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RulesfortheconstructionofPowerBoilers
NondestructiveExamination
Materials
II
PartA: Ferrous;PartB:Nonferrous;PartC:Welding
rods,electrodes,fillermaterials;and,PartD:Material
properties
VI
Care andOperationofHeatingBoilers
III
RulesforconstructionofNuclear
FacilityComponents
VII
CareofPowerBoilers
VIII
Rules fortheconstructionofPressureVessels
IX
Welding andBrazingQualifications
Fiberreinforcedplasticpressurevessels
XI
Rulesforinservice inspectionofNuclear
PowerPlantComponents
IV
General RequirementsforDivision1and
Division2
Division1:Different classesof
components
Division2:ConcreteContainments
Division3:Containmentsystemsfor
Storage andTransportPackagingofSpent
NuclearFuelandHighlevelRadioactive
MaterialandWaste
RulesforConstruction ofHeatingBoilers
XIII
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RulesforConstructionandContinuedService
ofTransportTanks
2
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Notetheuseof
thePNo.to
simplify
weldability
decisions
MoreattentiontothisfollowintheUWslides
Source:ASME,
SectionII,PartD,
Subpart1,1999:20
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Source:ASME,
SectionII,PartD,
Subpart1,1999:21
Aswillbeshownon
thefollowingpages,
themaximum
allowablestressis
limitedwellbelow
thetensilestrength.
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Source:ASME,
SectionII,PartD,
Subpart1,1999:22
For example, the ratio
of maximum allowable
stress at room
temperature for the
material in line 5 is 20
ksi. This material had a
tensile strength of 70
ksi. The ratio is then
approximately 3.5.
Bring this in line with
your knowledge on
endurance limits
discussed in previous
notes.
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Source:ASME,
SectionII,PartD,
Subpart1,1999:22
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ASME VIII
Section VIII Division 1
Applies for pressure that exceed 15 psig up to 3 000 psig
At pressure < 15 psig, ASME Code not applicable
At pressures > 3 000 psig
Additional design rules required
To cover the design and construction requirements needed at such high
pressures
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ASME VIII Code does not apply to non pressurecontaining parts that are welded, or not welded, to
pressure-containing parts
The weld that makes the attachment to the pressure part
must meet Code rules
Items such as pressure vessel internal components or
external supports do not need to follow Code rules
Except for any attachment weld to the vessel
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Stress calculations:
Division 2 uses a complex method of formulas, charts & design by analysis that results
in more precise stress calculations than are required in Division 1
Design:
Some design details are not permitted in Division 2 that are allowed in Division 1
Quality control
Material quality control is more stringent in Division 2 than in Division 1
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Division 3
Applies to the design, fabrication, inspection,
testing, and certification of unfired or fired
pressure vessels operating at internal or
external pressure generally > 10 000 psi
Pressure may by obtained from an external source, a
process reaction, by the application of heat, or any
combination thereof
11
Terminology
Power Boiler
Heating Boiler
Pressure Vessel
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Pressurevesselsfabricated byWelding
UF
PressurevesselsfabricatedbyForging
UB
PressurevesselsfabricatedbyBrazing
ForthepurposeofthiscourselookatUGandUW
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Pressure vesselsconstructedofCarbonandLowAlloySteel
UNF
Pressurevesselsconstructedofnonferrous materials
UHA
Pressurevesselsconstructedofhighalloysteel
Forthis
coursewe
focusonUCS
UCI
Pressurevesselsconstructed fromCastIron
UCL
Pressurevessels constructedofmaterialwithcorrosionresistantintegralcladding,weld
metaloverlaycladding,orwithappliedlinings
UCD
Pressurevesselsconstructedofcast ductileiron
UHT
Pressure vesselsconstructedofferriticsteelswithtensilepropertiesenhancedbyheat
treatment
ULW
Pressurevesselsfabricatedbylayeredconstruction
ULT
Alternativerulesforpressurevesselsconstructedofmaterialshavinghigherallowable
stressesatlowtemperature
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Part UG - General
Materials
Design
Openings & reinforcements
Braced and stayed surfaces
Ligaments
Fabrication
Inspection and test
Marking and reports
Pressure relief devices
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UCS-57
Radiographic requirements for P-numbered carbon and low alloy steels
UCS-19
Permits only joint Types 1 or 2 for weld Categories A & B when radiography
is required
These welds are less likely to have non-fusion at weld root
Radiography have low detection severity for non-fusion
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Remove defect
Verify by non-destructive testing
17
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Thin-wall cylinder
IfthereisapressureP insidethevessel,
theradialpressurewillbeequaltothe
surfacepressureontheinside,andthe
ambientpressureontheoutside.
Thecircumferentialpressureand
longitudinalpressureisgivenas:
Pr
t
Pr
2t
circumferential
longitudinal
Where:
r istheinternalradiusofthevessel
t thewallthickness.
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UG-22 Loadings
Attachment of
Internals (App. D)
Vessel supports, lugs, rings, skirts, saddles, legs, etc. (App. G)
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Pressure variations
Thermal variations
Other mechanical loads transferred to the vessel
Deflagration (this is subsonic combustion causing uniform pressures and is different from
detonation which is supersonic and propagates through shock compression)
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(ASMEVIII,Division1,2002:116)
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(ASMEVIII,Division1,2002:116)
Category A:
Main shell
Communicating chambers
Transitions in diameter
Nozzles
a sphere
Main shells
Transitions in diameters
Nozzles
Communicating chambers
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Category B:
Main shell
Communicating chambers
Transitions in diameter
Nozzles
Main shells
Transitions in diameter
Nozzles
Communicating chambers
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(ASMEVIII,Division1,2002:116)
Category C:
Formed heads
Transitions in diameter
Nozzles
Communicating chambers
Category D:
Main shells
Spheres
Transitions in diameter
Heads
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Permissible
types Table
UW-12
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0.125
Ro
t
Minimum required thickness of the shell or tube [mm]
Ro
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Example
You have a pressure vessel cylinder subject to a
compressive longitudinal stress of 50 MPa
The cylinder dimensions:
Thickness:
10
Outer radius:
500
The material is steel with modulus of elasticity
200
The operating temperature is 500 F
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Source:ASME,
SectionII,PartD,
Subpart1,1999:22
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Ro
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B = 10 000
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10
70
2
0.0025
34
238
27
2
10
This applies for very low A-value,
that implies large diameter. See
the curve on the previous slide.
