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  • History of HTML, WWW, Internet

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    Lord Edgardian Jamela Tavu
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    History of HTML, Www, Internet

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    History of HTML, Www, Internet

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    History of HTML, Www, Internet

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    260 visualizzazioni3 pagine

    History of HTML, WWW, Internet

    Caricato da

    Lord Edgardian Jamela Tavu
    History of HTML, Www, Internet

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato DOCX, PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 3

    Tavu, Lord Edgardian J.

    BSCS 2G

    June 18, 2013

    Assignment:
    History of the Internet
    The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. The public was first
    introduced to the concepts that would lead to the Internet when a message was sent over the ARPANet from computer
    science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), after the second
    piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switched networks such as
    ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late
    1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols
    for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.
    In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network
    of interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in
    1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in
    1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education
    organizations. CommercialInternet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The
    ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was
    decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
    Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of nearinstant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", twoway interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online
    shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as
    NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts
    of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more.
    The Internet's takeover over the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only
    communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993,
    already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. [1] Today the Internet
    continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social
    networking.
    History of world Wide Web
    The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and
    write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself,
    but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back
    significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
    The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors
    include Vannevar Bush's Memex,[1] IBM's Generalized Markup Language,[2] and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.[1]
    The concept of a home-based global information system goes at least as far back as "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946
    short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," were in every home. Although the

    computer system in the story is centralized, the story captures some of the feeling of the ubiquitous information
    explosion driven by the Web.
    HTML
    HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information
    that can be displayed in a web browser.
    HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within
    the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags, known
    as empty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is
    the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text,
    tags, comments and other types of text-based content.
    The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The
    browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.
    HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can
    be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting
    structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can
    embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.
    Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other
    material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit
    presentational HTML markup.[1]
    History
    In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system
    for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internetbased hypertextsystem.[2] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of
    1990. In that year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for
    funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes [3] from 1990 he listed[4] "some of the
    many areas in which hypertext is used" and put an encyclopedia first.
    The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the
    Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.[5][6] It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of
    HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house SGML-based
    documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4. [7]
    HyperText Markup Language is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and
    other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in
    the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS.
    Many of the text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which in
    turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in
    the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system: these formatting commands were
    derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of
    generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects,
    with also the separation of structure and processing; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.

    Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the Internet
    Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML
    specification: "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which
    included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the grammar.[8] The draft expired after six months, but was
    notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting
    the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. [9] Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing InternetDraft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features
    like tables and fill-out forms.[10]
    After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995
    completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future
    implementations should be based.[11]

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