Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
HOME
CTI OVERVIEW
BY-LAWS
Thermal Performance
ASK THE EXPERT
DOWNLOADS
EDUCATION
What is a Cooling Tower?
PUBLICATIONS
Cooling Tower Manual
CTI Codes and Standards
Historical Documents
Journal Hardcopy
Journal On-Line
CTI Directory
Educational Seminar Papers
Technical Papers
COOLING TOWER CERTIFICATION
CTI Certification
ECC Certification
CTI Thermal Certification
Testing Agencies
Order
Number
Title
Author
Date
2 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
3 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
4 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
5 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
6 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Learned
Abstract: In recent years, the authors
have presented several papers concerning
the use of permanent magnet motors for
the direct drive of cooling tower fans. The
goal of this paper is to detail how the
technology has evolved, communicate
lessons learned from field installations
and give the reader a practical guide to
the installation and use of this type of
motor. An in depth case study is
presented detailing installation challenges
and solutions for a large permanent
magnet direct drive motor.
Lee Gillan,
Maisotsendo-Cycle 2011
Idalex; Paul
Enhanced Cooling
Glanvill and Dr. Towers
Aleksandr
Kozlov, Gas
Technology
Institute
Abstract: Following its successful
application in air-conditioning as
marketed by the Coolerado Corporation,
this document summarizes the potential
of the novel thermodynamic cycle, the
so-called Maisotsenko-Cycle
(M-Cycle), as applied to Cooling
Tower Design. Through a review of
existing methods and technologies, this
document discusses how the M-Cycle
Enhanced Open and Closed Circuit
Cooling Tower designs have the potential
in retrofit applications to (1) cool water
down to the ambient air dew point
temperature and (2) reduce system
pressure drop and fan power
consumption, with the potential to reduce
both installed and operating costs. For
readers seeking additional information,
appendices discuss the M-Cycle and the
corresponding psychrometrics in greater
detail.
Improving The Magose Abraham 2011
Eju, Nigeria
Thermal
Liquefied Natural
Performance
Gas Limited
Of Cooling
Towers By
Conditioning
7 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Of Air
Abstract: Up to the present, attempts at
improving performance of cooling towers
has been focused on the design of the
components such as the packing, nozzles,
fan, etc. This paper presents an
investigation that has been carried out to
assess the viability of a new and novel
approach by conditioning the entering air
to the cooling tower in order to reduce
the wet-bulb temperature, which is the
principal external parameter that affects
performance. The wet-bulb temperature
of the air entering the cooling tower
determines operating temperature levels
throughout a water-cooled plant, process
or system. It is very important to have the
cold water temperature low enough to
exchange heat or to condense vapors at
the optimum temperature level. The
investigation of performance involved the
development of a suite of integrated
computer models which were used along
with real plant data to assess the
performance improvement achievable
with the proposed air conditioning
system. The results of the analysis
indicated the viability of this new and
novel approach.
Crossflow
Robert Fulkerson, 2008
Cooling Tower Fulkerson &
Performance
Associates
Calculations
Abstract: This paper reviews and
explains the Zivi Brand method of
calculating crossflow cooling tower
thermal performance. In addition it
presents a mathematical method which
can be used to predict the performance of
a cooling tower which has a fill height
and fill air travel, which is different from
the test cell from which the rating data
was obtained.
2008
Architectural Toby Daley,
Composite Cooling
Enclosure
Influences on Solutions, L.P.
The
Performance of
Field Erected
8 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Cooling Towers
Abstract: Architectural enclosures for
cooling towers are not a new phenomena.
Ideal clearances are provided by
manufacturers to achieve the rated
performance. However, understanding
and predicting thermal performance
impacts when less than ideal clearances
are available becomes more complex.
This paper will present a study of an
architectural louver enclosure and its
influence on the performance of the
tower when less than ideal clearances are
achievable.
Seismic Rated Scott Nevins,
2007
Factory
EVAPCO, Inc.