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Maximum allowable stress [kPa] from UG-23 & stress limitations in UG-24
Joint efficiency (use UW-12 for welded vessels) Use UG-53 for ligaments
between openings
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PR
SEt
or P
SE 0.6 P
R 0.6t
PR
2 SEt
or P
2 SE 0.4 P
R 0.4t
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PR
2 SEt
or P
2 SE 0.2 P
R 0.2t
Where:
Maximum allowable stress [MPa] from UG-23 & stress limitations in UG-24
Joint efficiency (use UW-12 for welded vessels) Use UG-53 for ligaments
between openings
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Thickness,
[mm]
Pressure, ,
[MPa]
Stress, ,
[MPa]
0.6
Cylindricalshell
0.6
0.6
2
Spherical shell
2
2:1Semielliptical
head
0.2
0.2
0.2
2
0.885
2
2
Torisphericalhead
with6%knuckle
Conicalsection
(
30)
0.2
2 cos
0.2
0.885
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.885
0.1
2
cos
1.2 cos
0.1
1.2 cos
cos
Notes,alldimensioninmmandpressureinMPa.YoucanalsousemandPa.
D Internal diameter [mm]. Add twice the corrosion allowance
L
Inside
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S y 0.625Sut
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UG22statesthatthestaticheadoftheliquidmustbeincludedinthepressureP
Thedesignpressureislessthan
0.385SE andt islessthanR/2
AllowablestressofSA516Grade80
at216Cis19,400psi=134MPa
TableUW12,ColumnBgivesE =
0.85forType1spotradiographed
joints.Nocorrosionallowance
given.
ThicknessoflongitudinaljointsUG27:
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PR
SE 0.6 P
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Example
Dimensions given for a pressure vessel
Outside diameter = 2.438 m
Straight shell length (this does not include the straight flanges on the heads)
= 3.048 m
Volume = 18.12 m3
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Material properties
Material = SA-516 70
Allowable stress = 137 MPa
Minimum allowed thickness = 1.6 mm
The material does not need to be normalized
The material does not need to be impact tested
NDE
No radiography is to be done
Corrosion allowance
0.0 mm
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Solution
Consider in
design?
Internal pressure
Yes
External pressure
Yes
-
Attachment of internals
Yes
Yes
Wind
Snow
Seismic
Yes
Fluid impact
Temperature gradients
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50
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Forthisexample,thelongitudinalweldsresistingthecircumferentialcould
beType1.However,theotherweldscouldbeType3.Usejointefficiency
of0.7inthiscase.
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becauseofthefollowing:
1. Noradiographyistobedone.
PR
SE 0.6 P
540920 1.219
6.9 mm
Note,theRinthe
equationshouldbethe
internalradius.Theouter
radiuswasusedhereto
getfirstorderthickness.
Checkforpressureis
donelaterusinginternal
radius.
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53
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2 0.5 0.008
81.7 MPa
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Mass
9.81
L
21021
9.81
3.048
67.66 103 N / m
Thebendingmomentduetothis:
WL2
8
67.66 103 3.0482
8
78.57 103 Nm
56
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I xx
64
4
o
Di4
Thebendingstressduetoselfweightisthen:
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My
I xx
78.57 103
Thetotalstressisthen2.1
+81.7=83.8MPa
Thisstressisbelowthe
allowablestressof137
MPaandthepressure
vesselcanhandlethe
loadsappliedtoit.
2.438
2
0.0451
2.1 MPa
57
Opening reinforcement
Vessel components weakened when material is
removed to provide openings for nozzles or
access
High stress concentrations exist at opening edge
Decrease radially outward from opening
Become negligible beyond 2
from the centre of the opening
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Design of Nozzles
When opening is made:
Volume of material is removed
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Source:ASMEVIII,
Division1,PartA
UG37
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Source:ASMEVIII,UG37
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Self-reinforced nozzles
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Design of heads
Ellipsoidal
Also called elliptic head
Hemispherical
Ideal shape for head
Torispherical
Head with fixed radius
Transition between cylinder
& head is called the
knuckle
Knuckle is toroidal
Conical
Toriconical
Flat
Knuckle
Source:http://cr4.globalspec.com/PostImages/201007/50_1E332F19B34D8CB31401F312EA8BD657.jpg
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Stayed head:
Has braces from one or more internal locations
Needed for flat heads to prevent them from bulging
Used for liquid transportation & where additional
strength is required
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References
ASME, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1. 1999. Stress tables.
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code An International
Code. Section D, Part D-Properties. Addenda.
ASME, Section VIII, Part UG. 2002. General requirements
for all methods of construction and all materials. ASME
Section VIII, Division 1, Rules for construction of pressure
vessels. Annenda.
BALL, B.E. & CARTER, W.J. 2001. CASTI Guidebook to
ASME Section VIII Div. 1 Pressure Vessels. CASTI
Guidebook Series Vol. 4. CASTI Publishing Inc., Third
Edition. Edmonton.
https://www.codeware.com/support/papers/watts.pdf
http://www.dvai.fr/en/page/276-thicknesses-calculations-fordished-and-conical-heads
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