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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BFC23102

Introduction to Structure

Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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What is structure:
a system of connected/fabricated parts used to support a load or
creatures activities

Construction or framework of identifiable elements

(components, entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.)
which gives complete form and stability, and resists stresses
and strain. Structures have defined boundaries within which:
1. Each element is physically or functionally connected to
other elements, and
2. The elements themselves and their interrelationships are
taken to be either fixed (permanent) or changing only
occasionally or slowly.

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Structural
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Carry load of deck and pedestrian

Bridge structure

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Structural
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Seismic Wave

Connection
Behavior of a local region where the structural components are connected
is very complicated
depends primarily on the type and details of the connection used.
To extensively investigate the behavior of the connection, a three
dimensional model is necessarily used to gain accurate results.
For a standard, linear structural analysis, the connection is only
modeled as a point called node or joint and the behavior of the node or
joint depends mainly on the degree of force and moment transfer
across the connection

Connection
Rigid joint
A rigid joint is a connection that allows the complete
transfer of force and moment across the joint.
Both the displacement and rotation are continuous at
the rigid joint.

Connection
Hinge joint
allow the transfer of the bending moment.
Thus, the displacement is continuous at the hinge
joint while the rotation is not since each end of
the member connecting at the hinge joint can
rotate freely from each other

Connection
Pin joint
A pin connection works essentially like a lapped joint.
It transfers vertical and horizontal shear loads and
cannot resist any bending or moment (rotational) forces.
Many pin connections might look like they are designed
to rotate but do not actually function as points of
rotation for the structure.
Is used to simplify erection by allowing for some slight
differences in angles of the members

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Structural engineering:

Planning

Analysis

Design

Construction

We are here

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Designing a structure:
- Utility / Serviceability
- Durability
- Safety
- Economy / Cost
- Aesthetic / Architecture value
- Material
- Environmental constraints

Thus, structure can be defined as a part of construction which

has one or more element is subjected to various loads that it
must resist without either collapsing or deforming excessively

Type
of
Structures
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Tension and compression structure

- Column (compression)
- Cable-supported structure (tension)
- Arch (compression)
- Truss (compression & tension)

Sidney Harbour
bridge - Arch

London St.Pancras
Train Station Truss

Column

Manchester city
Stadium - Cable
structure

Type
of
Structures
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Flexural beam and frame

- Beam
- Frame
- Combination structure
(bridge, building)
Frame

Concrete Beam

Steel Beam

Type
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Structures
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Structure surface
- Slab
- Folded plates shells
- Dome
- Skin-type structure
Slabs

Folded plate shells

Domes

Skin type structure

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Structure analysis:
Is a process determining the reaction of the structure
under the specified loads or actions.
Reaction can be measured by establishing the forces
and deformations throughout the structures.
Structure must be analyzed, once a preliminary design of
structure is proposed
Objective

to determined load, forces and displacement

In design

internal forces, shear, moment

Results

use to redesign the structure

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Idealization
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Structural
Idealization
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Structural
Idealization
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Type of Support
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Roller support
- 1 direction of translation constraint
- 1 component of support reactions in the direction of constrain

to accommodate local high value of negative bending moment

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Type of Support
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Pinned support
- 2 directions of translation constraint
- 2 components of support reactions in the direction of constrain

mostly applied for simplify manner in building design

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Type of Support
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Fixed support
- 2 directions of translation constraint
- 1 directions of rotational constraint
- 3 components of support reactions in the direction of constrain

fixed supports are rarely found in practice

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Type of Support
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Link support

Ball and socket

Rigid support in space

Structure
Problem
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Structure

Stable

Determinate

Unstable

Indeterminate

External

Internal

Static

Geometry

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Stability
- Equilibrium principle

Type of structure instability

- Kinematics unstable (Partial constraint)

Number of reaction at the support or number of the member is less
than the minimum requirement.
Some cases: one of the member have fewer reaction forces than
equations of equilibrium than must be satisfied
- Geometry unstable (Improper constraint)
Location or the arrangement of the support or member are improper

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Determinacy
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Classification
Classification

Beam

Frame

Plane
truss

Space truss

Statistical
unstable

r<n+3

3m + r < 3j + n

m < 2j - r

m < 3j - r

Determinate
(only if
geometrically
stable)

r=n+3

3m + r = 3j + n

m = 2j - r

m = 3j - r

Indeterminate

r>n+3

3m + r > 3j + n

m > 2j - r

m > 3j - r

n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction;

m=number of member; j = number of joint

Kinematics unstable

Geometry unstable

Stability & determinacy

Determinacy
The ability to compute support reactions using
plan statics.
Determinate
The equations of equilibrium are sufficient to find all
the forces

Indeterminate
There are too many reactions to solve for
Principal statically equilibrium are insufficient to
determined support reaction and/or internal
distribution

Stability & determinacy classification

Classification

Beam

Frame

Plane
truss

Space truss

Statistical
unstable

r<n+3

3m + r < 3j + n

m < 2j - r

m < 3j - r

Determinate
(only if
geometrically
stable)

r=n+3

3m + r = 3j + n

m = 2j - r

m = 3j - r

Indeterminate

r>n+3

3m + r > 3j + n

m > 2j - r

m > 3j - r

n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction; m=number of member; j = number

of joint

 Stability and
determinacy
of beam
structure

 Stability and
determinacy of
frame
structure

 Stability and
determinacy
of plane
truss
structures

* Geometrically unstable due to the hinge in one straight line

**Geometrically unstable due to parallel reactions (horizontally unrestrained)