Aryan Race - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10/4/2015
AryanraceWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Aryanrace
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thisarticleisabouttheracialtheory.Forthefullrangeofmeaningsof"Aryan",seeAryan.Forother
uses,seeAryan(disambiguation).
"Aryanism"redirectshere.FortheChristiantheology,seeArianism.
TheAryanracewasaracialgroupingcommonlyusedintheperiodofthelate19thcenturytothemid20th
centurytodescribepeoplesofEuropeanandWesternAsianheritage.Itderivesfromtheideathatthe
originalspeakersoftheIndoEuropeanlanguagesandtheirdescendantsuptothepresentdayconstitutea
distinctiveraceorsubraceofthelargerCaucasianrace.[1]
Whileoriginallymeantsimplyasaneutralethnolinguisticclassification,fromthelate19thcentury
onwardstheconceptoftheAryanracehasbeenusedasaformofScientificracism,apseudoscienceused
byproponentsofideologicallymotivatedracismandsupremacismsuchasindoctrinesofNazismandneo
Nazism.AryanismdevelopedasaracialideologythatclaimedthattheAryanracewasamasterrace.
Contents
1Originoftheterm
219thcenturyphysicalanthropology
3Occultism
3.1Theosophy
3.2Ariosophy
4Aryanism
4.1Nazism
4.2ItalianFascism
4.3NeoNazism
4.3.1Tempelhofgesellschaft
5Seealso
5.1Philosophical
5.2ThirdReichspecific
5.3Contemporaneousconceptsofrace
6References
7Sources
8Furtherreading
9Externallinks
Originoftheterm
Mainarticle:Aryan
ThetermAryanoriginatesfromtheSanskritwordrya,inoriginanethnicselfdesignation,inClassical
Sanskritmeaning"honourable,respectable,noble".[3][4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race
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Inthe18thcentury,themostancientknownIndoEuropeanlanguageswerethoseoftheancientIndo
Iranians.ThewordAryanwasthereforeadoptedtorefernotonlytotheIndoIranianpeoples,butalsoto
nativeIndoEuropeanspeakersasawhole,includingtheRomans,Greeks,andtheGermans.Itwassoon
recognisedthatBalts,Celts,andSlavsalsobelongedtothesame
group.Itwasarguedthatalloftheselanguagesoriginatedfroma
commonrootnowknownasProtoIndoEuropeanspokenbyan
ancientpeoplewhowerethoughtofasancestorsoftheEuropean,
Iranian,andIndoAryanpeoples.Theethnicgroupcomposedofthe
ProtoIndoEuropeansandtheirmoderndescendantswastermedthe
"Aryans".
Thisusagewascommonamongknowledgeableauthorswritingin
thelate19thandearly20thcentury.Anexampleofthisusage
appearsinTheOutlineofHistory,abestselling1920workbyH.G.
Wells.[5]Inthatinfluentialvolume,Wellsusedthetermintheplural
("theAryanpeoples"),buthewasastaunchopponentoftheracist
andpoliticallymotivatedexploitationofthesingularterm("the
Aryanpeople")byearlierauthorslikeHoustonStewartChamberlain
(seebelow)andwascarefuleithertoavoidthegenericsingular,
thoughhedidrefernowandagaininthesingulartosomespecific
"Aryanpeople"(e.g.,theScythians).In1922,inAShortHistoryof
theWorld,Wellsdepictedahighlydiversegroupofvarious"Aryan
peoples"learning"methodsofcivilization"andthen,bymeansof
differentuncoordinatedmovementsthatWellsbelievedwerepartof
alargerdialecticalrhythmofconflictbetweensettledcivilizationsand
nomadicinvadersthatalsoencompassedAegeanandMongolpeoples
interalia,"subjugat[ing]""inform"butnotin"ideasand
methods""thewholeancientworld,Semitic,AegeanandEgyptian
alike".[6]
Theearliestepigraphicallyattested
referencetothewordaryaoccursin
the6thcenturyB.C.Behistun
inscription,whichdescribesitselfto
havebeencomposed"inarya
[languageorscript]"(70).Asis
alsothecaseforallotherOldIranian
languageusage,thearyaofthe
inscriptiondoesnotsignifyanything
but"Iranian". [2]
However,inaclimateofburgeoningracismitproveddifficultto
maintainsuchnuanceddistinctions.EvenMaxMueller,alinguistwho
TheregionAriaasdepictedby
wrotein1888that"anethnologistwhospeaksofAryanrace,Aryan
Waldseemullerin1507
blood,Aryaneyesandhair,isasgreatasinnerasalinguistwhospeaks
ofadolichocephalicdictionaryorabrachycephalicgrammar,"[7]was
onoccasionguiltyofusingtheterm"Aryanrace."[8]Soitwasthatdespitetheinjunctionsofwriterslike
Wells,thenotionofanAryanracetookrootinmainstreamculture.
Thus,inthe1944editionofRandMcNally'sWorldAtlas,theAryanraceisdepictedasoneofthetenmajor
racialgroupingsofmankind.[9]ThesciencefictionauthorPoulAnderson(19262001),anantiracist
libertarianofScandinavianancestry,inhismanynovels,novellas,andshortstories,consistentlyusedthe
termAryanasasynonymforIndoEuropeans.[10]
Todaytheuseof"Aryan"asasynonymfor"IndoEuropean"ortoalesserextentfor"IndoIranian"bothin
academiaandinpopularcultureisobsolete,ideologicallysuspect,andpoliticallyincorrect.Buttheterm
maystilloccasionallyappearinmaterialthatisbasedonolderscholarshiporwrittenbypersons
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accustomedtoolderusage.Thusina1989articleinScientificAmerican,ColinRenfrewusestheterm
"Aryan"asasynonymfor"IndoEuropean".[11]
ThetermIndoAryanisstillcommonlyusedtodescribetheIndichalfoftheIndoIranianlanguages,i.e.,
thefamilythatincludesSanskritandmodernlanguagessuchasHindi,UrduandBengali.
