Kidney, Body Fluids, and Acid-Base

Balance
Most important buffer in interstitial fluid:
A. Phosphate
B. Bicarbonate
C. Histidine
D. Protein

Renin is secreted by:

A. cortical interstitial cells
B. cells in macula densa
C. granular cells
D. mesangial cells

Least clearance is for among these

A. Glucose
B. Inulin
C. Urea
D. Creatinine

PCT absorbs all except:

A. Sodium
B. Glucose
C. Hydrogen ions
D. Amino acids

Concentrating ability of kidney is impaired

if:
A. there is damage to the glomerulus
B. there is excess secretion of ADH
C. there is vigorous activity of Na+-K+-pump
D. blood flow through the vasa recta is
increased substantially

Ideal substance for measuring GFR

should have all characteristics except
A. Should be secreted in tubules
B. Should be nontoxic
C. Should not remain in the body
D. Should not be protein bound

The prime driving force for countercurrent

multiplier system is:
A. Medullary hyperosmolarity
B. Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb
C. Action of ADH via aquaporin channels
D. Urea recycling

The renal plasma flow (RPF) of a patient was to be

estimated through the measurement of Para Amino
Hippuric acid (PAH) clearance. The technician observed
the procedures correctly but due to an error in the
weighing inadvertently used thrice the recommended
dose of PAH. The RPF estimated is likely to be
A.
False-high
B.
False-low
C.
False-high or false-low depending on the GFR
D.
Correct and is unaffected by the PAH overdose

Normal anion gap metabolic

acidosis is seen in:
A.Diarrhoea
B.Renal failure
C. Lactic acidosis
D.Diabetic ketoacidosis

A substance is present in concentration of 2

mg% in the afferent arteriole and zero mg% in
the efferent. True about the substance is:
A. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus
B. Secreted in cortical nephron
C. Absorbed in PCT
D. Impermeable in loop of Henle

If a substance X has more renal clearance

than the GFR, it means:
A. X is only being reabsorbed by the tubules
B. X is being secreted by the tubules
C. X is being secreted as well as reabsorbed
by the tubules
D. X is neither secreted nor reabsorbed

General Physiology, Nerve & Muscle

The distribution of diffusible ions between two
compartments separated by a semipermeable
membrane in the presence of non-diffusible ions
in one of the compartments, is given by:
A. Nernst equation
B. Handerson Hasselbach equation
C. Gibbs-Donnan equation
D. Hodgekin-Huxley-Katz equation

In an adult man weighing 70 kg, the

extracellular fluid volume will be
about:
A.42 L
B.28 L
C.14 L
D.12 L

Glucose transport into the gut cells

is an example of:
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. symport
D. antiport

The Extracellular fluid that has high

potassium and low sodium levels is:
A. Synovial fluid
B. Endolymph
C. Ectolymph
D. CSF

Nernst potential of Sodium is:

A. 89 mV
B. 96 mV
C. + 61 mV
D. + 45 mV

All of the following are examples of primary

active transport, except
A. The Na+/K+ ATPase in the red cell
membrane
B. The H+/K+ ATPase in the parietal cell of
stomach
C. Na+/glucose symporter
D. SERCA in the skeletal muscle

Facilitated diffusion is characterized by

all except:
A. Vmax
B. Competitive inhibition
C. Requires energy
D. Specificity

Which of the following nerve fibers

are unmyelinated?
A. Type Ia
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV

Myelin in CNS is formed by:

A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Schwann cells
C. Microglia
D. Astrocytes

Chronaxie is:
A. Stimulation of the fiber by least possible voltage
B. The time required for this least voltage to excite
the fiber
C. Time required to excite a fiber when stimulus is
twice the rheobase strength
D. An electrical current artificially induced through
a nerve causes excess flow of ions through the
axonal membrane

True about end plate potential is:

A. It occurs as a result of altered
permeability for Na+ and K+
B. It is a self-regenerative change
C. It results from release of a single
transmitter vesicle
D. It exhibits all-or-none property

Tetanizing stimulation of the muscle causes

a sustained forceful contraction due to:
A. Recruitment phenomenon
B. Failure of Ca++ removal from the
sarcoplasm
C. Summation of the stimuli
D. Beneficial effect

Pale fiber type of skeletal muscle is:

A. Fast contracting, susceptible to fatigue
B. Slow contracting, susceptible to
fatigue
C. Fast contracting, resistant to fatigue
D. Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue

In malignant hyperthermia, excess heat

production is due to:
A. Increased muscle metabolism by
excess of calcium ions
B. Thermic effect of food
C. Increased sympathetic discharge
D. Mitochondrial thermogenesis

A travelling nerve impulse does not

depolarize the area immediately behind it,
because:
A. It is hyperpolarised
B. It is refractory
C. It is not self-propagating
D. The conduction is always orthodromic

Initiation of nerve impulse occurs at the

axon hillock because:
A. It has a lower threshold than the rest of
the axon
B. It is unmyelinated
C. Neurotransmitter release occurs here
D. None of the above