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Philosophy of Science (10 Dec 2011)

Posted on December 11, 2011 | Leave a comment


Means of Thinking
Source: Jujun S. Suriasumantri, Filsafat Ilmu: Sebuah Pengantar Populer
Group: 1) Haryana 1108066020, 2) Rachmad Setiawan 1108066033, 3) Evi Sofiawati
1108066018, 4) Rachmi 1108067005
Answer the following question in odd and even number!
1. It is impossible for animal to develop science. To some extent they can collect/cumulate
knowledge based on experience and the physical senses, but they cannot develop
knowledge to become scientist, why?
2. Mention the four means of thinking!
3. What is logic? In primitive society or undeveloped society, there are always habits and
beliefs which are unacceptable according to logical thinking. Give five examples of those
kinds of habits and beliefs!
4. Explain scientific method of getting truth (p. 119)!
5. Language ability is a unique gift of mankind. (Ar-Rahman [55]: 1-4). Explain!
6. Find a definition of language according to linguists!
7. What is the statement of Wittgenstein? Explain the meaning! (p. 49)
8. There are at least three important basic functions of language. What are they! (p. 171 and
175)
9. Please explain the meaning of thinking inductively and deductively! (p. 48)
10. Shortly speaking, mathematics is defined as thinking by numbers. Thinking by numbers,
an expert says modernization cannot be developed without precise description. Do you
agree with this statement!
11. Which modern sciences are very much depending on mathematics?
12. Statistics is basically science of probability. Quote some sentences from Filsafat Ilmu:
Sebuah Pengantar Populer by Jujun S. Suriasumantri, then explain about this statement!

13. What do you know about the absolute number and probability number?
14. Mention four names that are known as pioneers of statistics!
The answer of the questions above
1. The animal cannot develop knowledge to become scientist because they dont have talent
of analytic thinking. Analytic thinking involves understanding a system by thinking about
its parts and how they work together to produce larger-scale effects.
2. Means of thinking are: logic, language, mathematics, as well as statistics. Those means of
thinking are only owned by human beings.
3. Simply logic is the science of correct thinking. Logic is the formal systematic study of the
principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual
activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics,
semantics, and computer science. It examines general forms which arguments may take,
which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. In philosophy, the study of logic is applied
in most major areas: ontology, epistemology, ethics, metaphysics. In mathematics, it is
the study of valid inferences within some formal language. Logic is also studied in
argumentation theory. Habits and beliefs which are unacceptable according to logical
thinking:
Habits:

Smoking heats the body and refreshes the brain.

Biting louses cements our teeth.

Drinking in standing position is like a horse.

Swallowing rat pups can strengthen male virility

(belum ada)

Beliefs:

An eagle flying over the village indicates that there will be a dead man.

A cat crossing a vehicle indicates that the vehicles riders will face the obstacle and danger

Dreaming on taking number two indicates that the dreamer will lose his /her money.

A girl sitting down behind the door indicates that she will get her marriage partner
difficultly.

Cutting fingernail in the night indicates that he/she will get trouble in his/her life.

4. Scientific methods of getting truth are: (belum ada)


5. Surah Ar-Rahman [55]: 1-4
1. (God) Almighty generous,
2. Who has taught the Quran.
3. He created man.
4. Teach him how to speak.
6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a group of society.
Language is also a unique means for communication used by all creatures on the world. Every
creature has its own language. Human being has different language from animals and plants
which enable human to develop science. Without a language, human being cannot develop
science because science is one of the important parts of human life.
7. Wittgenstein statement is tak pernah ada kejutan dalam logika. It means that logic is certain
condition where the human beings will not get surprised when talking about logic. It runs as it
works.
8. There are three important basic functions of language. They are:

to master the knowledge.

to think systematically and clearly.

to develop culture.

9. Thinking inductively and deductively are two methods of logic used to arrive at a conclusion
based on information assumed to be true. Both are used in research to establish hypotheses.
Deductive arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive takes events and
makes generalizations. Deductive is reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths.
Starting with a limited number of simple statements or assumptions, more complex statements
can be built up from the more basic ones. For example, you have probably studied deductive
geometry in mathematics; in it you start with a few principles and prove various propositions
using those principles. To prove more complicated propositions, you may use propositions that
you have already proved plus the original principles. In more formal logic terms deductive
reasoning is reasoning from stated premises to conclusions formally or necessarily implied by
such premises.

Deductive can be described as reasoning of the form if A then B. Deduction is in some sense the
direct application of knowledge in the production of new knowledge.
10. I agree that mathematics is defined as thinking by numbers because mathematics is one of the
means of thinking. Using mathematics in thinking will get precise description on what we think
about. Mathematics will give prcised understanding to whom it is learnt.
11. Modern sciences which are very much depending on mathematics are: chemistry, physics and
statistics.
12. Statistics is basically science of probability. Quote some sentences from Filsafat Ilmu:
Sebuah Pengantar Populer by Jujun S. Suriasumantri, then explain about this statement! (belum
ada)
13. Absolute number and probability number are (belum ada)
14. Pioneers of statistics are:
1. Abraham Demoivre (1667-1754)
2. Thomas Simpson (belum ada tahun)
3. Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827)
4. Francis Galton (1822-1911)
5. Karl Pearson (1857-1936)

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