter when mature.
Ardisia paschalis Bonn. Smith. Caves, Stann Creek Railway,

Schipp 431, growing on limestone hill; also in Guatemala and
Salvador. A shrub 3 meters high, glabrous; flowers larger than in
the other species, on very long pedicels.
Ardisia pellucida Oerst. Headwaters of Rio Grande, Schipp
S559; Honduras to southern Mexico. A shrub 1.5-2.5 meters high,
simple or with few branches; leaves oblong-obovate, thin, long-
tapering to the base, somewhat scurfy beneath; flowers in umbels or
short racemes.
PARATHESIS Hook. f.
Shrubs or small trees, in general appearance much like the

Ardisias,but immediately distinguishable, in the case of the local
by the pubescent corollas.
species,
Leaves coarsely stellate-hirsute beneath with rusty hairs.
P. aeruginosa.
Leaves glabrous beneath or minutely scurfy P. obovata.
Parathesis aeruginosa Standl. Base of Cockscomb Mountains,
in forest, rare, Schipp S121; ranging to Costa Rica. A shrub 4.5
meters high, the trunk 5 cm. in diameter; leaves large, oblanceolate-
oblong, long-acuminate; flowers pink, corymbose, arranged in open
panicles.
Parathesis obovata Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 250. 1929.
Type from Tower Hill, Karling 29; numerous additional collections
obtained at Honey Camp, El Cayo, and Stann Creek Valley; also

in Guatemala. An almost glabrous shrub or small tree, sometimes
6 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves rather small,
chiefly oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute; flowers pink, with yellow
anthers.
RAPANEA Aubl.
Rapanea guianensis Aubl. All Pines, edge of mangrove swamp ;
Manatee Pine Ridge; unknown elsewhere in Central America;

southern Mexico, Florida, West Indies, and northern South America.
A glabrous shrub or tree as much as 9 meters high, the trunk 12 cm.
in diameter; leaves leathery, oblong or obovate, rounded at the apex;
fruit black or bluish, only 4 mm. in diameter.
THEOPHRASTACEAE. Theophrasta Family

Shrubs or small trees, the leaves entire, alternate or pseudo-
verticillate,without stipules; flowers usually terminal, solitary or
in racemes; sepals 5; petals 5, united, fleshy; stamens 5, accompanied
by as many staminodia, inserted on the corolla; fruit a drupe or
berry.
Flowers solitary Deherainia.
Flowers in racemes Jacquinia.
DEHERAINIA Dene.
Deherainia smaragdina (Planch.) Dene. Occasional in forests;
Tabasco to Guatemala. A glabrous shrub 4.5 meters high, with
trunk 5 cm. in diameter; leaves pseudoverticillate, short-petiolate,
oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, not spine-tipped; flowers yellowish
green, 1.5-2 cm. long; fruit lance-oblong, 7.5 cm. long, pointed.
JACQUINIA L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves leathery or rather thin, with slender

or stout, spine-like tips; flowers small, yellow or orange; staminodia
petal-like; fruit globose, with a hard containing few seeds.
shell,
Wood yellow, hard, coarse-textured, coarse-rayed; not utilized.
Leaves rounded or very obtuse at the apex, not spine-tipped.
J. Schippii.
Leaves acute or acuminate, terminated by a sharp spine.
Leaves thick and leathery; flowers in elongate racemes or corymbs.
J. aurantiaca.
Leaves thin; flowers in umbel-like racemes J. paludicola.
Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait. Knock-me-back. Xcansik (Maya).

Northern plains; Mexico, Central America, West Indies. A densely
branched shrub, glabrous throughout; leaves oblong-elliptic or
obovate, mostly 3-6 cm. long, with a very stiff, spine-like tip; flowers
orange, 8-9 mm. long, the corolla stiff and leathery; fruit 2 cm.
or less in diameter, rounded at the apex. The stiff hard corollas
keep their form when dried, and because of their bright color, they
sometimes are strung on twine and used as decorations. This and
other species of the genus are employed in some regions as fish poisons.
Jacquinia paludicola Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 138. 1932.

Type from Forest Home, in swampy forest, Schipp 1028; Rio Grande,
Schipp S596; Machaca, Schipp S571. A slender shrub or tree 1.5-6
meters high, the trunk as much as 7 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong-
oblanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, acuminate, with a weak spinelike tip;
flowers yellow, 6 mm. long.
Jacquinia Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 78.

1935. Type from Jacinto Hills, in forest, 270 meters, Schipp 1233.
A tree of10 meters, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves leathery,
oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, 3-5 cm. long.
PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family

ANAGALLIS L.
Anagallis pumila Swartz. Maskall Pine Ridge, Gentle 1096.
SAMOLUS L.
Samolus ebracteatus HBK.
SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla Family

Trees or large shrubs, sometimes armed with spines, the sap
commonly milky; leaves alternate, entire, stalked, without stipules,
usually thick and leathery; flowers small, perfect, borne in the leaf
axils or on older naked branches, white or greenish; sepals 4-12,
overlapping; corolla of united petals, with 4 or more lobes,

appendages often present between the lobes; stamens as many as
the corolla lobes, inserted on the corolla, usually alternating with
staminodia or sterile stamens; fruit a small or large, fleshy drupe or
berry, containing one or several seeds. The family is of great
importance in British Honduras because it contains the trees that
produce chicle, one of the most important exports of the country.
The Yucatan Peninsula is the center of distribution for the family
in North America, and British Honduras contains more members of

the group than may be found in any other part of Central America
of equal size, except perhaps adjacent Pete"n.
The group is a difficult one to study from herbarium material,
and most of the species still are imperfectly known. It is highly
desirable that large series of herbarium specimens be collected to
illustrate the various species and their local variations. The genera
of the Sapotaceae are based upon flower and seed characters that are
difficult of determination. On this account, in order to simplify
so far as possible the recognition of the local species, there is given
here a key to all the species of the family, rather than one to the
genera.
Leaves at maturity very densely covered on the under surface with
appressed, silky, glistening, brown or grayish hairs; staminodia
none. Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse or rounded at the base,
mostly 5-9 cm. long.
Flowers small, about 2 mm. long, the corolla glabrous; native
tree Chrysophyllum oliviforme.
Flowers larger, 4 mm. long, the corolla silky-pubescent; cultivated
tree Chrysophyllum Cainito.
Leaves at maturity glabrate, or at least never densely silky-pubes-
cent, sometimes densely silky when very young; staminodia
present between the stamens.
Leaves covered beneath with a dense, dark rusty, rather close
tomentum of matted hairs, rounded or very obtuse at the
apex, the tomentum sometimes disappearing in extreme age
except along the veins.
Leaves 6.5-8.5 cm. long Sideroxylon rufotomentosum.
Leaves 15-25 cm. long Dipholis Stevensonii.
Leaves not rusty-tomentose beneath, or, if so, only when very
young.
Leaves very large, usually 25-35 cm. long, broadest near the
apex, long-tapering to the base, short-stalked, rather thin.
Fruit usually very large; flowers large, with 8-10 sepals,
borne mostly on naked branches below the leaves.
Fruits 9-10 cm. long, with thin green smooth skin; petioles
whitish-hairy or glabrate Calocarpum viride.
Fruits usually much with thick rough russet skin;
larger,
petioles usually densely brown-hairy.
Calocarpum mammosum.
Leaves not as described above, most often broadest at or below

the middle, seldom long-tapering to the base, often leathery.
Leaves small, 2.5-9 cm. long, usually 3.5 cm. wide or less,
rounded or very obtuse at the apex. Plants often armed
with spines; flowers small, in the axils of leaves; append-
ages present between the corolla lobes; ovary hairy.
Fruit globose or depressed-globose, broader than long;
leaves thick. Plants usually unarmed .Bumelia retusa.
.
Fruit ellipsoid-globose, longer than broad; leaves com-

paratively thin.
Corolla 3 mm. long. Plants usually conspicuously armed
with spines Bumelia mayana.
Corolla 6 mm. long Bumelia megaphytta.
Leaves usually much larger or, if small, acute or acuminate
at the apex. Plants unarmed.
Lateral nerves on the lower surface of the leaves obscure
or obsolete. Flowers 6-8 mm. long; leaves narrowly
oblong to narrowly oval, rounded to acutish at the
apex, thick and leathery.
Sepals oblong; leaves mostly acutish Achras Chicle.
Sepals ovate; leaves mostly rounded or very obtuse at
the apex. Leaves shorter Achras Zapota.
Lateral nerves evident on the lower surface of the leaves,
usually conspicuously elevated.
Leaves abruptly long-acuminate at the apex.
Leaves mostly obovate-oblong, broadest above the
middle, usually large and 15-25 cm. long or
larger Lucuma Durlandii.
Leaves oblong to elliptic, broadest at or near the mid-
usually smaller.
dle,
Fruit 3 cm. long or larger; leaves chiefly oblong
and 16-18 cm. long iMcuma izabaknsis.
Fruit 1.5 cm. long; leaves chiefly elliptic or oblong-
elliptic and 8-12 cm. long. .Sideroxylon Meyeri.
.
Leaves not abruptly long-acuminate, rounded to acute

at the apex or abruptly and shortly obtuse-acumi-
nate, sometimes gradually long-attenuate.
Leaves gradually long-attenuate to each end, small,
mostly 2-3 cm. wide; appendages present be-
tween the corolla lobes.
Sepals 3.5-4 mm. long; leaves very thick and hard.

Dipholis durifolia.
Sepals 2 mm. long; leaves thin and flexible.
Dipholis salicifolia.
Leaves not gradually long-attenuate to each end;
corolla without appendages.
Petioles 7-10 mm. long. Leaves small, 6-8 cm.
long, 3 cm. wide Lucuma belizensis.
Petioles usually much more than 1 cm. long.
Flowers almost sessile, the pedicels shorter than
the sepals, small. Leaves small, narrowly
oblong, usually less than 3 cm. wide, leathery.
Sideroxylon amygdalinum.
Flowers long-pedicellate, the pedicels longer than
the sepals.
Sepals glabrous or nearly so; leaves mostly
obtuse at the base, on long and very slender
petioles Sideroxylon Gaumeri.
Sepals densely silky-pubescent; leaves acute
at the base.
Sepals 6-7 mm. long Lucuma laeteviridis.

Sepals 3-5 mm. long.
Sepals 3 mm. long Lucuma Heyderi.
Sepals 4-5 mm. long .Lucuma campechiana.
ACHRAS L.
Large or medium-sized trees with handsome foliage, the leaves

on long or rather short petioles, leathery; flowers large, clustered in
the leaf axils or on naked branches below the leaves; sepals usually 6;
corolla glabrous; fruit large, containing one or more seeds. Wood
dark red, very hard, heavy, tough, and strong, fine-textured, finishes
smoothly, is durable; used locally for heavy, permanent construction
and tool handles; suitable also for turnery and flooring. (See T. of
T. A., p. 490.)
Achras Chicle Pittier. Chicle Macho. Zapotillo (Guatemala).
Collected in the Orange Walk District and probably elsewhere;
Guatemala and Salvador. A tall tree, often 30-38 meters high, with
a trunk almost a meter in diameter; leaves rather narrowly oblong,
mostly 17-22 cm. long, thick; flowers clustered on old branches just
below the leaves; fruit much smaller than in A. Zapota, but the 1-2
seeds as large as in that species. C. L. Lundell, one of the collectors
of material referred here, thinks that the name used may cover two
distinct species, but characters by which they may be separated are
not apparent in herbarium specimens. It is reported that the gum
of some trees, although of poor quality, is employed as a chicle
adulterant; in other trees there is a high yield of white latex, difficult
to coagulate, the gum being somewhat inferior to pure chicle, and
exported under the name of "crown gum."
Achras Zapota L. Chicle Tree, Sapodilla. Zapote Blanco,
Colorado, Zapote Morado.
Zapote Ya, Chicozapote (Yucatan).
Common or abundant in the northern half of the Colony; native in
the Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent regions, and cultivated widely
in tropical America. A large or medium-sized tree with dense crown;
leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, glabrous when mature;
flowers whitish, solitary in the leaf axils, brown-hairy; fruit ovoid or
globose, 6 cm. or more in diameter, containing 1-5 large seeds.
This one of the most important, or at present perhaps the most
is
important, of British Honduras trees. From its milky latex, ob-

tained by tapping the trunks, is procured the chicle from which
chewing gum is made. British Honduras is one of the principal
sources of this article, practically all of which is employed in the
United States, and much of the chicle produced in Pete*n, Guatemala,
is exported through the Colony.
The fruits of the sapodilla have a yellowish brown, translucent,

sweet flesh of rather "gummy" texture that is agreeable in flavor,
and is much eaten. The sapodilla, or nispero, as it is called in most
parts of Central America, is considered by some foreigners to be the
best of all Central American fruits.
In British Honduras the chicleros, who tap the sapodilla trees
for their latex, distinguish several varieties of the tree, as indicated
by the vernacular names cited above. Herbarium specimens of these
forms do not reveal any characters by which they may be separated
as species, and it is suspected that the forms are more or less casual,
dependent perhaps upon soil and other environmental conditions.
BUMELIA Swartz
Shrubs ortrees, often with silky pubescence, especially on the
flowers and young branches, frequently armed with spines; flowers
small, greenish or white, clustered in the leaf axils or on old branches;
sepals 5, unequal; corolla 5-lobed, with 2 lobe-like appendages in
each sinus; staminodia petal-like; fruit small, 1-seeded. Wood pale

yellow, very heavy, hard, and strong, fine-textured, taking a high
polish, is moderately durable; suitable for tool handles and turnery.
(See T. of T. A., p. 495.)
Bumelia rnayana Standl. Has toch (Yucatan, Maya). Jungle
beyond Little Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District, Bartlett
13099; Pete"n, Yucatan. A shrub or small tree, the trunk as much
as 20 cm. in diameter, the branches armed with spines; leaves small,
oblong to elliptic or almost rounded, glabrate in age; fruit 8-10 mm.
long.
Bumelia megaphylla Gray Herb. 52: 76. 1917.
Blake, Contr.
Type from Rio Grande, in forest, Peck 756; Temash River, Schipp
1077. A small or medium-sized tree with hard light-colored wood;
leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex, rounded at the
base, glabrate.
Bumelia retusa Swartz. All Pines, mangrove swamp, Schipp
585; Yucatan, West Indies. A tree 6 meters high with trunk diam-
eter of 10 cm. leaves small, broadly obovate, rounded at the apex,
;
cuneate at the base, glabrate or with scattered appressed grayish

hairs; flowers whitish; fruit black.
CALOCARPUM Pierre
Large trees; leaves very large, thin, short-stalked, mostly oblan-

ceolate-oblong, deciduous, long-tapering to the base, short-pointed
or often rounded at the apex, with abundant pubescence beneath
when young, but glabrate in age; flowers comparatively large, mostly
on naked branches below the leaves; sepals 8-10; fruit large and
edible. Wood light brown or buff, moderately hard, strong, medium-
textured, easy to work, fairly durable; used for house frames. (See
T. of T. A., pp. 491-492.)
Calocarpum mammosum (L.) Pierre. Mamee Apple, Mamee

Sapote. Zapote. Mamey, Mamey Colorado (Yucatan). Chacalhaas
(Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in forest and apparently widely dis-
tributed; native of Mexico and northern Central America, and
planted widely in tropical America. A tall tree with milky latex;
leaves abruptly short-pointed or sometimes obtuse, the smaller
veins neither much elevated nor very conspicuous beneath; flowers
sessile or nearly so, cream-colored; fruit globose or ovoid, 8-20 cm.
long, with pink or reddish flesh, containing a single large brown

polished seed. The fruit is highly esteemed in Central America,
and it is of good flavor, although sweet and somewhat insipid.
Calocarpum viride Pittier. White Faisan, Red Faisan. Zapotillo

(Honduras); Ingerto, Zapote ingerto (Guatemala). El Cayo District
and probably elsewhere; southward to Panama. A large tree, some-
times 24 meters high, with trunk diameter of 45 cm.; leaves usually
narrowly long-pointed, the smaller veins commonly elevated and
conspicuous on the lower surface; fruit rather similar to that of the
preceding species, but smaller. Of the White Faisan, Lundell re-
ports that its gum is similar to that of chicle, and produced in quan-
tities comparable with that obtained from the Sapodilla. He states
that the gum of Red Faisan is as good as chicle, but its yield not so
high as that of White Faisan.
CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. Star-apple
Large or medium-sized trees with milky latex; leaves rather

small, oblong or elliptic-oblong, leathery, obtuse or abruptly short-
pointed, with numerous close parallel lateral nerves, glabrous on the
upper surface, densely silky-hairy beneath; flowers small, stalked,
clustered in the leaf axils or at naked nodes below the leaves; sepals
5-6; corolla 5-6-lobed; staminodia none; fruit small or large, con-
taining 1 or more seeds. Wood brown or reddish, hard, heavy,
strong, medium-textured, not difficult to work, fairly durable;
used locally for heavy construction.
Chrysophyllum Cainito L. Star-apple. Caimito (Central*
America generally). Planted and perhaps naturalized; not native in
Central America, so far as known, but often escaping from cultiva-
tion; West Indies. A medium-sized tree with broad, very dense
crown; leaves covered beneath with dense golden-brown hairs; fruit
resembling a small apple, containing several compressed brown seeds,
smooth, with green or purple skin. The fruit is highly esteemed by
some persons, being sweet and rather sticky, with more or less
milky juice. When cut transversely, the seeds are seen radiating
like the points of a star, hence the common English name. The tree
is an excellent one for shade, and beautiful because of the contrast-
ing colors of the upper and lower leaf surfaces, especially when the
foliage is stirred by wind.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. C. mexicanum Brandeg. Wild
Star-apple, Damsel. CT^ce/i (Maya). Caimito (Honduras). Frequent
in wet or open forest; southern Mexico, Central America, West
Indies. A tree 12 meters high or more, with dense spreading crown ;
leaves covered beneath with pale brown or sometimes grayish hairs;

fruit oblong or ellipsoid, 1.5 cm. long, 1-seeded, yellowish.
DIPHOLIS A. DC.
Unarmed trees with small or rather large, usually leathery leaves;
flowers small, mostly 5-parted, in axillary or lateral clusters; corolla
with 2 appendages at each sinus; staminodia 5, often petal-like;
fruit small, usually 1-seeded. Wood brown or reddish, hard, heavy,
tough, medium-textured, durable; not utilized.

Dipholis durifolia Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 78.
1935. Type from bare hilltops, Jacinto Hills, Schipp 1202. A tree
of 6 meters, the trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves slender-stalked,
narrowly lance-oblong, glabrous, 7.5-9 cm. long, 1.7-2.5 cm. wide,
long-acuminate, pale beneath, dark-green above.
Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC. Chachiga, Mijico. Txitxya,
Sac-chum (Yucatan, Maya). Honey Camp region; southern Mexico,
Pete"n, West Indies. A tree 15-23 meters high, with a trunk 45 cm.
or more in diameter; leaves slender-stalked, oblong or narrowly
lance-oblong, 6-17 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small,
whitish, densely clustered in the leaf axils; fruit subglobose, black,
8 mm. or more in diameter. Lundell reports that the tree is rare
in the Honey Camp region, but that it is rich in latex and is com-
monly tapped by the chicleros.
Dipholis Stevensonii Standl. Trop. Woods 11 21. 1927. Zapote

:
Fais&n. Type from Mopan region, D. Stevenson. A large tree;

*leaves 15-25 cm. long, short-stalked, broadly oblong or oblong-
obovate, rounded at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, with
abundant rusty tomentum on the veins of the lower leaf surface,
even in age; fruits clustered on naked branches below the leaves,
densely brown-tomentose at first but in age glabrate; seed 1, oval,
1.5 cm. long. In general appearance the tree is said to resemble
Calocarpum mammosum. It is tapped for its latex, the product
being called Chicle Faisan.
LUCUMA Molina
Small or large trees with milky latex; leaves small or large,
leathery or rather thin; flowers small or large, stalked, solitary or
clustered in the leaf axils; sepals 4-6; corolla 4-5-lobed, without
appendages; stamens 4-5, alternating with small staminodia; fruit
small or large, containing 1-5 seeds. Wood brown or reddish, hard
and heavy to moderately so, tough and strong, rather fine-textured,
easy to work, is durable; used for house timbers and handles.
Lucuma belizensis Standl. Trop. Woods 4: 6. 1925. Silly
Young. Type from vicinity of Riversdale, H. C. Kluge 41 (Yale 7595) ;
Jacinto Hills; Camp 32 on the Guatemalan boundary. Leaves short-

stalked, elliptic-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, acute, at the base
acute or acutish, glabrous or nearly so in age. The species is im-
perfectly known, and its generic position uncertain. Schipp reports
it as a tree of 12-15 meters, with a trunk diameter of 25 cm.
Lucuma canipechiana HBK. Mamey Cerera, Mamey Cerilla.

Kanizte (Yucatan, Maya). Apparently frequent and rather widely
distributed, in forest; Mexico and Central America. A small or
medium-sized tree; leaves on rather short and slender petioles,
oblanceolate to obovate, large, rather thin, acute or obtuse, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers clustered in the leaf axils, brown-silky; fruit
yellow, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, containing 1-4 large seeds. In
some parts of Mexico and Central America the tree is planted for
its fruit, which
is rather ordinary in quality. There is some doubt
regarding the proper spelling of the names used in British Honduras,
their intended meaning being uncertain.
Lucuma Durlandii Standl. Zapotillo (Pete"n). Rio Grande,
Schipp. Type from El Paso, Pete"n; also at Uaxactun. A large or
medium-sized tree, the trunk 10-18 cm. or greater in diameter;
leaves large, obovate-oblong, leathery, tapering to the base, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers small, brown-silky, densely clustered in the
leaf axils. No information is available regarding any use that may
be made of the tree.
Lucuma Heyderi Standl. Trop. Woods 11: 22. 1927. Mamee

Ciruela. Type from British Honduras, the locality not known,
H. M. Heyder 25. Leaves short-stalked, rather thin, oblong to
obovate, 7-15 cm. long, rounded to obtuse at the apex, in age gla-
brous or nearly so; flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf axils,
on slender stalks, densely grayish-silky. It is suspected that this
may not be distinct from L. campechiana.
Lucuma izabalensis Standl. Silidn (Guatemala, Honduras).
Forest Home, Schipp S396; southward to Nicaragua. A very large
or medium-sized tree with tall trunk and broad thin buttresses;
leaves short-stalked, leathery, oblong, long-acuminate, acute and
decurrent at the base, glabrous, usually pale when dry; fruit sub-
globose, yellow, 3 cm. long, 1-seeded.
Lucuma laeteviridis Pittier. river bank, Schipp
Temash,
S659; Guatemala. A tree of 9 meters,
the trunk 25 cm. in diameter;
leaves large, thin, oblong-obovate, long-stalked, obtuse, almost
glabrous; flowers usually densely clustered in the leaf axils, cream-
colored.
SIDEROXYLON L.
Large or medium-sized trees; leaves small or medium-sized, more

or less leathery, on short or long petioles; flowers small, in dense
clusters in the leaf axils or on naked branches; sepals usually 5, sub-
equal; corolla usually 5-lobed, without appendages; staminodia
none; fruit small, commonly 1-seeded. Wood yellow, similar to
Bumelia; hard, heavy, strong, fairly durable; suitable for flooring
and heavy construction.
Sideroxylon amygdalinum Standl. Lucuma amygdalina
Standl.; Bumelia laurifolia Standl. Trop. Woods 18: 31. 1929. Silly
Young. Zapote Faisan (Guatemala). Orange Walk District,
apparently frequent; type of B. laurifolia from Honey Camp,
Lundell LP14; Pete"n. A very large or medium-sized tree; leaves
small, narrowly oblong, thick, often lustrous, acuminate, usually
more or less unequal at the base, glabrous or nearly so; flowers very
small, densely clustered; fruit ellipsoid, 2.5 cm. long, glabrate.
Sideroxylon Gaumeri Pittier. Cream Tree. Zoy,Dzoi(M.aya).
Caracolillo (Campeche). Apparently widely distributed and frequent;
Yucatan, Campeche. A large tree, glabrous almost throughout;
leaves on long slender petioles, 8-14 cm. long, rounded to long-
pointed at the apex, bright green; flowers densely clustered on old
wood or in the leaf axils, slender-stalked, whitish; fruit ellipsoid,
yellowish, 2.5 cm. long. The fruit is edible.
Sideroxylon Meyeri Standl.

Zapotillo. Orange Walk District;
Pete"n, Campeche. A tall or medium-sized tree, with a trunk 30 cm.
or more in diameter, glabrous except for the brown-silky flowers;
leaves 7-15 cm. long, stalked, somewhat leathery, abruptly long-
pointed at the apex, bright green; flowers stalked, densely clustered
in the leaf axils; corolla white, glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, 1-seeded,
1.5 cm. long.
Sideroxylon rufotomentosum Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Publ. 461: 79. 1935. Type from Camp 32, Guatemalan boundary,
in forest, 810 meters, Schipp S674. A tree of 24 meters, the trunk
90 cm. in diameter; leaves long-stalked, oblong or obovate-oblong,
rounded at the apex, obtuse at the base, densely brown-tomentose;
fruit stalked, globose, 1 cm. long, rufous-tomentose or glabrate.
EBENACEAE. Ebony Family

DIOSPYROS L.
Trees or large shrubs; leaves alternate, entire, persistent or

deciduous, without stipules; flowers small, of 2 sexes, white or green,
axillary, solitary or in cymes; corolla of united petals; fruit baccate,

usually large, containing several large seeds. Heartwood gray to
black, usually streaked; very hard, tough, strong, easy to work;
sap wood suitable for tool handles; heartwood for articles of turnery
and small cabinet work. The name Persimmon is applied commonly
to various species of the genus, some of them distinguished for their
edible fruits, which, however, are extremely astringent unless quite
ripe. Old World species of Diospyros furnish the Ebony of commerce.
Calyx and corolla 3-lobed D. verae-crucis.
Calyx and corolla 4-6-lobed.
Fruit glabrous, 4-7 cm. broad; leaves large, oblong or oval.
D. Ebenaster.
Fruit strigose, 1.5 cm. broad or less; leaves small.
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate D. Schippii.
Leaves narrowly cuneate or spatulate.
Fruit globose; leaves 5-8 cm. long D. cuneata.
Fruit conspicuously longer than broad; leaves mostly 3-4 cm.
long D. bumelioides.
Diospyros bumelioides Standl. Trop. Woods 18: 31. 1929.
Known only from Honey Camp, Lundell 137 (type) and 342. A
tree; calyx 4-lobed.
Diospyros cuneata Standl. Corozal District, Gentle 292; also

in Yucatan. Reported as a shrub 2 meters high. It is somewhat
questionable whether D. cuneata and D. bumelioides are really dis-
tinct species, the single British Honduras collection of D. cuneata
being somewhat intermediate between the two types.
Diospyros Ebenaster Retz. Zapote negro (Yucatan). Tauch
(Yucatan, Maya). Honey Camp; Mexico to Costa Rica; culti-
vated in the East Indies. A large tree; fruit at maturity with an
edible pulp of poor flavor, that is soft, black, and of most disgusting
appearance.
Diospyros Schippii Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
80. 1935. Type collected in forest, Camp 34, Guatemalan boundary,
780 meters, Schipp 1281. A tree of 15 meters, the trunk 20 cm. in
diameter; leaves short-petiolate, 6-9 cm. long, narrowed to the obtuse
apex, glabrous; fruit subglobose, 12 mm. long.
Diospyros verae-crucis Standl. Cylil. Maba verae-crucis
Standl. Occasional; southern Mexico to Salvador. tree 15 A
meters high, the trunk 35 cm. in diameter; fruit yellow at maturity.
SYMPLOCACEAE. Symplocos Family

SYMPLOCOS Jacq.
Symplocos martinicensis Jacq. Occasional in forest; West
Indies; Pete"n, Honduras. A tree 9 meters high, the trunk 10-20
cm. in diameter; leaves alternate, without stipules, glabrous, oblong
to obovate, crenulate, acuminate; flowers small, white, in short
axillary racemes, the petals connate at the base; fruit an oblong
berry 1.5-2 cm. long.
OLEACEAE. Olive Family

Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, simple in the genera here listed,
without stipules; flowers small and inconspicuous, chiefly axillary
and fascicled or panicled; corolla of distinct or united petals, or
often wanting; fruit a drupe.
Jasminum Sambac (L.) Ait. is cultivated for ornament in
British Honduras, and probably other species of the same genus
are in cultivation.
Corolla none; flowers in small clusters scarcely longer than the
petioles Forestiera.
Corolla present, of 4 nearly distinct petals; flowers in long panicles.
Linociera.
FORESTIERA Poir.
Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb. Cornhouse Creek, near man-

grove swamp, Bartlett; West Indies; known on the continent only
from British Honduras. A small tree; leaves thin,
elliptic, acute,
glabrous, obscurely serrulate; drupes 1 cm. long, glaucous purple.
LINOCIERA Swartz
Trees or shrubs, glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire; flowers
rather large, commonly panicled, with 4 narrow petals and 2 stamens;
fruit a small oblong drupe.
Leaves elliptic, mostly obtuse or rounded at the base .L. domingensis.
. .
Leaves mostly oblanceolate, acute to acuminate at the base.

L. oblanceolata.
Linociera domingensis (Lam.) Krug & Urban. Camp 32,
Guatemalan boundary, in forest, Schipp 1301; West Indies. A
tree of 18 meters, the trunk 60 cm. in diameter; flowers pink.
Linociera oblanceolata Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 504.
1913. Type collected in forest, upper Moho River, Peck 719;
apparently frequent; also in Guatemala. A tree of 12 meters or
less, the trunk as much as 25 cm. in diameter; flowers white, the

petals 1 cm. long; drupes nearly 2 cm. long.
LOGANIACEAE. Strychnine Family

Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines; leaves opposite, without stipules,
but the petioles often united by a stipular line; flowers regular,
large or small, the calyx 4-5 lobate; corolla gamopetalous, tubular,
funnelform, or salverform; fruit a capsule, drupe, or berry.
Plants more or less woody.
Climbing shrubs; fruit large, baccate Strychnos.
Erect shrubs; fruit a small capsule Buddleia.
Plants small herbs.
Leaves linear, stiff; capsule not bilobate Polypremum.
Leaves broad, thin; capsule bilobate.
Capsule circumscissile, not compressed; corolla funnelform.
Spigelia.
Capsule not circumscissile, laterally compressed corolla urceolate.
;
Cynoctonum.
BUDDLEIA L.
Buddleia americana L. Reported as rare, but one of the
common weedy shrubs of tropical America generally. A shrub
usually a meter high, with lanceolate or ovate, serrate or entire,
long-acuminate, tomentose leaves; flowers small, yellowish, densely
clustered, the clusters arranged in long panicled spikes. Reported
from British Honduras, but almost certainly in error, as a tree
6 meters high.
CYNOCTONUM J. F. Gmel. Miterwort

Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton.
POLYPREMUM L.
Polypremum procumbens L.
SPIGELIA L.
Spigelia anthelmia L.
Spigelia Humboldtiana Cham. & Schlecht. Lombricera (Cen-

tral America generally). A small herb, much used in some parts of
tropical America to expel tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.
Spigelia polystachya Klotzsch. Big Fall, Belize River, Lun-
dell 1971.
STRYCHNOS L.
Slender woody vines, often provided with tendrils; leaves entire,

with 3 or 5 conspicuous nerves, broadly ovate or oval, acute or
acuminate; flowers white or yellowish, the corolla salverform, its
tube long and very slender; fruit globose, with a hard shell, com-
monly 4 cm. in diameter or larger. From Old World species of the
genus are obtained the drugs strychnine and nux vomica. Ameri-
can members of the group probably have similar properties. Strych-
nos toxifera, of Panama and South America, supplies at least one
of the ingredients of the drug curare, employed by the aborigines
for poisoning their arrows.
Leaves large, thick and leathery; corolla densely tomentose, 1 cm.

long S. Peckii.
Leaves small, thin; corolla glabrous outside, or sparsely pilose,

1.5-2 cm. long S. panamensis.
Strychnos panamensis Seem. Snake Seed, Tietie. Chicoloro.

Luck maax (Maya). Guaco (Honduras). Apparently frequent in
British Honduras; extending southward to Panama. A slender,
almost glabrous vine; leaves chiefly 4-7 cm. long; fruits 4-8 cm.
in diameter.
Strychnos panamensis var. hirtiflora Standl. Field Mus.

Type from Nineteen Mile, Stann Creek Valley,
Bot. 11: 138. 1932.
Schipp S301. In the usual form of the species the corolla is gla-
brous or pruinose-puberulent, in this it is sparsely hirsute. Described
as a vine 10 meters long, the stem 2.5 cm. thick; flowers cream-
colored.
Strychnos Peckii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 504. 1913.

Tietie. Type from Sittee River, in forest, Peck 856; Mullins River
Road, Schipp 121. A coarse vine 12 meters long, the trunk 10
cm. in diameter; leaves as much as 17 cm. long, conspicuously
5-nerved; flowers white, sweet-scented. The vine climbs by means
of stout hooks formed by the hardened tendrils. Schipp reports
that the fruit is edible.
GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family

CENTAURIUM Gilib.
Centaurium Pringleanum (Wittr.) Robinson. All Pines,

Schipp; Honduras and Mexico. The determination of the single
collection from British Honduras is somewhat uncertain.
FLORA OP BRITISH HONDURAS 321
GHELONANTHUS (Griseb.) Gilg

Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Gilg.
COUTOUBEA Aubl.
Coutoubea spicata Aubl.
EUSTOMA Salisb.
Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Griseb.
LEIPHAIMOS Schlecht. & Cham.

