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SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
1. Give the value of Charge, Mass of an electron.
Charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs & Mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10-31 Kgs
2. Define Potential.
A potential of V volts at point B with respect to point A, is defined as the work
done in taking unit positive charge from A to B , against the electric field.
3. Define Current density.
It is defined as the current per unit area of the conducting medium. J = I / A
4. Define Electron volts.
If an electron falls through a potential of one volt then its energy is 1 electron volt.
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 joules
5. What is Electrostatic deflection sensitivity?
Electrostatic deflection sensitivity of a pair of deflecting plates of a cathode ray oscilloscope ( CRO)
is defined as the amount of deflection of electron spot produced when a voltage of 1 Volt DC is
applied between the corresponding plates.
6. What is the relation for the maximum number of electrons in each shell?
Ans: 2n2
7. What are valence electrons?
Electron in the outermost shell of an atom is called valence electron.
8. What is forbidden energy gap?
The space between the valence and conduction band is said to be forbidden energy gap.
9. What are conductors? Give examples?
Conductors are materials in which the valence and conduction band overlap each other so there is a
swift movement of electrons which leads to conduction. Ex. Copper, silver.
10. What are insulators? Give examples?
Insulators are materials in which the valence and conduction band are far away from each other. So
no movement of free electrons and thus no conduction Eg. glass, plastic.
11. Give the energy band structure of Insulator.
In Insulators there is a wide forbidden energy gap. So movement of valence electron from valence to
conduction band is not possible.
12. Give the energy band structure of Semi conductor.
In Semiconductors there is a small forbidden energy gap. So movement of valence electron from
valence to conduction band is possible if the valence electrons are supplied with some energy.
UNIT II
BIPOLAR JUNCTION
1. What is a transistor ?
Transistor is a three terminal device whose output current, voltage and /or power is controlled by
input current.
2. What are the terminals present in a transistor?
Three terminals: emitter, base, collector.
3. State the two types of transistors.
There are two types of transistors : Unipolar junction transistor and Bipolar junction transistor.
4. Why transistor is also called bipolar junction transistor?
The current conduction in bipolar transistor is because of both the types of charge carriers, holes and
electrons .Hence this is called Bipolar junction transistor.
5. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?
The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region in order that
the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or the cut off region the
positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively.
6. List out the different types of biasing.
Voltage divider bias, Base bias, Emitter feed back bias, Collector feedback bias, Emitter bias.
7. What do you meant by thermal runway?
Due to the self heating at the collector junction, the collector current rises. This causes damage to the
device. This phenomenon is called thermal runway.
8. Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?
The output characteristics of the transistor depend on the input current. So the transistor is called a
current controlled device.
9. Define current amplification factor?
It is defined as the ratio of change in output current to the change in input current at constant.
10. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?
The q point must be taken at the Centre of the active region of the output characteristics.
Stabilize the collector current against the temperature variations.
Make the q point independent of the transistor parameters.
When the transistor is replaced, it must be of same type.
UNIT III
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
1. What is FET?
FET is abbreviated for field effect transistor. It is a three terminal device with its output
characteristics controlled by input voltage.
2. Why FET is called voltage controlled device?
The output characteristics of FET is controlled by its input voltage thus it is voltage controlled.
3. What are the two main types of FET?
1. JFET 2. MOSFET.
4. What are the terminals available in FET?
1) Drain, 2) Source and 3) Gate
5. What is JFET?
JFET- Junction Field Effect Transistor.
6. What are the types of JFET?
N- Channel JFET and P- Channel JFET
7. What are the two important characteristics of JFET?
1. Drain characteristics 2. Transfer characteristics.
8. What is transconductance in JFET?
It is the ratio of small change in drain current to the corresponding change in drain to source voltage.
9. What is amplification factor in JFET?
It is the ratio of small change in drain to source voltage to the corresponding change in Gate to
source voltage.
