Relative Clauses 1

Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using 'that' or 'who' and a relative
clause:
1) She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete).
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2) They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby).
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3) I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia).
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4) The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly).
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5) We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father).
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6) I dropped a glass (the glass was new).
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7) She loves books (the books have happy endings).
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8) They live in a city (the city is in the north of England).
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9) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper).
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10) The girl works in a bank (the girl is from India).
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11) My sister has three children (my sister lives in Australia).
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12) The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a blue shirt).
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13) The money is in the kitchen (the money belongs to John).
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14) The table got broken (the table was my grandmothers).
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15) The television was stolen (the television was bought 20 years ago).

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16) The fruit is on the table (the fruit isnt fresh).
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Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using a relative clause. If it's possible,
you should drop the relative pronoun:
1) The man was late (Julie invited the man).
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2) The doctor was sick (I wanted to see the doctor).
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3) The accountant was arrested (the accountant works for my fathers company).
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4) I wrote to the friend (you met the friend last week).
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5) The mobile phone cant be fixed (the mobile phone is broken).
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6) John made a copy of the photo (I took the photo).
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7) I met a girl (the girl was a doctor).
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8) We called a doctor (the doctor works at a hospital in London).
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9) We like the actor (the actor was in a famous film).
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10) I went to the restaurant (I read about the restaurant in the newspaper).
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11) She bought a car (her sister liked the car).
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12) I often buy cheese (the cheese is imported from Paris).
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13) The hairdresser was very good (the hairdresser has red hair).
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14) The child is playing in the garden (we see the child often).

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15) The nurse is in the office (the nurse treated my grandmother).
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16) The car is in the garage (the car broke down)
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Reported Speech
Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the
cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.
Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says'
and then the sentence:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for
example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

Tense

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

present simple

I like ice cream

She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present
continuous

I am living in London

She said she was living in London.

past simple

I bought a car

She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.

past continuous

I was walking along the

street

She said she had been walking along the street.

present perfect

I haven't seen Julie

She said she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect*

I had taken English lessons

She said she had taken English lessons before.
before

will

I'll see you later

She said she would see me later.

would*

I would help, but..

She said she would help but...

can

I can speak perfect

English

She said she could speak perfect English.

could*

I could swim when I was

four

She said she could swim when she was four.

shall

I shall come later

She said she would come later.

should*

I should call my mother

She said she should call her mother

might*

"I might be late"

She said she might be late

must

"I must study at the

weekend"

She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had
to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is
still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the
tense):

Direct speech: The sky is blue.

Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue.

Reported Questions
So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how
about questions?

Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the
question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a
question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. Confusing? Sorry,
maybe this example will help:

Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple
question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.
Another example:

Direct speech: "where is Julie?"

Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by
inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the
verb into the past simple.
Here are some more examples:
Direct Question

Reported Question

Where is the Post Office, please?

She asked me where the Post Office was.

What are you doing?

She asked me what I was doing.

Who was that fantastic man?

She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question
words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"

Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question

Reported Question

Do you love me?

He asked me if I loved him.

Have you ever been to Mexico?

She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.

Are you living here?

She asked me if I was living here.

Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For exemple:

Direct speech: "Close the window, please"

Or: "Could you close the window please?"

Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another
person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request

Reported Request

Please help me.

She asked me to help her.

Please don't smoke.

She asked me not to smoke.

Could you bring my book tonight?

She asked me to bring her book that night.

Could you pass the milk, please?

She asked me to pass the milk.

Would you mind coming early tomorrow?

She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

Direct speech: "Please don't be late."

Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when
someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order
Go to bed!
Don't worry!
Be on time!
Don't smoke!

Reported Order
He told the child to go to bed.
He told her not to worry.
He told me to be on time.
He told us not to smoke.

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We
don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the
reported speech.

For example:
It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".
If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".
If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".
So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said.
Here's a table of some possible conversions:
now

then / at that time

today

yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June

yesterday

the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December

last night

the night before, Thursday night

last week

the week before / the previous week

tomorrow

today / the next day / the following day / Friday

Reported Speech Mixed

Make reported speech. Start all your answers with 'she', and use the past simple of
'ask', 'say' or 'tell'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time
expressions.
1) Dont do it!.
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2) Im leaving tomorrow.
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3) Please get me a cup of tea.
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4) She got married last year.
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5) Be quick!.
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6) Could you explain number four, please?.

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7) Where do you live?.
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8) We went to the cinema and then to a Chinese restaurant.
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9) Ill come and help you at twelve.
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10) What are you doing tomorrow?.
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11) Dont go!.
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12) Do you work in London?.
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13) Could you tell me where the post office is?.
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14) Come here!.
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15) Ive never been to Wales.
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16) Have you ever seen The Lord of the Rings?.
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17) I don't like mushrooms.
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18) Don't be silly!.
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19) Would you mind waiting a moment please?.
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20) How often do you play sport?
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21) Come quickly!.

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22) Did you arrive before seven?.
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23) How was your holiday?.
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24) I would have visited the hospital, if I had known you were sick.
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25) Don't touch!.
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26) Do you usually cook at home?.
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27) They had never been to Scotland until last year.
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28) Make sure you arrive early!.
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29) I should have studied harder for the exam.
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30) Would you mind telling me how to get to the art gallery, please?.
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31) Please dont forget my book.
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32) Make sure you arrive at six!.
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33) Remember to study hard!.
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34) Where do you want to eat tonight?.
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35) I usually drink coffee in the mornings.
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36) Do you like studying English?.
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37) Ill come and help you on Saturday.

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38) Please buy some bread on your way home.
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39) Please give this to John.
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40) Could you give me the glass on the table, please?
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Quantifiers
Choose a word from the table below to fill each space. Some words may be used more than once.
a
a few
any
a little
much

a lot of
some
many
an
a lot

1. How __________________ children do you and Tony have?

2. I don't have _______________ patience and I find jigsaw puzzles boring.
3. We only have ________________ carrots. We should go and buy some more.
4. "Do we need any mushrooms?" "No, we have _________________. Look, three bags!"
5. There was an explosion at the factory and ________________ people were injured. We don't know how
many yet.
6. When you make the pie, put _______________ wine in too. But not too much! It makes it really tasty.
7. When you go out, buy me _______________ apple and a bottle of Coke.
8. I don't need _______________ advice from you. You don't understand the problem!
9. "Do you like this programme?" "Not ________________. You can change the channel if you want."
10. Lots of people in Spain like to take ________________ siesta during the hottest part of the day.
11. I have been to America ________________ times. Twice in 1996 and again last year.
12. Can you give me _______________ information about the buses in the city centre please?
13. _________________ people think he is stupid, but he's actually quite intelligent.