Leiphaimos mexicana (Griseb.) Miq. A small white sapro-
phytic plant.
Leiphaimos simplex (Griseb.) Standl. Corolla blue.
LISIANTHUS L.
Lisianthus axillaris (Hemsl.) Kuntze.
Lisianthus collinus Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 81.
1935. Type from Jacinto Hills, Schipp 1205.
SCHULTESIA Mart.
Schultesia guianensis (Aubl.) Malme. New Town, Schipp
814; also collected by Peck.
Schultesia heterophylla Miq. All Pines, Schipp 774.
Schultesia lisianthoides (Griseb.) Benth. & Hook.
Schultesia Peckiana Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 399.
1910. Type collected near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 318.
Schultesia stenophylla Mart. All Pines, Honey Camp.
MENYANTHACEAE. Buckbean Family

LIMNANTHEMUM Gmel.
Limnanthemum Humboldtianum (HBK.) Griseb. An
aquatic plant.
APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family

Shrubs or trees,sometimes herbs, often scandent, with milky
latex; leaves entire, without stipules; flowers mostly in terminal or
lateral cymes, large or small, perfect, regular; calyx inferior, the
segments united at the base, often glandular within, usually 5-

parted; corolla of united petals, salvorform or funnelform; stamens 5,
inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, with short filaments,

the anthers narrow, frequently appendaged at the base; fruit of 1 or
2 carpels, these dry or fleshy, opening or indehiscent. In several
genera here listed the species have not been keyed or described,
because the plants are chiefly herbs, or at best only slightly woody,
or with very slender stems.
Leaves alternate. Erect shrubs or trees.
Corolla salverform, the tube slender; fruit opening at maturity.
Plumeria.
Corolla funnelform, the tube broadened above; fruit not opening.
Thevetia.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Leaves whorled, with 3 or more in a whorl.
Plants climbing; fruit prickly; flowers yellow Attamanda.
Plants erect; fruit unarmed; flowers not yellow.
Fruit dry; cultivated shrubs Nerium.
Fruit fleshy, berry-like; native plants.
Ovary of 2 carpels; shrubs Rauwolfia.

Ovary of 1 carpel; trees Couma.
Leaves opposite.
Plants erect trees or shrubs.
Leaves very obtuse or rounded at the apex, 3.5 cm. long or
less Cameraria.
Leaves acute or acuminate, much larger.
Inflorescence tomentose, the minute flowers in panicled
cymes; fruit dry, strongly compressed; seeds broadly
winged Aspidosperma.
Inflorescence not tomentose; fruit fleshy; seeds not winged.
Ovary of a single carpel; flowers white, with a slender

tube, in axillary cymes Lacmellea.
Ovary of 2 carpels.
Anther cells appendaged at the base. Flowers small,
in small axillary cymes Malouetia.
Anther cells not appendaged at the base.
Corolla buff, large; carpels of the fruit 7 cm. long
or larger Stemmadenia.
Corolla white, small fruit
; much smaller.
Tabernaemontana .
Plants climbing shrubs or herbs.

Tips of the anthers exserted from the corolla.
Corolla with a very short tube; leaves glabrous .Forsteronia.
.
Corolla with an elongate tube; leaves densely pubescent.

Prestonia.
Tips of the anthers not exserted.
Corolla salverform, with a slender tube.
Leaves non-glandular; anthers with slender or attenuate
basal lobes Echites.
Leaves glandular along the midrib above, at least at the

base; anthers truncate, or with blunt and relatively
obscure basal lobes.
Inflorescence dichotomous or trichotomous; stigma
fusiform Mesechites.
Inflorescence simply racemose; stigma umbraculiform.
Mandevilla.
Corolla funnelform, the tube broadened above.
Calyx without glands Rhabdadenia.

Calyx glandular within.
Flowers in large terminal panicles; leaves glabrous.
Odontadenia.
Flowers in axillary racemes; leaves hairy beneath.
Urechites.
ALLAMANDA L.
Allamanda cathartica L. Frequent in thickets, chiefly in

coastal swamps; Central and South America. A
large glabrous
woody vine; leaves mostly in whorls of 3-4, oblong to obovate,
acuminate, somewhat leathery; corolla bright yellow, trumpet-'
shaped, 7-9 cm. long; fruit rounded and compressed, 4-6 cm. broad,
covered with long flexible spines. A showy and handsome vine,
often cultivated for ornament in tropical and subtropical regions.
ASPIDOSPERMA Mart. & Zucc.
Aspidosperma megalocarpon Muell. Arg. My Lady, Malady.

Chichique, Chichica (Guatemala). Occasional in forest; Mexico to
Panama. A
large tree; leaves opposite, oblong, large, short-stalked,
acuminate, leathery, glabrous in age; flowers 6 mm. long, in pani-
cled cymes, the inflorescence tomentose; fruit dry, obovate, com-
pressed, somewhat oblique, 12-16 cm. long, contracted into a stout
stalk, densely tomentose; seeds compressed, the body 2-2.5 cm.

wide, surrounded by a broad thin wing, the whole seed 7-9 cm.
broad. Wood pinkish yellow, hard, heavy, tough, splintery, rather
coarse-textured, fairly durable; used for railway crossties, house
frames, scaffolding, and rafting poles.
CAMERARIA L.
Gameraria belizensis Standl. Trop. Woods 7: 8. 1926. Sa-

vanna White Poisonwood. Chechem de Caballo. Type from Honey
Camp Lagoon, Record; Honey Camp, Lundell, D. Stevenson. A
small tree with ashy gray bark; leaves small, short-stalked, ovate-
oval, 2-3.5 cm. long, rounded at base and apex, leathery, glabrous;
flowers terminal, solitary; corolla white, 12-14 mm. long. The
plant is reported to be exceedingly poisonous if in contact with
the body, producing serious swelling and inflammation. No other
member of the genus is known from the North American continent,
the rest of the species being West Indian. Wood pale olive, hard,
heavy, fine-textured, finishes very smoothly, not durable; not
utilized.
CATHARANTHUS G. Don
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don doubtless occurs in British
Honduras, as an escape from cultivation.
COUMA Aubl.
A South American genus, represented in North America by
the following species:
Couma guatemalensis Standl. Barca. Palo de Vaca (Guate-
mala). Temash River, broken ridge bush, M. 0. Hope 17; Atlantic
lowlands of Guatemala. A large or medium-sized tree with thick,
dark-colored bark; leaves in whorls of 3, short-stalked, broadly
ovate to rounded-elliptic, thick, abruptly short-pointed, glabrous
or nearly so, pale beneath, with numerous conspicuous lateral
nerves; flowers pink, almost 2 cm. long, in dense axillary cymes;
fruit subglobose, 2.5 cm. in diameter. One of the most interesting
of Central American trees, and one that has received much pub-
licity in periodical literature. When the bark of the Cow Tree
is cut or broken, there issues from it a rich creamy latex that is
sweet and palatable. It is not very sticky, and may be drunk

like cow's milk. Wood dull brown, moderately hard, of medium
texture and fairly straight grain, not difficult to work. (See Trop.
Woods 7: 13. 1926.) Hope reports that the latex is used as a chicle
substitute, and that the tree is used sometimes by the bushmen
for making a tea-like infusion.
ECHITES Jacq.
Echites tuxtlensis Standl. Honey Camp, Lundell 37.
Echites umbellata Jacq.

Echites yucatanensis Millsp. Tower Hill, Karling 28 Yucatan.
;
FORSTERONIA Meyer
Woody vines, the leaves opposite, often with glands near the
base; flowers small, in dense cymes, panicles, or thyrses; corolla
rotate or nearly so, with a very short tube; fruit of two long slender
follicles.
Corolla glabrous F. myriantha.

Corolla puberulent outside.
Anthers wholly exserted F. peninsular-is.
Anthers with only their tips exserted F. viridescens.
Forsteronia myriantha Donn. Smith. Temash River, Schipp
1315; extending to Panama. A vine 12 meters long, the stem 5 cm.
in diameter; leaves glabrous or slightly pilose; flowers greenish
yellow.
Forsteronia peninsularis Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 22:
215. 1935. Type from Maskall, Northern River, Gentle 1281.
Leaves glabrous; flowers greenish white.
Forsteronia viridescens Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 80.
1917. Tietie. Type from forest near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 450;
Middlesex, Schipp 360. A large woody vine, the trunk as much
as 5 cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked, oval to oblong, some-
what leathery, acute or acuminate, glabrous; flowers cymose-panic-
ulate, white, the corolla 3.5 mm. long.
LACMELLEA Karst.
Lacmellea edulis Karst. Cow Tree. Palo de Vaca. Rio

Blanco, N. S. Stevenson 120 (Yale 14902) Rio Grande, river bank,
;
Schipp 1234; Panama, Colombia. A

small or medium-sized tree,
as muchas 9 meters high, with trunk diameter of 25 cm.; leaves
short-stalked, oblong, acuminate, glabrous; flowers white, in dense
axillary cymes, the tube long and slender, the lobes short; fruit
globose, orange or yellow, 2 cm. long. Latex abundant; wood

soft and white. The fruit is reported to be sweet, and to be eaten
in Colombia.
MALOUETIA A. DC.
Malouetia guatemalensis (Muell. Arg.) Standl. In forest;
southward to Panama. A
glabrous tree 6-9 meters high; leaves
opposite, short-stalked, elliptic or ovate, long-acuminate, rather
leathery, glabrous; flowers white, 12 mm. long, clustered in the
leaf axils.
MANDEVILLA Lindl.
Mandevilla hirsuta (A. Rich.) Schum. M. denticulata Blake,

Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 81. 1917. Type of M. denticulata from
New Haven, Peck 696; Middlesex, Schipp S6.
Mandevilla subsagittata (A. DC.) Woodson. Echites cuspi-
Gray Herb. 52: 79. 1917. Type of E. cuspidifera
difera Blake, Contr.
from Manatee Lagoon, Peck 35.
MESECHITES Muell. Arg.

Mesechites trifida (Jacq.) Muell. Arg.
NERIUM L. Oleander
Nerium Oleander Narciso (Central America). Cultivated
L.
and perhaps becoming naturalized; native of the Old World.
ODONTADENIA Benth.
Odontadenia Hoffmannseggiana (Steud.) Woodson. 0.
speciosa Benth. Middlesex, Schipp; ranging to South America.
A large glabrous woody vine as much as 12 meters long; leaves
opposite, short-stalked, large, oblong to elliptic; flowers bright yellow,
5 cm. long, in large cymes.
Odontadenia Schippii Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:
292. 1935.Type from Camp 36, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp
S709. A woody vine 25 meters long, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter;
corolla creamy white, about 5 cm. long.
PLUMERIAL. Frangipani
Shrubs or trees with thick branches; leaves alternate, stalked;
flowers large, in terminal cymes; calyx 5-cleft; corolla salverform,
with a slender tube; fruit of 2 large divergent many-seeded pods,
the seeds flat, winged.
Leaves broadly rounded at the apex, densely tomentose beneath.

P. multiflora.
Leaves acute or acuminate, glabrous.
Corolla white P. acutifolia.
Corolla red P. rubra.
Plumeria acutifolia Poir. Jacinto Hills, Schipp S592; widely
tree of 10 meters or less, the
trunk as much as 25 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong to elliptic, 15-30
cm. long or larger; corolla 6-7 cm. long. A very handsome and showy
tree when in flower, usually blooming when leafless.
Plumeria multiflora Standl. Zopilote. Honey Camp, Lundell;
Yucatan. A shrub or small tree; leaves wedge-shaped, tapering to
the base, glabrous on the upper surface; corolla 4 cm. long.
Plumeria rubra L. Flor de Mayo
(Yucatan). Nicte (Yucatan,
Maya). Roaring Creek, Lundett; widely distributed in tropical
America, at least in cultivation. A shrub or small tree, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves elliptic-oblong; corolla red or purple, 3.5-5.5 cm.
long.
PRESTONIA R. Br.
Climbing shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, petioled; flowers in
pseudo-axillary cymes; calyx with broad or narrow sepals; corolla
salverform, with a slender tube; anthers half exserted from the
corolla; fruit of 2 long pods.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the base, almost glabrous. .P. concolor.
Leaves cordate at the base, densely pubescent P. mexicana.
Prestonia concolor (Blake) Woodson, comb. nov. Belandra
concolor Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 78. 1917. Type from low
bank of Rio Grande, Peck 953; Eldorado; Machaca. A large, some-
what woody vine; leaves stalked, oblong or oval; corolla cream-
colored, 3 cm. long.
Prestonia mexicana (A. DC.) Hemsl. Stann Creek Valley,
Schipp S7, in open grassland; Mexico and Central America. A
small woody vine; leaves almost sessile, broadly elliptic, short-
pointed, densely tawny-pubescent; corolla cream-colored, 4 cm.
long; pods thick, divaricate, 8 cm. long.
RAUWOLFIA L.
Rauwolfia canescens L. Occasional in thickets or open places;
widely distributed in tropical America. A slender shrub; leaves
small, in whorls of 3-5, oblong to elliptic-obovate, acute or obtuse
at each end, densely pubescent beneath; flowers whitish, in small

axillary cymes, the corolla 4 mm. long; drupes black, 6-8 mm. in
diameter. The fruit is said to be poisonous.
RHABDADENIA Muell. Arg.

More or less vines; leaves opposite, stalked; flowers
woody
large, in few-flowered racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelform,
the throat long-campanulate; fruit of 2 long slender pods, each seed
with a terminal tuft of hairs.
Leaves mostly oblong and acute at the base; calyx lobes obtuse.
R. paludosa.
Leaves elliptic, mostly rounded at the base; calyx lobes acuminate.
R. cordata.
Rhabdadenia cordata (Mill.) Miers. Occasional in thickets,
especially mangrove swamps; Mexico. Stems sometimes 6 meters
long, slender; leaves thin, acuminate, conspicuously veined, sparsely
pubescent beneath or almost glabrous; corolla yellow, 6-7 cm. long.
Rhabdadenia paludosa (Vahl) Miers. In mangrove swamps;
widely distributed in tropical America. A small glabrous vine;
leaves leathery, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the veins obscure;
corolla pale pink or white, 6-7 cm. long.
STEMMADENIA Benth.
Stemmadenia Donnell-Smithii (Rose) Woodson. Cojotdn.
Frequent in thickets and forest; ranging to Honduras and Salvador.
A tree as much as 15 meters high, with trunk diameter of 30 cm.,
but usually much smaller; leaves opposite, almost sessile, obovate-
oblong, acuminate, tapering to the base, almost glabrous; flowers
in small cymes; corolla buff, 3.5 cm. long; fruit heavy, consisting
of two fleshy, very thick, rounded pods 7 cm. long or larger. The
tree is conspicuous because of its unusually large fruits, which often
bend the branches sharply downward. The sticky latex is employed
in Salvador for fastening cigarette wrappers, and the plant finds
various uses in domestic medicine. Its latex contains a substance
having the same properties as gutta-percha. Wood light brown,
rather light but firm and strong, fine-textured, easy to work, not
TABERNAEMONTANA L.
Shrubs or trees, glabrous or nearly so; leaves opposite; flowers
rather small, in terminal or sublateral cymes, white or pale yellow;
calyx 5-lobed; corolla salverform, with slender tube; fruit of 2 short

fleshy pods. Wood yellowish, only moderately hard, fine-textured,
easy to work, not durable; not utilized.
Cymes conspicuously stalked T. citrifolia.
Cymes sessile or practically so T. arborea.

Tabernaemontana arborea Rose. Cojotdn. T. Schippii Standl.
Field Mus. Bot. 8: 34. 1930. Common in forest in the southern
part of the Colony; southward to Panama. A glabrous tree 10-15
meters high, with a trunk as much as 30 cm. in diameter; leaves
oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, tapering to the
base, often very lustrous on the upper surface; flowers slender-stalked,
in small clustered cymes, the corolla white, its tube almost 1 cm.
long, the spreading lobes of equal length.
Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. Cojotdn, Cojdn de Mico, Cojdn
de Perro. T. chrysocarpa Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 81. 1917
(type from Manatee Lagoon, Peck 118). Frequent in thickets or
forest; widely distributed in tropical America. Reported as a tree
of 9 meters with trunk diameter of 10 cm., but usually only a large
shrub, glabrous; leaves mostly obtuse or even rounded at the apex
and abruptly narrow-pointed, usually not lustrous; peduncles often
much elongated in fruit; flowers white.
THEVETIA Adans.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, thick; flowers large, yellow,
in terminal cymes; calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelform; fruit drupa-
ceous, broader than long, obcompressed, the endocarp nut-like,
2-celled.
Leaves minutely rough-pubescent beneath, mostly 5-8 cm. wide.
T. nitida.
Leaves glabrous, 2 cm. wide or less T. Gaumeri.
Thevetia Gaumeri Hemsl. Willow, Good-luck Seed. Acitch
(Maya). Corozal District, Honey Camp; Yucatan. A glabrous
shrub or small tree; leaves oblanceolate-linear, obtuse or acute,
lustrous; corolla 3.5-5 cm. long; fruit about 3 cm. broad.
Thevetia nitida (HBK.) A. DC. Cogotone. Cojotdn, Cojdn de
Perro, Cojdn de Mico.Common in forest and thickets; southern
Mexico to Colombia. A
shrub or tree as much as 6 meters high;
leaves short-stalked, oblanceolate-oblong, abruptly short-pointed,
dark green; flowers 2.5 cm. long; fruit fleshy, 3-6 cm. broad, bright
red or purple at maturity. In the regions where it grows, the plant
usually is regarded as poisonous.
URECHITES Muell. Arg.
Urechites Andrieuxii Muell. Arg. Honey Camp, Lundell.
ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family

ASCLEPIASL. Milkweed
Asclepias curassavica L. Potty Redhead. Viborana (Honduras).
BLEPHARODON Dene.
Blepharodon mucronatum (Schlecht.) Dene.
FISCHERIA DC.
Fischeria Briquetiana Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 139. 1932.
Type from Stann Creek Valley, Nineteen Mile, along creek banks
in partial sunlight, Schipp 962; Jacinto, Schipp S647.
FUNASTRUM Fourn.
Funastrum clausum (Jacq.) Schlecht.
Funastrum elegans (Dene.) Schlecht. Honey Camp, Lundell.
Funastrum odoratum (Hemsl.) Schlecht. Reported by Lun-
dell from the northern part of the Colony.
MARSDENIA R. Br.
Marsdenia laxiflora Donn. Smith. Sand Hill, Schipp 1027.
METASTELMA R. Br.
Metastelma pedunculate Dene.
VINCETOXICUM Walt.
Vincetoxicum cteniophorum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:
84. 1917. Type from Toledo, Peck 821.
Vincetoxicum dasystephanum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb.
52: 84. 1917. Type collected near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 323.
Vincetoxicum grandiflorum Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Publ. 461: 83. 1935. Type from Machaca, Schipp S575. Also in
Guatemala.
Vincetoxicum Lundellii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 148. 1930.
Type from Honey Camp, Lundell 540; Malfredi Lagoon, Schipp S646.
Vincetoxicum macranthum (Kunze) Standl. Stann Creek
Valley, Schipp 954.
Vincetoxicum Salvinii (Hemsl.) Standl. Temash River, on

river banks, Schipp 1355.
Vincetoxicum Schippii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 37. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, Schipp S19.
Vincetoxicum stenanthum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 255.
1929. Cuchamper (Honduras). Type from Tower Hill, Karling 27;
Honduras.
CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory Family

The family consists almost wholly of herbaceous plants. The
local exceptions are indicated in the following list.
ANISEIA Choisy
Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy. All Pines, Schipp S145.
CALONYCTION Choisy. Moon Vine
Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House. Flowers white.

Calonyction clavatum Don. Gloria de la Mariana. Corozal
District, Gentle 325. Flowers blue.
EVOLVULUS L.
Evolvulus alsinoides L.
Evolvulus nummularius L.
Evolvulus sericeus Swartz. The var. glaberrimus Robinson
(Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 400. 1910) is a glabrous form, based on Peck
372 from low pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon.
IPOMOEA L. Morning-glory
Ipomoea aegyptia L. Honey Camp.
Ipomoea aphylla Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 139. 1933.
Type from pine ridge, Cornhouse Creek, Manatee River, Bartlett
11316; All Pines, Schipp 547.
Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. Sweet Potato. Camote. Iz (Yucatan,
Maya). Cultivated and naturalized.
Ipomoea callida House. Stann Creek, Schipp 495.

Ipomoea cathartica Poir. Gloria de la Mariana. Campanitta
(Honduras).
Ipomoea cissoides (Lam.) Griseb. Kixolok (Yucatan, Maya).
Honey Camp.
Ipomoea confertiflora Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:

Type from Rio Grande, Schipp 1236.
83. 1935.
Ipomoea crassicaulis (Benth.) Robinson. Corozal, Gentle

4775. A tall erect plant with showy pink flowers, sometimes
shrub-like.
Ipomoea dasysperma Jacq.

Ipomoea Meyeri (Spreng.) Don. Camotillo. Corozal District,
Gentle 310.
Ipomoea minutiflora (Mart. & Gal.) House. All Pines.

Ipomoea Morelii Duch. & Walp. El Cayo, Chanek 175, 205,
216.
Ipomoea Nil (L.) Roth. Corozal-Xiabe Road, Gentle 841.

Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) Roth. Goatfoot Morning-glory. A
common and characteristic plant of sea beaches.
Ipomoea polyanthes Roem. & Schult. Flowers yellow.
Ipomoea quinquefolia L. White Cowslip. All Pines.
Ipomoea sagittata Lam. Pueblo Nuevo, Gentle 4896.

Ipomoea setosa Ker, var. campanulata (Hallier) House.
Caves, Stann Creek Railway, Schipp 878.
Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyrill.) Poir. Stann Creek. A strand
plant.
Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy. Hebil (Yucatan, Maya).
Ipomoea triloba L. Honey Camp.

Ipomoea tuxtlensis House. Honey Camp.
JACQUEMONTIA Choisy
Jacquemontia Houseana Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 140.
1932. Type from El Cayo, Bartlett 12928.
Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desr.) Don. El Cayo, Chanek 132.
Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) Don. San Andre's, Corozal,
Gentle 551.
Jacquemontia Perryana Duch. & Walp.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. Honey Camp.
LYSIOSTYLES Benth.
Lysiostyles sericea Standl. Machaca, Schipp 1210; Honduras.

A slender climbing shrub; leaves petiolate,
elliptic-oblong or elliptic-
ovate, obtuse or acute, glabrous above, densely sericeous beneath;
inflorescences axillary, raceme-like, few-flowered, the small flowers

greenish.
MARIPA Aubl.
Maripa nicaraguensis Hemsl. Middlesex, in forest, Schipp
S14; ranging to Nicaragua. A large woody vine, glabrous or nearly
so; leaves short-petiolate, alternate, oblong, entire, acute or acumi-
nate, obtuse at the base; flowers rather small, in stalked many-
flowered cymes; fruit large, ellipsoid, hard, indehiscent.
OPERCULINA Manso
Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meisn. Seven Fingers.
QUAMOCLIT Moench
Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Indian Creeper. Cundeamor
(Central America).
RIVEA Choisy
Rivea campanulata (L.) House. Stann Creek Valley. In
some parts of Central America the sap of this vine is employed for
coagulating rubber latex.
TURBINA Raf.
Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. Corozal District. A glabrous,
somewhat woody vine.
CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family

CUSCUTAL. Dodder
Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Malfredi Lagoon, Schipp 1161. A
slender yellow twining leafless parasite, with white flowers.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family

HYDROLEA L.
Hydrolea spinosa L. A spiny herb of wet soil; corolla blue.
BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with coarse rough pubescence;
leaves chiefly alternate, entire or toothed, without stipules; flowers
perfect, large or small, the corolla of united petals, usually 5-lobed,
regular or nearly so; ovary superior; stamens as many as the corolla
lobes and inserted alternate with them on the tube; fruit a drupe,
or of 2 or 4 dry nutlets.
Fruit dry; herbs Heliotropium.

Fruit fleshy; shrubs or trees.
Flowers in one-sided spikes or racemes, these often arranged in
cymes Tournefortia.
Flowers not in one-sided spikes or racemes.
Style twice bifid. Leaves toothed or entire; flowers sometimes
in heads or spikes; calyx often tubular or striate. .Cordia.
Style once bifid. Leaves entire; flowers in corymb-like cymes;

calyx bell-shaped, not striate.
Calyx closed in bud, in flower 2-5-lobed Beureria.
Calyx open in bud, 5-parted Ehretia.
BEURERIA Jacq.
Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire; flowers white,
in terminal corymb-like cymes; calyx campanulate, 2-5-lobed, the
lobes valvate in bud; corolla salverform; styles 2-cleft; fruit a drupe,
containing 4 hard nutlets.
Leaves densely and softly pubescent B. mollis.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so B. oxyphylla.
Beureria mollis Standl. Trop. Woods 8: 5. 1926. Black
Fiddlewood. Opay, Roble, Beheck. Type collected by Winzerling,
111.12, without locality; Hillbank, C. S. Brown. A tree; leaves
elliptic, abruptly acute or obtuse, glabrate above; branches of the
panicle tomentose; calyx 5 mm. long, densely tomentose; stamens
exserted.
Beureria oxyphylla Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 40. 1928. Roble,
Laurel, Sombra de Ternero. Sacbayeck (Maya). Type from San Jose*,
northwestern Cayo District; Honey Camp, Freshwater Creek,
Yoloch, Hillbank, Tower Hill Estate, Vaca; also in Honduras. A
small tree, almost glabrous; leaves small, chiefly oblong, sometimes
elliptic, acute or acuminate, thick; cymes mostly small and dense;
calyx pubescent or glabrate.
CORDIA L.
Shrubs or trees; leaves entire or toothed, usually with rough

pubescence, chiefly alternate; flowers small or large, in cymes, heads,
or spikes; calyx tubular or campanulate, usually 4-6-lobed; style
twice bifid; fruit a drupe.
Flowers in heads or spikes.
Flowers in small heads C. corymbosa.
Flowers in spikes.
Spikes much interrupted; leaves ovate, acuminate. C. ferruginea.
Spikes usually dense; leaves oblong or lanceolate. C. curassavica.
Flowers not in spikes or heads.
Pubescence of fine stellate hairs C. alliodora.
Flowers large, the calyx 1 cm. long or larger.
Leaves very rough C. dodecandra.
Leaves smooth, glabrous C. Gerascanthus.
Flowers small, the calyx 5 mm. long or less.
Calyx conspicuously ribbed.

Leaves rounded to acute at the apex; calyx bell-shaped.
C. alba.
Leaves long-acuminate; calyx tubular C. diversifolia.
Calyx not ribbed.
Calyx glabrous C. nitida.
Calyx pubescent.
Leaves covered beneath with a fine, pale, very dense
pubescence C. tricolor.
Leaves glabrous beneath or nearly so C. glabra.
Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Jack Wood. Chachalaco
(Honduras). Occasional in thickets; Mexico to northern South
America. A small or medium-sized tree with low, rounded or spread-
ing crown; leaves ovate to rounded, very rough, inconspicuously
toothed or almost entire; flowers white, 1 cm. long, in large panicled
cymes; calyx 3-4 mm. long; fruit white, 1 cm. long. A rather showy
tree when in blossom; abundant in the drier regions of Central
America. The translucent fruits have a sticky pulp that is extremely
sweet. They are much eaten by birds and sometimes by people.
Wood brownish, rather light, firm, fibrous, tough, not durable;
not utilized.
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Cham. Salmwood, Salaam
(Schipp). Laurel Blanco. Bohun (Maya). Frequent in forest; widely
distributed in tropical America. A large or medium-sized tree; leaves
mostly elliptic-oblong, acuminate, entire; flowerssmall, white,
fragrant, in large panicles; calyx 5 mm. long; fruit small, white.
An showy tree, because of the abundance of handsome
exceptionally
blossoms, which turn brown before they fall; common in the lowlands
of Central America. The crushed foliage has an odor suggestive of
garlic,hence the Latin name of the species. The joints of the

branchlets nearly always are swollen and inhabited by tiny ants
whose bite causes acute pain. Wood apparently of two kinds (perhaps
depending upon age of tree or locality of growth), namely, (1)
grayish or yellowish and (2) variegated brown, suggesting Walnut
(Juglans), and frequently scented when fresh; easy to work, finishes
smoothly, holds its place well when manufactured, used for logging
truck parts, piling, railway crossties, and furniture, especially
lining to repel insects.
Cordia bicolor A. DC. Big Creek, in forest, Schipp 185; ranging
to South America. A tree 9 meters high, with a trunk 12 cm. in
diameter; leaves large, rough, almost sessile, ovate-oblong, long-
acuminate, entire; flowers small, in large open panicles, white.
Gordia corymbosa (L.) Don. Occasional in thickets; Mexico
to South America. A slender shrub 3.5 meters high or less; leaves
small, almost sessile, lance-oblong, long-acuminate, toothed, rough;
flower heads less than 1 cm. in diameter, slender-stalked.
Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Kopche (Yucatan,

Maya). Frequent in thickets; Mexico to northern South America.
A stiff shrub or very small tree; leaves small, more or less toothed,
very rough; flowers small, white. There is some question as to the
proper name for this species. It has been referred incorrectly to the
Peruvian C. cylindrostachya (Ruiz & Pavon) Roem. & Schult, and
it is possible that it is distinct from true C. curassavica.
Cordia diversifolia Pavon. Tiguilote (Honduras), Upay (Guate-

mala). Sittee River and elsewhere; southern Mexico to Panama.
A shrub or a tree of 7 meters, with trunk diameter of 7 cm. leaves ;
mostly oblanceolate-oblong, entire, very rough; branches hirsute;

flowers white, in small or large panicles.
Cordia dodecandra DC. Siricote, Chackopte (Yucatan, Maya).

Frequent in the northern part of the Colony; Guatemala, Yucatan,
and Chiapas. A large tree, sometimes 30 meters high; leaves oblong
to rounded, large, entire or nearly so; flowers orange-red, 5 cm. long,
in small cymes; fruit ovoid, yellowish, 5 cm. long. The somewhat
acid fruits are edible. Heartwood brownish, often with irregular
black markings; hard, heavy, strong, medium-textured, finishes
smoothly; suitable for fine furniture and turned articles. (See
T. of T. A., pp. 516-518.)
Cordia ferruginea (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Came Asada

(Honduras). San Antonio; widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub 1.5-2.5 meters high; leaves rough on the upper surface;

flowers small, greenish white, in long spikes.
Cordia Gerascanthus L. Laurel Negro. Bohonche, Bohunche

(Maya). Occasional in forest; Yucatan Peninsula to Honduras;
West Indies. A large tree; leaves elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate,
entire; flowers white, fragrant, in dense cymes.
Gordia glabra L. Bastard Salmwood. C. collococca L. Hillbank,
Forest Home; Central America and West Indies. A tree 9-12
meters high, the trunk 30-40 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong to
obovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse to acuminate; flowers white,
fragrant, in lax panicles, the calyx 2-3 mm. long; fruit cherry-red,
almost 1 cm. long.
Cordia nitida Vahl. Sombra de Ternero (Honduras). Occasional
in forest; Central America and West Indies. A small or medium-
sized tree; leaves elliptic to oblong, entire, acute to long-acuminate;
flowers white, 5 mm. long, in small cymes; fruit creamy white,
1-1.5 cm. long.
EHRETIA L.
Ehretia tinifolia L. Roble (Yucatan). Bee (Yucatan, Maya).

Corozal, Gentle 40, 4793; Mexico, West Indies. A
small or medium-
sized tree, the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked, oblong
to ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, glabrous, entire; flowers 4 mm.
long, white, in large panicles; fruit red or purple, 5-6 mm. in diameter.
The fruit is edible.
HELIOTROPIUM L.
Heliotropium angiospermum Murr. Scorpion Tail. Nemax

(Yucatan, Maya).
Heliotropium filiforme Lehm. Maskall, Gentle 1315.
Heliotropium indicum L. Cola de Alacran (Honduras).
Nemax (Yucatan, Maya).
Heliotropium phyllostachyum Torr. Reported as collected
by Peck.
Heliotropium procumbens Mill.
TOURNEFORTIA L.
Herbs or more often shrubs, mostly reclining on other plants
or often scandent; leaves entire; flowers small, in one-sided spikes or
racemes disposed in cymes; calyx 5-parted; stamens included; fruit
drupaceous, small, containing 4 nutlets.

Leaves linear or nearly so, very obtuse, covered with a very dense,
grayish pubescence T. gnaphalodes.
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, acute or acuminate, not densely grayish-
hairy.
Branches densely hirsute T. hirsutissima.
Branches glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the base; corolla lobes obtuse.

T. tricolor.
Leaves long-attenuate at the base; corolla lobes attenuate.

T. glabra.
Tournefortia bicolor Swartz. Occasional in forest or thickets;
widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or a large woody
vine; leaves glabrous; flowers white, 8 mm. long; fruit 4 mm. long,
white.
Tournefortia glabra L. In thickets; Mexico, Central America,
West Indies. An
erect shrub 3 meters high, or often with recurved
branches; leaves large and thin, glabrate; flowers pale green, 6-7
mm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, white.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes (L.) R. Br. Sicimay (Yucatan,
Maya). Freshwater Cay, Schipp; Yucatan, Florida, West Indies;
growing on seashores. A shrub 1-1.5 meters high, covered with
whitish silky pubescence; inflorescence small, dense, almost head-like;
fruit black, 5 mm. long.
Tournefortia hirsutissima L. Occasional in thickets; widely
distributed in tropical America. A coarse shrub, often more or
less scandent, densely rough-hairy throughout.
VERBENACEAE. Teak Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes vines; leaves chiefly opposite
and simple, toothed or entire; flowers small or large, regular or very
irregular; ovary superior; calyx 2-5-lobed, the corolla 4-5-lobed;
stamens usually 4 and in pairs, sometimes 2 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe,
or dry and separating into 2 or 4 nutlets.
Leaves digitately compound Vitex.
Leaves simple.
Leaves entire.
Flowers in long simple racemes.

Plants climbing; flowers blue, rarely white; leaves rough;
fruit dry Petrea.
Plants not climbing; flowers whitish; leaves glabrous; fruit

fleshy Citkarexylum.
Flowers not in racemes.
Leaves whitish beneath; flowers in panicled spikes. Avicennia.
Leaves green; flowers not in panicled spikes.
Nutlets of the fruit united; flowers in open axillary cymes.
Clerodendron.
Nutlets distinct; flowers in terminal panicles or in dense,
axillary or lateral clusters Aegiphila.
Leaves toothed.
Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes.
Spikes or heads very dense, short, the flowers crowded
together.
Fruit a juicy drupe; shrubs Lantana.
Fruit dry; herbs, shrubs, or trees Lippia.
Spikes or racemes much elongate, the flowers remote.
Flowers sunken in pits in the rachis of the spike.
Stachytarpheta.
Flowers not sunken in the rachis.
Calyx tubular; flowers sessile Bouchea.
Calyx not tubular; flowers pediceled.
Calyx enlarged and enclosing the unarmed fruit Priva.
.
Calyx shorter than the spine-armed fruit .... Tamonea.