19thcenturyphysicalanthropology
Mainarticle:Caucasianrace
Seealso:Scientificracism
In19thcenturyphysical
anthropology,representedby
someasbeingscientificracism,
the"Aryanrace"wasdefinedas
thesubgroupoftheCaucasian
(orEuropid)raceconsistingof
thenativespeakersofIndo
Europeanlanguagesdescended
fromtheoriginalProtoIndo
Europeans,thatinmoderntimes
resideinEurope,Australia,New
Zealand,AngloAmerica,
Canada,Russia,SouthAfrica,
LatinAmerica,Iran,Armenia,
Maldives,Pakistan,Bangladesh,
Afghanistan,Tajikistan,
NorthernIndia,andNepal.[12]
Theoriginal19thcenturyand
early20thcenturyuseofthe
The4theditionofMeyersKonversationslexikon(Leipzig,18851890)shows
termAryanreferredto"theearly
theCaucasianrace(invariousshadesofgrayishbluegreen)ascomprising
speakersofProtoIndo
Aryans,Semites,andHamites.AryansarefurthersubdividedintoEuropean
Europeanandtheir
AryansandIndoAryans(theterm"IndoAryans"wasthenusedtodescribe
[13][14]
thosenowcalledIndoIranians).
descendents".
MaxMller
isoftenidentifiedasthefirst
writertospeakofanAryan"race"inEnglish.InhisLecturesontheScienceofLanguagein1861[15]he
referredtoAryansasa"raceofpeople".Atthetime,thetermracehadthemeaningof"agroupoftribesor
peoples,anethnicgroup".[16]
WhenMller'sstatementwasinterpretedtoimplyabiologicallydistinctsubgroupofhumanity,hesoon
clarifiedthathesimplymeantalineofdescent,insistingthatitwasverydangeroustomixlinguisticsand
anthropology."TheScienceofLanguageandtheScienceofMancannotbekepttoomuchasunder...I
mustrepeatwhatIhavesaidmanytimesbefore,itwouldbewrongtospeakofAryanbloodasof
dolichocephalicgrammar".[17]Herestatedhisoppositiontothismethodin1888inhisessayBiographiesof
wordsandthehomeoftheAryas.[15]
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Mllerwasrespondingtothedevelopmentofracialanthropology,
andtheinfluenceoftheworkofArthurdeGobineauwhoargued
thattheIndoEuropeansrepresentedasuperiorbranchofhumanity.
Anumberoflaterwriters,suchastheFrenchanthropologistVacher
deLapougeinhisbookL'Aryen,arguedthatthissuperiorbranch
couldbeidentifiedbiologicallybyusingthecephalicindex(a
measureofheadshape)andotherindicators.Hearguedthatthe
longheaded"dolichocephalicblond"Europeans,characteristically
foundinnorthernEurope,werenaturalleaders,destinedtoruleover
more"brachiocephalic"(shortheaded)peoples.[18]
ArthurdeGobineau,oneofthekey
formulatorsofthetheoryofthe
"Aryanrace"
ThedivisionoftheCaucasianraceintoAryans,Semitesand
Hamitesisinoriginlinguistic,notbasedonphysicalanthropology,
thedivisioninphysicalanthropologybeingthatintoNordic,Alpine
andMediterranean.However,thelinguisticclassificationof
"Aryan"laterbecamecloselyassociated,andconflated,withthe
classificationof"Nordic"amongsomearchaeologistsand
anthropologists.
Thisclaimbecameincreasinglyimportantduringthe19thcentury.
Inthemid19thcentury,itwascommonlybelievedthattheAryansoriginatedinthesouthwesternsteppes
ofpresentdayRussia.However,bythelate19thcenturythesteppetheoryofAryanoriginswaschallenged
bytheviewthattheAryansoriginatedinancientGermanyorScandinavia,oratleastthatinthosecountries
theoriginalAryanethnicityhadbeenpreserved.TheGermanoriginoftheAryanswasespeciallypromoted
bythearchaeologistGustafKossinna,whoclaimedthattheProtoIndoEuropeanpeopleswereidenticalto
theCordedWarecultureofNeolithicGermany.Thisideawaswidelycirculatedinbothintellectualand
popularculturebytheearlytwentiethcentury,[19]andisreflectedintheconceptof"CordedNordics"in
CarletonS.Coon's1939TheRacesofEurope.
Otheranthropologistscontestedsuchclaims.InGermany,RudolfVirchowlaunchedastudyof
craniometry,whichpromptedhimtodenounce"Nordicmysticism"inthe1885AnthropologyCongressin
Karlsruhe,whileJosefKollmann,acollaboratorofVirchow,statedinthesamecongressthatthepeopleof
Europe,betheyEnglish,German,French,andSpaniardbelongedtoa"mixtureofvariousraces,"
furthermoredeclaringthatthe"resultsofcraniology...[are]againstanytheoryconcerningthesuperiorityof
thisorthatEuropeanrace"toothers.[15]
Virchow'scontributiontothedebatesparkedacontroversy.HoustonStewartChamberlain,astrong
supporterofthetheoryofasuperiorAryanrace,attackedJosefKollmannargumentsindetail.Whilethe
"Aryanrace"theoryremainedpopular,particularlyinGermany,someauthorsdefendedVirchow's
perspective,inparticularOttoSchrader,RudolphvonJheringandtheethnologistRobertHartmann(1831
1893),whoproposedtobanthenotionof"Aryan"fromanthropology.[15]
Occultism
Theosophy
Mainarticle:Rootrace
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TheTheosophicalmovement,foundedbyHelena
BlavatskyandHenryOlcottattheendofthenineteenth
century,tookinspirationfromIndianculture,inthiscase,
perhaps,fromtheHindureformmovementtheAryaSamaj
foundedbySwamiDayananda.Blavatskyarguedthat
humanityhaddescendedfromaseriesof"RootRaces",
namingthefifthrootrace(outofseven)theAryanRace.
ShethoughtthattheAryansoriginallycamefromAtlantis
anddescribedtheAryanraceswiththefollowingwords:
"TheAryanraces,forinstance,nowvaryingfrom
darkbrown,almostblack,redbrownyellow,down
tothewhitestcreamycolour,areyetallofoneand
thesamestocktheFifthRootRaceandspring
fromonesingleprogenitor,(...)whoissaidtohave
livedover18,000,000yearsago,andalso850,000
yearsagoatthetimeofthesinkingofthelast
remnantsofthegreatcontinentofAtlantis."[20]
Mme.BlavatskyandHenrySteelOlcott,a
lawyer,agriculturalexpert,andjournalistwho
coveredtheSpiritualistphenomena.