Assembled
Evaporative
Cooling
Equipment
Abstract: The International Building
Code (IBC) is a comprehensive set of
regulations addressing the structural
design and installation for building
systems. As of May 1st, 2006, 47 states
and Washington DC have adopted the
International Building Code. Compared to
previous building codes that solely
examined anchorage, the International
Building Code addresses anchorage,
structural integrity, and operational
capability of a component following a
seismic event. This paper will focus on
the International Building Code as
pertains to factory assembled evaporative
cooling equipment and emphasize the
methodology for determining the
applicability of the code to specific
projects.
2006
Cooling Towers Richard
DesJardins,
Work As A
DesJardins
System
Consulting
Abstract: There are two principal
concepts that often confuse people that
are not familiar with cooling towers and
how they operate. One, the cooling tower
is a part of a bigger system; It does not set
the heat load; the paper will explain how
9 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
2006
10 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
11 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
12 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Thorough
Terry McCoy 2004
Inspections
ChemTreat, Inc.
Reduce Cooling Robert Strandberg
Tower
- Covanta, Inc.
Mechanical and
Performance
Risks
Abstract: Identification of cooling tower
problems prior to resultant failures allows
avoidance of unexpected major repair
costs. Periodic inspections of mechanical
and structural components by
knowledgeable personnel are critical in
maintaining and performance of the
tower. By performing thorough annual
inspections as described, corrective
action can be initiated and repairs can be
budgeted.
Innate
Hector L. Cruz,
2003
Recirculation Bechtel Power
of Cooling
Corporation
Towers
Abstract: In today's power market there
is an overall decrease in available plot
area in which to build a power plant. For
this reason larger projects are requiring
more back-to-back cooling tower
configurations. Previous CTI publications
show that certain cooling tower
configurations and designs are more
responsible than others for creating
recirculation environments, and indeed,
back-to-back configurations create more
recirculation than in-line. In-line and
back-to-back counter-flow configurations
makeup the bulk of new cooling tower
installations. However, this report deals
exclusively with back-to-back
counter-flow cooling towers. It will also
develop 1) the upper limit for design
variables that create recirculation, and 2)
answer which variables have a greater
affect on the cooling towers' thermal
performance, auxiliary power, and cost.
Buddy Lee,
2002
Wireless
MAARS, Inc.
Condition
Monitoring of
Industrial
Cooling
13 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Towers.
Abstract: A new method of wireless
condition monitoring for cooling tower
applications will be presented. The
development of Spread Spectrum
communications technology now makes
real-time vibration and process analysis
available over plant ethernet or the
internet. Remote diagnostics of cooling
tower condition may be implemented at
low cost using off the shelf components.
A Temporary Billy Childers,
2002
Cooling Tower Aggreko, Inc.
CAN Work For
You.
Abstract: Temporary cooling towers
allow for a contingency plan of the heart
of the plant that will save time and money
in the event of an unexpected loss. They
provide increased worker safety during
reconstruction as well as protecting the
environment and "keeping the lights on"
at the power plant. The plant can "try
before you buy" to provide undisputable
evidence of the impact of cooler water.
Add to all of this the ability to maintain
full production during the summer heat
and one can see how a temporary system
will solve plant worries and increase
profits.
Vibration
Robert Simmons, 2002
Control for
Amber/Booth
Cooling
Company
Towers.
Abstract: Cooling towers can be a major
source of objectionable vibration and
vibration induced noise in buildings. This
presentation will examine vibration
control issues for cooling towers, why
vibration from cooling towers is a
problem, how to isolate the vibration, and
some practical installation guidelines will
be discussed.
Sushil Aggarwal, 2002
Network
Analysis Helps Fluro Daniel Inc.
Increase
Cooling System
Capacity.
14 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
15 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Enhancing
Tower
Performance
Using
Non-Uniform
Water
Distribution
Adriaan J. de
Villiers, Peter B.
Bosman, Knight
Piesold Energy
1996
Michael F. Talley
& John Elrod
Martin Marietta
Utility Services,
Inc.