Flowers in cymes or panicles.
Flowers in terminal panicles Cornutia.
Flowers in axillary cymes Callicarpa.
AEGIPHILA Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves entire; corolla with a spreading
limb; stamens exserted; fruit a fleshy drupe.
Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves rounded or obtuse at the base.
A. elata.
Flowers axillary or lateral; leaves acute to attenuate at the base.

Flowers axillary, in stalked few-flowered cymes A. pauciflora.
Flowers densely clustered on the old leafless branches.
A. monstrosa.
Aegiphila elata Swartz. Stann Creek region, in thickets;
ranging to Honduras and the West Indies. A shrub or small tree,
sometimes 6 meters high, the branches often long and trailing; leaves
on very short petioles, oblong to broadly elliptic, glabrous or nearly
so; flowers pale yellow; fruit globose, deep yellow, 1 cm. long.
Aegiphila monstrosa Moldenke. Hulub (Maya). Vara Blanca

(Honduras). Honey Camp, Hillbank, El Cayo; ranging to Honduras.
A shrub or small tree with brittle pale 4-angled branches; leaves very
large and thin, long-stalked, almost glabrous; flowers pure white,
small; fruits globose, forming very dense clusters.
Aegiphila pauciflora Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 41. 1928. Type
from Vaca, western Cayo District, Duncan Stevenson 5 (Yale 11987).
Leaves small, thick, long-petiolate, acuminate, glabrate.
AVICENNIA L.
Avicennia nitida Jacq. Black Mangrove. Mangle Negro. Fre-
quent about mangrove swamps; widely distributed in tropical
America. A
shrub or rather small tree; leaves petioled, oblong,
obtuse, entire, thick, whitish and puberulent beneath; flowers small,
white, in dense panicled spikes. Heartwood dark brown, oily; very
hard, heavy, tough, of medium texture and interlocked grain, lami-
nated, durable, but tending to split apart at phloem layers in wood;
little used. (See T. of T. A., pp. 527-528.)
BOUCHEA Cham.
Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze. Corozal-Orange Walk
Road, Gentle 4856.
CALLICARPA L.
Callicarpa acuminata HBK. Pukin (Yucatan, Maya).
Occasional in thickets; Mexico to Panama. A shrub or small tree,
the pubescence of fine stellate hairs; leaves short-stalked, oblong-
acuminate, coarsely toothed; flowers small, white, in axillary
elliptic,
cymes; mm. in diameter.
fruit fleshy, black, 5
CITHAREXYLUM L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves entire or nearly so, thick; flowers

small, white, in long, slender, often drooping racemes; fruit a fleshy
drupe.
Stems round in cross section C. caudatum.
Stems 4-6-angled in cross section.
Stems 6-angled C. hexangulare.

Stems 4-angled.
Leaves narrowly oblong, narrowed to each end C. hirtellum.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, broadest near the base.
C. Donnell-Smithii.
Citharexylum caudatum L. Bird-seed, Pigeon-feed. Frequent
in thickets; Central America and West Indies. A
glabrous shrub or
tree 1.5-9 meters high; leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse; flowers
5 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. in diameter, black and shining.
Citharexylum Donnell-Smithii Greenm. Camp 31, Guate-

malan boundary, Schipp S627; Guatemala to Costa Rica. Reported
by Schipp as a tree of 18 meters, with trunk diameter of 60 cm., but
usually much smaller; stems glabrous; leaves large, long-tapering;
flowers mauve; fruit yellow.
Citharexylum hexangulare Greenm. Sac-xitch-che (Maya).

Xiabe; Rio Grande; Guatemala and southern Mexico. A tree
7 meters high or less, the trunk 5-10 cm. in diameter; leaves lanceo-
late to oblong-elliptic, acuminate, acute at the base; flowers white.
Citharexylum hirtellum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 257. 1929.

Type from Tower Hill, Karling 9; Maskall; Freshwater Creek;
Honduras. A shrub; leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, minutely
rough-pubescent.
CLERODENDRON L.
Clerodendron ligustrinum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Itzimte

(Yucatan, Maya). Corozal District, Gentle 394; Mexico and Central
America. A shrub or small tree; petiole bases thickened and per-
sistent; leaves ovate to oblong, entire, glabrous or nearly so, punctate
beneath; flowers in small axillary cymes; corolla white, with slender
tube.
CORNUTIA L.
Shrubs or small trees with brittle 4-angled branches, copiously
pubescent; leaves entire or toothed; flowers small, in large or small,
terminal panicles; corolla tube straight or curved, the limb 4-lobed;
perfect stamens 2; fruit a small globose drupe.
Corolla minutely glandular-puberulent, the tube 2 mm. thick or
less C. pyramidata.
Corolla short-villous, the tube 3 mm. thick C. grandifolia.
Cornutia grandifolia (Schlecht. & Cham.) Schauer. Cucaracho
(Honduras). Latche (Pete"n, Maya). Occasional in thickets; southern
Mexico and Central America. A shrub or small tree, sometimes
5 meters high; leaves large, ovate or elliptic, long-acuminate, entire or
nearly so, densely soft-hairy; flowers violet, 1.5 cm. long, in large
panicles. Wood brownish, fairly heavy and hard, coarse-textured,
with harsh feel, not durable; rays very distinct; not utilized.
Cornutia pyramidata L. Tzultesnuk (Maya). Occasional in
thickets; Yucatan, Central America, West Indies. A shrub or tree,
sometimes 10 meters high, with a trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves
minutely and closely pubescent. Both these species are handsome
plants when loaded with their brightly colored flowers.
LANTANA L. Lantana
Shrubs with 4-angled branches; leaves petioled, toothed; flowers
small, brightly colored, in long or short and head-like, axillary spikes;
and juicy.
fruits small
Stems armed with prickles; bracts of the spikes linear or lanceolate.
L. Camara.
Stems unarmed; bracts mostly ovate.
Leaves chiefly in whorls of 3, acuminate L. trifolia.
Leaves opposite, commonly obtuse L. involucrata.

Lantana Camara L. Cinco negritos (Central America generally) .
Petekin (Yucatan, Maya). Common in thickets; widely distributed

coarse hairy shrub; leaves opposite, ovate;
spikes short and head-like, long-stalked; corolla usually yellow at
first but soon turning red; fruit of 4 black juicy drupes, suggesting a
small blackberry. One of the most common weedy shrubs of Central
America; often cultivated for ornament in temperate regions. The
flowers exhibit great variation in their coloring, those of some plants
being permanently yellow, and of others red from the first.
Lantana involucrata L. Sage. Zacilhaxiu (Yucatan, Maya).
stiff shrub about a meter high; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate,
puberulent or tomentose beneath; flowers lilac or white, in stalked

head-like spikes; fruit blue.
Lantana trifolia L. Juanilama (Honduras). Occasional in
shrub a meter
high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough; flower spikes elongated, the
corollas purple; fruit purple.
LIPPIA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves opposite or ternate, toothed

or rarely entire; flowers small, in heads or spikes, bracted; calyx
2-4-toothed; stamens 4; fruit dry, 2-celled, included in the calyx.
Erect shrubs or trees.

Flower heads 4 or more at each node, on long slender stalks.
L. myriocephala.
Flower heads 1-2 at each node, on short stalks L. alba.
Herbs, usually procumbent or prostrate.

Leaves oblong-linear; stems densely and coarsely strigose.
L. stoechadifolia.
Leaves obovate-oblong to rhombic-ovate; stems not conspicuously
strigose.
Leaves oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, broadest above the
middle L. nodiflora.
Leaves rhombic-ovate, broadest at or below the middle.
Leaves very obtuse, with spreading acute teeth .L. reptans.
. . .
Leaves mostly acute or acuminate, with appressed obtuse

teeth L. dulcis.
Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown. All Pines, secondary forest;

Mexico to northern South America. A slender erect shrub, usually
a meter high or less; leaves lanceolate or ovate-oblong, crenate,
scabrous, mostly acute; flower heads little longer than the petioles,
globose or in fruit cylindric corolla pale purple.
; The plant is strongly
aromatic, and is much used
in tropical America for medicinal pur-
poses, being frequently grown in gardens for the purpose.
Lippia dulcis Trev. Orozuz (Yucatan). Xtuhuexiu (Yucatan,

Maya). El Cayo, Bartlett. Plants normally herbaceous but often
somewhat woody.
Lippia myriocephala Schlecht. & Cham. Tatascamite (Guate-
mala). El Cayo, Bartlett 13008; Mexico to Salvador. A tree, the
trunk sometimes 15 cm. in diameter; leaves lanceolate or lance-
oblong, long-acuminate, entire or serrate; flowers lilac, the heads
globose or often cylindric, 5-7 mm. thick.
Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.
Lippia reptans HBK. Honey Camp.
Lippia stoechadifolia (L.) HBK. Te cimarron (Pete"n). Tower
Hill Estate, Karling 26.
PETREA L. Purple-wreath
Petrea arborea HBK. Bejuco de Caballo (Yucatan). Opptzimin
(Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets; Mexico to South America.
A large woody vine; leaves short-stalked, elliptic-oblong to obovate,
obtuse or acute, entire, rough; flowers blue, in long drooping racemes;

corolla small, the calyx lobes 1.5-2 cm. long. One of the handsomest
of all Central American plants, because of its abundance of blue
flowers, the color depending chiefly on the calyx lobes, which retain
their color for a long time. A
form with white flowers (f albiflora .
Standl.) has been found on the Sittee River by Schipp, No. 727.
PRIVA Adans.
Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Mozotillo (Honduras).
STACHYTARPHETA Vahl
Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl. Honey Camp;
New Town; Yucatan; Cuba.
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L. Rich.) Vahl. Wanche, Camak
olal (Maya). San Diego, Verbena (Pete*n). Plants herbaceous, or
often somewhat shrubby and as much as a meter high; flowers blue
or purple, in long slender spikes. A
decoction of the plant is used
in the South Cayo District as a remedy for dysentery.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Verbena (Yucatan).

Ibinxiu (Yucatan, Maya).
Stachytarpheta miniata Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 170. 1935.
Type from Freshwater Creek Reserve, R. S. Petty 14.

TAMONEA Aubl.
Tamonea curassavica (L.) Pers. Chanxnuk (Yucatan, Maya).
Plants commonly herbaceous, but sometimes becoming slightly
woody. Known in Central America only from this region.
VITEX L.
Trees; leaves opposite, digitately compound, the leaflets entire;

flowers in axillary cymes or terminal panicles; calyx bell-shaped,
5-toothed; corolla with a short tube and somewhat 2-lipped limb;
fruita small or large drupe. Wood yellowish or brownish, moder-
ately hard and heavy, strong, medium-textured, fairly straight-
grained, easy to work, holds its place well when manufactured, is
rather durable; used locally for cattle yokes; is suitable for carpentry
and general construction.
Leaflets pale beneath and densely tomentose V . Gaumeri.
Leaflets green beneath, glabrous or nearly so V. Kuylenii.
Vitex Gaumeri Greenm. Blue Blossom, Fiddlewood, Monkey
Fiddle. Yaxnik (Maya). Frequent in forest; Yucatan. A tree 15-18
meters high, the trunk 20-60 cm. in diameter; leaflets 5-7, long-
stalked, acute or obtuse; flowers small, blue, in large or small pan-
icles; fruit yellow, 1.5 cm. in diameter. A
handsome and showy tree
when in flower. The specimens placed here are somewhat variable,
but probably represent a single species.
Vitex Kuylenii Standl. Fiddlewood. Forest Home and elsewhere,
growing on stream banks; Guatemala. A tree 12 meters high, the
trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaflets slender-stalked, leathery, lance-
oblong, acuminate; flowers pale blue; fruit yellow.
LABIATAE. Mint Family

COLEUS Lour. Coleus
Coleus Blumei Benth. Manto de la Reina (Honduras). Culti-

vated for its ornamental foliage, and perhaps becoming naturalized ;
native of tropical Asia.

HYPTIS Jacq.
Hyptis americana (Aubl.) Urban.

Hyptis brevipes Poit.
Hyptis capitata Jacq.

Hyptis lantanifolia Poit.
Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Xoltexnuc (Yucatan, Maya).

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Oregano.
Hyptis savannarum Briq.
Hyptis verticillata Jacq. John Charles Weed. Verbena (Hon-
duras) .
Frequent in thickets widely distributed in tropical America.
;
A slender shrub 1-1.5 meters high, almost glabrous; leaves small,

lanceolate, sharply toothed; flowers very small, white, in long in-
terrupted spike-like racemes. According to Schipp, the crushed
leaves are placed by the Caribs in hens' nests to drive away vermin.
Throughout Central America the plant is a favorite domestic remedy
for innumerable ailments. In the Canal Zone, where the West
Indians give it the same name that is employed in British Honduras,
the plant is so popular a remedy that it formerly was sold for medici-
nal purposes in the government commissaries.
LEONURUS L.
Leonurus sibiricus L. Corozal District; introduced from the
Old World.
MARSYPIANTHES Mart.
Marsypianthes Chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze. Honey Camp.
OCIMUML. Basil
Ocimum micranthum Willd. Barsley, Baisley. Albahaca

(Central America). Cacaltun (Yucatan, Maya).
SALVIA L.
Sal via micrantha Vahl. Reported by Lundell from the north-

ern part of the Colony.
Salvia miniata Fernald. Collected by Schipp.
Salvia obscura Benth. Stann Creek.
SCUTELLARIA L.
Scutellaria chalicophila Loes. Esperanza Road, Schipp S723.

Scutellaria longifolia Benth. Camp 36, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S712.
TEUCRIUM L.
Teucrium inflatum Swartz.
SOLANACEAE. Potato Family
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often armed with prickles, the pubes-

cence frequently of branched hairs; leaves alternate or sometimes
opposite, without stipules, simple or compound; flowers perfect,
small or large and showy, variously arranged, regular or nearly so;
corolla of united petals; stamens normally 5, inserted on the corolla
tube; fruit a berry or a capsule. Woods light-colored, soft to mod-
erately hard, fine-textured, not durable; not utilized.
Fruit a capsule. Plants herbaceous.
Capsule not spiny.
Fertile stamens 5; tall herbs with broad leaves Nicotiana.
Fertile stamens 2 or 4; small herbs with narrow leaves.
Schwenkia.
Capsule covered with stout spines Datura.
Fruit a berry.
Calyx becoming much enlarged and inflated, enclosing the berry.

Herbs Physalis.
Calyx not inflated.
Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform.

Corolla about 5 cm. long; epiphytic shrubs. .Merinthopodium.
Corolla less than 3 cm. long; plants not epiphytic. . . .Oestrum.
Corolla bell-shaped or saucer-shaped.
Leaves pinnately parted to the midrib. Herbs . .
.Lycopersicon.
Leaves entire or lobed, not parted to the midrib.
Anthers free, dehiscent by longitudinal slits. Calyx trun-
cate Capsicum.
Anthers connivent.
Connective of the anther thickened dorsally; leaves
dimorphous, the lower ones deeply pinnate-lobed,
the upper entire. Unarmed shrubs. .Cyphomandra.
.
Connective of the anther not thickened; leaves not as

described above.
Calyx lobed Solatium.
Calyx truncate but usually with 10 appendages on the

outer surface. Plants unarmed Lycianthes.
CAPSICUM L. Red Pepper

Capsicum annuum L. Red Pepper. Chile. Aji. Ic (Maya).
Cultivated in numerous varieties.
Capsicum escuintlense (Coult.) Standl. Stann Creek Valley.
A large coarse herb, or sometimes somewhat shrubby.
Capsicum frutescens L. Chile. Maaxic (Yucatan, Maya).
A wild form of the red pepper, with exceedingly pungent fruits;
cultivated and also wild, the plants herbaceous or often shrubby.
Capsicum frutescens L. var. baccatum (L.) Irish.
CESTRUM L.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves petiolate, large or small, entire;

flowers clustered in the leaf axils or in small cymes; corolla white
or greenish, tubular; fruit a small berry.
Leaves acute to long-attenuate at the base C. macrophyllum.
Leaves rounded or very obtuse at the base.
Flowers 15 mm. long C. panamense.
Flowers 20-25 mm. long C. nocturnum.
Cestrum macrophyllum Vent. Middlesex, in forest; widely

distributed in tropical America. A shrub 3 meters high or less;
leaves large, elliptic-oblong; flowers greenish white, often clustered

on old naked branches; berries white or purple.
Oestrum nocturnum L. Night Bloom. Sopillo. Puta de
Noche. Huele de noche (Central America). Akabyom (Yucatan,
Maya). Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica. A slender glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic to
oblong, acute; flowers pale green; berries white. The flowers are
strongly fragrant, especially at night.
Oestrum panamense Standl. Dama de Noche.
Thickets or
forest; ranging to Panama. Anearly glabrous shrub or small tree,
9 meters high or less, the trunk as much as 30 cm. in diameter;
leaves thin, lance-oblong, long-acuminate; flowers pale green; berries
white.
GYPHOMANDRA Sendtn.
Cyphomandra mollicella Standl. Occasional in thickets;

southward to Panama. A tree-like shrub 2-3 meters high, or only
herbaceous; leaves dimorphous, large, the lower ones pinnately
lobed, the upper broadly ovate and entire, finely pubescent beneath
or almost glabrous; flowers green, in few-flowered one-sided racemes,
these recurved and elongating in age; fruit a large berry.
DATURA L.
The large-flowered shrubby angel-trumpet, D. Candida (Pers.)

Pasq., doubtless is planted for ornament.
Datura Stramonium L.
LYCIANTHES Hassler
Unarmed shrubs or herbs, often climbing; leaves frequently

very unequal; calyx truncate, often furnished with 5-10 short or
long, filiform appendages; fruit a small berry.
Leaves densely covered beneath with a minute, very close, stellate,
whitish tomentum L. hypoleuca.
Leaves green beneath, the pubescence, if any, sparse and coarse.
Calyx truncate, without appendages.
Leaves very unequal, lustrous, the smaller ones rounded at
the apex L. nitida.
Leaves almost equal in size, all of them acute or acuminate.
L. synanthera.
Calyx with conspicuous linear appendages.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; calyx glabrate.

L. variifolia.
Leaves acute or acuminate; calyx densely stellate-tomentose
or hirsute.
Calyx stellate-tomentose L. sideroxyloides.
Calyx densely covered with long brown slender hairs.

L. vulpina.
Lycianthes hypoleuca Standl.

Trop. Woods 9: 12. 1927.
Type from Orange Walk District, Winzerling V.14. A slender vine;
leaves bright green above, glabrate; calyx truncate; fruit red, globose,
7-8 mm. in diameter.
Lycianthes nitida Bitter. Stann Creek Valley, along mountain
stream, Schipp S303; Guatemala and Honduras. A
glabrous shrub
1-1.5 meters high; larger leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute to
attenuate at the base, the smaller ones rounded and several times
shorter; corolla pale purplish green; berries red. The shrub is some-
times epiphytic and sometimes terrestrial.
Lycianthes sideroxyloides (Schlecht.) Bitter. Frequent in

thickets; southern Mexico. A small or large woody vine; leaves
ovate or elliptic, sparsely or more often densely stellate-pubescent;
flowers small, white, clustered in the leaf axils, on short or long
pedicels.
Lycianthes synanthera (Sendtn.) Bitter. Honey Camp;

Central America. A
slender shrub, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
slender-petiolate, elliptic to oblong; flowers solitary or in pairs in
the leaf axils, on long pedicels; berries 1 cm. in diameter.
Lycianthes variifolia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 259. 1929.
Frequent in thickets; type from Tower Hill, Karling 13. A small

or large vine; leaves ovate to rounded, thin, sparsely or rather
densely stellate-pubescent, entire, slender-petiolate; flowers solitary
or in pairs.
Lycianthes vulpina Standl. Dolores, in forest, Schipp S499;

Honduras. A large slender vine, densely covered with long brown
branched hairs; leaves asymmetric, oblong to ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate; flowers white.
LYCOPERSICON Mill.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tomato. Tomate. Ppac

(Maya). Cultivated and also wild, but not native, probably, in
this region.
MERINTHOPODIUM Donn. Smith

Merinthopodium neuranthum (Hemsl.) Donn. Smith. M.
leptesthemum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 86. 1917. Fair View,
an epiphyte in forest, Schipp S389; type of M. leptesthemum from
Toledo, epiphytic on a palm, Peck 508; southward to Costa Rica.
A small epiphytic shrub; leaves alternate, oblong to obovate, entire,
glabrous, acuminate; flowers few, at the apex of a short branch,
long-pediceled; corolla green, 5 cm. long. It may be that M. leptes-
themum is a distinct species, but the Schipp collection appears to
be no different from material collected in other parts of Central
America.
NICOTIANA L.
Nicotiana Tabacum L. Tobacco. Tabaco. Kutz (Maya).
Cultivated and sometimes escaping.
PHYSALIS L. Ground-cherry
Physalis angulata L.
Physalis ixocarpa Brot.
Physalis Lagascae Roem. & Schult. Pacunilek (Yucatan,
Maya).
Physalis pubescens L. Farolito (Yucatan). Paccanil (Yuca-
tan, Maya).
SCHWENKIA L.
Schwenkia americana L. All Pines, Schipp 686.

Schwenkia angustifolia Benth. Reported as collected by
Peck.
Schwenkia hirta Klotzsch. Reported as collected by Peck.
Schwenkia oxycarpa Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 40.
1910. Type from open damp ground near Sibun River, Peck 417a.
SOLANUM L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, often armed with prickles, the

pubescence frequently of branched hairs; leaves mostly simple but
often deeply lobed; flowers variously arranged, the corolla saucer-
shaped and 5-lobed; fruit a small or large berry.
Anthers elliptic or cylindric, obtuse, the pores usually anterior;
plants unarmed.
Leaves composed of 3 leaflets S. phaseoloides.
Leaves simple.
Flowers in sessile umbels S. Peckii.
Flowers in stalked umbels or cymes.
Plants herbaceous; leaves pubescent S. nigrum.
Plants woody; leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers in umbels S. nudum.
Flowers in many-flowered cymes S. Schippii.
Pubescence of branched hairs.
Leaves sessile or nearly so S. salviifolium.
Leaves conspicuously petiolate.

Flowers in short-stalked umbels.
Calyx lobed almost to the base .S. Lundellii.
Calyx very shallowly lobate S. limitaneum.

Flowers in long-stalked many-flowered cymes.
Ovary glabrous S. bicolor.
Ovary and fruit pubescent.

Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, mostly 6 cm. wide or less,
long-attenuate to the base S. asperum.
Leaves chiefly ovate and much broader, rounded to acute
at the base S. verbascifolium.
Anthers elongate, attenuate to the apex, the pores posterior or ter-
minal; plants normally armed with prickles.
Plants climbing shrubs, the prickles short and recurved.
Bristles of the stem with a tuft of hairs at the apex.
S. Donnell-Smithii.
Bristles without hairs at the apex.
Branches densely stellate-pubescent S. lanceifolium.
Branches glabrous or nearly so.

Leaves petioled, not cuneate at the base S. Houstoni.
Leaves almost sessile, cuneate at the base. .S. jamaicense.

Plants not climbing; prickles not recurved.
Branches glabrous or nearly so. Plants herbaceous.
S. aculeatissimum.
Branches densely stellate-pubescent.
Plants herbaceous.
Leaves shallowly lobed; fruiting peduncles recurved.
S. guanicense.
Leaves deeply bipinnatifid; fruiting peduncles erect.

S. cornutum.
Plants shrubs; leaves entire or shallowly lobed.
Fruit densely pilose with very long, soft hairs. .S. hirtum.
Fruit glabrous.
Leaves coarsely and densely white-woolly beneath.
S. Hartwegii.
Leaves rather closely stellate-tomentose with tawny or
brownish hairs S. diversifolium.
Solatium aculeatissimum Jacq. El Cayo.
Solan um asperum Rich. Frequent in thickets; widely dis-
shrub or small tree, reported
(perhaps incorrectly) as sometimes 7.5 meters high; leaves very
rough, entire, long-acuminate; flowers white.
Solan urn bicolor Willd. Corozal District; widely distributed
in tropical America. A large shrub; leaves entire or nearly so.
Solanum cornutum Lam. Ixpahalcan (Yucatan, Maya).
Reported as collected by Peck; Mexico and northern Central Amer-
ica. Acoarse weedy herb, armed throughout with long yellow
prickles, more or less hairy with long branched hairs; flowers large,
yellow, in few-flowered cymes; berry enclosed in the large prickly
calyx.
Solanum diversifolium Schlecht. Friega-plato (Honduras).
Occasional in thickets; Mexico and Central America. A
prickly
shrub 1-2 meters high; leaves broad, angled and shallowly lobed;
flowers white; berries yellow, 1 cm. in diameter. The large flannel-
like leaves of this and some other species are employed for clean-
ing dirty dishes, hence the Spanish name cited.
Solanum Donnell-Smithii Coult. Huevo deGato (Honduras).

Collected by Peck; Mexico to Costa Rica. A large woody vine;
leaves oblong to elliptic, usually lobed, prickly beneath; fruit large,
orange.
Solanum guanicense Urban. Malfredi Lagoon, Schipp 1175.
Solanum Hartwegii Benth. Honey Camp; Mexico and Cen-
tralAmerica. A shrub, the branches often unarmed; leaves green
above, with wavy or shallowly lobed margins, often somewhat
cordate at the base; flowers blue or violet.
Solanum hirtum Vahl. Shumpa. Puibalam (Yucatan, Maya).
Corozal District; widely distributed in tropical America. An herb
or shrub about a meter high, densely armed with long straight

prickles; leaves angled and shallowly lobed, densely tomentose
beneath; fruit orange-colored, 2 cm. in diameter.
Solatium jamaicense Mill. Belize-Sibun Road, Gentle 21;
widely distributed in tropical America. A densely prickly shrub,
often with elongate branches; leaves very densely stellate-pubes-
cent, elliptic or rhombic, angled or shallowly lobed; flowers small,
white; berries orange-red.
Solanum Houston! Dunal. Sosumbra. Stann Creek Valley;
Belize District; Mexico to Salvador; Cuba. A large vine, armed
on parts with short recurved prickles; leaves irregularly lobed,
all
small and narrow; flowers white, in small umbels or racemes; berries

small, red.
Solanum lanceifolium Jacq. Stann Creek Valley, in swampy
small or large,
woody vine, similar to the preceding; leaves densely stellate-pubes-
cent beneath; corolla white; berries red.
Solanum limitaneum Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 85. 1935. Type collected in forest, Camp 33, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S681. A scandent unarmed shrub 10 meters
long, the stout branches covered with a dense brown stellate
tomentum; leaves oblong-ovate, entire, acuminate, rounded at the
base; fruit glabrous, 1.5 cm. in diameter.
SolanumLundellii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 42. 1930.
Type from Roaring Creek, Lundell 324; Chiapas. Apparently a
woody vine, densely stellate-pubescent; leaves short-petioled, ovate-
oblong, acuminate, entire, very unequal at the base.
Solanum nigrum L. Bocano. Yerbamora (Yucatan). Pahal-
can (Yucatan, Maya). Usually known as Black Nightshade. In
some parts of Central America the young shoots are cooked and
eaten as a vegetable.
Solanum nudum HBK. Yerba de barrer. Frequent in thickets;
Mexico and Central America. An almost glabrous shrub 1-2 meters
high; reported from British Honduras, but probably in error, as
a tree of 9 meters; leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate, acute, entire;
flowers small, greenish white, in short-stalked lateral umbels; berries
small, black. The crushed leaves have an offensive odor.
Solanum Peckii Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 87. 1917. Type
from Monkey River, Peck 585.
Solanum phaseoloides Polak. Esperanza Road, Schipp S727.
Solatium salviifolium Lam. Big Creek, Schipp 172; widely

slender shrub; leaves oblong-
ovate, entire, acute or acuminate, green above, very white beneath;
flowers small, white.
Solatium Schippii Standl. Type from Machaca, open forest,
Schipp S584. An unarmed shrub a meter high, glabrous; leaves
alternate, unequal, obovate or obovate-elliptic, acute, entire; flowers
white, secund.
Solatium verbascifolium L. Friega-plato (Honduras). Tom-
paap (Yucatan, Maya). Honey Camp; widely distributed in tropi-
cal America. A
shrub or small tree 2-4 meters high; leaves entire,
acuminate, very soft and flannel-like, densely stellate-pubescent;
flowers white; fruit yellow, globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family

Unless otherwise indicated, local plants of this family are herbs.
ALECTRA Thunb.
Alectra melampyroides (Rich.) Kuntze. Toledo, open pasture,
Schipp 1082.
ANGELONIA Humb. & Bonpl.
Angelonia Amer. Acad. 45: 400. 1910.
ciliaris Robinson, Proc.
Type collected near Sibun River, Peck 417; numerous collections
have been received recently. An herb, 60 cm. high or less, flowers
described as blue or lavender.
BACOPA Aubl.
Bacopa lacertosa Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 140. 1932.

Type from All Pines, in swamp, Schipp 763. Hillbank, Petty 52;
Northern River, Gentle 915.
Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst.
Bacopa naias Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 141. 1932. Type
from All Pines, in swampy places, Schipp 610.
Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.

Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.
BUCHNERA L.
Buchnera pusilla HBK.

CAPRARIA L.
Capraria biflora L. Claudiosa (Yucatan). Pasmoxiu (Pete*n).

DERMATOCALYX Oerst.
Dermatocalyx parviflorus Oerst. Tietie. Toledo District;

Guatemala to Panama. A
Sittee River; large glabrous woody vine,
the stems as muchas 5 cm. thick; leaves opposite, petioled, leathery,
elliptic to obovate, short-pointed; flowers densely clustered in the
leaf axils. The specific determination is questionable, since the
local specimens do not agree too well with those collected farther
south, but the available material is not complete enough to
determine whether a distinct species is involved.
GERARDIA L.
Gerardia albida (Britt. & Penn.) Standl., comb. nov. Agalinis
albida Britt. & Penn. All Pines, Schipp 614. A West Indian species,
unknown elsewhere on the continent.
Gerardia maritima Raf. var. grandiflora Benth. All Pines,
Schipp 591; Honey Camp, Lundell 587. The genus is unknown
elsewhere in Central America.
ILYSANTHES Raf.
Ilysanthes rotundifolia Benth. All Pines.
RUSSELIA Jacq.
Russelia campechiana Standl. Apparently frequent in the
northern part of the Colony; a species known only from the Yuca-
tan Peninsula.
Russelia polyedra Zucc. Seine Bight, along beach, Schipp 671.
Russelia sarmentosa Jacq. Honey Camp region.
Russelia verticillata HBK. Honey Camp.
SCOPARIA L.
Scoparia dulcis L. Anise-seed Bush. Escobilla (Honduras).
STEMODIA L.
Stemodia maritima L.
Stemodia parviflora Ait.
Stemodia pusilla Benth.
TORENIA L.
Torenia Crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schlecht. Honey Camp,

Lundell.
VANDELLIA L.
Vandellia diffusa L. Big Creek, Schipp.
BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family

Trees or woody vines; leaves alternate or opposite, simple or
compound, the terminal leaflet often replaced by a tendril; flowers
large and showy; corolla of united petals, usually funnelform, the
calyx inferior and of united sepals; stamens 4, inserted on the corolla
tube alternate with the lobes, a fifth sterile stamen usually present;
fruit capsular or baccate, usually very large.
Plants erect; leaves never with tendrils.
Leaves simple; fruit gourd-like.
Leaves fascicled, narrowly oblanceolate; seeds compressed,

thin; flowers borne mostly on the trunk and large branches.
Crescentia.
Leaves alternate, mostly oblong or oblanceolate; seeds thick;
flowers chiefly in the leaf axils Enattagma.
Leaves compound; fruit not gourd-like.
Leaves bipinnate; flowers blue; fruit almost as broad as long.
Jacaranda.
Leaves digitately compound; flowers not blue; fruit elongate.
Leaflets 3; petiole winged Parmentiera.

Leaflets 5; petiole not winged Tabebuia.
Plants woody vines; leaves often with tendrils.
Tendrils compressed at the apex, terminating in sharp-pointed
hooks. Flowers yellow.
Calyx truncate Bignonia.

Calyx deeply cleft on one side, spathe-like Macfadyena.
Tendrils without sharp hooks at the apex.
Calyx apparently double, with 2-3 interior lobe-like appendages.

Flowers purple or pink; leaflets minutely scaly beneath.
Amphilophium.
Calyx simple, not appendaged.
Calyx deeply cleft on one side or else 2-lipped. Pods linear.
Calyx deeply cleft on one side; flowers 8 cm. long, yellow.

Callichlamys.
Calyx 2-Iipped; flowers less than 5 cm. long Lundia.
Calyx truncate or equally short-toothed.

Corolla deeply 2-lipped, 1.5 cm. long or less. .Tynnanthus.
Corolla not or only obscurely 2-lipped, usually much more
than 1.5 cm. long.
Stipules conspicuous, broad and leaf-like or narrow and
almost as broad as long, or elongate
bristle-like; fruit
and covered with flexible spines, or sometimes linear.
Fruit linear Pleonotoma.
Fruit oblong to oval or rounded.
Fruit covered with spines Clytostoma.
Fruit unarmed Anemopaegma.
Stipules small and inconspicuous; fruit linear or oblong,
unarmed.
Calyx broad and spreading, more or less saucer-
shaped; corolla tomentose on the lobes only.
Petastoma.
Calyx campanulate or more or less tubular, not with
a spreading limb; corolla glabrous outside or
pubescent on the tube as well as on the lobes.
Tube of the corolla long and slender, little dilated
upward, the corolla 7-8.5 cm. long .Tanaedum.
Tube of the corolla relatively short, conspicuously
dilated upward, usually much shorter.
Disk none Cydista.
Disk present at the base of the ovary.
Calyx conspicuously glandular outside.
Adenocalymna.
Calyx not glandular outside.
Leaflets stellate-tomentose on the upper sur-
face when young, usually 3 .Saldanhaea.
.
Leaflets not stellate-tomentose on the upper

surface, usually 2 Arrabidaea.
ADENOCALYMNA Mart.
Woody vines, provided with tendrils; leaves usually with 2

and showy, in chiefly axillary, few-flowered
leaflets; flowers large
racemes; calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, usually bearing
numerous glands outside; capsule compressed, oblong or linear.
Leaflets dotted beneath with numerous large glands. .A. punctifolium.