Blavatskyused"RootRace"asatechnicaltermtodescribehumanevolutionoverthelargetimeperiodsin
hercosmology.However,shealsoclaimedthatthereweremodernnonAryanpeopleswhowereinferiorto
Aryans.Sheregularlycontrasts"Aryan"with"Semitic"culture,tothedetrimentofthelatter,assertingthat
SemiticpeoplesareanoffshootofAryanswhohavebecome"degenerateinspiritualityandperfectedin
materiality."[21]Shealsostatesthatsomepeoplesare"semianimalcreatures".Theselatterinclude"the
Tasmanians,aportionoftheAustraliansandamountaintribeinChina."Therearealso"considerable
numbersofthemixedLemuroAtlanteanpeoplesproducedbyvariouscrossingswithsuchsemihuman
stockse.g.,thewildmenofBorneo,theVeddhasofCeylon,mostoftheremainingAustralians,
Bushmen,Negritos,AndamanIslanders,etc."[22]
Despitethis,Blavatsky'sadmirersclaimthatherthinkingwasnotconnectedtofascistorracialistideas,
assertingthatshebelievedinaUniversalBrotherhoodofhumanityandwrotethat"allmenhavespiritually
andphysicallythesameorigin"andthat"mankindisessentiallyofoneandthesameessence".[23]Onthe
otherhand,inTheSecretDoctrine,Blavatskystates:"Verilymankindis'ofoneblood,'butnotofthesame
essence."
Blavatskyconnectsphysicalracewithspiritualattributesconstantlythroughoutherworks:
"EsoterichistoryteachesthatidolsandtheirworshipdiedoutwiththeFourthRace,untilthe
survivorsofthehybridracesofthelatter(Chinamen,AfricanNegroes,&c.)graduallybroughtthe
worshipback.TheVedascountenancenoidolsallthemodernHinduwritingsdo".[24]
"TheintellectualdifferencebetweentheAryanandothercivilizednationsandsuchsavagesasthe
SouthSeaIslanders,isinexplicableonanyothergrounds.Noamountofculture,norgenerationsof
trainingamidcivilization,couldraisesuchhumanspecimensastheBushmen,theVeddhasof
Ceylon,andsomeAfricantribes,tothesameintellectuallevelastheAryans,theSemites,andthe
Turanianssocalled.The'sacredspark'ismissinginthemanditistheywhoaretheonlyinferior
racesontheglobe,nowhappilyowingtothewiseadjustmentofnaturewhicheverworksinthat
directionfastdyingout.Verilymankindis'ofoneblood,'butnotofthesameessence.Wearethe
hothouse,artificiallyquickenedplantsinnature,havinginusaspark,whichinthemislatent."[25]
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AccordingtoBlavatsky,"theMONADSofthelowestspecimensofhumanity(the"narrowbrained"savage
SouthSeaIslander,theAfrican,theAustralian)hadnoKarmatoworkoutwhenfirstbornasmen,astheir
morefavouredbrethreninintelligencehad".[26]
Shealsoprophesiesofthedestructionoftheracial"failuresofnature"asthefuture"higherrace"ascends:
"Thuswillmankind,raceafterrace,performitsappointedcyclepilgrimage.Climateswill,andhave
alreadybegun,tochange,eachtropicalyearaftertheotherdroppingonesubrace,butonlytobeget
anotherhigherraceontheascendingcyclewhileaseriesofotherlessfavouredgroupsthefailures
ofnaturewill,likesomeindividualmen,vanishfromthehumanfamilywithoutevenleavinga
tracebehind".[27]
ThesecondsubraceoftheFifthorAryanrootrace,theArabian,isregardedbyTheosophistsasoneofthe
Aryansubraces.ItisbelievedbyTheosophiststhattheArabians,althoughassertedintraditionalTheosophy
tobeofAryan(i.e.,IndoEuropean)ancestry,adoptedtheSemiticlanguageofthepeoplearoundthemwho
hadmigratedearlierfromAtlantis(thefifthor(original)SemitesubraceoftheAtlanteanrootrace).
TheosophistsassertthattheJewsoriginatedasanoffshootoftheArabiansubraceinwhatisnowYemen
about30,000BC.TheymigratedfirsttoSomaliaandthenlatertoEgyptwheretheyliveduntilthetimeof
Moses.Thus,accordingtotheteachingsofTheosophy,theJewsarepartoftheAryanrace.[28]
SamaelAunWeorpublishedabookin1967retitledin2008TheDoomedAryanRaceinwhichheasserted
thattheAryan"RootRace"isdoomedtobedestroyedbyhydrogenbombsunlessthepeopleoftheAryan
racelearntantricyoga.[29]
Ariosophy
Mainarticle:Ariosophy
GuidovonList(andhisfollowerssuchasLanzvonLiebenfels)latertookupsomeofBlavatsky'sideas,
mixingherideologywithnationalisticandfascistideasthissystemofthoughtbecameknownas
Ariosophy.ItwasbelievedinAriosophythattheTeutonicsweresuperiortoallotherpeoplesbecause
accordingtoTheosophytheTeutonicsorNordicswerethemostrecentsubraceoftheAryanrootraceto
haveevolved.[30]SuchviewsalsofedintothedevelopmentofNaziideology.Theosophicalpublications
suchasTheAryanPathwerestronglyopposedtotheNaziusage,attackingracialism.
Aryanism
Nazism
Furtherinformation:Nazismandrace
TheideologyofNazismwasbasedupontheconceptionoftheAryanracebeingamasterrace.[31]TheNazi
conceptionoftheAryanracearosefromearlierproponentsofasupremacistconceptionoftheraceas
describedbyracialtheoristfiguressuchasArthurdeGobineauandHoustonStewartChamberlain.[32]
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NaziracialtheoristHansF.K.GntheridentifiedtheAryanraceinEuropeashavingfivesubtyperaces:
Nordic,Mediterranean,Dinaric,Alpine,andEastBaltic.[33]GntherappliedaNordicistconceptionthat
NordicswerethehighestintheracialhierarchyamongstthesefiveAryansubtyperaces.[33]Inhisbook
RassenkundedesdeutschenVolkes(1922)("RacialScienceoftheGermanPeople"),Gntherrecognized
GermansasbeingcomposedofallfiveAryansubtypes,butemphasizedthestrongNordicheritageamongst
Germans.[34]Hedefinedeachracialsubtypeaccordingtogeneralphysicalappearanceandtheir
psychologicalqualitiesincludingtheir"racialsoul"referringto
theiremotionaltraitsandreligiousbeliefs,andprovideddetailed
informationontheirhair,eye,andskincolours,facialstructure.[34]
HeprovidedphotographsofGermansidentifiedasNordicinplaces
likeBedan,Stuttgart,Salzburg,andSchwabenandprovided
photographsofGermansheidentifiedasAlpineandMediterranean
types,especiallyinVorarlberg,Bavaria,andtheBlackForestregion
ofBaden.[34]NaziFhrerAdolfHitlerreadRassenkundedes
deutschenVolkesthatinfluencedhisracialpolicy,andwithNazi
backing,Gntherattainedapositionintheanthropologydepartment
attheUniversityofJenain1932whereHitlerattendedGnther's
inaugurallecture.[35]
GntherdistinguishedAryansfromJews,andidentifiedJewsas
descendingfromnonEuropeanraces,particularlyfromwhathe
classifiedastheNearAsianrace(Vorderasiatische)more
commonlyknownastheArmenoidrace,andsaidthatsuchorigins
renderedJewsfundamentallydifferentfromandincompatiblewith
GermansandmostEuropeans.[36]ThisassociationofJewswiththe
AdolfHitler.
