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Documenti di Professioni
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Noorul Alam.I
Pharmaceutical Products?
Pharmaceutical products
are suitable for treatment or prevention of
diseases in humans or animals,
or
Blood Products?
What is blood?
Blood is a connective tissue
Functions of Blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
INTRODUCTION
1628 - William Harvey discovers the circulation of blood.
1665 - The first recorded successful blood transfusion
occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps dog
alive by transfusing blood from other dogs.
1818 - British obstetrician James Blundell performs the
first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for
the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage
Blood Group
by Landsteiner, 1901
stimulus.
Collection:
Collected - from Median cubital Vein.
- in a sterile container
containing anticoagulant.
contd
SINGLE_BLOOD_BAG_HOLDER
contd
Blood Clotting:
Classical Theory:
1. Prothrombin
2. Fibrinogen
Thromboplastin +
Ionized Calcium
Thrombin
Thrombin.
Fibrin
ANTICOAGULANTS:
1. Citrates:
Most commonly used Acid citrate Dextrose (ACD)
Composition:
Sodium acid citrate 2.0 to 2.5 G
Dextrose
- 3.0 G
WFI
- 120 ml
Mechanism: Calcium ion --------------- unionized calcium citrate.
Trisodium citrate was also used due to alkaline pH cause
caramellisation of dextrose during sterilization.
Dextrose delays haemolysis of erythrocytes (in vitro) & prolong their
life after trans fusion. Synthesis ATP
contd
2.Heparin:
Naturally occurring by mast cells.
Occasionally used during large transfusion. Eg: cardiac surgery.
As large amount of citrate is harmfull.
Expensive, needs neutralizing substance (protamine sulphate).
3.Disodium Edetate:
Chelates with Calcium divalent ion.
Used when preservation of blood platelets is essential.
Blood Groups:
ABO system
Antigen Aglutinogens
Antibody - Agglutinins
Rh system
contd
B Negative (B -ve)
B Positive (B +ve)
O Negative (O -ve)
O Positive (O +ve)
Storage:
Stored at 4-6C - Within half an
hour from collection.
Deleterious reaction s:
Leucocytes disintegrates within
few hours
Platelets disintegrates within
few hours
RBCs
shows fall in ATP
and other organic Phospates.
- reduction in oxygen carrying capacity.
- increased fragility due to lipid loss from the membrane.
Fitness of blood for transfusion based on its appearance.
Complete haemolysis sign of bacterial infection.
Pseudomonas and other members of coli-aerogenes survive at refrigerator temp.
Uses:
Used during
Loss of blood hemorrhage,.
Loss of vital constituents Shock,
Burns,
Uncontrolled Diarrhoea,
Vomitting,
Hemorrhage,etc.
Blood Products:
Blood
Plasma
Immunoglobin
(Gamma globulin)
RBC
Serum
Clotting
factor
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
(foam)
Thrombin
CONCENTRATED RBC:
Preparation - plasma
removed by centrifugation of
whole blood (not>fortnight
old).
Thorough
aseptic
precautions carried out.
Used within 12 hrs, Hb not < 15.5%
Cells matched with recipients plasma
Uses:
To treat chronic anaemia, (whole blood may overtax)
Exchange transfusions in infants.
Plasmapheresis
Preparation:
Two major problems:
(A) transmission of Viral Jaundice:
1) Infective Jaundice
incubation period 5 weeks
2) Homologous serum Jaundice
incubation period 20 weeks.
contd
contd
Storage: At 20 C and protected from light , moisture, and Oxygen.
Use:
Labile clotting factors present
So source of factor VIII to treat minor haemorrhage
Fractionation of Plasma:
Protein seperation method salting out ( dialysis
required)
- Not suitable for plasma frationation
Cohnss technique use of organic solvent (Ethanol or Ether).
Advantages of organic solvent:
Bactericidal activity
Human Fibrinogen:
Ether 11 %
Plasma
Fibrinogen
0
C pH 7.7
Fibrinogen is the soluble constituent of plasma. With thrombin it forms as fibrin
Preparation
Fractionation of Plasma
Precipitate is collected by centrifugation
Dissolved in citrate-saline and freeze dried
Fibrinogen dissolves slowly but froth badly, so agitation should be limited to rocking.
Must be used immediately after reconstitution (within 3 hrs).
USE: To treat fibrinogen deficiency. More often used along with Thrombin
Human Thrombin
Ether 11 %
Plasma
Fibrinogen
0
C pH 7.7
Ether 10 %
Supernatant 1
Prothrombin
0
C pH 5.35
USE:
* Fibrinogen + thrombin = Fibrin
* As Haemostat..
Human Fibrin Foam:
It is a sponge like mass of human fibrin.
Preparation:
Whipping a solution of fibrinogen into a froth by mechanical means
Thrombin is added to it.
Use:
Haemostat in surgery. (A piece is dipped into thrombin and applied
to the bleeding area)
Fibrinogen
0
C pH 7.7
Ether 10 %
Supernatant 1
Prothrombin
0
C pH 5.35
Ether 18.5 %
Supernatant 2
Globulin
-3.5
C pH 5.5
Ionic Conc. 0.035
Ether 9 %
Globulin
Beta Globulin
0
C pH 5
Ionic Conc. 0.01
Ether 18.5 %
Supernatant
Gamma Globulin
-3.5
C pH 6.75
Ionic Conc. 0.025
immunized donors
USE:
To prevent or attenuate Measles, Rubella and infectious Hepatitis.
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Patient susceptible to bacterial infection (Gram +ve)
PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
Properties of an Ideal Plasma Substitute.
1.Same colloidal pressure as whole blood.
2.Viscosity similar to plasma.
3. Molecule do not easily diffuse through the capillary wall (. Molecular wt)
4. Low rate of excretion or destruction by the blood.
and storage.
10. Ease of preparation, ready availability and low cost.
dextran-sucrase
n sucrose
Natural Dextran
consists of approximately 200 000 glucose unit (Mol. Wt 5 million)
So Size reduced by
1. Acid Hydrolysis ( Adjusted to pH 2 and heated to 90 C)
2. Thermal degradation
Heated at 160 C, under pressure.
In presence of
Sodium sulphite prevent oxidative degradation
Calcium carbonate neutralise acidity
3. Ultrasonic disintegration
4. seeding the fermenter
60 000
Rreadily
excreted in
urine
Lost into
tissue fluids
100 000
Lost into tissue
fluids
250 000
Acceptable range
Causes allergy
and renal
damage
Interfere with
tests
Questions
please