Leaflets not glandular beneath A. heterophyllum.
Adenocalymna heterophyllum Standl. Collected by Gentle
at Maskall and San Andre's; Yucatan. Leaflets 2 or 3, large, elliptic
or broadly ovate, acute to rounded at the apex, glabrous or sparsely
and minutely lepidote; calyx truncate, 6-7 mm. long; corolla 6-7.5
cm. long, densely tomentulose outside; capsule oblong-linear, 3 cm.
wide.
Adenocalymna punctifolium Blake. Zoh-bach (Yucatan,

Maya). Honey Camp, Middlesex; Yucatan and Guatemala. A
large woody vine, the stems as much as 5 cm. in diameter; leaflets
2, oblong-ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, short-hairy beneath
and dotted with large glands; corolla creamy white, 4 cm. long,
puberulent; calyx toothed, densely puberulent.
AMPHILOPHIUM Kunth
Small or large, woody vines; leaves with 2 or 3 leaflets, the
terminal leaflet often replaced by a tendril; flowers large and showy,
pink and white, in small terminal panicles; calyx campanulate,
the limb broad and sinuate, bearing 2 or 3 lobe-like appendages within ;
corolla bilabiate; capsule oblong-elliptic, compressed but thick,

smooth.
Leaflets finely stellate-pubescent beneath A. molle.
Leaflets merely lepidote beneath, or often barbate along the costa.
A. paniculatum.
Amphilophium molle Schlecht. & Cham. San Joaquin,
Gentle 812; Mexico and Central America. Closely related to the
next species, and perhaps not specifically distinct from it.
Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) HBK. Occasional in

thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. Usually a small
vine; leaflets 2-3, rounded-ovate, short-acuminate, often cordate at
the base, minutely lepidote beneath; flowers pinkish white, 3-4 cm.
long; calyx bearing 2-3 lobe-like appendages within; capsule oblong-
elliptic, smooth, 8-10 cm. long, 4 cm. wide.
ANEMOPAEGMA Mart.
Anemopaegma belizeanum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 91.
1917. Type from the bank of Rio Grande, Peck 957; San Andre's;
Jacinto Creek. A woody vine; leaflets 2, oval or ovate-oblong,
obtusely short-acuminate, rounded-cuneate at the base, impressed-
lepidote; racemes about 3-flowered, axillary; calyx subtruncate;

corolla yellow, almost 6 cm. long, glabrous outside. The specific
name was published as "balizeanum."
ARRABIDAEA DC.
Woody vines; leaflets 2-3, entire, the terminal one often replaced
by a tendril; flowers large or small, in chiefly terminal panicles;
calyx bell-shaped, truncate or with 5 small teeth; corolla funnel-
form-campanulate; capsule linear, obcompressed.
Leaflets pale beneath, covered with a very dense, minute tomentum.
A. Lundellii.
Leaflets green beneath, glabrous or nearly so.
Calyx 2 cm. long A. belizensis.
Calyx 4-5 mm. long A. floribunda.

Arrabidaea belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 48. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 284. A woody vine 9 meters
long, the stems 7 cm. in diameter; leaflets broadly elliptic, abruptly
short-acuminate, rounded at the base, glabrous above, tufted
beneath in the axils of the nerves; corolla purple, sparsely puberulent,
5 cm. long. The generic position of this plant is uncertain.
Arrabidaea floribunda (HBK.) Loes. Zacak (Yucatan, Maya).
All Pines, open forest, Schipp; southern Mexico. A small or large
vine; leaflets 2-3, elliptic to broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, glabrous;
corolla purple, almost 2 cm. long, densely puberulent; panicles large
and many-flowered; capsules linear, about 20 cm. long. The foliage
turns purple-red when dried.
Arrabidaea Lundellii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 48. 1930.

Tietie. Type from Honey Camp, Lundell 56; Campeche. A large
woody vine, climbing to the tops of tall trees; leaflets broadly ovate,
obtuse to acuminate, green on the upper surface; calyx truncate;
corolla 2.5 cm. long; stems sometimes 15 cm. in diameter.
BIGNONIA L.
Bignonia dasyonyx Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 93. 1917.

Type from Toledo, in forest, Peck 919; Honey Camp(?). A large
woody vine; tendrils ending in 3 sharp-pointed claw-like hooks;
leaflets 2, ovate, acute, subcordate, soft-pilose; flowers pedicellate
in the leaf axils, solitary or in 2's; calyx somewhat inflated, large,
green; corolla yellow, 5.5 cm. long, glabrous.
CALLICHLAMYS Miq.
Callichlamys latifolia (A. Rich.) Schum. Tabebuia speciosa
Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 49. 1930. Middlesex, in forest, Schipp
S51, type of T. speciosa; Panama to Brazil. A
woody vine as much
as 15 meters long, the trunk 7 cm. thick; leaflets usually 3, large,
elliptic, thick, almost glabrous; flowers bright yellow, 8 cm. long,
in short racemes; capsule oblong, woody, 15 cm. long and 6 cm. wide.
CLYTOSTOMA Miers
Small or large, woody vines; leaflets usually 2, broad or narrow,
acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers large and showy, in few-
flowered, terminal or axillary clusters; calyx dentate, campanulate;
capsule oval or oblong, woody, compressed, very densely covered
with long flexible spines.
Leaflets narrowly lance-oblong; corolla 6-7.5 cm. long. . .C. elegans.
Leaflets elliptic or obovate-elliptic; corolla 5-5.5 cm. long.

C. mayanum.
Clytostoma elegans Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:

86. 1935.Type from river bank, Rio Grande, Schipp 1127; Northern
River, Gentle 1350. A
vine 12 meters long; leaflets about 12 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide; calyx 7-8 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so,
the teeth subulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; corolla pink, sparsely
villosulous outside; immature (?) fruit 3 cm. long.
Clytostoma mayanum Standl. Corozal District, high ridge,

Gentle 441; Pete"n. Leaflets 7-10 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide; calyx
5 mm. long, glabrous, minutely and remotely denticulate; corolla
white, sparsely lepidote outside.
CRESCENTIA L.
Crescentia Cujete L. Calabash, Wild Calabash. Jicara, Guiro.

Luch, Huaz (Maya) Planted and also wild in thickets or open forest
. ;
widely distributed in tropical America. A small tree with thick

spreading branches; leaves clustered on short spurs, oblanceolate or
spatulate, small; flowers green and brown-purple, 5-8 cm. long,
borne on the trunk and larger branches. The fruits, which resemble
gourds, vary greatly as to size and shape. They are sometimes oval
and 15 cm. long, but frequently globose and 30 cm. in diameter or
even larger. The shells of the fruits find a wide use everywhere
that the tree grows, serving for cups, bottles, kitchen utensils, and
numerous other purposes. Wood brownish, often veined with darker
color; moderately heavy, but tough and strong, rather coarse-

textured, has a consistency suggesting Elm ( Ulmus), is not durable;
occasionally used locally for saddletrees and tool handles. (See
T. of T. A., pp. 544-545.)
CUSPIDARIA DC.
A South American genus, represented in North America by a
single species.
Cuspidaria pterocarpa (Cham.) DC. Temash River, primary

forest, Schipp S910; Pete*n and Brazil. A woody vine 18 meters
long, the trunk 3.5 cm. in diameter; leaflets 3, ovate, acuminate,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath or almost glabrous; calyx deeply
dentate, 4-6 mm. long, pubescent; corolla pinkish, 3.5-4.5 cm. long,
more or less tomentose outside; fruit linear, 15-35 cm. long, with
broad wavy longitudinal wings. Easily recognizable by the form
of the fruit.
CYDISTA Miers
Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers. Chacanicab (Yucatan,

Maya). Occasional in forest or thickets; widely distributed in
tropical America; leaflets oblong to ovate, turning dark when dried,
acute, glabrous or pubescent; corolla 5-8 cm. long, pink or pale
purple, lepidote outside; pods linear, 25-40 cm. long.
ENALLAGMA Baill.
Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, entire, leathery,

short-stalked; flowers axillary, solitary, long-stalked; calyx closed
in bud, becoming deeply 2-lobed; fruit large, gourd-like, indehiscent.
Calyx 3 cm. long; corolla 4-5 cm. long E. latifolia.
Calyx 1.5 cm. long; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long E. Donnell-Smithii.
Enallagma Donnell-Smithii (Sprague) Standl., comb. nov.

Crescentia Donnell-Smithii Sprague. Calabash. Occasional in swamps
or ravines; southward to Panama. Ashrub or tree 4.5-9 meters
high, the trunk 10 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong, acute or acutish; flowers green.
Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small. E. cucurUtina Baill. Wild
Calabash. Morito de Rio. Occasional along streams; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. A tree as much as 15 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 30 cm., the bark smooth and gray; leaves
stiff, usually rounded and short-pointed at the apex; flowers greenish;
fruit globose, 8-10 cm. in diameter.
JAGARANDA Juss.
Jacaranda Copaia (Aubl.) Don. Rio Grande, in forest, Schipp
1133, 1152; ranging to Brazil. A tree of 25 meters, the trunk 75 cm.
in diameter; leaves large, opposite, bipinnate, the leaflets numerous,
small, acuminate, cuneate at the base, glabrate; flowers blue, 3-4 cm.
long, in large panicles; fruit oval or rounded, compressed, woody,
the seeds broadly winged. When in flower, this is one of the
handsomest and most ornamental of American trees.
LUNDIA DC.
Lundia dicheilocalyx Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 94. 1917.
Type from Toledo, in forests, Peck 495. A large woody vine; leaflets
2, ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, shallowly cordate at the base,
puberulent beneath on the nerves, otherwise glabrous; panicles
axillary and terminal, many-flowered; calyx bilabiate, 6 mm. long,
puberulent; corolla 4.5 cm. long, densely short-pilose.
MACFADYENA A. DC.
Macfadyena uncinata (Meyer) A. DC. Una de Gato (Hon-
duras). Sittee River, Schipp S94; Central and South America. A
large woody vine; tendrils bearing 3 sharp-pointed hooks; leaflets 2,
oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or glabrate; calyx large
and somewhat inflated; corolla yellow, 6 cm. long; fruit a long linear
capsule. Juvenile plants, which creep closely along tree trunks,
are very different in appearance from adult ones.
PARAGONIA Bur.
Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bur. Tietie. Occasional in
forest and thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. Leaflets
2, oblong to elliptic, acute, appearing glabrous but with minute
scales scattered over the lower surface; flowers 6-7.5 cm. long,
rose-pink, in large terminal panicles; calyx bell-shaped, minutely
pubescent, scarcely toothed; corolla short-hairy outside; capsules
linear, 40 cm. long.
PARMENTIERA DC.
Parmentiera edulis DC. Cow Okra. Cuajilote (Campeche).
Kat (Yucatan, Maya). Occasional; Mexico and northern Central
America. A shrub or small tree, often armed with short spines;
leaves long-stalked, the 3 leaflets elliptic to obovate, small or large,
acute or obtuse, entire or toothed; flowers greenish white, on old
wood, 7 cm. long; fruit fleshy, 10-15 cm. long, 2 cm. thick or more.
The fruit is eaten either raw or cooked.
It may be that the closely related P. aculeata (HBK.) Seem.,
with slender fruit 15-25 cm. long, also occurs in British Honduras.
PETASTOMA Miers
Woody vines; leaflets 2; flowers large, in ample terminal panicles;
calyx broad and saucer-shaped; corolla tomentose outside on the
lobes only; capsule long and linear, the seeds broadly winged.
Calyx truncate; leaflets minutely and sparsely lepidote.

P. patelliferum.
Calyx with narrow elongate remote teeth; leaflets not lepidote.
P. caudiculatum.
Petastoma caudiculatum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 141.
1932. Type from Stann Creek Valley, low swampy forest, Schipp
S297. A large glabrous woody vine; leaflets oblong or elliptic-
oblong, long-acuminate, shining; corolla creamy white.
Petastoma patelliferum (Schlecht.) Miers. Leaflets narrowly
or broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, sometimes
pubescent; flowers pink or purple; corolla 3.5-4 cm. long; capsules
20-30 cm. long, smooth.
PLEONOTOMA Miers
Pleonotoma diversifolium (HBK.) Bur. &
Schum. Cydista
diversifolia Miers. Occasional in thickets; Mexico to Honduras.
A small or large vine; leaflets 2 or 3, ovate to elliptic-oblong, acute,
obtuse to shallowly cordate at the base, glabrous; corolla purple or
almost white, 3-4 cm. long; capsule linear, compressed.
SALDANHAEA Bur.
Saldanhaea costaricensis Kraenzl. Duppy Beans. Corozal
District, Gentle 397; ranging to Costa Rica. A woody vine, provided
with tendrils; leaflets 3, acuminate, densely stellate-
elliptic,
tomentose when young; minutely stellate-tomentose,
calyx
tubular-campanulate; corolla pink or purple, 5 cm. long, minutely
stellate-tomentose outside.
TABEBUIA Gomez
Trees; leaves opposite, long-stalked, the leaflets usually 5,
digitate, entire or toothed, stalked; flowers large and showy, in

terminal panicles, cymes, or heads, usually produced when the tree

is leafless; pods pendent, long and cylindric, containing numerous
broadly winged seeds.

Flowers yellow; pubescence of fine branched hairs. . . .T. chrysantha.
Flowers pink; pubescence of minute scales T. pentaphylla.

Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nicholson. Cortez. Hahauche
(Yucatan, Maya). Hillbank, C. S. Brown; Mexico to northern South
America. Amedium-sized tree; leaflets obovate, acuminate, entire
or serrate; flowers densely clustered at the ends of the branches;
capsule 20-30 cm. long, often tubercled. Wood olive-brown, very
hard, heavy, tough, strong, and durable, medium-textured, rather
splintery, finishes smoothly; used locally for truck parts. (See
T. of T. A., pp. 541-544.)
Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.)Hemsl. Mayflower. Maqueliz, Roble.
Hokab (Yucatan, Maya). Frequent in forest; widely distributed in
tropical America. A large or medium-sized tree; leaflets entire, acute
or acuminate, with minute appressed scales; flowers in few-flowered
lax corymbs, 7-10 cm. long; pods 20-35 cm. long or larger, smooth.
One of the abundant trees of Central America, and one of the most
beautiful, because of the great abundance of flowers, which vary
in color from almost white to deep purple-pink. The tree flowers
ordinarily at the end of the dry season. Wood brownish, with fine
striping of dark brown showing conspicuously on tangential surface;
of medium density, strong, easy to work, holds its place well when
manufactured, is fairly durable; used locally for cattle yokes; is
suitable for furniture and interior trim. (See T. of T. A., pp. 534-
536; Trop. Woods 8: 8-9.)
TANAECIUM Swartz
Tanaecium Zetekii Standl. Jacinto Creek, Machaca, Schipp
S561; Panama. A large woody vine; leaflets 2 or 3, large, oblong
to elliptic, acute or acuminate, shallowly and very narrowly cordate
at the base, somewhat hairy beneath or almost glabrous; flowers
showy, white or creamy yellow, the calyx campanulate, truncate,
very minutely puberulent; corolla 7-8.5 cm. long, the tube narrow
and slender, the lobes short.
TYNNANTHUS Miers
Woody vines, provided with tendrils; leaflets 2 or 3, thin; flowers

small, in small or large panicles; calyx turbinate or campanulate,
truncate or denticulate; corolla deeply bilabiate; capsule compressed,

elongate, linear.
Corolla brown-glandular outside; leaflets rounded at the base.
T. hyacinthinus.
Corolla whitish-pubescent outside, not glandular; leaflets acute or
acutish at the base T. guatemalensis.
Tynnanthus guatemalensis Bonn. Smith. Maskall, Gentle

1324; Guatemala. A slender vine; leaflets usually 3, oblong-elliptic
or obovate, abruptly short-acuminate, glabrous; flowers apparently
pink, the corolla scarcely 1 cm. long.
Tynnanthus hyacinthinus Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash.

Publ. 461: 87. 1935. Type from Jacinto Creek, Schipp S661; in
forest, Camp 33, Guatemalan boundary, Schipp 1241. A vine as
much as 18 meters long, the stem 7 cm. in diameter; stipules large and
leaflike; leaflets broadly ovate or elliptic, acute or short-acuminate;
corolla pink or purple, 1.5 cm. long.
MARTYNIACEAE. Unicorn Plant Family

MARTYNIAL. Unicorn Plant
Martynia annua L. Roaring Creek.
GESNERIACEAE. Gesneria Family
ACHIMENES P. Br.
Achimenes coccinea Pers.

Achimenes pulchella (L'He"r.) Hitchc.
BESLERIA L.
Besleria laxiflora Benth. Pueblo Viejo, Schipp S639.
CODONANTHE Hanst.
Codonanthe confusa Sand with. Roaring Creek, Lundell;

Sittee River, Schipp; southward to the Guianas. A small epiphytic
shrub with small axillary pink flowers.
COLUMNEA L.
Columnea purpurata Hanst. Camp 33, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S683; extending to Costa Rica. A small epiphytic shrub
with showy red flowers.
Columnea sulfurea Donn. Smith. Forest

Home, Schipp S412;
Guatemala. A small, somewhat woody epiphyte with densely hairy
leaves and long yellow flowers.
DRYMONIA Mart.
Drymonia spectabilis (HBK.) Mart. Occasional; widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. An epiphytic shrub, often more or
less scandent, with thick, very rough leaves; corolla dull dark red,
5 cm. long, with rounded toothed lobes.
LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family

GENLISEA St. Hil.
Genlisea luteoviridis C. Wright. All Pines, Schipp 607; Cuba.

The genus has not been reported elsewhere in Central America.
Determination by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort
Utricularia adenantha Standl., ined. All Pines, Schipp S89.
Utricularia aureola Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 88. 1917.

Type from beach of Manatee Lagoon, in wet sand, Peck 235; All
Pines, Schipp 630.
Utricularia fimbriata HBK. Honey Camp; All Pines.
Utricularia juncea Vahl. Pine ridges; Schipp 633, distributed

as a new species, is, according to Barnhart, only a small-flowered
form of this species.
Utricularia juncea Vahl, f. minima Blake, Contr. Gray Herb.
52: 89. 1917. Type from Toledo, Peck 502a; collected also by Schipp
at All Pines.
Utricularia macerrima Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 89. 1917.
Type collected inopen swampy ground near Manatee Lagoon, Peck
222; All Pines, Schipp 560, S139. In the original description of this
species it was stated that the flowers were probably yellow, but Schipp
reports that those of his No. 560 are dark blue, while the corollas
of No. S139 are white.
Utricularia obtusa Swartz. All Pines, Schipp 603, S87.
Utricularia Peckii Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 90. 1917.
Type collected in mud near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 371; All Pines,
Schipp 632.
Utricularia purpurea Walt. All Pines, Schipp 608, S90.
Utricularia pusilla Vahl. All Pines, Schipp 680; Honey Camp,

Meyer 147.
Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. All Pines, Schipp 629,

659.
ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family

Chiefly herbs, but sometimes shrubs or small trees; stems often
much constricted below the nodes in dried specimens; leaves opposite,
entire or essentially so, without stipules; flowers perfect, usually
irregular and more or
less 2-lipped, frequently large and showy;
calyx inferior, of 4-5 distinct or united sepals; stamens 2 or 4, in-

serted on the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; anthers 2-celled,
the often inserted at different heights; fruit usually a 2-celled
cells
capsule, often contracted and stalked at the base, the few seeds
attached by a thick hook-like funicle or stalk. Nearly all the local
members of the family are herbs, as in Central America generally.
APHELANDRA R. Br.
Aphelandra aurantiaca (Scheidw.) Lindl. Forest Home,

Toledo, Schipp 1063. A
herbaceous plant. Var. stenophylla Standl.
of this species is represented by Schipp S625 from Rio Viejo.
Aphelandra Deppeana Schlecht. & Cham. Chacanal (Maya).

Frequent in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. A
stout shrub 1-2 meters high; leaves mostly oblanceolate-oblong,
thin, long-tapering to the base, pubescent beneath; flowers bright
red, 4 cm. long, in dense bracted spikes, the green bracts over-
lapping, sharply toothed. This is reported by some of the collectors
as a small tree, but probably in error.
BELOPERONE Nees
Beloperone crenata Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
88. 1935. Type from Pueblo Viejo, Schipp S694; Toledo District,
N. S. Stevenson 82, 90. A coarse herb or a shrub 2 meters high,
with large, oblong, obscurely crenate leaves; flowers large, pale
yellow, in dense bracted spikes.
BLECHUM Juss.
Blechum pedunculatum Bonn. Smith.

Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urban. Akabxiu (Yucatan,
Maya). One of the most abundant weeds of Central America.
BRAVAISIA DC.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves petiolate; flowers in panicles or
cymes; calyx 5-cleft, the sepals rounded at the apex; corolla with
a short tube and broad throat; stamens 4; ovules 2-4 in each cell
of the ovary.
Calyx lobes conspicuously mucronate B. proximo,.

Calyx lobes not mucronate B. tubiflora.
Bravaisia proxima Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 96. 1917.
Type collected in forest, upper Moho River, Peck 730; Jacinto Hills,
Schipp 1259. A shrub or small tree with glabrous branches and
inflorescence; leaves obovate; corolla lavender, 3.5 cm. long.
Bravaisia tubiflora Hemsl. Hulubal, Hulaba, Hulup (Maya).
Occasional in thickets or forest; Yucatan. A shrub or small tree,
the trunk sometimes 7 cm. in diameter; leaves elliptic or oblong-
obtuse to acuminate; corolla purplish, 2-2.5 cm. long;
elliptic,
branches and inflorescence more or less pubescent.
DIATEINACANTHUS Lindau
Diateinacanthus hondurensis Lindau. Odontonema paniculi-
ferum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 104. 1917. Type of 0. paniculi-
ferum from Manatee Lagoon, Peck 278. Ranging to Honduras.
A slender shrub 1.5-3 meters high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
lance-oblong, long-acuminate; flowers pale yellow, 1.5 cm. long, in
large lax many-flowered panicles.
DICLIPTERA Juss.
Dicliptera acuminata Juss. Camp 31, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S684.
Dicliptera assurgens (L.) Juss. Nimiz (Yucatan, Maya).
Dicliptera magniflora Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 98. 1917.
Type, Peck 622a, without locality.
ERANTHEMUM L.
Eranthemum adenocarpum Gray Herb. 52: 98.

Blake, Contr.
1917. Type from Toledo, damp low Peck 830. Collected
forest,
by Schipp also at Pueblo Viejo, Ocotal, and Machaca.
Eranthemum tetrasepalum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:
99. 1917. Type from Moho River, in forest, Peck 552.
HYGROPHILA R. Br.
Hygrophila conferta Nees.

JACOBINIA Moric.
Herbs or shrubs; flowers large and showy, in cymes, spikes, or
panicles, oftensubtended by large green bracts; corolla conspicuously
2-lipped, the calyx 5-parted; stamens 2, the anther cells unequally
inserted, not appendaged at the base; capsule small, usually 4-seeded.
Corolla glabrous outside, red J. scarlatina.
Corolla hairy outside, yellow or orange.
Panicles conspicuously leafy-bracted; corolla yellow. . .J. umbrosa.
Panicles with small and inconspicuous bracts; corolla orange.
J. ensiflora.
Jacobinia ensiflora Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 45. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, in forest, Schipp 354. A slender shrub a
meter high; leaves narrowly lance-oblong, glabrous; panicles small
and dense, on a very long peduncle, conspicuously villous; corolla
linear, 6 cm. long.
Jacobinia scarlatina Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 102. 1917.
(Maya). Type from forests near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 430;
Siitz
Maya Mounds and elsewhere. A straggling shrub as much as 4.5

meters long, almost glabrous; leaves lanceolate to ovate; corolla
3.5-4 cm. long. The crushed leaves are soaked in water, to produce
a bluish infusion used locally like indigo for whitening clothes when
they are being washed. Other species of the genus are used in the
same manner elsewhere in Central America and in Mexico.
Jacobinia umbrosa (Benth.) Blake. A coarse herb with very

showy, yellow flowers.
JUSTICIA L.
Justicia comata (L.) Lam.

Justicia Peckii (Blake) Standl., comb. nov. Dianthera Peckii
Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 97. 1917. Type from high banks of
the upper Moho River, Peck 722; Banana Bank, Schipp; Rio Grande,
Schipp S473.
Justicia pectoralis Jacq. Trebol (Yucatan).
LEPIDAGATHIS Willd.
Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Nees) Lindau.
LOUTERIDIUM Wats.
Louteridium Donnell-Smithii Wats. Collected by Peck,
A large showy
No. 780; Toledo, Schipp 1110. herb, perhaps some-
what shrubby at times, reported by Schipp, probably in error, as

a tree of 9 meters; flowers very large, green flushed with brown.
MENDONCIA Veil.
Mendoncia belizensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 142. 1932.
Type from Stann Creek Valley, Schipp 861. A herbaceous vine.
Mendoncia costaricensis Oerst. Big Rock, Schipp 1051.
ODONTONEMA Nees
Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze. In forest; Mexico
and Central America. A slender shrub 1-2 meters high, almost
glabrous; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, bright red, scarcely 2-lipped. One
of the collections is reported as having white corollas.
RUELLIA L.
Ruellia geminiflora HBK. Yamcotil (Yucatan, Maya).
Ruellia longipila Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 44. 1930. Type
from Stann Creek, C. L. Stacker 20; Roaring Creek, Lundell 322;
Stann Creek Valley, Schipp 976.
Ruellia obtusata Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 105. 1917.
Type from Toledo, Peck 871.
Ruellia pereducta Standl. Camp 31, Guatemalan boundary,
Schipp S645; also in Campeche.
Ruellia tuberosa L. Honey Camp.
THUNBERGIA Retz
Thunbergia alata Boj. El Cayo, Chanek 200, cultivated or

perhaps naturalized. A slender vine, native of Africa.
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Corozal-Pachacan Road,
Gentle, apparently naturalized. A large vine, native of the East
Indies.
RUBIACEAE. Coffee Family
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes vines; leaves opposite or

whorled, with persistent or deciduous stipules; flowers small or large
and showy; ovary inferior; corolla of united petals; fruit various in
form, dry or fleshy. One of the largest families of tropical plants,
easy to recognize by the combination of opposite leaves, stipules,
inferior ovary, and gamopetalous corolla. The local species are of
scant economic importance, but the family includes such valuable
plants as coffee, cinchona, and ipecac. The woods are mostly light-
colored, hard, heavy, fine-textured, not durable, and of little utility.
Plants armed with spines.
Flowers in globose heads; spines hooked Uncaria.
Flowers not in heads; spines straight Randia.
Plants unarmed.
Plants herbaceous.
Plants scandent.
Fruit capsular; corolla red Manettia.
Fruit baccate; flowers white. Sabicea.
Plants not scandent.
Fruit a berry or drupe. Flowers in heads.
Fruit many-seeded; leaves not or scarcely cordate at the
base Coccocypselum.
Fruit containing 2 one-seeded nutlets; leaves cordate.
Geophila.
Fruit dry.
Fruit a capsule, containing numerous seeds Oldenlandia.
Fruit of 2-4 one-seeded cells.
Stipules without bristles; flowers in cymes. . .Declieicxia.
Stipules furnished with bristles; flowers not in cymes.

Fruit circumscissile Mitracarpus.
Fruit not circumscissile.
Fruit with 3-4 cocci Richardia.
Fruit 2-celled.
Cells of the fruit opening at maturity.
Cocci opening only at the base. . . Hemidiodia.
Cocci opening at the apex.
Cells of the fruit unlike, one opening, the
other remaining closed Spermacoce.
Cells alike, both opening Borreria.
Cells of the fruit not opening at maturity.
Cocci separating from a persistent axis, this
surmounted by the persistent calyx; flowers
large and showy Crusea.
Cocci not separating from an axis; flowers small
and inconspicuous Diodia.

Fruit dry, capsular.
Flowers in elongate spikes Alseis.
Flowers not in spikes.

Calyx lobes unlike, one of the lobes in some of the flowers
developing into a large petal-like white limb.
Calycophyllum.
Calyx lobes all alike, none of them colored.
Corolla large, the tube 10-16 cm. long Lindenia.

Corolla much smaller, the tube usually less than 5 cm.
long.
Plants epiphytic; leaves rounded at the apex, leathery.
Hittia.
Plants terrestrial; leaves acute or acuminate, thin.
Capsule strongly compressed; corolla asymmetric,

5 cm. long Coutarea.
Capsule not compressed; corolla symmetric, much

smaller.
Stamens exserted; lobes of the corolla as long as

the tube Exostema.
Stamens not exserted; lobes of the corolla much
shorter than the tube Rondeletia.
Fruit not a capsule, baccate or drupaceous, or sometimes of

dry cocci.
Flowers in very dense globose stalked heads; fruit dry.

Cephalanthus.
Flowers not in globose heads.
Ovules more than one in each cell of the ovary. Fruit fleshy.
Flowers in spike-like panicles Gonzalagunia.
Flowers not in spike-like panicles.
Flowers in many-flowered cymes or panicles.
Corolla whitish; flowers in large thyrsiform panicles;
fruit blue Bertiera.
Corolla yellow, orange, or red; flowers in cymes,

usually secund on the branches; fruit red or
black Hamelia.
Flowers solitary or in small few-flowered cymes.
Corolla tube slender, 12-16 cm. long, curved in

bud Posoqueria.
Corolla tube less than 3 cm. long, not curved in
bud.
Stipules united to form a cap; flowers in cymes.
Amaioua.
Stipules not united to form a cap.
Flowers clustered at the ends of the branches
or solitary; seeds large Alibertia.
Flowers in axillary or lateral cymes; seeds
minute Hoffmannia.
Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit dry, separating at maturity into 2 narrow cocci.
Machaonia.
Fruit more or less fleshy, not separating into cocci.
Fruit a drupe containing 5 or more nutlets . . Erithalis.
Fruit 1-seeded, or containing 2 nutlets.
Fruit strongly compressed laterally.
Flowers in axillary panicles or racemes Chiococca. .
Flowers clustered in the leaf axils Asemnanthe.

Fruit not compressed.
Fruit containing a very hard stone with 2 or more
cells.
Plants glabrous; flowers secund upon the

branches of the bifurcate inflorescence.
Antirhea.
Plants pubescent.
Calyx truncate Guettarda.
Calyx deeply lobate Anisomeris.

Fruit containing 2 nutlets or 1-seeded.
Stipules with bristles; flowers sessile in the

leaf axils Ernodea.
Stipules without bristles.
Flowers in stalked axillary heads, the heads
without an involucre.
Fruits maturity fused together and
at
forming a multiple fruit Morinda.
Fruits not fused Appunia.
Flowers not in stalked axillary heads or, if so,

the heads surrounded by an involucre of
bracts.
Fruit 1-seeded, the seed horizontal.
Faramea.
Fruit 2-seeded, the seeds vertical.
Flowers in dense heads surrounded by an
involucre of green or colored bracts.
Cephaelis.
Flowers not in heads.
Corolla somewhat curved, the tube
enlarged on one side at the base.
Palicourea.
Corolla not curved, not enlarged at the
base of the tube.
Corolla lobes contorted Ixora.
Corolla lobes valvate.
Septum of the fruit thick, persis-
tent Psychotria.
Septum of the fruit thin, easily
rupturing Coussarea.
ALIBERTIA A. Rich.
Alibertia edulis (L. Rich.) A. Rich. Wild Guava. Guayaba de
monte (Guatemala) Frequent in thickets southern Mexico to Brazil.
.
;
A densely branched, glabrous shrub 1-3 meters high; leaves oblong

to ovate, acute; flowers dioecious, clustered at the tips of the branches,
white, 2.5 cm. long; fruit globose, 2.5 cm. broad, yellow. The fruit
is edible, but of poor flavor.
ALSEIS Schott
Alseis yucatanensis Standl. Wild Mamee. Cacao-che (Yuca-
tan). Occasional in forest; Yucatan, Pet4n. A tree; leaves obovate,
8-30 cm. long, thin, acuminate, long-attenuate to the base, sparsely
pilose beneath on the nerves or glabrate; flowers in long dense spike-
like racemes; corolla broadly campanulate, 2.5 mm.
long; capsule
clavate, 14 mm. long.
AMAIOUA Aubl.
Amaioua corymbosa HBK. Stann Creek; Panama and
northern South America. A shrub or tree 2-4.5 meters high; leaves
large, oval or acuminate, almost glabrous; inflorescence

elliptic,
terminal, cymose, sericeous, the white flowers 1 cm. long, dioecious;
berries oval, black, 1.5 cm. long.
ANISOMERIS Presl
Anisomeris protracta (Bartl.) Standl. Frequent in pine

ridges; southernMexico to Honduras. A slender shrub a meter
high; leaves lance-oblong, long-acuminate, thin, thinly sericeous
beneath; flowers white, in small stalked axillary cymes; corolla seri-
ceous, the tube 7-10 mm. long; drupe oval, dark blue, 5 mm. long.
ANTIRHEA Commers.
Antirhea lucida (Swartz) Benth. & Hook. Jacinto Hills, in
forest, Schipp S616; West Indies. Reported by Schipp as a tree of
18 meters with trunk diameter of 60 cm., but usually much smaller,
glabrous; leaves elliptic or oblong, acute or obtuse; flowers very
small, white, sessile and secund along the slender branches of a
once bifid cyme; fruit juicy, oblong, 2-celled, black, 5-7 mm. long.
APPUNIA Hook. f.
Appunia guatemalensis Donn. Smith. Morinda mesochora

Standl. In thickets, occasional; Guatemala. A slender glabrous
shrub 1-2 meters high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, long-
acuminate; flowers 1 cm. long, in stalked axillary heads; corolla
brown-purple outside, white within; fruit black, juicy, 5-6 mm. long.
The other members of the genus inhabit the Guianas.
ASEMNANTHE Hook. f.
Asemnanthe pubescens Hook. f. Honey Camp; Yucatan.