ArmenoidtypehadbeenutilizedbyZionistJewswhoclaimedthat
Jewswereagroupwithinthattype.[37]HeclaimedthattheNear
EasternracedescendedfromtheCaucasusinthefifthandfourthmillenniaBC,andthatithadexpanded
intoAsiaMinorandMesopotamiaandeventuallytothewestcoastoftheEasternMediterraneanSea.[36]
AsidefromascribingArmeniansandJewsashavingNearEasterncharacteristics,heascribedthemto
severalothercontemporarypeoples,including:Greeks,Turks,Syrians,andIranians.[38]InhisworkRacial
CharacteristicsoftheJewishPeople,hedefinedtheracialsouloftheNearEasternraceasemphasizinga
"commercialspirit"(Handelgeist),anddescribedthemas"artfultraders"atermthatGuntherascribedas
beingusedbyJewishracialtheoristSamuelWeissenbergtodescribecontemporaryArmenians,Greeks,and
Jews.[36]GntheraddedtothatdescriptionoftheNearEasterntypeasbeingcomposedprimarilyof
commerciallyspiritedandartfultraders,byclaimingthatthetypeheldstrongpsychologicalmanipulation
skillsthataidedthemintrade.[36]HeclaimedthattheNearEasternracehadbeen"brednotsomuchforthe
conquestandexploitationofnatureasitwasfortheconquestandexploitationofpeople".[36]
Hitler'sconceptionoftheAryanHerrenvolk("Aryanmasterrace")explicitlyexcludedthevastmajorityof
Slavs,regardingtheSlavsashavingdangerousJewishandAsiaticinfluences.[39][40]TheNazisbecauseof
thisdeclaredSlavstobeuntermenschen(subhumans).[39][41]Exceptionsweremadeforasmallpercentage
ofSlavswhowereseenbytheNazistobedescendedfromGermansettlersandthereforefittobe
GermanisedtobeconsideredpartoftheAryanmasterrace.[42]HitlerdescribedSlavsas"amassofborn
slaveswhofeeltheneedofamaster".[43]HitlerdeclaredthatbecauseSlavsweresubhumansthatthe
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GenevaConventionswerenotapplicabletothem,andGermansoldiersinWorldWarIIwerethus
permittedtoignoretheGenevaConventionsinregardstoSlavs.[44]HitlercalledSlavs"arabbitfamily"
meaningtheywereintrinsicallyidleanddisorganized.[45]NaziGermany'spropagandaministerJoseph
GoebbelshadmediaspeakofSlavsasprimitiveanimalswhomwerefromtheSiberiantundrawhowere
likea"darkwaveoffilth".[46][47]TheNazinotionofSlavsbeinginferiorwaspartoftheagendaforcreating
Lebensraum("livingspace")forGermansandotherGermanicpeopleineasternEuropethatwasinitiated
duringWorldWarIIunderGeneralplanOst,millionsofGermansandotherGermanicsettlerswouldbe
movedintoconqueredterritoriesofEasternEurope,whiletheoriginalSlavicinhabitantsweretobe
annihilated,removed,orenslaved.[48]NaziGermany'sallytheIndependentStateofCroatiarejectedthe
commonconceptionthatCroatswereprimarilyaSlavicpeopleandclaimedthatCroatswereprimarilythe
descendentsoftheGermanicGoths.[49]HowevertheNaziregimecontinuedtoclassifyCroatsas
"subhuman"inspiteofthealliance.[50]NaziGermany'spolicychangedtowardsSlavsinresponseto
militarymanpowershortages,inwhichitacceptedSlavstoserveinitsarmedforceswithinoccupied
territories,inspiteofthembeingconsideredsubhuman,asapragmaticmeanstoresolvesuchmanpower
shortages.[50]HitleroftendoubtedwhetherCzechswereAryanornot,hesaidinhistabletalk"Itisenough
foraCzechtogrowamoustacheforanyonetosee,fromthewaythethingdroops,thathisoriginis
Mongoloian."[51]ThequestionofwhetherItalianswereAryanenoughwasquestionedbytheNaziracial
theorists,HitlerviewednorthernItaliansasstronglyAryanbutnotsouthernItalians.TheNazisviewedthe
downfalloftheRomanEmpireasbeingtheresultofthepollutionofbloodfromracialintermixing,
claimingthatItalianswereahybridofraces,includingblackAfricanraces.Hitlerevenmentionedhisview
ofthepresenceofNegroidbloodintheMediterraneanpeoplesduringhisfirstmeetingwithMussoliniin
1934.[52]
GermanInteriorMinistryofficialAlbertGorterdraftedanofficialdefinitionoftheAryanRaceforthenew
CivilServiceLawthatincludedEuropeanAryansandAsianAryansofthesubtyperaceknownasIrano
AfghanthisdefinitionwasunacceptablebytheNazis.[53]HoweverAchimGerkerevisedGorter'sdraftof
theCivilServiceLawbyremovingsuchcontemporaryAsianpeoplefromthedefinitionoftheAryanrace,
astheywereconsideredtooforeigntobeconnectedwiththeAryanraceasinEurope.[53]TheNuremberg
racelawsof1935classifiedas"raciallyacceptable"peoplewith"Germanorrelatedblood"[53]allpersons
wishingtobeacitizenoftheReichhadtoprovideproofoftheirAryanancestrybyacquiringanAryan
certificate.[54]ThetermremainedinconstantfluxandnationssuchasFinnsorHungarianswereoften
excludedbyNazisasAryans.[53]
TheideaoftheNorthernoriginsoftheAryanswasparticularlyinfluentialinGermany.Itwaswidely
believedthatthe"VedicAryans"wereethnicallyidenticaltotheGoths,Vandalsandotherancient
GermanicpeoplesoftheVlkerwanderung.Thisideawasoftenintertwinedwithantisemiticideas.The
distinctionsbetweenthe"Aryan"and"Semitic"peopleswerebasedontheaforementionedlinguisticand
ethnichistory.Acomplete,highlyspeculativetheoryofAryanandantiSemitichistorycanbefoundin
AlfredRosenberg'smajorwork,TheMythoftheTwentiethCentury.Rosenberg'saccountofancienthistory,
meldedwithhisracialspeculations,provedtobeveryeffectiveinspreadingracialismamongGerman
intellectualsintheearlytwentiethcentury,especiallyaftertheFirstWorldWar.