1995
16 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
17 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Ken Quigley,
Ecodyne Cooling
Tower Services
and Karl Wilber
Research Cottrell
Companies
1991
18 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Cooling Water
Operational
Experiences at
an Ammonia
Plant
(TP-89-17)
1989
19 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Tower
(TP-88-17)
Systems
Corporation,
Gerald L.
Mroczkowski &
Richard E. Steiner,
Wisconsin Public
Servic
20 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
21 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
1985
22 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
23 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
24 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
25 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
(TP224A)
Abstract: Recent methods for predicting
and evaluating tower performance will be
discussed including spray cooling water
systems. Although dimensional analysis
techniques for heat and mass transfer are
used, requirements for this solution are
not always met. Proposed and present
methods are compared.
Common
James L. Willa & 1980
Misconceptions John C. Campbell,
Lilie-Hoffmann
Concerning
Cooling Tower Cooling Towers,
Performance
Inc.
(TP-225A)
Abstract: This paper demonstrates rather
pointedly that cooling tower performance
and operation is not so straightforwardly
simple as it many times is thought to be.
These misconceptions or "Old Cooling
Tower Tales" can cost you money in all
phases of dealing with cooling towers.
Copyright 2012-2015
Cooling Technology Institute
An Evaluation
of Schemes for
the Prediction
of
Recirculation
on Crossflow
Rectangular
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Towers
(TP-195A)
Abstract:
Handling
Upsets in
Cooling Water
Systems
(TP-196A)
Abstract:
Biofilm
Development
and Destruction
in Turbulent
Flow
(TP-204A)
Abstract:
J.R. Townsend,
Drew Chemical
Corporation
1979
W.G. Characklis,
Rice University
1979
26 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Evaporative
Thomas E. Eaton, 1979
Hat Removal in P.E., University of
Wet Cooling
Kentucky
Towers
(TP-209A)
Abstract:
Next Year's
Profits...From
Your Cooling
Tower
(TP-199A)
Abstract:
Improving
Condenser
Cleanliness by
Using a
Dispersant to
Supplement
Chlorination at
a Nuclear Plant
(TP-189A)
Abstract:
Review of
Walter Gloyer,
Cooling Tower Consultant
Calculation
(TP-194A)
Abstract:
Emergency
Shutdown
Cooling Towers
Considerations
in the Evolution
of an Optimum
Tower Design
(TP-152A)
Abstract:
A Blueprint for
the Preparation
of Crossflow
Cooling Tower
Characteristic
Curves
(TP-146A)
Abstract:
Proper Cooling
Tower
Operation
Stuart M. Klein,
United Engineers
& Constructors,
Inc.
1978
1976
James L. Willa,
Lilie-Hoffmann
1975
27 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Makes Money
(TP-141A)
Abstract:
The Cooling
Tower - Waste
Heat Superstar
(TP-121A)
Abstract:
Estimating
Cooling Tower
Costs
Performance A Tool for
Determining
the Impact on
the HydroThermal
Program
(TP-97A)
Abstract:
Off-Peak
Cooling With
Thermocycle
(TP-70A)
Abstract:
Missapplication
and Incorrect
Location of
Cooling Towers
(TP-73A)
Abstract:
Novel Cooling
Tower Control
System
(TP-48A)
Peter M. Phelps,
Phelps
Engineering, Inc.
1974
Emoy H. Hall,
1972
Bonneville Power
Administration
Robert Reynolds,
York Division
Borg-Warner
Corporation
1969
Robert S. Jones,
Francis Assoc.
1969
Abstract:
L.C. Burkhalter,
A Report on
In-Place Spray Union Carbide
Corporation
Treatment of
Cooling Towers
at the Paducah
Gaseous
Diffusion Plant
(TP-20A)
Abstract:
1967
28 de 28
http://www.cti.org/tech_papers/thermal_performance.php
Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box 681807, Houston, Texas 77268, Phone 281-583-4087, Fax
281-537-1721, Email vmanser@cti.org