A densely pubescent shrub; leaves lanceolate or ovate, small, acute;
flowers small, yellow, in axillary clusters; fruit small, orbicular,
juicy, strongly compressed. The genus consists of a single species.
BERTIERA Aubl.
Bertiera guianensis Aubl. Stann Creek; Mullins River Road,
in wet thickets or forest; ranging to Brazil. A slender shrub 2.5
meters high; leaves lance-oblong, almost sessile, glabrate; flowers
very small, white, in one-sided cymes, these arranged in large
narrow terminal panicles; berries globose, ribbed, blue, 3-4 mm.
in diameter.
BORRERIA Meyer
Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.
Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) Schum. All Pines. Used locally as
a remedy for snake bites, according to Schipp.
Borreria ocimoides (Burm.) DC.
Borreria rhadinophylla Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 409.
1910. Type collected on dry sandy pine ridges, Peck 180.
Borreria suaveolens Meyer.
Borreria verticillata (L.) Meyer. Nizots (Yucatan, Maya).
CALYCOPHYLLUM DC.
Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC. Salamo (Hon-
duras). Widely distributed in tropical America. A
large tree;
leaves elliptic or ovate, small, long-petioled, nearly glabrous; flowers
small, in dense corymb-like panicles; one calyx lobe in some of the
flowers expanded into a large white petal-like limb; fruit a small
capsule. One of the showiest trees of Central America, often appear-
ing as a huge mass of white because of the profusion of enlarged
calyx lobes, which persist for a long time, finally turning brown.
Wood pale brown, hard, heavy, strong, highly elastic, fine-textured,
usually straight-grained, easy to work, finishes very smoothly;
timber of same species from Cuba used in United States under name
of "Lancewood" for archery bows; suitable for tool handles. (See
T. of T. A., pp. 547-548.)
CEPHAELIS Swartz
Shrubs or small trees, closely related to Psychotria, but dis-
tinguished by having dense flower heads surrounded by an involucre
of large or small, often brightly colored bracts.
Flower heads sessile. Leaves glabrous C. glomerulata.

Flower heads long-stalked.
Leaves glabrous C. elata.
Leaves densely hairy C. tomentosa.
Cephaelis elata Swartz. Frequent in forest and thickets;

southern Mexico to Colombia; West Indies. A glabrous shrub or
tree 3-7.5 meters high, the trunk sometimes 10 cm. in diameter;
leaves large, narrowly oblong; heads large, the bracts wine-red;
corolla white. A beautiful and showy plant.
Cephaelis glomerulata Bonn. Smith. Occasional in huamil

or forest; ranging to Guatemala and Costa Rica. A
glabrous shrub
a meter high; flower heads small, the short bracts whitish, turning
purple; corolla white.
Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl. Frequent in forest or
thickets; southern Mexico to Brazil. A slender and rather weak,
densely hairy shrub; principal bracts 2, about 3.5 cm. broad, bright
red; flowers yellow; fruits blue. An exceptionally conspicuous and
brilliant plant.
CEPHALANTHUS L.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Maskall, Gentle 1254; United

States to Honduras. A shrub or small tree leaves opposite or ternate,
;
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; flowers small,

white, in very dense, spheric heads 1 cm. or more in diameter; fruit
dry, 2-4-celled, indehiscent.
CHIOCOCCA P. Br.
Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous; flowers small, white,

in axillary, simple or branched, usually one-sided racemes; calyx
5-lobed; corolla funnelform, the lobes valvate in bud; fruit small,
fleshy,white, usually orbicular and compressed, containing two
1-seeded nutlets.
Corolla 8-10 mm. wide; calyx lobes rounded or almost obsolete;
fruit only slightly compressed C. pachyphylla.
Corolla 3-6 mm. wide; calyx lobes acute; fruit strongly compressed.
C. alba.
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Canchacche (Yucatan, Maya).
Frequent in thickets, especially near the seashore; widely distributed
glabrous shrub, sometimes elongate and
climbing, the branches usually drooping; leaves small, thick, lustrous,
ovate or lanceolate; flowers small, white, in axillary panicles; fruit
circular, flattened, white, juicy, 4-8 mm. broad.
Chiococca pachyphylla Wernham. Snowberry. Eldorado, in
forest, Schipp S393; southern Mexico. A subscandent shrub, gla-
brous; leaves stalked, elliptic or ovate, leathery, shining; fruit 6-7
mm. long.
COCCOCYPSELUM P. Br.
Coccocypselum glabrum DC. West of Baldy Sibun, J. B.

Kinloch; known elsewhere only in Panama.
Coccocypselum guianense (Aubl.) Schum. Honey Camp.
Coccocypselum herbaceum Lam. Middlesex, Schipp 424.

Coccocypselum hirsutum Bartl. El Cayo District, Bartlett
11599.
COFFEAL. Coffee
Coffea arabica L. Cafe. Coffee, a native of tropical Africa, is

planted in the Colony for local use, but the inhabited parts of the
region have, for the most part, too low an elevation for the com-
mercial production of this crop, which is so important in many parts
of Central America.
COUSSAREA Aubl.
Coussarea impetiolaris Donn. Smith. Jacinto Creek, in forest,
Schipp 1187; Machaca, Schipp 1207, S558; ranging to Panama.
A tree as much as 7 meters high, with trunk diameter of 7-10 cm.,
glabrous except for the inflorescence; leaves large, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, abruptly short-pointed, tapering to the base; flowers white,
1.5 cm. long, in short rounded panicles, the corolla lobes narrow
and spreading; fruit oval, fleshy, 2 cm. long.
COUTAREA Aubl.
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) Schum. In thickets on high ridges;
widely distributed in tropical America. A slender tree with bitter
bark, 6 meters high; leaves glabrate, ovate, acuminate; flowers in
small cymes, the corolla very asymmetric, purplish white or green-
ish, 5 cm. long; capsule strongly compressed, obovate, 2.5-4.5 cm.
long. In Salvador the bark is employed as a substitute for quinine.
CRUSEA Cham. & Schlecht.

Crusea calocephala DC. Verbena silvestre, Heliotropio silves-
tre (Guatemala).El Cayo District.
DECLIEUXIA HBK.
Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd.) Kuntze, var. mexicana (DC.)
Standl., comb. nov. D. mexicana Willd. El Cayo District, Bartlett
11671.
DIODIA L.
Diodia brasiliensis Spreng. var. angulata (Benth.) Standl.

Triodon angulatum Benth. Butcher Burn, Sibun River, Bartlett
11374; Mexico to Honduras. A stiff, densely branched shrub 30-60
cm. high, the often fascicled leaves 1-2 cm. long; flowers minute,
white, in long interrupted spikes. The typical form of the species,
from which this plant differs scarcely at all, grows from Brazil to
Argentina.
Diodia rigida (Willd.) Cham. & Schlecht.
Diodia maritima Thonn. New Town, sea beach, Schipp 809.
Diodia sarmentosa Swartz.
ERITHALIS L.
Erithalis fruticosa L. All Pines, edge of mangrove swamp,

Schipp 583; Yucatan; West Indies. A glabrous shrub a meter high;
leaves orbicular to obovate, leathery, rounded at the apex; flowers
small, white, in axillary cymes; drupe globose, black, 2.5-4 mm. in
diameter.
ERNODEA Swartz
Ernodea littoralis Swartz. Freshwater Cay, on beach, Schipp
928; Yucatan, Honduras, West Indies, southern Florida. usually A
prostrate shrub; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile or nearly so;
flowers small, yellow, sessile in the leaf axils; fruit a small yellow
drupe.
EXOSTEMA L. Rich.
Exostema mexicanum Gray. Sabak-che. On high ridge, Win-

zerling III A; southern Mexico. A
tree 18 meters high, the trunk
45 cm. in diameter (in other regions usually much smaller); leaves
oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, barbate beneath in the axils of the
nerves; flowers 1.5-2 cm. long, in dense terminal cymes; fruit a small
narrow capsule.
FARAMEA Aubl.
Glabrous shrubs or trees; flowers medium-sized, in terminal
corymbs; fruit large, juicy, the single seed horizontal.
1
Stipules almost distinct, not sheathing; corolla white./ occidentalis. ,
Stipules united to form a sheathing tube.

Lobes of the corolla longer than the tube F. brachysiphon.
Lobes of the corolla about equaling the tube F. belizensis.
Faramea belizensis Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
90. 1935. Type Schipp S721, thelocality not indicated. Glabrous;
leaves short-petiolate, ovate to oblong, caudate, obtuse or acute at
the base; inflorescence cymose-umbellate, pedunculate, many-
flowered; corolla tube about 1 cm. long.
Faramea brachysiphon Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 62. 1930.
Type from Middlesex, in jungle, Schipp 345. A shrub 2 meters

high; leaves narrowly oblong, thin, acuminate; corolla 8 mm. long,

the lobes longer than the tube. According to the collector, a beauti-
ful shrub, as are the other Farameas with sky-blue flowers.
Faramea occidentalis (L.) Rich. Middlesex, in forest; widely

distributed in tropical America. A shrub or tree 4.5-9 meters high,
the trunk 7-10 cm. in diameter; leaves oblong, acuminate, thick;
corolla 2.5 cm. long, with long narrow tapering lobes; fruit depressed-
globose.
GEOPHILA Don
Geophila herbacea (Jacq.) Schum. A creeping herb.
Geophila trichogyne (Muell. Arg.) Standl. Temash River, in
forest, 90 meters, Schipp S918. A South American species, unknown
elsewhere in North America.
GONZALAGUNIA Ruiz & Pavon

Gonzalagunia panamensis (Cav.) Schum. Mullins River
Road, edge of thicket; southern Mexico to Colombia. A slender
shrub 2 meters high; leaves ovate or lanceolate, pilose beneath;
flowers white, 10-17 mm. long, in long spike-like panicles; fruit
juicy, depressed-globose, 4-celled.
GUETTARDA L.
Shrubs or small trees; flowers in axillary cymes, usually secund
on the branches; calyx truncate; fruit drupaceous, hard, almost
dry, the stone 4-9-celled.
Leaves, at least part of them, more or less cordate at the base,
covered beneath with a minute pale tomentum, usually 7-14
cm. wide G. Combsii.
Leaves obtuse or acute at the base, without tomentum, smaller.
Pubescence of the lower leaf surface of loose spreading hairs.
G. Gaumeri.
Pubescence of the leaves closely appressed.
Drupes 2 cm. in diameter G. macrosperma.
Drupes less than 1 cm. in diameter G. elliptica.
Guettarda Combsii Urban. G. Seleriana Standl. Glassy Wood.

In forest or thickets, frequent; Yucatan. A tree, sometimes 12-24
meters high, with a trunk 25-60 cm. in diameter; leaves long-petioled,
broadly rhombic-ovate, green and glabrous above; flowers
elliptic to
white, 2 cm. long, with slight perfume.
Guettarda elliptica Swartz. Prickle wood. Kiichche (Maya).

Honey Camp; Mexico, West Indies, southern Florida. A shrub 3
meters high; leaves oval to obovate, thin, obtuse or rounded at the
apex; flowers white, 9-12 mm. long; fruit red.
Guettarda Gaumeri Standl. Honey Camp Yucatan. ; A shrub ;
leaves oblong to elliptic, acute or obtuse, densely pilose; cymes

mostly 3-flowered.
Guettarda macrospertna Bonn. Smith. Temash River; Forest
Home; southward to Panama. A small tree, as much as 7 meters
high, with trunk diameter of 10 cm. ; leaves rather large, thin, acute
or acuminate; flowers white.
HAMELIA Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite or whorled, thin, petioled;
flowers mostly tubular, secund along the branches of terminal cymes;
fruita 5-celled berry.
Leaves opposite, almost glabrous; corolla yellow H. axillaris.
Leaves whorled, densely pubescent; corolla red or orange.

Corolla minutely puberulent; calyx lobes minute H. patens.
Corolla villous; calyx lobes elongate H. Rovirosae.
Hamelia axillaris Swartz. In forest; Central America, West
Indies, and South America. A shrub or small tree; corolla 1-1.5
cm. long; berries 5-6 mm. long.
Hamelia patens Jacq. Coralillo. Xcanan, Neanan, Chactoc
(Maya). Common in thickets; generally distributed in tropical
America. A slender shrub 1-4.5 meters high; leaves ternate, lance-
oblong to ovate, acute or acuminate; flowers orange-red, 14-20
mm. long; berries red at first, becoming black, 6-10 mm. long. One
of the most common weedy shrubs of Central America. The fruit
is edible but of poor flavor.
Hamelia Rovirosae Wernham. H. purpurascens Blake, Contr.

Gray Herb. 52: 105. 1917. Mullins River Road, Schipp 223; type of
H. purpurascens from pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 104;
southern Mexico to Panama. A shrub or small tree 2-7.5 meters
high, the trunk sometimes 10 cm. in diameter; corolla dull red or
orange-red, nearly 3 cm. long; fruit purple-black. H. purpurascens
is described as a partly climbing shrub 10-40 feet high, but probably
in error, since the plant as I have seen it in various places is always
quite as erect as other species of the genus.
HEMIDIODIA Schum.
Hemidiodia ocimifolia (Willd.) Schum.
HILLIA Jacq.
Hillia tetrandra Swartz. Pine Peak at 540 meters, D. Steven-
son; widely distributed in tropical America. A
small glabrous
epiphytic shrub; leaves small, oblong or obovate, leathery, rounded
at the apex; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches; corolla
white, 3-8 cm. long; capsule slender, 5-7 cm. long.
HOFFMANNIA Swartz
Small shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite or whorled; flowers small,
white, yellow, or red, in axillary, sessile or stalked cymes; corolla
funnelform or almost rotate, with a long or short tube; ovary 2-
celled; fruit a small 2-celled berry.
Cymes arising at the very base of the stem H. rhizantha.

Cymes axillary, along the middle or upper part of the stem.
Stems sharply 4-angled H. Ghiesbreghtii.
Stems terete or obtusely angled.
Plants herbaceous; corolla red H. refidgens.
Plants shrubby; flowers not red H. lenticellata.
Hoffmannia Ghiesbreghtii (Lem.) Hemsl. Pueblo Viejo,

shaded creek banks, Schipp S629; Guatemala and southern Mexico.
A shrub 1.5 meters high; leaves large, oblong-oblanceolate, thin,
long-tapering to the base; flowers yellow; fruit red.
Hoffmannia lenticellata Hemsl. Forests of the southern part
of the Colony; Guatemala and southern Mexico. A slender shrub;
leaves large, short-petiolate, obovate or elliptic, glabrous.
Hoffmannia refulgens (Hook.) Hemsl. Rio Viejo, in forest,
Schipp S623; southern Mexico to Costa Rica. A small and hand-
some herb.
Hoffmannia rhizantha Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 90. 1935. Type from Esperanza Trail, in forest, Schipp S731.
A shrub or herb about 60 cm. high; leaves large, long-petiolate,
oblong-obovate, 23-32 cm. long, glabrous; corolla red.
IXORA L.
Ixora coccinea L. Cultivated for ornament. A shrub with
bright red flowers, native of the East Indies.
Ixora Finlaysoniana Wall. A shrub with white flowers, planted

for ornament. Native of the East Indies.
Ixora nicaraguensis Wernham. Forest Home, in secondary
forest,Schipp 1043; southward to Panama. A tree 7.5 meters high,
the trunk 12 cm. in diameter; leaves short-stalked, leathery, elliptic-
oblong, acute or acuminate, attenuate to the base, glabrous; flowers
small, white, in terminal panicles; fruit small, juicy, containing 2
nutlets.
LINDENIA Benth.
Lindenia rivalis Benth. Big Creek, at the edge of water, El
Cayo District; southern Mexico to Panama. A stout shrub a meter
high or less; leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblong, acuminate; cymes
terminal, few-flowered; corolla white, its tube 10-16 cm. long, the
lobes 2.5-3 cm. long; capsule pyriform, 1-2 cm. long. A
very showy
plant when in flower. It grows invariably in or at the edge of water.
M ACHAONIA Humb. & Bonpl.

Shrubs or small trees; inflorescence terminal, cymose-panicu-
late,the small flowers white or whitish; corolla short-funnelform ;
calyx lobes 4-5, persistent; fruit dry, oblong or obpyramidal, sep-

arating into 2 compressed cocci.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath; fruit 5 mm. long, the calyx lobes
not elongate M. acuminata.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit 2.5 mm. long, the calyx lobes
much elongate in age
spatulate, M. Lindeniana.
Machaonia acuminata HBK. Honey Camp, Lundell 344;
southern Mexico to South America. A slender shrub or small tree.
Machaonia Lindeniana Baill. Kuchel, Kampocolche (Yucatan,
Maya). Tower Hill Estate;Freshwater Creek; Yucatan and Cam-
peche. A shrub or tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high, with a trunk
10 cm. in diameter.
MANETTIA Mutis
Manettia coccinea (Aubl.) Willd. A herbaceous vine.
MITRACARPUS Zucc.
Mitracarpus glabrescens (Griseb.) Urban. El Cayo District,

Bartlett 11534, 11631; Cuba. Not reported previously from the
continent.
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.

MORINDA L.
Shrubs or small trees, often more or less scandent or with droop-
ing branches; flowers white, small, in dense stalked heads; corolla
tubular-funnelform; calyx truncate; fruit a fleshy globose syncarp.
Leaves mostly elliptic; corolla 15 mm. long M. panamensis.
Leaves chiefly oblong, lance-oblong, or oblanceolate-oblong; corolla
7-10 mm. long.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath yucatanensis. M .
Leaves barbate beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise

glabrous M. Royoc.
Morinda panamensis Seem. TurkeyVictuals. Concha de Huevo
(Honduras). Moist thickets; British Honduras to Panama. A
shrub or tree as much as 9 meters high with a trunk diameter of 15
cm.; leaves barbate beneath in the axils of the nerves; flowers sweet-
scented; fruit heads yellow, 1.5 cm. in diameter or larger.
Morinda Royoc L. Wet thickets; British Honduras to Panama,
Venezuela, and the West Indies. A shrub or a woody vine.
Morinda yucatanensis Greenm. Xhoyoc (Yucatan, Maya).
Pinuela (Guatemala). Honey Camp, Lundell 547; Yucatan and
Guatemala. The plant
is said to have been employed by the Mayas
for dyeing.
OLDENLANDIA L.
Olden land i a corymbosa L.
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) DC.
PALICOUREA Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves large, short-petioled, acuminate;
flowers small, in dense thyrsiform panicles; corolla tubular, some-
what swollen on one side at the base; fruit a juicy drupe.
Leaves opposite, glabrous or nearly so P. guianensis.
Leaves ternate, pubescent beneath P. triphylla.
Palicourea crocea (Swartz) Roem. & Schult. Jacinto Creek
and elsewhere, in forest; a species of wide distribution. A shrub;
leaves opposite, glabrous; flowers red.
Palicourea guianensis Aubl. Sittee River, secondary forest,
Schipp 604; ranging southward through tropical South America.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 meters high, with a trunk 7 cm.
in diameter; leaves elliptic; flowers yellow; fruit 4-5 mm. long,
purplish black.
Palicourea triphylla DC. Moist thickets; ranging far south-

ward into South America. A shrub 3 meters high; leaves oblan-
ceolate-oblong; corolla orange.
POSOQUERIA Aubl.
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. Mountain
Guava, Snake-seed. Chintonrol. Frequent in forest or thickets;
southern Mexico to South America. A glabrous shrub or small tree,
sometimes 13 meters high, with a trunk 25 cm. in diameter; leaves
thick, dark, oval or oblong; flowers white, the very slender corolla tube
12-16 cm. long, the broad lobes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; fruit yellow, re-
sembling a small orange, containing numerous large seeds. When
in flower, the tree is an exceptionally showy and handsome one.
PSYCHOTRIA L.
Shrubs or small trees; flowers small, usually white, greenish,
or yellowish; fruit a small juicy drupe containing normally 2 small
ribbed 1-seeded nutlets. A
vast genus, the largest group of the
family.
Inflorescence axillary.
Flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils, the inflorescence much
shorter than the petioles P. axillaris.
Flowers in long-stalked panicles, the inflorescence usually much
longer than the petioles.
Leaves oblanceolate-linear P. pleuropoda.
Leaves mostly elliptic or broadly oblong.
Fruit white; leaves thin, not pale beneath P. macrophylla.
Fruit red; leaves thick and fleshy, very pale beneath.
P. uliginosa.
Inflorescence terminal.
Stipules deciduous, thin, brown.

Calyx lobes lance-linear, elongate P. horizontalis.
Calyx lobes triangular to broadly ovate, short, often almost
obsolete.
Young branches brown-hirsute P. undata.
Young branches glabrous or nearly so.
Inflorescence sessile or nearly so.

Leaves broadly elliptic, large, mostly 8-12 cm. wide or
broader . . P. limonensis.
. .
Leaves narrower, usually less than 6 cm. wide.

Leaves thick and somewhat leathery, mostly obovate
or at least broadest above the middle.
P. Oerstediana.
Leaves thin, broadest at or below the middle.
Stipules closed in bud, deciduous as a cap.
P. granadensis.
Stipules separating, acuminate P. sessilifolia.
Inflorescence pedunculate.
Plants epiphytic; nerves of the fleshy leaves obscure.
P. pendula.
Plants terrestrial; leaves not fleshy, the nerves evident.
Flowers long-pedicellate P. marginata.
Flowers sessile or nearly so.
Panicles short-pedunculate; leaves mostly 4-8 cm.
long P. fruticetorum.
Panicles long-pedunculate, large; leaves mostly
11-16 cm. long or larger P. flava.
Stipules green, persistent.
Bractlets large, longer than the calyx, or else broad and rounded
at the apex.
Bractlets broad, rounded at the apex P. chiapensis.
Bractlets narrow, attenuate.
Inflorescence a large panicle, the bracts green or whitish.
P. capitata.
Inflorescence head-like, the bracts reddish ... P. involucrata.
Bractlets much shorter than the calyx.
Calyx truncate.
Leaves cuspidate-acuminate, oblong-ovate or elliptic; fruit
yellow, turning black P. cuspidata.
Leaves acute or obtuse, obovate or obovate-oblong; fruit
red P. microdon.
Calyx conspicuously dentate.
Corolla glabrous outside; stipules with long subulate lobes.
Stipules 2-lobed P. patens.

Stipules entire P. grandis.
Corolla pubescent; stipules short and inconspicuous.
Panicles erect in fruit, their branches strongly ascend-

ing P. pubescens.
Panicles reflexed in fruit, their branches spreading or
reflexed.
Leaves long-petiolate, the blades mostly 15-25 cm.

long P. crebrinervia.
Leaves short-petiolate, the blades mostly 7-12 cm.
long P. Pittieri.
Psychotria axillaris Willd. Middlesex, Schipp S68; South
America; unknown elsewhere in North America. A shrub a meter
high, growing in dense forest; corolla cream-colored; fruit black.
Psychotria capitata Ruiz & Pavon. Palicourea Stevensonii

Standl. Trop. Woods 16: 42. 1928 (type from Middlesex, N. S.
Stevenson; Yale 10683). Frequent in thickets; Panama and South
America. A shrub 2 meters high.
Psychotria chiapensis Standl. Casada, White Wood. Yaxcanan
(Maya). In thickets or forest; southern Mexico to Panama. An
almost glabrous shrub or tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high, with a
trunk 10 cm. in diameter; flowers white or greenish.
Psychotria crebrinervia Standl. Big Creek, in jungle, Schipp
170; Guatemala and Honduras. A shrub 2 meters high; flowers
greenish yellow.
Psychotria cuspidata Bredem. Frequent in forest or thickets;

widely distributed in tropical America. A slender glabrous shrub
1-2 meters high; flowers cream-colored.
Psychotria flava Oerst. Honey Camp and El Cayo; Guatemala

and southern Mexico. A stout shrub 1-2.5 meters high; flowers
white or greenish white.
Psychotria fruticetorum Standl. Frequent; Campeche to

Honduras. A dense shrub 1.5 meters high or less; flowers greenish
white; fruit red.
Psychotria granadensis Benth. Occasional in thickets;

Central America. A shrub 1 meter high. Probably a mere variety
of P. undata.
Psychotria grandis Swartz. Sand Hill, in forest, Schipp 1013;

widely distributed in tropical America. A tree 10 meters high, the
trunk 18 cm. in diameter; leaves large, obovate-elliptic, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers white, in large stalked panicles.
Psychotria horizontalis Swartz. Roaring Creek; Cocquericot;

southern Mexico to northern South America and the West Indies.
A shrub with greenish white flowers.
Psychotria involucrata Swartz. Frequent in forest or thickets;
widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub a meter high with
small white flowers.
Psychotria limonensis Krause. Middlesex, in jungle, Schipp
242; southern Mexico to Colombia. A shrub a meter high; flowers
cream-colored; fruit red.
Psychotria macrophylla Ruiz & Pav. Stann Creek Valley, in
forest along creek banks, Schipp S291; ranging southward to Peru.
A shrub about a meter high, the stem usually unbranched; flowers
and drupes white.
Psychotria marginata Swartz. In moist forest or thickets;
southern Mexico to South America. A slender shrub 1-3 meters
high.
Psychotria microdon (DC.) Urban. Dead Man'sBones. Hueso
de Finado. Frequent in thickets; Mexico to South America and the
West Indies. A stiff glabrous shrub with pale branches; flowers
greenish white.
Psychotria Oerstediana Standl. El Cayo District; Sand Hill;
southern Mexico to Honduras. A shrub a meter high; flowers green-
ish; fruit red.
Psychotria patens Swartz. In moist forest; widely distributed

in tropical America. A slender glabrous shrub a meter high; corolla
white; fruit blue.
Psychotria pendula (Jacq.) Urban. Camp 35, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S717; Central America, West Indies, and northern
South America. A small epiphytic shrub; leaves very fleshy, oblong,
short-petiolate, glabrous.
Psychotria Pittieri Standl. Middlesex, in jungle, common,
Schipp 297; southward to Colombia. A shrub a meter high.
Psychotria pleuropoda Donn. Smith. Camp 32, Guatemalan
boundary, Schipp S637; Guatemala. A simple shrub a meter high,
glabrous; stipules brown, deciduous; leaves short-petiolate, oblan-
ceolate-linear, long-tapering to the apex.
Psychotria pubescens Swartz. Common in thickets; southern

Mexico to Costa Rica and the West Indies. A shrub 1-1.5 meters high.
Psychotria sessilifolia Mart. & Gal. Cancerillo (Yucatan).
Corozal District; southern Mexico. A shrub a meter high; fruit red.
Psychotria uliginosa Swartz. Wet forest; ranging to the

Guianas and the West Indies. A shrub 1.5 meters high or less, the
stem unbranched; fruit bright red. A handsome and showy plant
when in fruit.
Psychotria undata Jacq. Frequent in thickets; widely dis-

tributed in tropical America. A shrub 1-1.5 meters high; fruit red.
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav.

Cocquericot, Bartlett 12038;
Nicaragua to Peru; rare in Central America. A slender shrub 1.5
meters high.
RANDIA L.
Shrubs or small trees, armed with stout spines; flowers small
or large, perfect or dioecious, solitary or clustered; fruit baccate,
small or large, the pulp containing few or numerous large seeds.
Corolla tube 5 mm. long; fruit 1 cm. or less in diameter; leaves
rounded to acutish at the apex R. actdeata.
Corolla tube 1.8-3 cm. long; fruit 2-3.5 cm. in diameter.
Corolla glabrous outside; leaves glabrous or nearly so. .R. armata.
Corolla pubescent outside; leaves densely pubescent. R. Watsoni..
Randia aculeata L. Pechcitam (Maya) Occasional in thickets ;

.
widely distributed in tropical America. A dense, very spiny shrub;

leaves ovate to obovate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers white.
Randia armata (Swartz) DC. Crucetilla (Honduras). Occa-
sional in thickets; widely distributed in tropical America. stiff A
shrub, the spines mostly in 4's at the ends of the branches; flowers
greenish white, sweet-scented. The pulp of the fruit is much sought
by birds, which puncture the hard shell in order to obtain it. The
pulp sometimes is eaten by people, but it is black and slimy and of
most repulsive appearance.
Randia Watsoni Robinson. Maskall, Gentle 1266; Guatemala
and Mexico. A stout shrub, armed with short
spines; leaves oblong
to obovate, obtuse or acute; flowers white, densely clustered, the
corolla 3.5-4 cm. long; fruit 3-4 cm. in diameter.
RICHARDIA L.
Richardia scabra L.
RONDELETIA L.
Shrubs or small trees; inflorescence terminal or axillary, usually

paniculate; corolla funnelform or salverform, with short or long tube;
fruit a small capsule, containing numerous angled or winged seeds.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath; flowers in long narrow spike-like

panicles R. buddleoides.
Leaves green and glabrate beneath; flowers cymose-paniculate,
the panicles broad R. belizensis.
Rondeletia belizensis Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
91. 1935.Type from forest on hill top, Jacinto Hills, Schipp 1201;
Pete*n. A shrub or tree as much as 6 meters high; leaves ovate
or oblong-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute or subobtuse; corolla white,
pilosulous, the slender tube 7-9 mm. long; seeds winged.
Rondeletia buddleoides Benth. Camp 35, Guatemalan bound-
ary, Schipp S715; southern Mexico to Panama. A slender shrub
or tree, 9 meters high or less, the trunk sometimes 15 cm. in diam-
eter; leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, acuminate, green and glabrate
above, white beneath; panicles narrow, 10-15 cm. long; corolla
reddish, tomentose outside, the slender tube 4-8 mm. long; seeds
not winged.
SABICEA Aubl.
Sabicea villosa Roem. & Schult. Sibun River, Gentle 1441.
Sabicea villosa Roem. & Schult. var. adpressa (Wernham)
Standl. In thickets. A slender vine, essentially herbaceous, but
perhaps occasionally somewhat woody.
SICKINGIA Willd.
Sickingia salvadorensis (Standl.) Standl., comb. nov. Cal-

deronia salvadorensis Standl. John Crow Redwood, Redwood. Chuc-
chemuch (Maya). Apparently frequent; Guatemala and Salvador.
A small or medium-sized tree; leaves short-petioled, oblong-obovate,
acuminate, narrowly cordate at the base, pubescent or almost
glabrous; flowers small, in dense terminal panicles; capsule de-
pressed-globose, with numerous pale lenticels, containing many large
compressed horizontal winged seeds. Employed locally for dyeing
hammocks and other articles red. Wood yellowish when first cut,
soon turning pink or red upon exposure to the air, but eventually
fading; hard, heavy, strong, fine-textured, easy to work, finishes
smoothly, is not very durable; not utilized locally, but suitable
for articles of turnery and carving. (See T. of T. A., pp. 550-552.)
SPERMACOCE L.
Spermacoce remota Lam. S. tenuior of many authors, not L.

Spermacoce tetraquetra A. Rich.
UNCARIA Schreb.
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Una de Guara (Honduras).

Stann Creek Valley, Schipp; southward to South America. A shrub,
often somewhat scandent, armed with stout recurved spines; leaves
oval or ovate, tomentose beneath when young but soon glabrate;
flowers small, creamy white, fragrant, in dense spherical heads.
VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family

VALERIANA L.
Valeriana scandens L. A herbaceous vine.
CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family

The family, as represented in British Honduras, consists wholly
of herbaceous vines.
ANGURIA L.
Anguria diversifolia Cogn.
CAYAPONIA Manso
Cayaponia alata Cogn. Akilkax (Yucatan, Maya). Honey
Camp, Lundell. Known also from Yucatan.
Cayaponia attenuata (Hook. & Arn.) Cogn. Stann Creek
Valley.
Cayaponia microdonta Blake. Sandia de Monte (Honduras).

Cornejo Creek; Stann Creek Valley.
CITRULLUS Forsk.
Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Watermelon. Sandia. Cultivated;

native of Africa.
CUCUMIS L.
Cucumis Anguria L. Habaplat (Yucatan, Maya). Honey

Camp.
Cucumis sativus L. Cucumber. Pepino. Cultivated; native
of southern Asia.
CUCURBITA L.
Cucurbita Pepo L. Squash. Calabaza. Kum (Maya). Culti-

vated commonly; a plant of American origin.
Cucurbita radicans Naud. Honey Camp, Lundell 77.
ECHINOCYSTIS Torr. & Gray

Echinocystis Coulter! (Gray) Cogn. El Cayo, Bartlett 12882.
The species name is questionable.
ELATERIUM Jacq.
Elaterium gracile (Hook. & Arn.) Cogn. Machaca, Schipp
S557.
GURANIA Cogn.
Gurania Makoyana (Lem.) Cogn. Near Cockscomb Moun-
tains, Schipp S112.
LAGENARIA Ser.
Lagenaria Gourd. Lek (Maya).

siceraria (Molina) Standl.
Cultivated and probably escaping; perhaps native in America.
LUFFA Adans.
Luff a cylindrica (L.) Roem. Sponge Gourd. Estropajo (Yuca-
tan). Paste (Honduras). The sponge-like interior of the large
fruits is employed as a substitute for animal sponges.
MELOTHRIA L.
Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. Meloncito (Yucatan) .
Melothria pendula L. Xtulub (Yucatan, Maya). Sandia,

silvestre (Yucatan).
Melothria scabra Naud.
MOMORDICA L.
Momordica Charantia L.Pepino de monte (Hon-
Sorosee.
duras). Yacunahax (Yucatan, Maya). Often called Balsam Pear
when cultivated in the north for its handsome fruits.
SECHIUM Swartz
Sechium edule Swartz. Chayote. Huisquil. Cultivated for
the fruits, which, when young and tender, are cooked and eaten.
The young shoots likewise are cooked and eaten, and the large
fleshy roots are edible.
SICYDIUM Schlecht.
Sicydium Schiedeanum Schlecht. Caves, Stann Creek Rail-

way, Schipp S180.
Sicydium tamnifolium (HBK.) Cogn. Chacmots (Pete"n,
LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family
ISOTOMA Lindl.
Isotoma longiflora (L.) Presl. L&grimas de San Diego (Yucatan) .
LOBELIA L.
Lobelia Cliffortiana L. Stann Creek.