SemiticpeoplescametobeseenasaforeignpresencewithinAryansocieties,andtheSemiticpeopleswere
oftenpointedtoasthecauseofconversionanddestructionofsocialorderandvaluesleadingtocultureand
civilization'sdownfallbyprotoNazitheoristssuchasHoustonStewartChamberlain.
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TheseandotherideasevolvedintotheNaziuseoftheterm"Aryanrace"torefertowhattheysawasbeing
amasterrace,whichwasnarrowlydefinedbytheNazisasbeingidenticalwiththeNordicrace,followed
byothersubracesoftheAryanrace.Theyworkedtomaintainthepurityofthisracethrougheugenics
programs(includingantimiscegenationlegislation,compulsorysterilizationofthementallyillandthe
mentallydeficient,theexecutionoftheinstitutionalizedmentallyillaspartofaeuthanasiaprogram).
HeinrichHimmler(theReichsfhreroftheSS),thepersonorderedbyAdolfHitlertoimplementtheFinal
Solution,orTheHolocaust,[55]toldhispersonalmasseurFelixKerstenthathealwayscarriedwithhima
copyoftheancientAryanscripture,theBhagavadGitabecauseitrelievedhimofguiltaboutwhathewas
doinghefeltthatlikethewarriorArjuna,hewassimplydoinghisdutywithoutattachmenttohis
actions.[56]
ItalianFascism
Mainarticle:ItalianFascismandracism
Ina1921speechinBologna,Mussolinistatedthat"Fascismwas
born...outofaprofound,perennialneedofthisourAryanand
Mediterraneanrace".[57][58]InthisspeechMussoliniwasreferringto
ItaliansasbeingtheMediterraneanbranchoftheAryanRace,
AryaninthemeaningofpeopleofanIndoEuropeanlanguageand
culture.[59]ItalianFascismemphasizedthatracewasboundby
spiritualandculturalfoundations,andidentifiedaracialhierarchy
basedonspiritualandculturalfactors.[59]WhileItalianFascism
baseditsconceptionofraceonspiritualandculturalfactors,
Mussoliniexplicitlyrejectednotionsthatbiologically"pure"races
existedthoughbiologywasstillconsideredarelevantfactorin
race.[60]
ItalianFascismstronglyrejectedthecommonNordicistconception
oftheAryanRacethatidealized"pure"Aryansashavingcertain
physicaltraitsthatweredefinedasNordicsuchasblondhairand
blueeyes.[61]TheantipathybyMussoliniandotherItalianFascists
BenitoMussolini.
toNordicismwasovertheexistenceofwhattheyviewedasthe
Mediterraneaninferioritycomplexthattheyclaimedhadbeen
instilledintoMediterraneansbythepropagationofsuchtheoriesbyGermanandAngloSaxonNordicists
whoviewedMediterraneanpeoplesasraciallydegenerateandthusintheirviewinferior.[61]Mussolini
refusedtoallowItalytoreturnagaintothisinferioritycomplex,initiallyrejectingNordicism.[61]However
traditionalNordicistclaimsofMediterraneansbeingdegenerateduetohavingadarkercolourofskinthan
Nordicshadlongbeenrebukedinanthropologythroughthedepigmentationtheorythatclaimedthat
lighterskinnedpeopleshadbeendipigmentedfromadarkerskin,thistheoryhassincebecomeawidely
acceptedviewinanthropology.[62]AnthropologistCarletonS.CooninhisworkTheracesofEurope
(1939)subscribedtodepigmentationtheorythatclaimedthattheNordicrace'slightcolouredskinwasthe
resultofdepigmentationfromtheirancestorsoftheMediterraneanrace.[63]
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Intheearly1930s,withtherisetopoweroftheNaziPartyinGermanywithFhrerAdolfHitler'semphasis
onaNordicistconceptionoftheAryanRace,strongtensionsarosebetweentheFascistsandtheNazisover
racialissues.In1934,intheaftermathofAustrianNaziskillingAustrianChancellorEngelbertDollfuss,an
allyofItaly,MussolinibecameenragedandrespondedbyangrilydenouncingNazism.Mussolinirebuked
Nazism'sNordicism,claimingthattheNazis'emphasizingofacommonNordic"Germanicrace"was
absurd,saying"aGermanicracedoesnotexist....Werepeat.Doesnotexist.Scientistssayso.Hitlersays
so."[64]ThefactthatGermanswerenotpurelyNordicwasindeedacknowledgedbyprominentNaziracial
theoristHansF.K.GntherinhisbookRassenkundedesdeutschenVolkes(1922)("RacialScienceofthe
GermanPeople"),whereGntherrecognizedGermansasbeingcomposedoffiveAryansubtyperaces:
Nordic,Mediterranean,Dinaric,Alpine,andEastBalticwhileassertingthattheNordicswerethehighestin
aracialhierarchyofthefivesubtypes.[34]
By1936,thetensionsbetweenFascistItalyandNaziGermanyreducedandrelationsbecamemore
amicable.In1936,MussolinidecidedtolauncharacialprograminItaly,andwasinterestedintheracial
studiesbeingconductedbyGiulioCogni.[65]CogniwasaNordicistbutdidnotequateNordicidentitywith
GermanicidentityaswascommonlydonebyGermanNordicists.[66]CognihadtravelledtoGermanywhere
hehadbecomeimpressedbyNaziracialtheoryandsoughttocreatehisownversionofracialtheory.[67]On
11September1936,CognisentMussoliniacopyofhisnewlypublishedbookIlRazzismo(1936).[65]Cogni
declaredtheracialaffinityoftheMediterraneanandNordicracialsubtypesoftheAryanraceandclaimed
thattheintermixingofNordicAryansandMediterraneanAryansinItalyproducedasuperiorsynthesisof
AryanItalians.[66]CogniaddressedtheissueofracialdifferencesbetweennorthernandsouthernItalians,
declaringsouthernItaliansweremixedbetweenAryanandnonAryanraces,thatheclaimedwasmost
likelyduetoinfiltrationbyAsiaticpeoplesinRomantimesandlaterArabinvasions.[65]Assuch,Cogni
viewedSouthernItalianMediterraneansasbeingpollutedwithorientalizingtendencies.[65]Initially
MussoliniwasnotimpressedwithCogni'swork,howeverCogni'sideaslaterenteredintotheofficial
