Variable Primary

chilled water systems

2003 American Standard Inc.

variable primary chilled water systems

Todays Topics

Hyatt Singapore
Hotel

More System
efficiency

From Primary
Secondary to
Variable Primary

Reference

Answers to your
questions

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary
advantages

Chiller selection for

Variable Primary

Hyatt Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

chilled water systems

2003 American Standard Inc.

2003 American Standard Inc.

From Primary Secondary

Primary
Secondary

12. 0 C

650 tons

7.0C

design
12. 0 C

650 tons

7.0C

3
12.0C
98 lps
(each)

650 tons

7.0C

4
12.0C

650 tons

7.0C

primary
pumps
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C

12.0C
392 lps

7.0C
392 lps
bypass
(decoupler)

secondary
pumps

Primary
Secondary
part load

11.1C

650 tons

7.0C

2
11.1C

650 tons

7.0C

3
11.1C
98 lps
(each)

650 tons

7.0C

4
11.1C

650 tons

7.0C

primary
pumps
2003 American Standard Inc.

7.0C
72 lps

12.0C

12.0C
320 lps

bypass
(decoupler)

secondary
pumps

7.0C
392 lps

Variable
Primary

1
12.0C

design

800 tons

7.0C

2
12.0C

700 tons

7.0C

83 lps
(each)
12.0C

700 tons

7.0C

P
(typical)

12.0C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C
331 lps

7.0C
331 lps

Variable
Primary

12.0C

100 lps

7.0C

part load
12.0C

100 lps

7.0C

75 lps
(each)
12.0C

100 lps

7.0C

P
(typical)

300 lps
12.0C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C
300 lps

0 lps

7.0C
300 lps

Variable
Primary

11.1 C

24 lps

7.0C

system flow
< minimum
chiller flow rate

off
3
off
P
(typical)

11.1C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C
20 lps

4 lps

7.0C
20 lps

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary
production pumps
(primary)

1 per chiller

variable primary
None, so
Occupies less space
Requires fewer connections

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary
production pumps
(primary)

1 per chiller

variable primary
None, so
Occupies less space
Requires fewer connections

distribution pumps
(secondary)

Selected for distribution

pressure drop (piping,coil,
valve)

Selected for system pressure

drop (coil, piping, valve, plus
chiller)

Controlled from system

P sensor

Controlled from system

P sensor

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary
Bypass line

variable primary

No obstructions

Control valve

Sized for 120% largest

chiller flow

Sized for largest minimum

chiller flow

Open most often

Closed most often

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary
Bypass line

Load determinant

variable primary

No obstructions

Control valve

Sized for 120% largest

chiller flow

Sized for largest minimum

chiller flow

Open most often

Closed most often

Temperature difference

Flow through evaporator

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary
Bypass line

variable primary

2003 American Standard Inc.

No obstructions

Control valve

Sized for 120% largest

chiller flow

Sized for largest minimum

chiller flow

Open most often

Closed most often

Load determinant

Temperature difference

Flow through evaporator

Flow-monitoring

Temperature sensors or
flow meter

Flow meter or differential

pressure sensors

Variable Primary
chilled water systems

Advantages
2003 American Standard Inc.

variable primary chilled water systems

Advantages

Reduces capital investment

Saves mechanical-room space

Simplifies control

Improves system reliability

Improved chiller performance

Saves energy

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary advantages

Lower Capital Cost

2003 American Standard Inc.

Fewer


Pumps

Motors

Pump bases

Starters and wiring

Fittings and piping

Controls

Less labor

 2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary advantages

More Available Space

Opportunity to


Add other equipment

Select larger, more efficient chillers

Improve service access

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary advantages

Simplified Control

Unfetters chillers from

flow-based control

Operates distribution pumps

to transport water
not to start/stop chillers

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary advantages

Improved Reliability
Provides system with


Fewer pumps and accessories

Fewer chiller recovery options

Fewer pump recovery options

Better balance between pumps

and chillers online

2003 American Standard Inc.

Improved Chiller Performance

Part Load

[ARI Relief]

CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1

% Load vs. kW/ton -- using ARI Relief Method

0.80
0.75

kW/ton

0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
2003 American Standard Inc.