Lobelia splendens Willd.
SPHENOCLEA Gaertn.
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
COMPOSITAE. Sunflower Family
Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves opposite or alternate, simple or

compound; flowers arranged in heads, the head surrounded by an
involucre composed of few or numerous bracts; flowers usually of
two kinds disk flowers, in the center of the receptacle, with tubular
corollas, and marginal or ray flowers having long strap-shaped
corollas; fruit an achene, the calyx usually represented on its apex
by pappus, this consisting of bristles, awns, or scales. Most of
the plants of this great family occurring in British Honduras are
herbs, and only the truly shrubby or arborescent species have been
included in the following key to genera. There are no woods of
importance in the family.
Leaves alternate.
Heads with rays.
Pappus of awns; rays white Verbesina.
Pappus of soft bristles; rays yellow. Senecio.

Heads without rays. Pappus of bristles.
Leaves conspicuously 3-nerved. Flowers dirty white. Baccharis.
Leaves not 3-nerved.
Pappus bristles all of equal length Pluchea.
Pappus bristles unequal, the outer shorter.
Pubescence of the leaves of branched hairs. . .

Piptocarpha.
Pubescence of simple hairs Vernonia.
Leaves opposite.
Heads with rays.
Rays white Montanoa.
Rays yellow.
Leaves covered beneath with a dense white tomentum.
Liabum.
Leaves not white-tomentose beneath.
Pappus of the disk achenes of 2-3 awns and small scales.
Zexmenia.
Pappus of 4 or more awns or scales.
Pappus of deciduous bristle-like awns Perymenium.

Pappus of persistent dilated awns or scales Calea.
Heads without rays.
Pappus of numerous long soft equal bristles Eupatorium.
Pappus of awns or scales or wanting.
Pappus none. Heads whitish Clibadium.
Pappus present.
Pappus of 2 awns; plants more or less scandent Salmea.
Pappus of 4 or more awns or scales; plants not scandent.
Calea.
AGERATUM L.
Ageratum corymbosum Zucc. var. latifolium (DC.) Robin-

son. Butcher Burn, Sibun River, Bartlett 11396.
Ageratum ellipticum Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 90: 5.

1930. Type from Tower Hill,Karling 31; Honey Camp, Lundell,
Meyer.
Ageratum Houstonianum Mill. El Cayo District, Bartlett
12098.
Ageratum maritimum HBK. f. calvum Robinson. Keys

off the coast, N. S. Stevenson 152.
Peckii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 191. 1911.
Ageratum
Type from pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 80; El Cayo
Ageratum radicans Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 192.

1911. Type from pond near Manatee Lagoon, Peck 99; Belize
Ageratum rugosum Coulter. All Pines, Schipp 738.
AMBROSIA L. Ragweed
Ambrosia cumanensis HBK. Little Cocquericot, Belize River,
Lundell 4139.
ARTEMISIA L.
Artemisia mexicana L. El Cayo, Chanek. Doubtless a culti-

vated plant.
ASTER L.
Aster bullatus Klatt. El Cayo, Bartlett 12093.

Aster exilis Ell. Honey Camp, Lundell 64.
BACCHARIS L.
Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers. Holnuxib (Yucatan, Maya).

dense shrub, the branches recurved or often clambering, angled;
leaves lanceolate to elliptic, 3-nerved, acuminate, entire, glabrous
or nearly so; heads small, whitish, 4 mm. long, of separate sexes
on separate plants.
BIDENS L.
Bidens pilosa L. Mozote (Honduras). Kanmul (Yucatan,

Maya).
Bidens squarrosa HBK. Honey Camp and elsewhere. A
climbing plant.
BORRICHIA Adans.
Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. All Pines, mangrove swamp,
Schipp 575. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby.
CALEA L.
Shrubs or rarely herbs; leaves opposite; heads small or large,

with or without rays, usually in cymes; bracts in several series,
dry or the outer herbaceous; achenes subterete or 4-5-angled, the
persistent pappus of 4-20, usually equal, chaffy scales or awns,
rarely wanting.
Heads cm. broad or larger
large, 1 C. longipedicellata.
Heads small, much less than 1 cm. broad.

Pappus shorter than the achene C. Zacatechichi.
Pappus equaling or longer than the achene.

Heads with rays C. urticifolia.
Heads without rays.
Leaves ovate C. Peckii.
Leaves linear-lanceolate C. fluviatilis.

Calea fluviatilis Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. 22: 385. 1932.

Type from Rio Privation, El Cayo District, Bartlett 11790. A
low herb.
Galea longipedicellata Rob. & Greenm. All Pines, secondary
forest; Mountain Pine Ridge; southern Mexico and Guatemala.
A weak shrub 4.5 meters high; heads orange-yellow, without rays.
Calea Peckii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 44: 624. 1909. Type,
Peck 64, without definite locality; Stann Creek Valley, Tower Hill
Estate, Honey Camp. A shrub 2 meters high or less with small
rough ovate leaves.
Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC. Xicin (Yucatan, Maya). All
Pines, El Cayo, and elsewhere, in secondary forest; Mexico and
Central America. A shrub 1-2 meters high; leaves small, ovate,
rough above, pubescent beneath; heads small, yellow.
Calea Zacatechichi Schlecht. Tzicin (Yucatan, Maya). In
thickets; Mexico and Guatemala. A low shrub; leaves short-stalked,
ovate, coarsely toothed, pubescent beneath; heads small, yellow.
CHAPTALIA Vent.
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak.
CIRSIUM Hill. Thistle
Cirsium mexicanum DC. Cardo (Yucatan). Omil (Yucatan,

Maya).
CLIBADIUM Allem.
Shrubs; leaves opposite, toothed; heads small, whitish, disk-like,

in panicled cymes; achenes obcompressed, without pappus.
Heads few, with numerous achenes C. polygynum.
Heads very numerous, with only 3-6 achenes C. arboreum.
Clibadium arboreum Donn. Smith. Big Creek and elsewhere;
southern Mexico and Guatemala. Ashrub 2 meters high or less;
leaves long-stalked, large, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, coarsely
toothed, densely soft-pubescent beneath; heads 5-6 mm. high.
Clibadium polygynum Blake. Stann Creek Valley, open
places along river bank, Schipp 972; southward to Nicaragua. A
shrub 2.5 meters high with harsh pubescence; leaves slender-stalked,
lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate.
COSMOS Cav.
Cosmos caudatus HBK. Chactsul (Yucatan, Maya).
ECLIPTA L.
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.
ELEPHANTOPUS L.
Elephantopus hypomalacus Blake. All Pines.

Elephantopus mollis HBK. Little Mountain Pine Ridge,
Bartlett 11871.
ELVIRA Cass.
Elvira biflora (L.) Cass.
EMILIA Cass.
Emilia sagittata (Vahl) DC. All Pines, Schipp.
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.
ERECHTITES Raf.
Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf.
ERIGERON L.
Erigeron bonariensis L.
Erigeron canadensis L. Reported by Lundell.
Erigeron pusillus Nutt. New Town, Schipp.
Erigeron spathulatus Vahl.
EUPATORIUM L.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves chiefly opposite; heads

small or rather large, without rays, white to purple or bluish; achenes
5-ribbed or 5-angled, the pappus of numerous slender soft bristles.
Flower heads cylindric, mostly twice as long as thick.
Leaves pinnate-nerved E. Oerstedianum.
Leaves 3-5-nerved.
Heads 15-25-flowered E. odoratum.
Heads 4-6-flowered E. campechense.
Flower heads campanulate or turbinate.
Herbs; leaves densely pubescent or almost glabrous beneath.
Leaves long-attenuate at the base E. Blakei.
Leaves cordate or rounded at the base.
Heads in long narrow panicles E. solidaginoides.
Heads in broad or small and dense cymes.

Heads in large broad cymes; leaves very large, mostly more
than 10 cm. wide; flowers white E. macrophyllum.
Heads in small dense rounded cymes; leaves small, less than
5 cm. wide; flowers purple E. pycnocephalum.
Shrubs or trees; leaves glabrous or practically so.
Flower heads in small, very dense, rounded cymes; leaves con-
spicuously triplinerved E. albicaule.
Flower heads in large panicles; leaves not evidently triplinerved.
Leaf blades mostly truncate or obtuse at the base, ovate or
deltoid-ovate E. morifoUum.
Leaf blades acute at the base, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong.
E. Pittieri.
Eupatorium albicaule Schultz Bip. Old Woman's Walking-

stick. Soscha, Xoltexnuc (Maya). Tine-cordel (Honduras). Oc-
casional in thickets; Mexico to Honduras. An almost glabrous
shrub or small tree 6 meters high or less; leaves short-petioled,
lanceolate to oblong-ovate, small, long-acuminate, serrate; heads
white, 7-8-flowered. In Honduras the plant is employed for im-
parting a green dye to twine, cloth, and other articles.
Eupatorium Blakei Robinson. El Cayo, Bartlett 11463.
Eupatorium campechense Robinson. Honey Camp, Lundell;
Campeche. An almost glabrous shrub; leaves short-stalked, lanceo-
late to ovate, undulate-toothed, triplinerved, glabrous or nearly
so; heads in cymes, the cymes forming large panicles.
Eupatorium macrophyllum L. A frequent weed.

Eupatorium morifolium Mill. Cerbatana (Honduras). Stann
Creek Valley, Schipp; widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub or small tree as much as 4.5 meters high, often forming dense
clumps or thickets, the stems hollow, simple or branched; leaves
large, crenate-serrate; heads small, 6-13-flowered, white.
Eupatorium odoratum L. Crucito (Honduras). Tokaban

(Yucatan, Maya). Common in thickets; generally distributed in
tropical America. A
shrub, often with long, recurved or clambering
branches; leaves rhombic-ovate or deltoid, acute or acuminate,
coarsely toothed or sometimes entire; heads lavender or almost
white, 10-12 mm. long, in small corymbs. One of the most common
weedy shrubs of Central America, springing up abundantly in cut-
over or abandoned land.
Eupatorium Oerstedianum Benth. Mountain Pine Ridge,

Bartlett 11607; southward to Costa Rica. A shrub 2-3.5 meters
high; leaves short-stalked, narrowly lance-oblong, long-attenuate,
thick and firm, glabrate; heads small, white, in large dense terminal
cymes.
Eupatorium Big Creek; Punta Gorda; south-
Pittieri Klatt.
ward to Panama. A
shrub or small tree, as much as 7 meters high,
with trunk diameter of 12 cm.; leaves large, slender-stalked, acute
or acuminate, coarsely toothed, penninerved; heads small, white.
Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.

Eupatorium solidaginoides HBK. El Cayo, Bartlett 11462.
FLAVERIA Juss.
Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr. Corozal District.
GNAPHALIUM L.
Gnaphalium attenuatum DC. All Pines, Schipp 572.
GOLDMANELLA Greenm.
Goldmanella sarmentosa Greenm. Honey Camp, Lundell
17; Mullins River Road, Schipp 867; Campeche.
HARLEYA Blake
Harleya oxylepis (Benth.) Blake.
LACTUCA L.
Lactuca sativa L. Lettuce. Lechuga. Cultivated; native of

the Old World.
LIABUM Adans.
Liabum dimidium Blake. Barracouta Tietie. Toledo; Stann
Creek Valley; Pete"n. A large woody sometimes
vine, probably
epiphytic; ovate or rounded-ovate, almost entire,
leaves large,
green above, densely white-tomentose beneath; heads small, yellow,
in large panicles.
MELANTHERA Rohr
Melanthera aspera (Jacq.) Steud.
Melanthera parviceps Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. 22: 384.
1932. Type from Little Mountain Pine Ridge, El Cayo District,
Bartlett 11882.
MIKANIA Willd.
The plants of this genus are vines, chiefly herbaceous but often
somewhat woody.
Mikania boliviensis Lingelsh. Sittee River, Schipp.
Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd.
Mikania Houstoniana (L.) Robinson.
Mikania leiostachya Benth.
Mikania micrantha HBK.
Mikania olivacea Klatt.
MILLERIA L.
Milleria quinqueflora L.
MONTANOA Cerv.
Montanoa pauciflora Klatt. Stann Creek Valley; El Cayo;
southern Mexico and Central America. A shrub 2 meters high,
often climbing; leaves opposite, ovate, toothed, rough, thin; heads
medium-sized, with large white rays; chaff of the disk becoming
greatly enlarged and scarious in fruit; achenes without pappus. A
showy and handsome plant when in flower.
NEUROLAENA R. Br.
Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. Memo de Lagarto. Tabaquillo

(Guatemala). A large coarse herb; a common weed, used locally
as a remedy for stomach affections.
NOTOPTERA Urban
Notoptera scabridula Blake. El Cayo District, Bartlett 11541;
southern Mexico to Honduras. Plants more or less shrubby.
ORTHOPAPPUS Gleason
Orthopappus angustifolius (Swartz) Gleason. All Pines,
Schipp.
PARTHENIUM L.
Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Altamisa (Yucatan). Hauay

(Yucatan, Maya).Honey Camp.
PECTIS L.
Pectis prostrata Cav. Stann Creek, Schipp.

Pectis Schottii (Fernald) Millsp. Seine Bight, Schipp; Yucatan.
PERYMENIUM Schrad.
Perymenium Peckii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 211.

1911. Type, Peck 824, without definite locality; Belize District,
Bartlett 11221 .A subscandent shrub 3-9 meters long leaves opposite,
;
lanceolate, acuminate, remotely toothed, petiolate, softly pubescent

beneath; heads yellow, with rays, 6 mm. high, the bracts obtuse.
PIPTOCARPHA R. Br.
Piptocarpha chontalensis Baker. Big Creek, Schipp 138;

southward to Panama. A shrub, more or less scandent, as much as
6 meters long; leaves alternate, short-stalked, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate, almost entire, densely and minutely tomentose beneath;
flower heads small, clustered in the leaf axils, white, without rays;
pappus of 2 series of slender bristles.
PLUCHEA Cass.
Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Santa Maria (Yucatan). Chakhe

(Yucatan, Maya). Occasional in thickets; widely distributed in
tropical America. A
stout grayish-tomentose shrub; leaves elliptic
to oblong-ovate, alternate, entire or nearly so; heads 6-7 mm.
pappus of numerous soft bristles.
high, pink;
Pluchea purpurascens (Swartz) DC. A coarse herb.
POLYMNIA L.
Polymnia maculata Cav.
PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS Rohr
Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr.
SALMEA DC.
Salmea scandens (L.) DC. Iklab (Maya). El Cayo District;
widely distributed in tropical America. A
large, more or less scandent
shrub; leaves opposite, short-stalked, ovate or oblong-ovate, thick,
remotely toothed or almost entire, glabrous or nearly so; heads 5-7
mm. high, whitish, without rays; achenes strongly compressed,
ciliate, the pappus of 2 awns. Used in British Honduras as a fish
poison.
SCHISTOCARPHA Less.
Schistocarpha oppositifolia (Kuntze) Rydb.
SENECIO L.
Senecio cobanensis Coulter. Pine Peak, D. Stevenson; Guate-

mala and Honduras. A shrub or small tree, almost glabrous; leaves
alternate; somewhat fleshy, oblong or oblanceolate, stalked, entire
or nearly so; heads medium-sized, the bracts equal, linear, in a single
series, a few small ones present at the base.
SPARGANOPHORUS Crantz
Sparganophorus Vaillantii Crantz.
SPILANTHES Jacq.
Spilanthes americana (Mutis) Hieron.
SPIRACANTHA HBK.
Spiracantha cornifolia HBK. Calcutta, Gentle 5000.
SYNEDRELLA Gaertn.
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.
TITHONIA Desf.
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray. Columbia, Schipp S690.
Tithonia Pittieri (Greenm.) Blake.
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake. Zuum (Yucatan, Maya).
El Cayo, Bartlett 12099.
TRICHOSPIRA HBK.
Trichospira menthoides HBK. Belize River, Lundell 4082.
VERBESINA L.
Verbesina lanata Rob. & Greenm. Near Middlesex, mountain

forest,480 meters, Schipp 479; Guatemala. A tree 11 meters high,
the trunk 20 cm. in diameter; leaves alternate, very large, short-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, almost entire, acuminate, pilose, especially
on the upper surface; heads rather large, somewhat tomentose, with
showy white rays.
Verbesina myriocephala Schultz Bip. Tabaquillo (Honduras).
Honey Camp, Lundett. A tall coarse herb with pinnatifid leaves
and white heads.
VERNONIA Schreb.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, usually toothed; heads

small or medium-sized, without rays; involucre campanulate, the
small bracts numerous, graduated; achenes 4-10-ribbed, the pappus

of a series of small outer scales and a series of long stiff bristles.
Heads subtended by large leaf-like bracts.

Inner bracts long-tapering; plants herbaceous.
Leaves 8-12 cm. long V. argyropappa.
Leaves 6 cm. long or less V. remotiflora.
Inner bracts obtuse; shrub .V. tortuosa.
Heads not leafy-bracted.
Bracts very acute; branches of the inflorescence long and slender,
recurved V. canescens.
Bracts obtuse or acutish; branches of the inflorescence short and
stiff.
Heads 11-flowered V. Asckenborniana.

Heads 18-21-flowered V. patens.
Vernonia argyropappa Buek. Mullins River Road; east of
Mount Polo, Belize District.
Vernonia Aschenborniana Schauer. Mullins River Road,
edge of forest, Schipp 31; Mexico to Nicaragua. A stiff shrub 2.5
meters high; leaves elliptic to narrowly lance-oblong, pubescent
beneath; involucre 3 mm. high; flowers pale pink.
Vernonia canescens HBK. Stann Creek; widely distributed
slender shrub about a meter high; leaves
ovate to oblong, sparsely or densely silky-hairy beneath, acuminate;
heads 3.5-5 mm. high, pale pink.
Vernonia cinerea L. A low herb, naturalized from the Old
World tropics; reported by Lundell.
Vernonia patens HBK. Occasional in thickets; Mexico to
northern South America. A
stout shrub 2 meters high or less;
leaves elliptic to oblong, pubescent beneath, thick; heads white,
4 mm. high.
Vernonia remotiflora Rich. El Cayo District, Bartlett 11530.
Vernonia tortuosa (L.) Blake. In thickets; Mexico and Central
America. A shrub 3 meters high or less, the branches often recurved ;
leaves oblong to ovate, pubescent, thick; heads 1 cm. high, white.
VIGUIERA HBK.
Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng. var. helianthoides (HBK.)
Blake. Corozal-Orange Walk Road, Gentle 181.
WEDELIA Jacq.
Wedelia acapulcensis HBK. Reported by Lundell.
Wedelia parviceps Blake.
Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
ZEXMENIA Llave
Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, petioled, toothed; heads in
umbels or panicles, yellow, with showy rays; achenes compressed,
sometimes winged, the pappus of awns and scales, or sometimes
reduced to a crown.
Heads in umbels; leaves glabrate beneath Z. frutescens.
Heads in panicles; leaves densely pubescent beneath Z. serrata.
Zexmenia frutescens (Mill.) Blake. Zactah (Yucatan, Maya).

In thickets; southern Mexico to northern South America. A shrub
3 meters high, often somewhat scandent; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
rough on the upper surface; heads 7-12 mm. high, the bracts obtuse.
Zexmenia serrata Llave. In thickets; Mexico and Guatemala.
Leaves ovate to lance-oblong, acute or acuminate; heads 5-7 mm.
high.
ZINNIA L.
Zinnia elegans Jacq. Berjima. Cultivated and naturalized;

native of Mexico.
ADDITIONS
Too late for inclusion in the body of this report, there have
been detected various new or otherwise interesting plants that deserve
inclusion in the Flora of British Honduras, and descriptions or
mention of these are found upon the following pages. It is to be
regretted that certain publications cited in the bibliography were
not available when the manuscript of the flora was prepared for
publication, since certain data contained in them could have been
used to advantage in the preceding pages.
POLYPODIAGEAE
Dryopteris Schippii Weatherby, Amer. Fern Journ. 25: 52.
1935. Type from Machaca Creek, Schipp S782.
Polypodium Harrisii Jenman. Guatemalan boundary, Schipp
S801 in part.
Polypodium mollissimum Fe"e. Collected by Schipp.
PALMAE
Chamaedorea Karwinskyana Wendl. Reported recently by
Burret from Camp 36 on the Guatemalan boundary, 900 meters,
Schipp 894; also in Guatemala and southern Mexico. Stems 2.5-4.5
meters high and 2.5 cm. thick.
Paurotis Schippii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12: 303.
1935. Type from "Pojktuun Trail," 780 meters, in swamp forest,
Schipp 893. Closely related to the palm listed in the treatment of
the family as Acoelorrhaphe Wrightii, but distinguished by having
unarmed petioles. Burret now uses the generic name Paurotis O. F.
Cook in place of Acoelorrhaphe.
PIPERACEAE
The descriptions of the following new species are inserted here
at the request of Mr. C. L. Lundell. A few of the species are plants
of neighboring Guatemala which probably will be found to occur
also in British Honduras.
Arctottonia sempervirens Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex glaber
4-5-metralis, internodiis ramorumfloriferorum gracilibus et vulgo
brevibus; folia elliptica, subovata vel sublanceolata acuminata basi
acuta, 6-8 cm. longa 3-4.5 cm. lata, 3- vel vulgo 5-nervia, nervis
submarginalibus magis obscuris, coriacea, leviter revoluta, lucida,
supra intense viridia, subtus olivacea; petiolus 5 mm. longus; spicae
15 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 10 mm. longo
405
1-bracteato, pedicello flore paullo longiore. Guatemala: Uaxactun,

Pete"n, April, 1931,H. H. Bartlett 12563 (type in herb. Univ. Michi-
gan); also Nos. 12683, 12326.
Arctottonia tuxpenyana Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex glaber
divaricato-ramosus, internodiis superioribus brevibus gracilibus;
folia ovato-lanceolata acuminata, basi rotundata et vulgo obliqua,
7-9 cm. longa 3-4 cm. lata, 5-nervia, rugosissima; petiolus 3 mm.
longus; spicae in statu fructifero 20 mm. longae et 6 mm. crassae,
pedunculo circa 5 mm. longo; baccae globoso-ellipsoideae breviter
pedicellatae. Mexico: Tuxpena, Campeche, C. L. Lundell 1300
(type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Peperomia Lundellii Trelease, sp. nov. Herba staturae mediae
epiphytica, caulibus 2 mm. crassis in statu sicco valde angulatis;
folia opposita vel ternata subrhombeo-elliptica obtuse acuminata,
basi acuta, 3-6 mm. longa 2-4 cm. lata, 3-nervia, petiolo 5 mm. longo;
spicae terminates 20 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo denique
4 mm. longo, bracteis rotundato-peltatis. British Honduras: Honey
Camp, Orange Walk District, November, 1928, C. L. Lundell 96a
(Herb. Field Mus. No. 597,985, type).
Peperomia pololensis Trelease, sp. nov. Herba staturae
mediae repenti-assurgens brunneo-punctata petiolis et lineis e petiolis
decurrentibus exceptis glabra, caule 1-2 mm. crasso; folia alterna
lanceolata utrinque sensim acuta, 5-6 cm. longa 0.6-2 cm. lata,
trinervia, nervis basi plus minusve confluentibus, petiolo 5 mm.
longo subdecurrente; spicae vix 40 mm. longae et 2 mm. crassae
laxiflorae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo, bracteis rotundato-peltatis;
baccae subglobosae mucronatae stigmate obliquo. Guatemala:
Monte Polol, Pete"n, C. L. Lundell 3040 (type in herb. Univ. Mich-
igan); La Libertad, Lundell 3100, 3102; Monte Santa Teresa, Lundell
2724. British Honduras: Belize River, Lundell 3830.
Peperomia praetenuis Trelease, sp. nov. Herba diminutiva
glabra etiam in statu fructifero vix 4 cm. alta; folia alterna tri-
angulari-ovata subacuta basi truncato-cordata 5-10 mm. lata et
aequilonga, 3-nervia, yenulosa, in statu sicco tenerrima, petiolo vix
3 mm. superante; spicae terminates laxiflorae, 10 mm. longae 1
mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo, bracteis rotundato-
peltatis; baccae subellipsoideae plus minusve striatae carnosae,
stigmate apicali. British Honduras: Belize, C. L. Lundell 1929 (type
in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Piper atlantidanum Trelease, var. sibunense Trelease, var.
nov. Frutex primum cinereo-pubescens, foliis cito glabrescentibus,
internodiis superioribus gracilibus elongatis laxe hirtellis; folia ovata
acuminata, basi cordulata vel subcordulata uno latere brevioria,
21 cm. longa 13 cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis
pallidis 6X2, subtus pallidiora praesertim ad nervos molliter pubes-
centia, in statu sicco tenuia pellucido-punctata, petiolo 20-30+5
mm. longo; spicae 45 mm. longae 2 mm. vel in statu fructifero 3 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis.
British Honduras: Craig Point, Sibun River, Percy H. Gentle 1381

Piper cayoense Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex 3-metralis, internodiis
superioribus brevibus gracilibus hirsutis; folia lanceolato-ovata
acuminata basi inaequaliter cordulata, 6.5-15 cm. longa 5-12 cm.
lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis 5x2, rugosa, supra
granuloso-asperata, nervis subtus patenti-subhirsutis, petiolo 10 mm.
longo hirsuto; spicae 50-60 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo
5 mm. longo hirsuto, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis ciliolatis.
British Honduras: San Antonio, El Cayo, H. H. Bartlett 13070
Piper Chanekii Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, internodiis
superioribus breviusculis gracilibus hispidis; folia subelliptica acu-
minata, basi uno latere breviore rotundata, 13-14 cm. longa 6.5
cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis circa 5+6, supra
molliter pilosa serius lepidota, subtus pallidiora sparse pilosa, nervis
adpresso-pilosis, rugosa, petiolo circa 10+2 mm. longo hispido;
spicae 8(>-100 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae, pedunculo &-10 mm.
longo hispido, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis ciliatis; stigmata 3
sessilia. British Honduras: El Cayo, Mercedes Chanek 10 (type in
herb. Univ. Michigan).
Piper cocquericotense Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, ramis
scabro-hispidis, internodiis breviusculis gracilibus; folia subelliptica
acute acuminata, basi inaequilatera latere breviore subacuto, 13-19
cm. longa 6.5-8.5 cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis
circa 5+6, supra breviter scabrida, subtus pallidiora hispida, petiolo
circa 7+3 mm. longo hispido; spicae 80 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae,
pedunculo 5-10 mm. longo scabro, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis
ciliatis. British Honduras: Little Cocquericot, Belize River, C. L.
Lwndell 3829 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Piper dimorphophyllum Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex glabres-
cens, internodiis superioribus gracilibus modice elongatis primum
sparse pilosis; folia subelliptica acuminata fere aequaliter sub-
cordulata coerulep-viridia 7-13 cm. longa 3.5-5 cm. lata, interdum
supra laete viridia basi uno latere paullo longiora atque 28 cm.
longa et 10 cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis 4-5x2,
petiolo 10 mm. longo; spicae 60 cm. longae, 2 mm. crassae, pallidae,
pedunculo 10 mm. longo, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis, centro
fusco. British Honduras: Craig Point, Sibun River, Percy H.
Gentle 1387 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Piper Gentlei Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, primum obscure
molliter pubescens, serius glabrescens; folia elliptica acuminata,
basi inaequaliter breviter cordulata, 12-20 cm. longa 6-10 cm.
lata, e % inferiore penninervia, nervis 4-5X2, supra intense viridia
glabra lucida, nervis subtus minute molliter pubescentibus, petiolo
5-10 mm. longo vix alato plus minusve molliter pubescente; spicae
60 cm. longae 6 mm. crassae mucronulatae ferrugineae, pedunculo
vix 5 mm. longo, bracteis triangulari-subpeltatis ciliatis; baccae
globosae, stigmatibus 3 latis sessilibus. British Honduras: San
Andres, Corozal District, Percy H. Gentle 1077 (type in herb. Univ.

Michigan).
Piper kantetulense Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, internodiis
superioribus brevibus gracilibus primum cinereo-subyillosis glabres-
centibus; folia lanceolato-elliptica yel ovato-elliptica acuminata,
basi rotundata uno latere paullo breviore, 13-15 cm. longa 5-7.5 cm.
lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis circa 5X2, plus minusve
rugosa, supra lucida glabra, subtus opaca cinereo-pubescentia, petiolo
vix 5+2 mm. longo cinereo-hirsuto; spicae 60 cm. longae et 4 mm.
crassae vel ultra, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo velutino; bracteae
magnae pallidae rotundato-subpeltatae lacerae; stigmata 3 sessilia.
Guatemala: Kantetul, Pete"n, C. L. Lundell 3173 (type in herb.
Univ. Michigan).
Piper kantetulense var. Gentlei Trelease, var. nov. Folia
minora, 12 cm. longa 5 cm. lata; spicae 40 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae,
bracteis pallidis, centre fusco; petiolus vix 5 mm. longus. British
Honduras: Prospect, Northern River, Percy H. Gentle 947 (type in
Piper Lundellii Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex? glaber, internodiis
superioribus gracilibus breviusculis nigrescentibus; folia rotundato-
elliptica vel rotundato-ovata subabrupte breviacuminata, basi typice
rotundata conspicue unguiculata, 8-10 cm. longa 5-7.5 cm. lata,
7-nervia, nervis exterioribus marginalibus et magis obscuris, petiolo
5 mm. longo; spicae filiformes 50 mm. longae, pedunculo 5 mm.
longo. British Honduras: Honey Camp, C. L. Lundell 570 (Herb.
Field Mus. No. 604,418, type).
Piper nitidulifolium Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, statu sicco
brunnescens, internodiis superioribus brevibus gracilibus crispo-
pilosis glabrescentibus; folia elliptico-lanceolata acuminata, basi
angustata saltern uno latere cordulata vel rotundata, 11-16 cm.
longa 4.5^-6.5 cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penninervia, nervis 4-5x2,
in statu sicco tenuia, supra lucida, nervis subtus plus minusve molliter
pubescentibus, petiolo vix 7+3 mm. longo sparse piloso basi alato;
spicae oppositifoliae vix 60 mm. longae et 3 mm. crassae mucronatae,
pedunculo 5 mm. longo glabrato, bracteis rotundato-subpeltatis;
baccae depresso-globosae; stigmata 3 linearia sessilia. British Hon-
duras: Tower Hill, J. S. Karling 26 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 658,990,
type).
Piper sibunense Trelease, sp. nov. Frutex?, internodiis superi-
oribus breviusculis gracilibus cinereo-tomentosis, serius elongatis
glabrescentibus minute scabridulis; folia lanceplata vel elliptica
acuminata basi inaequaliter obtusa, vel in foliis longiqribus basi
subacuta, 12-15 cm. longa 5-5.5 cm. lata, e dimidio inferiore penni-
nervia, nervis 5X2, supra rigide pubescentia scabrida, subtus cinereo-
tomentulosa; spicae 60 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm.
longo subtomentuloso. British Honduras: Gracie Rock, Sibun
River, Percy H. Gentle 1562 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq. var. hypoleuca Trelease,
var. nov. Glaber; folia suborbicularia abrupte breviacuminata,
basi breviter retusa, 24 cm. lata, supra intense viridia, subtus leviter
glauca, nervis venisque fere albis plus minusve granulosis, petiolo
gracili 24 cm. longo 5 cm. supra basin laminae peltatim inserto,
tertio glauco; pedunculus gracilis 4 cm. longus;
inferiore alato,
spicae 100 longae 3 mm. crassae albae, pedunculis secundariis
mm.
10 mm. longis. British Honduras: Craig Point, Sibun River, Percy
H. Gentle 1400 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
ULMACEAE
Celtis Schippii Standley, sp. nov. Arbor 15-metralis glabra,
trunco 25 cm. diam., ramulis gracilibus rimosis dense minute lenticel-
latis; folia mediocria breviter petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo gracili 5-8
mm. longo; lamina oblonga vel anguste elliptico-oblonga 8-11 cm.
longa 3.5-4.5 cm. lata anguste breviter acuminata, basi obtusa vel
subacuta atque plus minusve obliqua, supra lucida nervis venulis-
que prominentibus, subtus subconcolor, basi trinervia, nervis ut
venulis valde prominentibus, venulis arete reticulatis; flores axillares
solitarii, pedicellis in statu fructiferp crassis usque ad 7 mm. longis;
sepala persistentia subrotundata vix ultra 1 mm. longa apice late
rotundata ciliata; drupa ellipsoidea glabra circa 1.5 cm. longa et
1 cm. lata basi angustata. British Honduras: Temash River, in
primary forest, alt. 45 meters, March 25, 1935, W. A. Schipp 1322
A member of the subgenus Momma.
LORANTHACEAE
The following species are published here at the request of Mr.
C. L. Lundell.
Phoradendron belizense Trelease, sp. nov. Aequitoriales-
Quadrangulares. Copiose ramosus vel pseudo-dichotomus glaber
laevis, cataphyllis basalibus, internodiis 20-40 mm. longis 2-4 mm.
crassis acute quadrangularibus supra plus minusve compressis;
cataphylla patentia albomarginata; folia lanceolata vel anguste
obovata obtusa vel subacuta, 30^-35 mm. longa 7-12 mm. lata, basi
cuneata, subsessilia, obscure basinervia, supra plus minusve lucida;
spicae vulgo solitariae et axillares 20-35 mm. longae, nodis circa
3 oblongis 12-floris, floribus 4-seriatis, pedunculo brevissimo; bacca
rubra globosa laevis, sepalis arete inflexis. British Honduras:
Belize, C. L. Lundell 1820 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Phoradendron cayanum Trelease, sp. nov. Aequitoriales-
Quadrangulares. Vix dichotpmus, androgynus?, glaber, ramis acute
quadrangularibus, cataphyllis omnibus basalibus, internodiis graci-
libus elongatis; cataphylla subacuta; folia elliptico-obovata obtusa,
basi sessili cuneata, basinervia; spicae vulgo solitariae et axillares
graciles elongatae, 40-60 mm. longae, nodis circa 5 elongatis, floribus
12 et ultra 4- et 2-seriatis, pedunculo 5-10 mm. longo; baccae
flavae subglobosae, petalis inflexis. British Honduras: El Cayo,
H. H. Bartlett 11997 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
Phoradendron cocquericptanum Trelease, sp. nov. Aequi-