Fascistracialpolicyseveralyearslater.[65]
In1938MussoliniwasconcernedthatifItalianFascismdidnotrecognizeNordicheritagewithinItalians,
thattheMediterraneaninferioritycomplexwouldreturntoItaliansociety.[61]Therefore,insummer1938,
theFascistgovernmentofficiallyrecognizedItaliansashavingNordicheritageandbeingofNordic
MediterraneandescentandinameetingwithPNFmembers,andinJune1938inameetingwithPNF
members,MussoliniidentifiedhimselfasNordicanddeclaredthatpreviouspolicyoffocuson
MediterraneanismwastobereplacedbyafocusonAryanism.[61]
TheFascistregimebeganpublicationoftheracialistmagazineLaDifesadellaRazzain1938.[68]The
NordicistracialtheoristGuidoLandratookamajorroleintheearlyworkofLaDifesa,andpublishedthe
ManifestoofRacialScientistsinthemagazinein1938.[69]TheManifestoreceivedsubstantialcriticism,
includingitsassertionofItaliansbeinga"purerace",asitwasviewedasabsurd.[69]LaDifesapublished
othertheoriesthatdescribedlongtermNordicAryanamongstItalians,suchasthetheorythatinthe
EneolithicageNordicAryansarrivedtoItaly.[70]ManyofthewriterstookupthetraditionalNordicist
claimthatthedeclineandfalloftheRomanEmpirewasduetothearrivalofSemiticimmigrants.[70]La
Difesa'swritersweredividedontheirclaimsthatdescribedhowItaliansextricatedthemselvesfromSemitic
influence.[69]
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TheNordicistdirectionofFascistracialpolicywaschallengedin1938byaresurgenceofthe
MediterraneanistfactioninthePNF.[71]By1939,theMediterraneanists'advocacyofanativistracialtheory
thatrejectedascribingtheachievementsoftheItalianpeopletoNordicpeoples.[71]Thisnativistracial
policywasprominentlypromotedbyUgoRellini.[71]Rellinirejectedthenotionoflargescaleinvasionsof
ItalybyNordicAryansintheEneolithicage,andclaimedthatItalianswereanindigenouspeople
descendedfromtheCroMagnons.[72]RelliniclaimedthatMediterraneanandNordicpeoplesarrivedlater
andpeacefullyintermixedinsmallnumberswiththeindigenousItalianpopulation.[72]
In1941thePNF'sMediterraneaniststhroughtheinfluenceofGiacomoAcerboputforwarda
comprehensivedefinitionoftheItalianrace.[73]HowevertheseeffortswerechallengedbyMussolini's
endorsementofNordicistfigureswiththeappointmentofstaunchspiritualNordicistAlbertoLuchinias
headofItaly'sRacialOfficeinMay1941,aswellaswithMussolinibecominginterestedwithJulius
Evola'sspiritualNordicisminlate1941.[73]AcerboandtheMediterraneanistsinhisHighCouncilon
DemographyandRacesoughttobringtheregimebacktosupportingMediterraneanismbythoroughly
denouncingtheproNordicistManifestooftheRacialScientists.[73]TheCouncilrecognizedAryansas
beingalinguisticbasedgroup,andcondemnedtheManifestofordenyingtheinfluenceofpreAryan
civilizationonmodernItaly,sayingthattheManifesto"constitutesanunjustifiableandundemonstrable
negationoftheanthropological,ethnological,andarchaeologicaldiscoveriesthathaveoccurredandare
occurringinourcountry".[73]Furthermore,theCouncildenouncedtheManifestofor"implicitly"crediting
GermanicinvadersofItalyintheguiseoftheLombardsforhaving"aformativeinfluenceontheItalian
raceinadisproportionaldegreetothenumberofinvadersandtotheirbiologicalpredominance".[73]The
CouncilclaimedthattheobvioussuperiorityoftheancientGreeksandRomansincomparisonwiththe
ancientGermanictribesmadeitinconceivablethatItaliancultureowedadebttoancientAryan
Germans.[73]TheCouncildenouncedtheManifesto'sNordicistattitudetowardsMediterraneansthatit
claimedwas"consideringthemasslaves"andwas"arepudiationoftheentireItaliancivilization".[73]
NeoNazism
SincethemilitarydefeatofNaziGermanybytheAlliesin1945,someneoNazishavedevelopedamore
inclusivedefinitionof"Aryan",claimingthatthepeoplesofWesternEuropearetheclosestdescendantsof
theancientAryans,withNordicandGermanicpeoplesbeingthemost"raciallypure."[74]
AccordingtoNicholasGoodrickClarke,manyneoNaziswanttoestablishanautocraticstatemodeled
afterNaziGermanytobecalledtheWesternImperium.Itisbelievedthatthisproposedstatewouldbeable
toattainworlddominationbycombiningthenucleararsenalsofthefourmajorAryanworldpowers,the
UnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,France,andRussiaunderasinglemilitarycommand.[75]
ThisproposedstatewouldbeledbyaFhrerlikefigurecalledtheVindex,andwouldincludeallareas
inhabitedbythe"Aryanrace",asconceivedbyNeoNazis.OnlythoseoftheAryanracewouldbefull
citizensofthestate.The"WesternImperium"wouldembarkonavigorousanddynamicprogramofspace
exploration,followedbythecreationbygeneticengineeringofasuperracecalledHomoGalactica.The
conceptofthe"WesternImperium"asoutlinedinthepreviousthreesentencesisbasedontheoriginal
conceptoftheImperiumasoutlinedinthe1947bookImperium:ThePhilosophyofHistoryandPoliticsby
FrancisParkerYockeyasfurtherupdated,extendedandrefinedintheearly1990sinpamphletspublished
byDavidMyatt.[76][77][78]
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Tempelhofgesellschaft
AneoNaziesotericNaziGnosticsectheadquarteredinVienna,
AustriacalledtheTempelhofgesellschaft,foundedintheearly
1990s,teachesaformofwhatitcallsMarcionism.Theydistribute
pamphletsclaimingthattheAryanraceoriginallycametoAtlantis
fromthestarAldebaran.