0.45

10

20

30

40

50
60
% Load
Version 24.08, REVL 55066

70

80

90

100

Improved Chiller Performance

Part Load

[no ARI Relief]

CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1

% Load vs. kW/ton -- using Constant Condenser Method
0.95
0.90
0.85

kW/ton

0.80
0.75

primary/secondary
0.70
0.65

variable primary
2003 American Standard Inc.

0.60
0.55

20

30

40

50

60
70
% Load
Version 24.08, REVL 55066

80

90

100

Variable Primary advantages

Greater Flexibility

any flow rate

any T

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary
chilled water systems

Chiller selection
considerations
2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection

Considerations

Evaporator flow limits

Rate-of-change tolerance

Flow range-ability


Difference between design flow rate

and evaporators minimum flow limit

2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection considerations

Evaporator Flow Limits

Flooded or falling-film
evaporators

2003 American Standard Inc.

Refrigerant circulates
around tubes

Water flows through

tubes

Water velocity delimits

acceptable flow rates

chiller selection considerations

Evaporator Flow Limits

flooded or
falling-film evaporators

water velocity, m/s (fps)

2003 American Standard Inc.

minimum

maximum

traditional limits

0.92(3.0)

3.4 3.6
(1112)

revised limits: standard

tubes

0.46(1.5)

high0.61(2.0)
performance
tubes

chiller selection considerations

Rate-of-Change Tolerance
chiller (compressor) type
centrifugal

allowable flow-rate change*

(% of design flow per minute)
10% for process cooling
30% for comfort cooling
* Tolerances pertain specifically
to Trane chillers

2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection considerations

Rate-of-Change Tolerance
New chiller control technology:


Centrifugal
Control

feed forward
flow compensation
50% per minute,
all applications

2003 American Standard Inc.

Minimum Flow Rate

Evaporator
design flow
minimum flow

= greater than 2

Condenser
2003 American Standard Inc.

minimum flow=

1 meter per second

unsuited for

Variable Primary

Inadequate control capability



Reciprocating chillers

Return-water thermostats

Insufficient chiller unloading

Vintage chiller controls

Poor financial return

2003 American Standard Inc.

(Consider chilled water reset instead)

Variable Primary Chilled Water System

in Hyatt Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

Saving 30% Kwhr

2003 American Standard Inc.

Reduce 25% KW Demand

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary Chilled Water System

in Another Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

xxxxx

Summary variable primary chilled water systems

Advantages

Reduces capital investment

Saves mechanical-room space

Simplifies control

Improves system reliability

Improved chiller performance

Saves energy

2003 American Standard Inc.

System Efficiency in Hotel

More

2003 American Standard Inc.

Increase chilled water supply

temperature difference to 7C
(5C/12C)

Increase range of cooling tower to

7C (30C/37C)

Side stream heat recovery

Stepless FCU

Chilled Water Range

(5.0C / 12.0C )

1
12.0C

800 tons

5.0C

2
12.0C

700 tons

5.0C

60 lps
(each)
12.0C

700 tons

5.0C

P
(typical)

12.0C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C
240 lps

5.0C
240 lps

Chilled Water Range

(from 414 l/s ,30C/ 35C)
(to 300 l/s ,30C / 37C)
30.0C

1
800 tons

37.0C

2
30.0C

700 tons

37.0C

3
30.0C

700 tons

37.0C

P
(typical)

37.0C
300 lps
2003 American Standard Inc.

30.0C
300 lps

cooling
tower

cooling
tower

cooling
tower

Side stream
Heat recovery design

12.0C

800 tons

5.0C

2
12.0C

700 tons

5.0C

3
12.0C

700 tons

5.0C

P
(typical)

12.0C
240 lps
2003 American Standard Inc.

heat-recovery
chiller
12.0C

5.0C
240 lps

Reference
VARIABLE

PRIMARY FLOW CHILLED

WATER SYSTEMS: POTENTIAL
BENEFITS AND APPLICATION ISSUES
Final Report Volume 1, March 2004, ARI CR21

Variable Primary Flow Systems by Mick Schwedler,

P.41-44, HPAC April 2000
Primary-Only vs. Primary-Secondary Variable Flow
Systems by Steven T. Taylor, P.E. , vol. 44, no.
2, p. 25-29 ,ASHRAE Journal, February 2002
2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary
chilled water systems

Answers to your
questions
2003 American Standard Inc.