toriales-Quadrangulares. Vix dichotomus, androgynus?, ramis acute
quadrangularibus, cataphyllis basalibus, internodiis glabris brevius-
culis validiusculis; cataphylla obtusiuscula; folia suboblonga vel
elliptica obtusa 3-6 cm. Ipnga 2 cm. lata, basi sessili cuneata, opaca,
basinervia; spicae ad axillas plus minusve fasciculatae graciles vix
40 mm. longae, nodis circa 4 brevibus, floribus 12 et ultra 4- vel
2-seriatis, pedunculo brevi; baccae flavae globosae, petalis inflexis.
British Honduras: Cocquericot, March, 1931, H. H. Bartlett 12073
Phoradendron Gentlei Trelease, sp. nov. Aequitoriales-Hey-
deanae. Plus minusve pseudpdichotomus, dipicus?, cataphyllis
basalibus, internodiis gracilibus infra nodos subdilatatis; folia ovata
obtusa basi acuta 8 cm. longa 4 cm. lata pinnatim paucinervia,
petiolo 5 mm. longo; spicae solitariae fere 100 mm. longae, rhachi
gracili, nodis circa 8 paucifloris, floribus 2- vel 4-seriatis; baccae
immaturae ellipsoideae 5 mm. longae 4 mm. latae, sepalis inflexis.
British Honduras: Corozal District, Percy H. Gentle 505 (type in
Phoradendron manatense Trelease, sp. nov. Aequitoriales-
Rubrae. Vix dichotomus, androgynus?, cataphyllis basalibus,
internodiis brevibus crassiusculis obscure subpapillatis quadrangu-
laribus; folia elliptica vel subobovata obtusa 3-4 cm. longa 1-2
cm. lata basi cuneata, breviter petiolata, lucida, minute rugulosa;
spicae solitariae?, breves, nodis circa 3 paucifloris, pedunculo brevis-
simo; baccae ut videtur rubrae ellipsoideae, sepalis apertis.
British Honduras: Cornhouse Creek, Manatee River, January,
1931, H. H. Bartlett 11304 (type in herb. Univ. Michigan).
LEGUMINOSAE
Chaetocalyx belizensis Standley, sp. nov. Herba volubilis
usque ad 7 m. longa, caulibus gracillimis sparsissime incurvo-pilosulis
vel fere glabris et hinc inde pilis lutescentibus basi paullo dilatatis
setulosis; stipulae 5 mm. longae virides lineari-triangulares attenuatae
setuloso-ciliatae; folia pinnata 8-10 cm. longa petiolata, rhachi
gracillima praesertim ad nodos setosa; foliola vulgo 9 brevissime
petiolulata membranacea obovato-ovalia 1.5-2 cm. longa 8-13 mm.
lata apice late rotundata vel subtruncata et mucronata, basi obtusa,
utrinque nigro-puncticulata atque sparse minutissime subadpresso-
pilosula, supra intense viridia, subtus pallida; flores pauci ad axillas
fasciculati, pedicellis ad 6 mm. longis gracilibus glabris vel sparse
setosis; calycis tubus tubuloso-campanulatus 5-6 mm. longus basi
obtusus, sparse pilis longis flavescentibus patentibus setosus, lobis
3 mm. longis e basi triangulari filiformi-attenuatis; petala lutea
glabra, vexillo 2 cm. longo, limbo 12 mm. lato apice profunde excise;
legumen lineare torulosum circa 13 cm. longum et 1.5 mm. latum
striatum, articulis numerosis minute puberulis. British Honduras:
Temash River, on river bank, climbing over Gynerium, alt. 30
meters, February 18, 1935, W. A. Schipp 1330 (Herb. Field Mus. No.
782,452, type).
Similar in most respects to C. vestita Standl., of Yucatan, in
which the standard is densely pubescent on its outer surface, and
the pubescence of the foliage is quite different in character.
SAPINDACEAE
Cupania Schippii Standley, sp. nov. Arbor 11-metralis, trunco
25 cm. diam., ramulis subteretibus sulcatis densissime tomento ferru-
gineo velutino-tomentosis; folia magna circa 45 cm.longa et ultra longe
petiolata, rhachi crassa dense villosulo-tomentosa; foliola 10 breviter
crasse petiolulata coriacea oblonga 8-15 cm. longa 4.5-6.5 cm. lata
apice rotundata vel subtruncata interdum subemarginata basi
oblique rotundata, supra in sicco cinerea ad costam nervosque
impresses villosula aliter glabra, subtus concoloria ubique dense
molliter velutino-pilosula, costa ut nervis valde eleyatis, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere circa 18 angulo fere recto divergentibus,
venulis elevatis arete reticulatis; paniculae magnae multiflorae
pedunculatae fpliis subaequilongae,
ramis basalibus ramosis, superi-
oribus simplicibus dense spiciformibus usque ad 6 cm. longis,
rhachibus crassis sulcatis dense rufo-tomentosis, floribus brevissime
pedicellatis, bracteis triangularibus pedicellis vix longioribus; sepala
late ovalia apice rotundata 2.5 vel fere 3 mm. longa, extus dense
minute adpresse sericep-pilosula; petala ochroleuca sepalis vix
longiora; stamina conspicue petalis longiora. British Honduras:
Temash River, in primary forest, alt. 60 meters, April 2, 1935,
W. A. Schipp 1348 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 782,565, type).
Thinouia tomocarpa Standley, sp. nov. Frutex scandens 18-
metralis, ramis teretibus striatis, lenticellis parvis densiuscule con-
spersis, novellis minute puberulis cito glabratis; folia 3-foliolata longe
petiolata, petiolulis 1-3 cm. longis; foliola ovata vel oblpngo-ovata
circa 11 cm. longa atque 6 cm. lata subcoriacea acuta, basi rotundata
et saepe obliqua, integra vel remote grosse crenata, glabrata, subtus
secus costam sparse barbata; fiores subumbellati numerosi, umbellis
longe pedunculatis, pedicellis gracilibus elongatis saepe fere 2 cm.
longis puberulis; fructus magnus glaber lucidus graciliter 1 cm. longe
stipitatus, basi acutus vel acutiusculus, 6-8 cm. Ipngus prope apicem
4 cm. latus, apice truncatus vel latissime breviter excisus, loculis
valde compressis laxe reticulate- venulosis. British Honduras:
Temash River, in primary forest, alt. 45 meters, February 6, 1935,
W. A. Schipp 1336 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 782,557, type).
The genus has not been recorded previously for North America,
the other species being South American. The British Honduras
plant is noteworthy for its fruit, which looks as if the apex might
have been cut off with shears. I have not found similar samaras
among the other members of the genus, whose fruits are decidedly
different in appearance.
FLACOURTIACEAE
Casearia belizensis Standley, sp. nov. Arbor 12-metralis,
trunco 25 cm. diam., ramis teretibus rimosis femigineis sparse minute
pallido-lenticellatis, novellis minutissime puberulis, cito glabratis, in-
ternodiis brevibus; folia mediocria breviter petiolata crasse chartacea,
petiolo crassiusculo 5-8 mm. longo glabrato; lamina anguste oblonga
6-14 cm. longa 2.5-4 cm. lata abrupte anguste obtuso-acuminata, basi
valde obliqua rotundata vel subcordata, margine undique obscure
sed regulariter adpresso-crenata, densissime pellucido-punctata,
glabra, supra lucida in sicco fusco-viridis, venulis prominulis arete
reticulatis, subtus pallidior brunnescens, costa gracili elevata, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere circa 10 arcuatis angulo semirecto adscen-
dentibus, venulis prominulis arete reticulatis; flores rosei ad axillas
vel ad axillas defoliates faseiculati numerosi, pedicellis gracillimis
glabris ad 1 cm. longis; sepala ovalia glabra circa 2 mm. longa apice
rotundata patentia vel reflexa; stamina 8 glabra, antheris oblongis
1 mm. longis; ovarium glabrum 2.5 mm. longum supra attenuatum,
stylo brevi crasso. British Honduras: Temash River, in broken
ridge growth, alt. 30 meters, March 14, 1935, W. A. Schipp 1314
MYRSINACEAE
Ardisia Schippii Standley, sp. nov. Arbor 11-metralis, trunco
25 cm. diam., ramis crassiusculis teretibus vel subangulatis, novellis
minute brunneo-puberulis; folia majuscula petiolata crasse chartacea,
petiolo crasso anguste marginato 1.8-2.5 cm. longo glabrato; lamina
oblongo-elliptica circa 16 cm. longa et 7-9 cm. lata, apice acutiuscula
vel rotundata atque breviter apiculata, basi acuta vel subobtusa,prope
basin integra, aliter undique crebre argute pectinato-denticulata, in
statu adulto glabra vel glabrata, prope marginem dense glandulis
magnis conspersa, supra viridis, costa subimpressa, subtus pallidior
brunnescens, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere
circa 10 gracillimis prominentibus fere rectis angulo latiusculo diver-
gentibus; flores rosei racemosi, racemis brevibus paucifloris interdum
corymbiformibus paniculatis, panicula foliis duplo breviore, rhachi
angulata dense minute brunneo-tomentella, pedicellis puberulis ad
7 mm. longis crassiusculis; sepala oblongo-ovata 1.8 mm. longa
obtusa scarioso-marginata grosse glanduloso-punctata ciliata; petala
oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, 4 mm. longa punctata; ovarium globosum
glabrum, in stylum gracilem glabrum 4-5 mm. longum abrupte
contractum. British Honduras: Temash River, in primary forest,
alt. 60 meters, August 8, 1935, W. A. Schipp 1365 (Herb. Field
Mus. No. 782,522, type).
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos brachistantha Standley, sp. nov. Frutex scandens
12-metralis, trunco 3.5 cm. diam., ramis teretibus striatis sparse lenti-
cellatis ad nodos saepe spinis 2 crassis subrecurvis 5-7 mm. longis
armatis, internodiis brevibus sparse puberulis vel fere omnino glabris;
folia parva breviter petiolata chartacea, petiolo gracili 3-4 mm.

longo sparse puberulo vel glabro; lamina lanceolato-oblonga 2.5-4
cm. longa 1-1.5 cm. lata sensim anguste acuminata, basi rotundata
yel obtusa, glabra triplinervia, supra in sicco fusco-viridis, costa
impressa, subtus paullo pallidior undique minute flavo-puncticulata;
cymae terminales parvae dense multiflorae rotundatae 1-1.5 cm.
longae et aequilatae breviter pedunculatae ramulis sordide puberulis;
sepala lanceolato-triangularia acuta vel acuminata 1 mm. longa
glabrata; corolla ochroleuca 2 mm. longa extus minute puberula,
tubo brevissimo, lobis oblongis obtusis intus dense villosis. British
Honduras: Temash River, in forest, alt. 30 meters, July 21, 1935,
W. A. Schipp S899 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 782,517, type).
Remarkable among Central American species for the extremely
small flowers, a character that may be matched, however, among
some of the South American species of Strychnos.
GESNERIACEAE
Drymonia ochroleuca Standley, sp. nov. Frutex parvus epi-
phyticus,ramis crassis ochraceis obtuse angulatis vel subteretibus; folia
magna breviter petiolata tenuia, petiolo crassiusculp 2-5 cm. longo
dense subadpresse piloso; lamina oblique oblongo-elliptica 22-27 cm.
longa 10-12 cm. lata acuminata basi oblique obtusa vel subacuta, re-
mote obscure undulato-dentata, supra in sicco viridis sparse pilis breyi-
bus patentibus villosula, subtus pallidior, sparse, ad venas densius, pilis
brevibus subadpressis griseis pilosula, costa crassiuscula prominente,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 7 gracillimis; flores fasciculati
breviter pedicellati; sepala valde inaequalia foliacea ad 13 mm.
longa oblonga vel oblongo-ovata profunde laciniato-dentata apice
in mucronem ad 3 mm. longum filiformem desinentia, dentibus
interdum filiformi-productis, sepalis ubique dense breviter pilosis;
corolla ochroleuca 24 mm. longa extus dense breviter furfuraceo-
pilosa, tubo supra sensim dilatato sub orem 7 mm. lato, lobis inae-
qualibus latissime rotundatis 2-3 mm. longis intus glabris. British
Honduras: Temash River, epiphytic in forest, alt. 60 meters, August
4, 1935, W. A. Schipp S901 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 782,546, type).
Known from only imperfect material, but not easily associable

with other species known from the region of Central America.
INDEX
Synonyms in italics.
Abal, 227 Almond, 278

Abrus, 179 Alpinia, 96
Abutilon, 244 Alseis, 374
Acacia, 156 Alsophila, 61
Acanthaceae, 367 Altamisa, 400
Acanthorrhiza, 78 Alternanthera, 128
Acanthus family, 367 Amaioua, 374
Achimenes, 365 Amapolita, 244
Achiote, 264 Amaranthaceae, 127
Achiotillo, 263 Amaranthus, 128
Achotillo, 131 Amaryllidaceae, 94
Achras, 310 Amaryllis, 94
Aciotis, 287 Amate, 114
Acisanthera, 287 Ambrosia, 394
Acitch, 329 Ammannia, 274
Acoelorrhaphe, 78 Amor seco, 128
Acrocomia, 79 Amphilophium, 358
Acrpstichum, 61 Anacardiaceae, 225
Actinidiaceae, 256 Anacardium, 225
Actinostachys, 65 Anagallis, 307
Adder's-tongue family, 60 Ananas, 90
Adelobotrys, 287 Ananthacorus, 62
Adenocalymna, 357 Anatto family, 264
Adiantopsis, 61 Andira, 179
Adiantum, 64 Andropogon, 68
Adonis, 94 Anemia, 65
Aechmea, 90 Anemopaegma, 358
Aegiphila, 339 Anetium, 62
Aeschynomene, 179 Angelonia, 354
Agalinis, 355 Anguria, 391
Agave, 94 Anil, 185
Ageratum, 394 Afiilillo, 185
Aguacate, 144 Aniseia, 331
Aguacatillo, 142, 143, 144 Anise-seed bush, 355
Aguilar, Mercedes, 58 Anisomeris, 375
Aizoaceae, 132 Anneslia, 159
Aji, 347 Anoda, 244
Ajo, 92 Anona, 135
Akabxiu, 367 Anonaceae, 134
Akabyom, 348 Anthephora, 69
Akilkax, 391 Anthurium, 88
Akuum, 78 Antigonon, 125
Albahaca, 346 Antirhea, 375
Albizzia, 158 Ant thorn, 156
Alcaparrillo, 174 Apazote, 127
Alcotan, 133 Aphelandra, 367
Alectra, 354 Apocynaceae, 321
Algalia, 245
Apodanthes, 124
Algodon, 244
Alibertia, 374
Appunia, 375
Alismaceae, 68 Apteria, 97
Allamanda, 323 Aquifoliaceae, 227
Alligator apple, 135 Araceae, 88
pear, 144 Arachis, 179
Allium, 92 Araliaceae, 300
Allophylus, 231 Arbol de pan, 109
Allspice, 284 Arctottonia sempervirens, 405
Almendro, 179, 278 tuxpenyana, 406
414
INDEX 415
Ardisia, 304 Bastard cedar, 252

Schippii, 412 dogwood, 146, 165, 172
Aristida, 69 mahogany, 226
Aristolochia, 124 prickly yellow, 157
Aristolochiaceae, 124 salmwood, 337
Aromo, 157 water wood, 298
Arrabidaea, 359 Batidaceae, 131
Arrowroot, 96 Batidos, 46, 251
Arroz, 72 Batis, 131
Artemisia, 395 Bauhinia, 170
Arthrostemma, 288 Bay cedar, 252
Artocarpus, 109 Bayberry, 105
Arum family, 88 Bayleaf palm, 86
Arundinella, 69 Bean, 189
Asclepiadaceae, 330 family, 152
Asclepias, 330 Bee, 337
Asemnanthe, 375 Beeb, 130
Aspidosperma, 323 Beech family, 105
Asplenium, 62 Beef-feed, 175
Aster, 395 Beet, 127
Asterogyne, 79 Begonia, 273
Astrocaryum, 84 Begoniaceae, 273
Astronium, 225 Beheck, 334
Ateleia, 180 Bejuco de agua, 239
Atta, 43, 264 de caballo, 343
Attalea, 85 Bellucia, 288
Avicennia, 340 Beloperone, 367
Avocado, 144 Belotia, 240
Axemaster, 238 Benthamantha, 180
Axonopus, 69 Berjima, 404
Azucena roja, 94 Bermuda grass, 70
Bernoullia, 248
Baboon cap, 148 Bertiera, 375
Baccharis, 395 Besleria, 365
Bachelor's button, 128 Beta, 127
Bacopa, 354 Beureria, 334
Bactris, 79 Bidens, 395
Baisley, 346 Bignonia, 359
Balanophoraceae, 123 family, 356
BaUoon vine, 232 Bignoniaceae, 356
Balsa, 249, 250 Bijagiiillo, 97
Balsam, 188 Bijao, 96
Balsamo, 188 Bikbach, 232
Barnbusa, 69 Billbergia, 90
Banak, 34, 47, 139, 140 Billbird patter, 257
Banana, 96 Billy Webb, 46
family, 95 Bird-seed, 341
Baraja, 175 Birthwort family, 124
Barba de jolote, 167, 174 Biscoyol, 80
Barbas de viejo, 132 Bittersweet family, 228
Barbieria, 180 Bitterwood, 186
Barca, 324 Bixa, 264
Barracouta tietie, 399 Bixaceae, 264
Barsley, 346 Bizil, 246
Bartlett, H. H., 58 Black blossom berry, 179
Basellaceae, 131 cabbage bark, 45, 187
Basket 83 fiddlewood, 334
tie-tie,
whist, 83 mangrove, 340
Bastard axemaster, 232 poison wood, 37, 45, 226
banak, 139 tamarind, 46, 157
bay cedar, 108 Bladderwort, 366
Billy Webb, 172 Blake, S. F., 56
Blakea, 288 Bully tree, 276

Blechnum, 62 Bumelia, 311
Blechum, 367 laurifolia, 316
Bledo, 128 Bur, 244
Blepharodon, 330 Burmannia, 97
Bletia, 97 Burmanniaceae, 97
Bloodwort family, 94 Buttercup family, 132
Blossom berry, 283 Butterfly tree, 270
Blue blossom, 344 Butter pear, 144
moho, 245 Button bush, 278
Bobche, 126 wood, 44, 278
Bobwood, 43, 135 Buxaceae, 224
Bocano, 353 Buxus, 224
Boerhaavia, 129 Byttneria, 252
Bohonche, 337
Bohunche, 337 Cabbage, 145
Bombacaceae, 247 Cabbage-bark, 43, 179, 186
Bombax, 248 Cabello de angel, 159
Bookoot, 175 Cabeza de negro, 69
Bookut, 175 Cabomba, 132
Borage family, 333 Cacaltun, 346
Boraginaceae, 333 Cacao, 46, 253
Borreria, 376 family, 251
Borrichia, 395 Cacao-che, 374
Botan, 86 Cachimba, 258
palm, 46 Cacho de Venado, 282
Botoncillo, 278 Cactaceae, 273
Bouchea, 340 Cactus family, 273
Bougainvillea, 130 Cadillo, 244
Boussingaultia, 131 Caesalpinia, 171
Box family, 224 Caesalpinieae, 170
Box haas, 95 Cafe, 378
Boy job, 45, 233 Cafecillo, 266
Bracken, 65 Cagalera, 123
Brahea, 78 Caimito, 313
Brasenia, 132 Cajanus, 180
Brasiletto, 172 Cakile, 145
Brassavola, 97 Calabash, 360, 361
Brassica, 144 Calabaza, 391
Bravaisia, 368 Calaloo, 131
Brazil-nut family, 275 Calathea, 96
Breadfruit, 109 Calatola, 230
Breadnut, 44, 110 Calderonia, 390
Bribri, 162, 163 Calea, 395
macho, 163 Calliandra, 159
Broadleaf moho, 241, 242 Callicarpa, 340
Bromeliaceae, 90 Callichlamys, 360
Broom weed, 246 Callisia, 91
Brosimum, 109 Calocarpum, 312
Bryophyllum, 147 Calonyction, 331
Buchnera, 354 Calophyllum, 260
Bucida, 276 Calopogonium, 180
Buckbean family, 321 Calycophyllum, 376
Buckthorn family, 237 Calyptranthes, 279
Buckwheat family, 124 Calyptrocarya, 74
Buddleia, 319 Calyptrogyne, 84
Bui, 236 Camak olal, 344
Buiche, 236 Cameraria, 324
Bui, 190 Camote, 331
Bullet tree, 276 Camotillo, 67, 332
Bulletwood, 44 Campanilla, 331
Bullhoof, 45, 107 Camparaguey, 263
INDEX 417
Campelia, 91 Cedar, 32, 44

Campylocentrum, 98 Ceiba, 248
Cana de azucar, 73 Celastraceae, 228
de Cristo, 96 Celosia, 128
Canacin, 187 Celtis, 107
Canaffstula, 175 Schippii, 409
Canavalia, 180 Cenchrus, 69
Cancerillo, 388 Cenicero, 170
Canchacche, 377 Centaurium, 320
Candlewood, 93 Centella, 302
Canip, 236 Centrosema, 180
Canna, 96 Cephaelis, 376
Cannaceae, 96 Cephalanthus, 377
Can't-be-helped, 263 Cerbatana, 93, 398
Canxun, 278 Cereus, 273
Caper family, 145 Cestrum, 347
Capomo, 110 Chaac, 96
Capparidaceae, 145 Chacalhaas, 312
Capparis, 145 Chacalhaaz, 261
Capraria, 354 Chacanicab, 361
Capsicum, 347 Chachiga, 314
Capuche, 84 Chacilxiu, 129
Capulin, 108, 240, 242 Chackopte, 336
Caracolillo, 316 Chacmax, 138
Caramayo, 172 Chacmol, 128
Carao, 175 Chacmolche, 184
Carasow comb, 277 Chacmots, 392
Carbon, 165, 179, 229 Chacox, 117
Cardiospermum, 232 Chactoc, 381
Cardo, 396 Chactsam, 92
Carica, 272 Chactsul, 396
Caricaceae, 272 Chacxiu, 122
Carludovica, 88 Chaetocalyx belizensis, 410
Carnation family, 132 Chalche, 401
Came asada, 336 Chamaedorea, 80
Carpetweed family, 132 Karwinskyana, 405
Carrizo, 71, 73 Chamissoa, 128
Carrot family, 302 Chanek, Mercedes, 58
Caryophyllaceae, 132 Chankala, 96
Casada, 387 Chanxnuk, 344
Casearia, 267 Chaparro, 254, 255
belizensis, 412 Chaperno, 179
Cashew, 43, 225 Chaptalia, 396
Cassada, 227 Chayote, 392
Cassava, 221 Chechem, 226
Cassia, 172, 174 Cheilanthes, 62
Cassipourea, 275 Chelonanthus, 321
Cassytha, 142 Chenopodiaceae, 127
Castilla, 110 Chenopodium, 127
Castilloa, 110 Cherry, 46, 117, 232, 238
Castor bean, 223 Chiabal, 227
Casuarina, 101 Chicam, 189
Casuarinaceae, 101 Chiceh, 313
Catasetum, 98 Chicharo, 180
Catharanthus, 324 Chichibe, 246
Catopsis, 90 Chichica, 323
Catseem logwood, 165 Chichicaste, 120
Cat-tail, 67 Chichicastillo, 119
Caulote, 242, 252 Chichimeca, 226
Cayaponia, 391 Chichique, 323
Cebolla, 92 Chicle gum industry, 40
Cecropia, 110 macho, 310
Chide tree, 311 Coco plum, 148

Chicoloro, 320 Coconut, 82
Chicozapote, 311 Cocos, 82
Chilean, 188 Cocotero, 82
Chile, 347 Codonanthe, 365
Chimtoc, 238 Coffea, 378
Chinese hibiscus, 245 Coffee family, 370
Chintonrol, 385 Cogotone, 329
Chiococca, 377 Cohune, 39, 45, 85
Chirimoya, 135 Coix, 69
Chit, 87 Cojoba, 168
Chlorophora, 111 Coj6n de mico, 329
Choh, 185 de perro, 329
Chozo, 150 Cojot6n, 328, 329
Christian ia, 241 Cola de ardilla, 131
Chrysobalanus, 148 de venado, 68
Chrysophyllum, 313 Coleus, 345
Chucchemuch, 390 Collinia, 82
Chucum, 167 Coloc, 285
Chum, 264 Colorfn, 184
Chunup, 261 Columnea, 365
Chysis, 98 Combretaceae, 276
Cibix, 182 Combretum, 277
quibix, 171 Commelina, 92
Cincho, 186 Commelinaceae, 91
Cinco negritos, 342 Compositae, 393
Cipura, 95 Compsoneura, 139
Cirsium, 396 Confra, 84
Ciruela, 227 Connaraceae, 151
Ciruelillo, 223, 225 Connarus, 151
Cissampelos, 133 Conocarpus, 278
Cissus, 239 Concha de huevo, 384
Cistaceae, 264 Conop, 270
Citharexylum, 340 Conostegia, 290
Citinche, 172 Contrahierba, 112
Citrullus, 391 Contrayerba, 124
Citsim, 165 Contrebo, 124
Claudiosa, 354 Convolvulaceae, 331
Clawberry, 223 Copal, 46
Clematis, 132 Coralillo, 381
Cleome, 146 Corban, 262
Clerodendron, 341 Corchorus, 241
Clethra family, 303 Cordia, 334
Clethraceae, 303 Cork tree, 247
Clibadium, 396 Corkwood, 135
Clidemia, 288 Cornwood, 179
Clitoria, 181 Cornutia, 341
Clubmoss family, 66 Corona de Cristo, 93
Clusia, 260 Corozo, 85
Clytostoma, 360 Cortez, 46, 364
Cnestidium, 151 Coryanthes, 98
Coama wood, 184 Corymborchis, 98
Coccocypselum, 377 Corynostylis, 265
Coccoloba, 125 Cosmos, 396
Coccothrinax, 81 Costus, 96
Coceh, 93, 272 Cotton, 244
Cochlidium, 62 tree, 44, 248
Cochlospermaceae, 264 Couepia, 148
Cochlospermum, 264 Couma, 324
Cockspur, 156, 157 Country ebo, 124
Coco, 82 Coussapoa, 111
mama, 251 Coussarea, 378
INDEX 419
Coutarea, 378 Cypress, 46, 67

Coutoubea, 321 Cyrilla, 227
Cow okra, 362 Cyrillaceae, 227
tree, 325
Cowfoot, 170 Dactyloctenium, 70
Cow-itch, 120, 188 Dalbergia, 181
Coyol, 79 Duma de noche, 348
Craboo, 44 Damiana, 271
Crassulaceae, 147 Damsel, 313
Crataeva, 146 Danaea, 60
Cream tree, 316 Datura, 348
Crescentia, 360 Davilla, 255
Crinum, 94 Dayflower, 92
Crotalaria, 181 Dead man's bones, 388
Crowfoot grass, 70 Declieuxia, 378
Crucetilla, 389 Deherainia, 306
Cruciferae, 144 Delonix, 176
Crucito, 398 Dermatocalyx, 355
Crusea, 378 Desmanthus, 160
Cryosophila, 78 Desmodium, 183
Cuajilote, 362 Desmoncus, 82
Cuajiniquil, 163 Desmppsis, 137
Cucarachita, 92 Diacrium, 98
Cucaracho, 341 Dialium, 176
Cucu, 253 Dialyanthera, 139
Cucumber, 391 Dianthera, 369
Cucumis, 391 Diateinacanthus, 368
Cucurbita, 391 Dichaea, 98
Cucurbitaceae, 391 Dichorisandra, 92
Cucut, 92 Dichromena, 74
Cuchuech, 72 Dicliptera, 368
Culantro, 302 Dicranopteris, 61
Cundeamor, 333 Dictyostegia, 97
Cupania, 232 Didymochlaena, 63
Schippii, 411 Didymopanax, 301
Cuphea, 274 Dieffenbachia, 88
Curatella, 254 Digitaria, 70
Curculigo, 94 Dillenia family, 254
Cuscuta, 333 Dilleniaceae, 254
Cuscutaceae, 333 Dinema, 99
Cuspidaria, 361 Dioclea, 183
Custard apple family, 134 Diodia, 378
Cutting grass, 75 Dioscorea, 95
Cyatheaceae, 61 Dioscoreaceae, 95
Cyathula, 128 Diospyros, 316
Cycad family, 66 Dipholis, 314
Cycadaceae, 66 Diphysa, 183
Cychnoches, 98 Diplazium, 63
Cyclanthaceae, 88 Disciphania, 133
Cyclanthus family, 88 Dodder, 333
Cyclopeltis, 63 Dodonaea, 233
Cydista, 361 Dogbane family, 321
diversifolia, 363 Dogwood, 190, 227
Cylil, 317 Dolichos, 183
Cymbopetalum, 136 Doliocarpus, 255
Cymbopogon, 69 Dormilona, 165
Cynoctonum, 319 Dorstenia, 112
Cynodon, 70 Dracaena, 93
Cynometra, 176 Drepanocarpus, 183
Cyperaceae, 74 Drosera, 147
Cyperus, 74 Droseraceae, 147
Cyphomandra, 348 Drymaria, 132
Drymonia, 366 Euterpe, 83

ochroleuca, 413 Evening primrose family, 300
Dryopteris, 63 E volvulus,
331
Schippii, 405 Exostema, 379
Duck flower, 124
Dumb cane, 88 Fagaceae, 105
Duppy beans, 363 Faramea, 379
Dzoi, 316 Farolito, 350
Fennel, 302
Ebenaceae, 316 Ficus, 112
Ebony family, 316 Fiddlewood, 47, 93, 344
Echinoystis, 392 Fig, 112
Echinodorus, 68 Figwort family, 354
Echites, 325 Filmy fern family, 60
cuspidifera, 326 Fimbristylis, 74
Eclipta, 397 Fischeria, 330
Ehretia, 337 Fish poison, 234
Eichhornia, 92 Flacourtia family, 266
Ek, 177 Flacourtiaceae, 266
Elaphoglossum, 63 Flambeau flower, 172
Elaterium, 392 Flamboyan, 176
Elemuy, 137, 138 Flame tree, 176
Eleocharis, 74 Flaveria, 399
Elephantopus, 397 Fleurya, 118
Eleusine, 70 Flor del secreto, 174
Eleutheropetalum, 83 Foeniculum, 302
Elleanthus, 98 Forchammeria, 146
Elm family, 107 Forestiera, 318
Elvira, 397 Forsteronia, 325
Emilia, 397 Four-o'clock, 130
Enallagma, 361 family, 129
Encino negro, 106 Friega-plato, 352, 354
Encyclia, 98 Frijol, 190
Enea, 67 del mar, 180
Eneldo, 302 Frijolillo, 175
Entada, 160 Fruta de danto, 176
Enterolobium, 161 Fuirena, 75
Epidendrum, 98 Funastrum, 330
Epiphyllum, 274 Furcraea, 94
Eragrostis, 70 Fustic, 44, 111
Eranthemum, 368
Erblichia, 270 Galactia, 184
Erechtites, 397 Galeandra, 99
Ericaceae, 303 Garlic, 92
Erigeron, 397 Gayoides, 244
Eriocaulon, 90 Genip, 275
Eriocaulonaceae, 90 Genlisea, 366
Eriosema, 184 Gentian family, 320
Erithalis, 379 Gentianaceae, 320
Ernodea, 379 Gentle, Percy H., 58
Eryngium, 302 Geonoma, 83
Erythrina, 184 Geophila, 380
Erythrodes, 99 Gerardia, 355
Escambron, 267 Gesneria family, 365
Escoba, 78 Gesneriaceae, 365
Escobilla, 246, 247, 355 Gilibertia, 301
Estropajo, 392 Ginger family, 96
Eugenia, 280 guava, 283
Eulophia, 99 Ginseng family, 300
Eupatorium, 397 Give-and-take, 78
Eurya, 259 Glassy wood, 225, 380
Eustoma, 321 Gleichenia family, 61
INDEX 421
Gleicheniaceae, 61 Habenaria, 99
Gliricidia, 184 Habim, 190
Globe amaranth, 128 Hackelochloa, 70
Gloria de la manana, 331 Haematoxylum, 177
Gnaphalium, 399 Haemodoraceae, 94
Goatfoot morning-glory, 332 Hahauche, 364
Goldmanella, 399 Hairy Tom palmetto, 79
Gomphrena, 128 Half crown, 285
Gonzalagunia, 380 Hamamelidaceae, 147
Good-luck seed, 329 Hamelia, 381
Goosefoot family, 127 Hampea, 249
Gossypium, 244 Harleya, 399
Gouania, 237 Has toch, 312
Gourd, 392 Hasseltia, 268
family, 391 Hauay, 400
Gramineae, 68 Haulback, 165
Granada cimarrona, 282 Heath family, 303
Granadillo, 182, 190, 272 Hebil, 332
Granado, 274 Hecistopteris, 63
Grande Betty, 233 Hedychium, 96
Grape, 239 Heisteria, 123
family, 238 Heliconia, 95
Grass family, 68 Helicteres, 253
Grenada, 126, 149 Heliocarpus, 241
Grosella, 222 Heliotropio silvestre, 378
Ground-cherry, 350 Heliotropium, 337
Grugru palm, 79 Helosis, 123
Guacamaya, 172 Hemidictyum, 63
Guacimo, 242, 252 Hemidiodia, 382
Guaco, 124, 320 Hemionitis, 63
Guaje, 163 Hemitelia, 61
Guamo, 162 Henriettea, 290
Guanacaste, 161 Henriettella, 291
Guano, 250 Heterotrichum, 291
Guapinol, 177 Hexopetion, 84
Guarumo, 111 Hibiscus, 245
de montafia, 116 Hierba de gato, 128
Guatteria, 137 Higo, 115
Guava, 284, 285 Higuerilla, 223
Guayaba, 285 Higuero, 115
de monte, 374 Higuillo, 115
Guayabillo, 268 Hillia, 382
Guayabo, 278 Hippeastrum, 94
Guayo, 236 Hippocratea, 229
Guazuma, 252 Hippocrateaceae, 229
Guettarda, 380 Hirtella, 149
Guinea grass, 72 Hoffmannia, 382
Guinea-hen root, 131 Hog plum, 227
Guineo, 96 Hoja de la vida, 147
Gttiro, 360 de puerco, 88
Guisaso, 69 Hokab, 364
Gurania, 392 Holche, 75
Gustavia, 275 Holly, 227
Guttiferae, 259 Holnuxib, 395
Guzmania, 91 Homalium, 269
Gymnopodium, 127 Homolepis, 70
Gymnosiphon ,|97 Honduras walnut, 226
Gynerium, 70 Hormidium, 99
Horse-eye seed, 183
Haas, 95, 96 Horseradish tree, 146
Haba, 180 Huano, 87
Habaplat, 391 Huascanal, 156
Huaz, 360 Isochilus, 99