Seealso
Anatolianhypothesis
Aryan
IndoAryanmigrations
IndoIranians
Iranianpeoples
Nordictheory
ProtoIndoEuropeans
IndoEuropeanlanguagefamily
Kurganhypothesis
HaplogroupIM253
HaplogroupRM420
HaplogroupR1b(YDNA)
RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoples
Scandinavism
Whitenationalism
Whitesupremacy
Thesunwheelhasbeenusedasa
symboloftheAryanracebysome
neoNazis,howevertheCelticcross
seemstobethemostpopularsymbol
amongwhitesupremacistsNazis
included.
Philosophical
EsotericisminGermanyandAustria
ThuleSociety
GermanicNeopaganism
Neovlkischmovements
Asopposedto:
Sovietpeople
Zhonghuaminzu
ThirdReichspecific
Aryanization
Aryanparagraph
HonoraryAryan
Ahnenpass
AryanGames
Contemporaneousconceptsofrace
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Alpinerace
Armenoidrace
Dinaricrace
EastBalticrace
Iranidrace
Mediterraneanrace
Nordicrace
References
1. Mish,FredericC.,EditorinChiefWebster'sTenthNewCollegiateDictionarySpringfield,Massachusetts,
U.S.A.:1994MerriamWebsterSeeoriginaldefinition(definition#1)of"Aryan"inEnglishPage66
2. cf.Gershevitch,Ilya(1968)."OldIranianLiterature".HandbuchderOrientalistik,LiteraturI.Leiden:Brill.
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3. MonierWilliams(1899).
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5. Wells,H.G.TheOutlineofHistory,3rded.(NewYork:Macmillan,1921),Ch.20("TheAryanSpeaking
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7. F.MaxMller,BiographiesofWordsandtheHomeoftheAryas(1888),KessingerPublishingreprint,2004,p.
120DorothyMatildaFigueira,Aryans,Jews,Brahmins:TheorizingAuthorityThroughMythsofIdentity
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8. RomilaThapar,"TheTheoryofAryanRaceandIndia:HistoryandPolitics,"SocialScientist24.1/3(Jan.Mar.
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9. RandMcNallysWorldAtlasInternationalEditionChicago:1944RandMcNallyMap:"RacesofMankind"
Pages278279Intheexplanatorysectionbelowthemap,theAryanrace(thewordAryanbeingdefinedinthe
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groupingsofmankind.Eachofthetenracialgroupingsisdepictedinadifferentcoloronthemapandthe
estimatedpopulationsin1944ofthelargerracialgroupsexcepttheDravidiansaregiven(theDravidian
populationin1944wouldhavebeenabout70,000,000).TheotherninegroupsaredepictedasbeingtheSemitic
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Caucasianrace),theDravidianrace,theMongolianrace(700,000,000),theMalayanrace(Correctpopulation
givenonpage41364,000,000includingbesidesthepopulationsoftheDutchEastIndies,thePhilippines,and
MadagascaralsohalfoftheMalayStates,Micronesia,andPolynesia),theAmericanIndianrace(10,000,000),
theNegrorace(140,000,000),theNativeAustralians,thePapuans,andtheHottentotsandBushmen.
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14. Widney,JosephPRaceLifeoftheAryanPeoples(https://books.google.com/books?
id=s9UKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage)NewYork:Funk&Wagnalls.1907InTwoVolumes:VolumeOne
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(http://www.unifi.it/riviste/cromohs/3_98/orsucci.html)",inCromohs,1998(Italian)
16. OEDunderrace,n.6I.1.chas"Agroupofseveraltribesorpeoples,regardedasformingadistinctethnicset.
Esp.usedin19thcent.anthropologicalclassification,sometimesinconjunctionwithlinguisticgroupings."
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17. SpeechbeforetheUniversityofStassbourg,1872,Chaudhuri,Nirad,ScholarExtraordinary:TheLifeof
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18. VacherdeLapouge(transClossen,C),Georges(1899)."OldandNewAspectsoftheAryanQuestion".The
AmericanJournalofSociology5(3):329346.doi:10.1086/210895..
19. Arvidsson,Stefan(2006).AryanIdols.USA:UniversityofChicagoPress,143.ISBN0226028607.
20. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,theSynthesisofScience,ReligionandPhilosophy,Vol.II,p.249
21. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p.200
22. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,pp.1956
23. TheKeytoTheosophy,Section3
24. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,Vol.II,p.723
25. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p421
28. Powell,A.E.TheSolarSystem:ACompleteOutlineoftheTheosophicalSchemeofEvolutionLondon:1930The
TheosophicalPublishingHousePages298299
29. 1967ChristmasMessage19671968:TheSolarBodiesandGnosticWisdom(inSpanish),publishedinEnglish
asTheDoomedAryanRacein2008ISBN193420630X
30. GoodrickClarke,NicholasTheOccultRootsofNazism:SecretAryanCultsandTheirInfluenceonNazi
IdeologyNewYork:1992NewYorkUniversityPressChapter13"HerbertReichsteinandAriosophy"Pages164
176
31. Longerich2010,p.30.
32. Yenne2010,pp.2122.
33. BruceDavidBaum.TheRiseandFalloftheCaucasianRace:APoliticalHistoryofRacialIdentity.NewYork,
NewYork,USALondon,England,UK:NewYorkUniversityPress,2006.P.156.
34. AnneMaxwell.PictureImperfect:PhotographyandEugenics,18701940.Eastbourne,England:UKPortland,
Oregon,USA:SUSSEXACADEMICPRESS,2008,2010.P.150.
