CS-407:

Digital Image Processing

U M E R J AV E D
( U M E R . J AV E D @ I I U . E D U . P K )

D E PA R T M E N T O F E L E C T R O N I C
ENGINEERING,
FA C U LT Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G & T E C H N O L O G Y,
IIUI
FA L L 2 0 1 2

CS-407:
Digital Image Processing
U M E R J AV E D
( U M E R . J AV E D @ I I U . E D U . P K )

CHAPTER: 2
D I G I TA L I M A G E F U N D A M E N TA L S

Human Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 3

Human Eye
Iris:
Controls amount of light entering in eye by contraction or
expansion.
Retina:
Inner most layer
Contains 2 type of receptors
Cones
Rods

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 4

Human Eye
Cones:

Exist a number of 6~7 Million in each eye.

Central Position at Fovea.
Highly sensitive to color.
Helps in resolving fine details.
Cone vision is known as Phototopic or Bright light vision.

Rods:

75~150 Million, Residing all over retina

Reduce Amount of detail.
Creates general overview of picture
Sensitive to low level intensitites.
In low light, objects appear colorless, because only Rods are active.
Vision is called Scotopic or Dim Light Vision.

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 5

Human Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 6

Human Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 7

Brightness Adaptation
Light Intensity vs

Subjective Brightness.
mL= millilambert.
In high brightness range Photopic
vision is active.
In Low Brightness range Scopic
vision is active.
Human vision system cannot operate
over such range simultaneously, rather
it adjusts its sesitivity.
Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 8

Weber Ratio

WeberRatio :
Introduce bright light,

change wont be detectable.

I c

, if increment is not brighter,

Smaller WB, means small change is detectable.

Larger WB, means only large change is detectable.
Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 9

Limitations of Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 10

Limitations of Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 11

Limitations of Eye

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 12

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 13

Image Sensing
Single image sensor:
Incoming energy transforms into voltage by Combination of
Input electrical power and sensor material.
Output voltage can be digitized.
Photodiode follows this kind of behavior.
Colored sensors give maximum voltage for similar

colors and minimum for others.

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 14

Image Sensing
Sensor Strips:

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 15

Image Sensing
Sensor Arrays:
Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)
Widely used in digital cameras
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
CMOS doesnt require charged couples
Application Areas:
Air Borne Imaging
X-Rays Scan
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 16

Image Formation

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 17

Image Formation
Image as a function should be positive and finite
i.e.
0 < f(x, y) <
Two key components play their role

Amount of source illumination, incident

i(x, y)

0 < i(x, y) <

Amount of source illumination, reflected

r(x, y)

0 < r(x, y) < 1

Function results in

f(x, y)= i(x, y)r(x, y)

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 18

Intensity Measures
Image intensity/gray scale as a function
i.e.

= f(x0 , y0 )

Intensity ranges

Lmin Lmax

Where

Lmin = imin rmin

Lmax = imax rmax

Gray Scale Range

generally used as:

Lmin , Lmax

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

OR

0, L - 1
Chapter:2, Slide # 19

Sampling and Quantization

Creates digital image from sensed data.
Image may be continuous w.r.t x, y-axis and

amplitude .
Sampling:

Digitizing the Coordinate values.

Equally spaced samples taken for Figure 2.16.
Practically, Sampling depends upon sensor arrangement.

Quantization:
Digitizing the Amplitude values.
8 Level quantization is performed on Figure 2.16.
Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 20

Sampling and Quantization

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Chapter:2, Slide # 21

Sampling and Quantization

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Values

Courtesy: DIP 3/Edition

Umer Javed, CS: 407: Digital Image Processing

Introduction 23