Huele de noche, 348 Isoetaceae, 66
Huesillo, 232 Isoetes, 66
Hueso de finado, 388 Isotoma, 393
Huevo de gato, 352 Itzimte, 341
Huhub, 67 Ixbahach, 232
Huisache, 167 Ix-coch, 111
Huiscoyol, 80 Ixim, 74
Huisquil, 392 Iximche, 179, 268
Hulaba, 368 Ixora, 382
Hulub, 340 Ixpahalcan, 352
Hulubal, 368 Iz, 331
Hulup, 368 Izote, 93
Hyacinth bean, 183
Hybanthus, 265 Jab6n-che, 235
Hydrocharis family, 68 Jacaranda, 362
Hydrocharitaceae, 68 Jacobinia, 369
Hydrocotyle, 302 Jacquemontia, 332
Hydrolea, 333 Jacquinia, 306
Hydrophyllaceae, 333 Jagiiillo, 275
Hygrophila, 368 Jicama, 189
Hymenachne, 70 Jicara, 360
Hymenaea, 177 Jim Crow, 157
Hymenocallis, 94 Jobo, 227
Hymenophyllaceae, 60 Job's tears, 69
Hymenophyllum, 60 Jocote, 131
Hyperbaena, 133 John Charles weed, 345
Hypericaceae, 263 John Crow bead, 168, 179
Hypericum, 263 redwood, 390
Hypolytrum, 75 Juanilama, 342
Hypoxis, 94 Jujito amarillo, 272
Hyptis, 345 Julocroton, 221
Jussiaea, 300
Ibinxiu, 344 Justicia, 369
Ic, 347
Icacina family, 230 Kahyuo, 223
Icacinaceae, 230 Kajana, 249
Icaco, 148 Kampocolche, 383
Ichnanthus, 70 Kanabal, 227
Ichumpich, 159 Kanche, 278
I gar at a, 111 Kanchunup, 224, 237
Ikeh, 94 Kanizte, 315
Iklab, 401 Kanmul, 395
Ilex, 227 Kansik, 172
Ilysanthes, 355 Kantzin, 190
Immortelle, 128 Karling, J. S., 57
Indian corn, 74 Kat, 362
creeper, 333 Kaway, 191
Indigo, 185 Kazcat, 242
Indigofera, 185 Kexak, 234
Indio desnudo, 280, 282 Ki, 94
Inga, 161 Kiichche, 381
Peckii, 167 Kiikche, 110
Ingerto, 313 Kinep, 236
lonopsis, 99 Kintah, 183
Ipomoea, 331 Kixolok, 331
Iresine, 128 Kixxtez, 128
Iridaceae, 95 Knock-me-back, 134
Ml, 126 Koch, 223
95
Iris family, Kolokmax, 146
Ironwood, 45, 176 Kopcke, 336
Ischaemum, 71 Krugiodendron, 238
INDEX 423
Kuchel, 383 Lindsaea, 64

Kulimche, 225 Linociera, 318
Kum, 391 Lippia, 342
Kuntich, 157 Liquidambar, 147
Kutz, 350 Lirio, 94
Kuxub, 264 Lisianthus, 321
Kuxubcan, 131 Lithachne, 71
Kuyche, 248 Loasa family, 273
Kyllinga, 75 Loasaceae, 273
Lobelia, 393
Laal, 120 Lobeliaceae, 393
Lahiatae, 345 Locust, 177
Lacistema, 104 Loganiaceae, 319
Lacistemaceae, 104 Logwood, 28, 45, 177
Lacmellea, 325 brush, 165
La coqueta, 128 Lombricera, 319
Lactuca, 399 Lonchocarpus, 185
Laelia, 99 Loosestrife family, 274
Laetia, 269 Lophidium, 65
Lagenaria, 392 Loranthaceae, 120
Lagrimas de San Diego, 393 Louteridium, 369
Laguncularia, 278 Luch, 360
Lancetilla, 84 Luchmaax, 320
Lancewood, 137 Lucuma, 314
Lantana, 342 Lucumxiu, 127
Laplacea, 259 Luehea, 242
Lasiacis, 71 Luffa, 392
Latche, 341 Lunania, 269
Lauraceae, 140 Lundell, C. L., 57
Laurel, 45, 142, 144, 334 Lundia, 362
family, 140 Lycianthes, 348
negro, 337 Lycopersicon, 349
Lawsonia, 274 Lycopodiaceae, 66
Leandra, 291 Lycopodium, 66
Leche amarilla, 262 Lygodium, 66
de Maria, 223 Lysiloma, 164
Lechea, 264 Lysiostyles, 332
Lechuga, 399 Lythraceae, 274
Lecythidaceae, 275
Leersia, 71 Maaxic, 347
Leguminosae, 152 Maba, 317
Leiphaimos, 321 Mabea, 221
Lek, 392 Mabehu, 233
Lemon grass, 69 Macalte ik, 234
Lennea, 185 Macfadyena, 362
Lentibulariaceae, 366 Machaerium, 187
Leonurus, 345 Machaonia, 383
Lepidagathis, 369 Machich, 186
Lepidium, 145 Macmuch, 245
Leptochilus, 64 Madre de cacao, 45, 184
Leptochloa, 71 Mahass, 251
Leptocoryphium, 71 Mahoe, 245
Lettuce, 399 Mahogany, 30, 46, 202
Leucaena, 163 Maidenhair, 61
Liabum, 399 Maieta, 292
Licania, 149 Maiz, 74
Liga, 122 Majahas, 251
Liliaceae, 92 Majao, 241, 245
Limnanthemum, 321 Malachra, 245
Limoncillo, 229, 262 Malady, 323
Limpia-dientes, 238 Mallow family, 244
Lindenia, 383 Malmea, 137
Malortiea, 86 Media-luna, 124

Malouetia, 326 Melanthera, 399
Malva, 245, 246 Melastomaceae, 285
Malvaceae, 244 Melastome family, 285
Malvastrum, 246 Melochia, 253
Malvaviscus, 246 Mel6n de raton, 272
Mamee ciruela, 315 Meloncito, 392
Mamey, 261, 312 Melothria, 392
cerera, 315 Mendoncia, 370
cerilla, 315 Menispermaceae, 133
Colorado, 312 Mentzelia, 273
Mammea, 261 Menyanthaceae, 321
Mammee apple, 261, 312 Merinthopodium, 350
sapote, 312 Mesechites, 326
Manaca, 85 Mesosetum, 71
Mandevilla, 326 Metastelma, 330
Manettia, 383 Metopium, 226
Mangifera, 226 Mexnuxib, 132
Mangle bianco, 278 Meyer, William C., 57
Colorado, 275 Miconia, 292
negro, 340 Microtea, 131
Mango, 226 Mijico, 314
Mangrove family, 275 Mikania, 400
Mani, 179 Milkweed, 330
Manicaria, 84 Milleria, 400
Manihot, 221 Mimosa, 164
Mano de lagarto, 400 Mimoseae, 156
Manox, 117 Mint family, 345
Manteca, 107 Mirabilis, 130
Manto de la reina, 345 Misanteca, 142
Mapola, 242, 248 Mistletoe, 121
Maqueliz, 364 family, 120
Maranon, 225 Mitracarpus, 383
Maranta, 96 Moho, 43, 240, 249
Marantaceae, 96 Mollinedia, 140
Marathrum, 147 Momo, 103
Marattiaceae, 60 Momordica, 392
Maravilla, 130 Monimiaceae, 140
Marcgravia, 257 Monkey apple, 150
Marcgraviaceae, 257 cup, 148
Marica, 95 fiddle, 344
Marila, 259 rattle, 223
Maripa, 333 Monkey-tail palm, 81, 83, 84, 87
Mariscus, 75 Monstera, 88
Marsdenia, 330 Montanoa, 400
Marsypianthes, 346 Montrichardia, 88
Martynia, 365 Moon vine, 331
Martyniaceae, 365 Moonseed family, 133
Masdevallia, 100 Mora, 111
Masicaran, 110 Moraceae, 108
Masico, 110 Morinda, 384
Mastuerzo, 145 mesochora, 375
Matapalo, 114, 115, 261 Moringa, 146
Matayba, 233 Moringaceae, 146
Maxillaria, 100 Morito de rio, 361
Maya, 294, 296 Mormolyce, 100
Maytenus, 228 Morning-glory, 331
May bush, 190 Mosquitoxylum, 226
Mayaca, 89 Mountain cabbage palm, 83
Mayacaceae, 89 guava, 385
Mayflower, 46, 364 palmetto, 87
Mazapan, 109 Mouriria, 298
INDEX 425
Mozote, 128, 183, 244, 246, 395 Ochnaceae, 256

Mozotillo, 344 Ochroma, 249
Muc, 107, 182 Ocimum, 346
Mucuna, 188 Ocotea, 143
Muerdago, 122 Odontadenia, 326
Mulberry family, 108 Odontonema, 370
Muntingia, 242 paniculiferum, 368
Munzap, 148 Odontosoria, 64
Musa, 95 Okra, 245
Musaceae, 95 Olacaceae, 123
Mustard family, 144 Olax family, 123
My lady, 43, 323 Old man's beard, 160
Myginda eucymosa, 229 William, 263
Myrcia, 284 woman's walking stick, 398
Myrica, 105 Oldenlandia, 384
Myricaceae, 105 Oleaceae, 318
Myriocarpa, 118 Oleander, 326
Myristicaceae, 138 Olive family, 318
Myrosma, 97 Olyra, 71
Myroxylon, 188 Omil, 396
Myrsinaceae, 304 On, 144
Myrsine family, 304 Onagraceae, 300
Myrtaceae, 279 Oncidium, 100
Myrtle family, 279 Oncoba, 269
Onion, 92
Naab, 132 Oocarpon, 300
Naba, 188 Oop, 136
Nabay, 96 Opay, 334
Nabo, 145 Operculina, 333
Naiadaceae, 68 Ophioglossaceae, 60
Naias, 68 Ophioglossum, 60
Nakaz, 81 Oplismenus, 72
Nardo, 95 Opptzimin, 343
Nargusta, 46, 278 Orbignya, 85
Narrowleaf moho, 240 Orchid family, 97
Neanan, 381 Orchidaceae, 97
Nectandra, 142 Oregano, 345
Neea, 130 Oreodoxa, 86
Nemastylis, 95 Oreopanax, 302
Nemax, 337 Ormosia, 189
Neodonnellia, 92 Ornithocephalus, 100
Nephrolepis, 64 Orozuz, 343
Nepsera, 296 Orpine family, 147
Nerium, 326 Orthopappus, 400
Nettle family, 118 Ortiga, 120
Neurolaena, 400 Oryctanthus, 121
Nicotiana, 350
Oryza, 72
Nictaa, 226
Ossaea, 299
Night bloom, 348
disparilis, 296
Niiche, 127
Nimiz, 368 Ouratea, 256
Ninfa, 132 Ox, 110
Nizots, 376 Oxandra, 137
Notoptera, 400
Notylia, 100 Pacaya, 81
Nutmeg family, 138 Paccanil, 350
Nyctaginaceae, 129 Pachira, 250
Nymphaea, 132 Pachyrhizus, 189
Nymphaeaceae, 132 Pacuca, 84
Pacunilek, 350
Oak, 46, 105, 106 Pacuquilla, 79, 84
Ochmul, 244 Paepalanthus, 90
Pahalcan, 353 Perymenium, 401

Pahtsab, 96 Petastoma, 363
Palacio, 270 Petekin, 342
Palanco, 138 Petiveria, 131
Paleta, 176 Petrea, 343
Paletffla, 268 Pfaffia, 129
Palicourea, 384 Pharus, 73
Stevensonii, 387 Phaseolus, 189
Palm family, 76 Phenax, 119
Palma de escoba, 78 Philodendron, 89
real, 86 Philoxerus, 129
Palmae, 76 Phoebe, 144
Palo de caja, 232 Phoradendron, 121
mulato, 43, 104, 225, 241 belizense, 409
de sangre, 140 cayanum, 409
de vaca, 324, 325 cocquericotanum, 410
Panicum, 72 Gentlei, 410
Papaw, 273 manatense, 410
Papaya, 273 Photinia, 150
Papilionatae, 179 Phragmites, 73
Papta, 79 Phthirusa, 122
Para grass, 72 Phyllanthus, 222
Paragonia, 362 Physalis, 350
Parathesis, 305 Phytolacca, 131
Paritium, 245 Phytolaccaceae, 131
Parmentiera, 362 Picamano, 239
Parthenium, 400 Picapica, 188
Pasionaria, 272 Pich, 161
Pasmoxiu, 354 Pichi, 285
Paspalum, 72 Pichiche, 285
Passiflora, 271 Pickerelweed, 92
Passifloraceae, 271 Pigeon-feed, 341
Passion vine, 272 Pigeon pea, 180
Passion-flower, 272 plum, 45, 149, 150
family, 271 Pigweed family, 127
Pasta, 149 Pilea, 119
Paste, 392 Pimenta, 284
Pata de vaca, 170, 171 palm, 78
Pate, 94, 234 Pimento, 45, 284
Paullinia, 234 Pimienta, 79
Paurotis Schippii, 405 gorda, 284
Pavonia, 246 Pina, 90
Payche, 131 Pinaceae, 67
Peanut, 179 Pine, 33, 45, 67
Pear, 144 Pineapple, 90
Peccary wood, 172 Pino, 67
Pechcitam, 389 Pinuela, 90, 384
Peck, Morton E., 56 Pinus, 67
Pectis, 400
Piper, 102
Pelican flower, 124
atlantidanum, 406
Penicvlus, 71
cayoense, 407
Pentapetes, 253 Chanekii, 407
Peperomia, 101 cocquericotense, 407
Lundellii, 406 dimorphophyllum, 407
pololensis, 406 Gentlei, 407
praetenuis, 406 kantetulense, 408
Pepino, 391 Lundellii, 408
de monte, 392 nitidulifolium, 408
Pepper family, 101 sibunense, 408
Peppergrass, 145 Piper aceae, 101
Pera, 221 Pipewort, 90
Persea, 143 Piptocarpha, 401
INDEX 427
Piratinera, 116 Pothomorphe peltata var. hypoleuca,

Piriqueta, 271 408
Piscidia, 190 Poulsenia, 116
Pison calaloo, 128 Pourouma, 116
Pisonia, 130 Pox, 135
Pistia, 89 Ppac, 349
Pita floja, 90 Prementa, 79
Pitcairnia, 91 Prestonia, 327
Pithecolobium, 166 Prickle wood, 169, 381
iodopodum, 158 Prickly yellow, 47, 157, 158
Pito, 45, 184 Primrose family, 307
Pityrogramma, 64 Primulaceae, 307
Pixoy, 252 Priva, 344
Pixton, 223 Prockia, 269
Plantain, 95 Protea family, 120
Platanillo, 96 Proteaceae, 120
Platano, 95 Provision tree, 250
Platymiscium, 190 Pseudelephantopus, 401
Pleiostachya, 97 Pseudocassia, 175
Pleonotoma, 363 Pseudolmedia, 117
Pleurothallis, 100 Psidium, 284
Pluchea, 401 Psilotaceae, 66
Plukenetia, 223 Psilotum, 66
Plumeria, 326 Psittacanthus, 122
Pochkak, 272 Psychotria, 385
Pochote, 264 Pteridium, 65
Podocarpus, 67 Pteris, 65
Podostemonaceae, 147 Pterocarpus, 190
Poinciana, 176 Pterolepis, 299
Poincianella, 172 Pucte, 276
Pokeberry, 131 Puh, 67
Pokenoboy, 80 Pukin, 340
Polak, 45, 250 Puluxtacoc, 237
Polanisia, 146 Punica, 274
Polbox, 136 Punicaceae, 274
Polewood, 47, 138 Purple-wreath, 343
Polianthes, 95 Purslane, 132
Polybotrya, 64 Put, 273
Polygonaceae, 124 Puta de noche, 348
Polygonum, 127 Putah, 285
Polymnia, 401 Putbalam, 352
Polypodiaceae, 61 Putxiu, 145
Polypodium, 64
Harrisii, 405 Quam, 177
mollissimum, 405 Quamoclit, 333
Polypody family, 61 Quamwood, 46
Polypremum, 319 Quararibea, 250
Polystachya, 100 Quebracho, 238
Polytaenium, 65 Quercus, 105
Pomegranate, 274 Quiebrahacha, 238
Pondweed, 68 Quiina, 258
Ponera, 100 Quiinaceae, 258
Pontederia, 92 Quilete, 131
Pontederiaceae, 92 Quillwort, 66
Popox, 224 Quimbombo, 245
Pork-and-doughboy, 80
Portulaca, 132 Rafflesiaceae, 124
Portulacaceae, 132 Ramon, 110
Posoqueria, 385 Randia, 389
Potamogetonaceae, 68 Ranunculaceae, 132
Potamogeton, 68 Rapanea, 306
Potato family, 346 Rauwolfia, 327
Record, Samuel J., 56 Sac- chum, 314

Red copal, 233 Sacciolepis, 73
faisan, 313 Saccoloma, 65
fowl, 167, 168, 181 Sacloob, 283
mangrove, 46, 275 Sacpet, 181
maya, 295, 296 Sacpom, 233
pepper, 347 Sacred ear flower, 136
Redwood, 45, 390 Sac-xitch-che, 341
Reinhardtia, 85 Sage, 342
Remolacha, 127 Sageretia, 238
Renealmia, 96 Sagu, 96
Repollo, 145 St. Augustine grass, 73
Reseda, 274 St. Johnswort family, 263
Rhabdadenia, 327 Salacia, 230
Rhachoma, 228 Salamo, 376
Rhamnaceae, 237 Salatxiu, 234
Rheedia, 262 Salbeets, 230
Rhipsalis, 274 Saldanhaea, 363
Rhizophora, 275 Salicaceae, 105
Rhizophoraceae, 275 Salmea, 401
Rhoeo, 92 Salmwood, 44
Rhynchosia, 191 Salom, 164
Rice, 72 Salvia, 346
Richardia, 389 Salvinia, 66
Ricinus, 223 Salviniaceae, 66
Ridge redwood, 226 Samolus, 307
white poison wood, 224 San Diego, 344
Rinorea, 265 flower, 125
Rivea, 333 Sanalotodo, 239
Riverain shrub, 160 Sandbur, 69
Rivina, 131 Sandia, 391
Robinia, 112 de monte, 391
Robinson, B. L., 56 silvestre, 392
Roble, 334, 337, 364 Sangre, 140, 191
Rock-rose family, 264 de playa, 270
Rollinia, 138 Santa Maria, 35, 44, 260, 401
Rondeletia, 389 Santo Domingo, 250
Rosa de Jamaica, 245 Sapindaceae, 231
Rosaceae, 147 Sapindus, 235
Rose family, 147 Sapium, 223
Roselle, 245 Sapodilla, 43, 311
Rosewood, 32, 44, 182 family, 307
Rotala, 274 Sapotaceae, 307
Roupala, 120 Sapranthus, 138
Rourea, 151 Sarsaparilla family, 93
Rousselia, 119 Satyria, 303
Royal palm, 86 Sauce, 105
Roystonea, 86 Saurauia, 256
Rubber tree, 44, 110 Sauvagesia, 257
Rubiaceae, 370 Sawgrass, 75
Rubus, 150 Scaphyglottis, 100
Ruellia, 370 Schipp, William A., 57
Ruppia, 68 Schippia, 87
Russelia, 355 Schistocarpha, 401
Rynchospora, 75 Schizaeaceae, 65
Schizocardia, 303
Sabak-che, 379 Schizolobium, 177
Sabal, 86 Schomburgkia, 101
Sabicea, 390 Schultesia, 321
Sacbayeck, 334 Schwenkia, 350
Sac-chacah, 301 Sciaphila, 68
Saccharum, 73 Scirpus, 75
INDEX 429
Scleria, 75 Spartina, 73
Scoparia, 355 Spathiphyllum, 89
Scorpion tail, 131, 337 Spermacoce, 390
Scrophulariaceae, 354 Sphenoclea, 393
Scutellaria, 346 Spider lily, 94
Sea grape, 44, 127 plant, 147
Sebastiania, 224 Spigelia, 319
Sechium, 392 Spilanthes, 402
Sedge family, 74 Spiny amaranth, 128
Selaginella, 66 Spiracantha, 402
Selaginellaceae, 66 Spiranthes, 101
Sencuya, 136 Spondias, 227
Senecio, 402 Sponge gourd, 392
Senoritas embarcadas, 92 Sporobolus, 73
Sensitive weed, 165 Squash, 391
Serjania, 235 Stachytarpheta, 344
Sesbania, 191 Standley, Paul C., 56
Sesuvium, 132 Star apple, 313
Setaria, 73 Stelis, 101
Seven fingers, 333 Stemmadenia, 328
Shell-flower, 96 Stemodia, 355
Shumpa, 352 Stenochlaena, 65
Sicimay, 338 Stenophyllus, 76
Sicitah, 245 Stenotaphrum, 73
Sickingia, 390 Sterculia, 253
Sicydium, 392 Sterculiaceae, 251
Sida, 246 Stinking toe, 175
Sideroxylon, 316 Stromanthe, 97
Siemche, 168 Struthanthus, 122
Siitz, 369 Strychnine family, 319
Silion, 315 Strychnos, 320
Silkgrass, 90 brachistantha, 412
Silly Young, 316 Suelda con suelda, 122
Silver thatch palm, 46, 81 Sufricaya, 138
palmetto, 87 Sugar cane, 73
Siparuna, 140 Sumpankle, 184
Siricote, 44, 336 Sundew, 147
Sirln, 290, 295, 298 Sunflower family, 393
Skunk-weed, 131 Suppa palm, 79
Sloanea, 243 Susuk, 183
Small-leaved prickly yellow, 158 Swamp dogwood, 186
Smartweed, 127 kaway, 191
Smilacaceae, 93 Swartzia, 178
Smilax, 93 Sweet potato, 331
Snake seed, 320, 385 Sweetwood, 142
Snowberry, 377 Symphonia, 262
Soapberry, 235 Symplocaceae, 318
family, 231 Symplocos, 318
Soapseed tree, 235 Synechanthus, 87
Sobralia, 101 Synedrella, 402
Solanaceae, 346 Syngonanthus, 90
Solanum, 350 Syngonium, 89
Sombra de ternero, 334, 337
Sombrerito, 124 Tabaco, 350
Sopillo, 348 Tabaquillo, 400, 402
Sorosee, 392 Tabebuia, 363, 364
Sorrel, 245 spedosa, 360
Soscha, 398 Tabernaemontana, 328
Sosumbra, 353 Talisia, 236
Souroubea, 258 Taman, 244
Spanish elder, 103 Tamanche, 246
Sparganophorus, 402 Tamarind, 178
Tamarindo, 178 Tradescantia, 92

Tamarindus, 178 Tragia, 224
Tamatama, 163 Trebol, 369
Tamay, 270 Tree fern, 61
Tambor, 177 Trema, 108
Tamonea, 344 Tres Marias, 146
Tanaecium, 364 Trianthema, 132
Tango, 178 Trichomanes, 60
Tapasquit, 242 Trichospira, 402
Tapche, 275 Trigonidium, 101
Tatascamite, 343 Triodon, 378
Tauch, 317 Tripsacum, 73
Taxaceae, 67 Triumfetta, 243
Tea bark, 105 Triuridaceae, 68
box, 105 Tronadora, 181
family, 258 Trophis, 117
Teak family, 338 Trumpet, 111, 116
T6 cimarrdn, 343 Tsayoch, 132
Tectaria, 65 Tsin, 221
Telcox, 131 Tsulipox, 136
Terminalia, 278 Tsulubtok, 170
Ternstroemia, 259 Tsutsuc, 133, 183
Tetracera, 255 Tuberose, 95
Teucrium, 346 Tubroos, 45, 161
Tezak, 252 Tuc, 93
Thalassia, 68 Tuk, 79
Thalia, 97 Tukib, 135
Theaceae, 258 Tulipan, 246
Theobroma, 253 Tulipanoia, 246
Theophrastaceae, 306 Tulubalam, 230
Thespesia, 247 Turbina, 333
Thevetia, 329 Turkey victuals, 384
Thinouia tomocarpa, 411 Turnera, 271
Thouinia, 237 Turneraceae, 270
Thrasya, 73 Turnip, 145
Thrinax, 87 Turtle bone, 163, 169
Thunbergia, 370 Tutz, 85
Tibouchina, 299 Tuuboc, 272
Tietie, 93, 152, 230, 234, 239, 277, 287, Tuxche, 180
320, 355, 359, 362 Txitxya, 314
Tiger wood, 184 Tynnanthus, 364
Tigiiilote, 336 Typha, 67
Tiliaceae, 240 Typhaceae, 67
Tillandsia, 91 Tzalam, 164
Timber sweet, 142, 144 Tzicin, 396
Tine-cordel, 398 Tzultesnuk, 342
Tinta, 177
Tithonia, 402 Uaxim, 163
Tkansik, 134 Uayamche, 149
Tobacco, 350 Uayamcox, 236
Tococa, 299 Uayum, 236
Tokaban, 398 Uhee-tee, 176
Tomate, 349 Ule, 110
Tomato, 349 Ulmaceae, 107
Tompaap, 354 Umbelliferae, 302
Tonina, 90 Una de gato, 130, 362
Topobea, 300 de guara, 391
Torenia, 355 Uncaria, 391
Torrubia, 131 Unicorn plant, 365
Tournefortia, 337 Unonopsis, 138
Tovomitopsis, 262 Upay, 336
Trachypogon, 73 Urechites, 330
INDEX 431
Urena, 247 White maya, 295

Urera, 119 ram6n, 47, 117
Urraco, 150 tamarind, 43, 157
Urticaceae, 118 wood, 387
Urvfflea, 237 Wild atta, 243
Uspib, 148 bay cedar, 108
Utricularia, 366 calabash, 360, 361
Uva, 126, 239, 290 cane, 70
coco plum, 149
Vaina de espada, 282 coffee, 266
Vainilla, 101 cotton, 246, 264
Valerian family, 391 currant, 174
Valeriana, 391 fig, 114
Valerianaceae, 391 grape, 126
Vandellia, 356 guava, 374
Vanilla, 101 mahogany, 226
Vara blanca, 340 mamee, 374
Verbena, 344, 345 maya, 296
silvestre, 378 okra, 245
Verbenaceae, 338 pear, 142, 144
Verbesina, 402 pigeon plum, 149
Verdolaga, 132 plum, 222
Vernpnia, 402 rudo, 183
Viguiera, 403 sage, 268
Vincetoxicum, 330 soursop, 137
Violaceae, 264 star-apple, 313
Violet family, 264 tamarind, 157, 158, 163, 167, 169,
Virgin flower, 181 176
Virola, 139 Willow, 105, 329
Vismia, 263 family, 105
Vitaceae, 238 Wimmeria, 229
Vitex, 344 Wire weed, 246
Vitis, 239 Wissadula, 247
Vittaria, 65 Witch-hazel family, 147
Vriesia, 91 Wood creeper, 174
Wormseed, 127
Waika bead, 146 Wycot, 262
chewstick, 46, 262
plum, 262 Xanthosoma, 89
Walk-naked, 280, 282 Xaxcanan, 387
Waltheria, 254 Xcanan, 381
Wanche, 344 Xcanlol, 257
Wandering Jew, 92 Xholol, 245
Warree wood, 172 Xhoyoc, 384
Water hyacinth, 92 Xicin, 396
tietie, 239 Xicozotz, 272
wise, 239 Ximenia, 123
wood, 44 Xiphidium, 94
Waterleaf family, 333 Xkukche, 123
Waterlily, 132 Xmak, 135
Watermelon, 391 Xmakulam, 103
Water-plantain family, 68 Xmuts, 165
Waterside turtlebone,J186 Xnabalche, 223
Water-wood, 270, 275 Xoltexnuc, 345, 398
Weatherby, C. A., 56
Xomak, 238
Xtez, 128
Wedelia, 404
Xtuab, 174
White calabash, 44
Xtuhuexiu, 343
capulln, 108
cowslip, 332
Xtulub, 392
faisan, 313 Xucul, 132
gumbolimbo, 301 Xukuk, 129
mangrove, 278 Xylopia, 138
Xylosma, 269 Zacolcom, 278

Xyridaceae, 89 Zactah, 404
Xyris, 89 Zacxiu, 130, 254
Zacyab, 184
Ya, 311 Zamia, 66
Yaaxhabin, 175 Zapote bianco, 311
Yacunahax, 392 Colorado, 311
Yaha, 44, 254 faisan, 314, 316
Yam, 95 ingerto, 313
Yamcotil, 370 morado, 311
Yax habin, 186 Zapote negro, 317
Yaxche, 248 Zapotillo, 310, 313, 315, 316
Yaxha, 110 Zapoton, 250
Yaxnik, 344 Zarza, 93, 94, 165
Yaxyulup, 302 hueca, 252
Yellow sangre, 263 Zarzaparrilla, 93, 94
Yellow-eyed grass family, 89 Zea, 74
Yemen, 36, 47 Zebrina, 92
Yerba de barrer, 353 Zexmenia, 404
Yerbamora, 353 Zingiberaceae, 96
Yew family, 67 Zinkin, 172
Yocoak, 179 Zinnia, 404
Yolillo, 84 Zit, 71
Yomha, 119 Zizbic, 101
Yuca, 221 Zizyphus, 238
Yucca, 93 Zoh-bach, 358
Yuy, 146 Zollernia, 178
Zorra, 177
Zacak, 359 Zorrillo, 131
Zacate de Guinea, 72 Zoy, 316
de milpa, 72 Zubinche, 190
Para, 72 Zubul, 235
Zachalal, 73 Zuelania, 270
Zachoclub, 305 Zuum, 402
Zacilhaxiu, 342 Zygia Peckii, 167
Zacmizbil, 246 Recordii, 169
THE LIBRARY OF TKfc
FES 12 1936
UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOiS
Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate I
LOGWOOD TREES ALONG BELIZE RIVER

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate III
AN OLD HONDURAS MAHOGANY TREE

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate VI
CEDAR TREE SURROUNDED BY COHUNE PALMS

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate VII
STAND OF PINE IN STANN CREEK DISTRICT

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate IX
A TYPICAL BANAK TREE

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate XI
SAPODILLA FOREST
Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate XII
PRIMARY INTERMEDIATE FOREST, WITH SAPODILLA TREE IN FOREGROUND

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate XIII
CHICLEROS TAPPING SAPODILLA TREES

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate XIV
SAPODILLA TREE WITH CHICLE BAG ATTACHED

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XII, Plate XV
COOKING SAPODILLA LATEX

THE LIBRARY OF THE
FEB121936
UNIVERSITY OF

Flora of British Honduras Standley

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Flora of British Honduras Standley

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

LI BR.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES VOLUME XII

THE FORESTS AND FLORA OF

JANUARY 27, 1936

BOTANICAL SERIES VOLUME XII

THE FORESTS AND FLORA OF

PART I. THE FORESTS

The cohune palm . . 39

PART II. THE FLORA

Annotated list of genera and species 60

I. Logwood trees along Belize River.

II. Weighing logwood at Belize.

III. An old Honduras mahogany tree.

IV. Rafting mahogany logs down New River.

V. Squaring mahogany logs for export.

X. Thatching a native hut with cohune palm.

XIV. Sapodilla tree with chicle bag attached.

XVI. Kneading chicle gum into blocks.

localities and according to whether the language spoken was English,

Creole, Spanish, North Maya, South Maya, Kekchi, or Carib.

elsewhere. Part II has been prepared by Mr. Standley, own my

more fully in Timbers of Tropical America or in special articles

In the flora emphasis is placed on the woody vegetation, the

of the Colony, including the whole of the northern region, have

This type is the chief agricultural soil of this region. Intermediate

south and in the central mountain mass,

The following figures for stations on the Stann Creek Railway

NATURE OF LANDS SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE

Of late years much interest has been taken in the cultivation

Of field crops the most important need only be mentioned. These

In spite of the production of all these crops and many others,

gum is tapped), Logwood, and Rosewood. In 1930 the exports of

Historically, the forests have played an important role in the

the middle of the seventeenth century by British Logwood and Ma-

the British were left in undisputed possession. The export of forest

PART I. THE FORESTS

In 1921 Hummel reported on the forests of British Honduras,

chantable timber, that is, in respect of Mahogany, Spanish Cedar,

often forms a dense consociation over large areas in the riverain

dryer type is largely of true grasses (Gramineae). There is a differ-

type Pine seldom exceeds eighty feet in height and in extremely

HIGH RAIN FOREST

in the scale of plant succession. Much of the forest was previously

A palmaceous swamp forest is found in the Toledo region in a

Maria) and Symphonia globulifera (Waika Chewstick).

Intermediate Forest. The intermediate forest represents the

(2) Terminalia-Calophyllum-Symphonia-Vochysia Association.

paratively high elevation in the central region succeeds or appears

Characteristic of the advanced forest is a dense stand of lofty

SECONDARY RAIN FOREST

Typical species of the early stages of second growth, as evidenced

(1) To improve thepresent conditionof the forests and

(2) To concentrate gradually the growth of Mahogany in

constituting and defining the functions of the Forest Trust. The

Although the object of the Trust is to procure for the Depart-

Intensive investigation into the forest resources was started in

by freeing them from lianas and suppressing inferior species. The

growth of "improved" areas.

TIMBERS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

having first stripped them of everything valuable.

of marque, having captured a Spanish vessel the cargo of which

MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla)

local industry producing Mahogany lumber, mainly from inferior