10. Mention the operating modes of MOSFET.
1. Depletion mode.
2. Enhancement mode
11. Mention three regions that are present in the drain source characteristics of JFET.
1. Ohmic region 2. Saturation region 3. Breakdown region
12. What is pinch off voltage in FET?
The voltage VDS at which the current ID reaches to its constant saturation level is called Pinch off
voltage.
13.List the characteristics parameters of JFET.
The important characteristic parameters of JFET are:
i)Transconductance (gm)
ii)Drain to source resistance (rd)
iii)Amplification factor ()
& iv)Power dissipation (PD)
UNIT IV
SPECIAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. What is Shockley diode (PNPN diode)?
Shockley diode is a four layered PNPN silicon diode. It is a low- current SCR without a gate. This
device is switched ON when the anode to cathode voltage is increased to forward switching voltage
which is equivalent to SCR forward break over voltage.
2. What is backward diode?
The backward diode is a diode in which the doping level is moderate. The forward current in this
case is very small, very much similar to that of the reverse current in the conventional diode.
3. What is a tunnel diode?
The tunnel diode is a pn junction diode in which the impurity concentration is greatly increased
about 1000 times higher than a conventional PN junction diode thus yielding a very thin depletion
layer. This diode utilizes a phenomenon called tunneling and hence the diode is referred as tunnel
diode.
4. What is tunneling phenomenon?
The phenomenon of penetration of the charge carriers directly though the potential barrier instead of
climbing over it is called as tunneling.
5.What is negative resistance in tunnel diode?
In tunnel diode characteristics ,the slope dI/dV becomes zero at the peak point. If the forward
voltage is increased further beyond the peak voltage Vp , then current starts decreasing rather than
increasing. Hence the dynamic conductance dI/dV becomes negative. Thus the dynamic resistance
dV/dI is also negative. This region is called negative resistance in tunnel diode.
6. State the advantages of tunnel diode.
i)The peak point is not sensitive function of temperature
ii)Low cost
iii)Low noise
iv)High speed
v)Low power consumption
7.State the applications of tunnel diode.
i)As high speed switch
ii)In pulse and digital circuits
iii)In switching networks
iv)In negative resistance oscillators
v)In timing and computer logic circuitry
UNIT V
POWER DEVICES AND DISPLAY DEVICES
1. What is a TRIAC?
TRIAC is a three terminal bidirectional semiconductor switching device. It can conduct in both the
directions for any desired period. In operation it is equivalent to two SCRs connected in antiparallel.
2. Give the application of TRIAC.
1. Heater control
2. Motor speed control
3. Phase control
4. Static switches
3. What are the different operating modes of TRIAC?
1. Keeping MT2 and G positive
2. Keeping MT2 and G negative.
3. Keeping MT2 positive and G negative.
4. Keeping MT2 negative and G positive.
4. What are the regions in the VI characteristics of UJT?
1. Cut-off region
2. Negative resistance region.
3. Saturation region
5. What is meant by negative resistance region of UJT?
In a UJT when the emitter voltage reaches the peak point voltage, emitter current starts flowing.
After the peak point any effort to increase in emitter voltage further leads to sudden increase in the
emitter current with corresponding decrease in emitter voltage, exhibiting negative resistance. This
takes place until the valley point is reached. This region between the peak point and valley point is
called negative resistance region.
6. Mention the applications of UJT.
1. It is used in timing circuits
2. It is used in switching circuits
3. It is used in phase control circuits
4. It can be used as trigger device for SCR and triac.
5. It is used in saw tooth generator.
6. It is used for pulse generation.
7. What is a DIAC?
DIAC is a two terminal bidirectional semiconductor switching device. . It can conduct in either
direction depending upon the polarity of the voltage applied across its main terminals. In operation
DIAC is equivalent to two 4 layer diodes connected in antiparallel.
UJT
1. It has only one PN junctions
2. Three terminals present are emitter,
base1,base2
3. Basically a switching device