35. JohnCornwell.Hitler'sScientists:Science,War,andtheDevil'sPact.Penguin,Sep28,2004.[1]
(https://books.google.com/books?
id=5bA2vTgvobAC&pg=PT68&dq=hitler+gunther+aryan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q2IYUfKYIoyayQHBmoG4Dg&ved
=0CGMQ6AEwCQ),p.68
36. AlanESteinweis.StudyingtheJew:ScholarlyAntisemitisminNaziGermany.HarvardUniversityPress,2008.
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37. MitchellB.Hart.Jews&Race:WritingsonIdentity&Difference,18801940.Lebanon,NewHampshire,USA:
BrandeisUniversityPress,2011.P.247.
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39. Longerich2010,p.241.
40. AndrMineau.OperationBarbarossa:IdeologyandEthicsAgainstHumanDignity.Rodopi,2004.Pp.3436.
41. SteveThorne.TheLanguageofWar.London,England,UK:Routledge,2006.P.38.
42. WendyLower.NaziEmpirebuildingAndTheHolocaustInUkraine.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,
2005.P.27.
43. MarvinPerry.WesternCivilization:ABriefHistory.CengageLearning,2012.P.468.
44. AnneNelson.RedOrchestra:TheStoryoftheBerlinUndergroundandtheCircleofFriendsWhoResisted
Hitler.RandomHouseDigital,Inc.,2009.P.212.
45. DavidDowning.SealingTheirFate:TheTwentyTwoDaysThatDecidedWorldWarII.P.48.
46. RichardC.Frucht(31December2004).EasternEurope:AnIntroductiontothePeople,Lands,andCulture.
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47. DavidDowning.SealingTheirFate:TheTwentyTwoDaysThatDecidedWorldWarII.ReadHowYouWant,
2010P.48.
48. JosephW.Bendersky.AconcisehistoryofNaziGermany,Plymouth,England,UK:Rowman&Littlefield
PublishersInc.,2007.p.1612.
49. Rich,Norman(1974).Hitler'sWarAims:theEstablishmentoftheNewOrder,p.2767.W.W.Norton&
CompanyInc.,NewYork.
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50. NormanDavies.EuropeatWar19391945:NoSimpleVictory.PanMacmillan,2008.Pp.167,209.
51. AdolfHitler(30April2008).Hitler'sTableTalk,19411944:SecretConversations.EnigmaBooks.ISBN978
1929631667.
52. AaronGillette(12October2012).RacialTheoriesinFascistItaly.Routledge.ISBN9781134527069.
53. EricEhrenreich.TheNaziAncestralProof:Genealogy,RacialScience,andtheFinalSolution.Bloomington,
Indiana,USA:IndianaUniversityPress,pp.910
54. Ehrenreich,TheNaziancestralproof,p.70
55. Himmlernotedon26July1942inresponsetoRosenbergsattempttoinfluenceJewishpolicythat"Theoccupied
territorieswillbeJewfree.TheFuhrerhaslaidtheimplementationofthisverydifficultorderonmyshoulders."
Evans,RichardJ.TheThirdReichatWarNewYork:2008PenguinPage271Himmlerhadbeguntheinitialpre
WanseeConferenceimplementationofthefinalsolutionbyJulyandAugustof1941.Evans,RichardJ.The
ThirdReichatWarNewYork:2008PenguinPage240.
56. Padfield,PeterHimmlerNewYork:1990HenryHoltPage402
57. AaronGillette.RacialTheoriesinFascistItaly.London,England,UKNewYork,NewYork,USA:Routledge,
2001.Pp.11.
58. Neocleous,Mark.Fascism.Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,1997.p.35
2001.Pp.39.
60. GlendaSluga.TheProblemofTriesteandtheItaloYugoslavBorder:Difference,Identity,andSovereigntyin
TwentiethCentury.SUNYPress,2001.P.52.
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62. AlanW.Ertl.TowardanUnderstandingofEurope:APoliticalEconomicPrcisofContinentalIntegration.Boca
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63. MelvilleJacobs,BernhardJosephStern.Generalanthropology.Barnes&Noble,1963.P.57.
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2002.P.60.
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74. GoodrickClarke,NicholasBlackSun:AryanCults,EsotericNazism,andThePoliticsofIdentityNewYork:
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75. GoodrickClarke,Nicholas(2003).BlackSun:AryanCults,EsotericNazismandthePoliticsofIdentity.New
York:NewYorkUniversityPress.p.221.ISBN0814731554.
76. GoodrickClarke,NicholasBlackSun:AryanCults,EsotericNazism,andThePoliticsofIdentityNewYork:
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York:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780192804365.
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OriginsoftheSS.Minneapolis:Zenith.ISBN9780760337783.
Furtherreading
TheArcticHomeintheVedasbyBalGangadharTilak
Arvidsson,Stefan.AryanIdols.TheIndoEuropeanMythologyasScienceandIdeology.Chicago:
UniversityofChicagoPress.2006ISBN0226028607
Poliakov,Leon.TheAryanMyth:AHistoryofRacistandNationalisticIdeasInEuropeNewYork:
Barnes&NobleBooks.1996ISBN0760700346
Spiro,JonathanP.(2009).DefendingtheMasterRace:Conservation,Eugenics,andtheLegacyof
MadisonGrant.UniversityofVermontPress.ISBN9781584657156.Laysummary(29
September2010).
Widney,JosephPRaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesNewYork:Funk&Wagnalls.1907InTwo
Volumes:VolumeOneTheOldWorldVolumeTwoTheNewWorldISBNB000859S6O:
RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesVol.1"TheOldWorld":(https://books.google.com/books?
id=okNDAAAAIAAJ&oe=UTF8)
RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesVol.2"TheNewWorld":(https://books.google.com/books?
id=s9UKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage)
Externallinks
TheAryanrace
(http://www.wisdomworld.org/additional/ListOfCollatedArticles/TheAryanRace.html)
IndoEuropeanLanguages(http://www.bookrags.com/IndoEuropean_languages)
AryanbyKimPearson(http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/aryan.htm)
IranianBranchoftheIndoEuropeanFamily
(http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/IranianBranch.html)
RacesandEthnicGroupsofIran(http://www.farhangsara.com/races.htm)
ForensicAnthropology
(http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/biology/research/forensicanthropology/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryan_race&oldid=682796548"
Categories: Esotericanthropogenesis IndoEuropean Historicaldefinitionsofrace Racism
Naziterminology NeoNazism Whitesupremacy Nazipropaganda
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