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CONVERGENCIA DE
SUCESIONES
SECCIONES
A. Criterios de convergencia.
B. Ejercicios propuestos.
347
A. CRITERIOS DE CONVERGENCIA.
lm
a1 + + an
= a.
n
lm
a1 an = a.
3) Cociente-Raz: Si an > 0, n y lm
an
= L, entonces lm n an = L.
n
an1
n!
nn en
2n
En los problemas que siguen se desarrollan distintos metodos para los diferentes casos de indeterminacion en el calculo de lmites de sucesiones.
348
PROBLEMA 8.1.
an = n2 + 4n n2 n.
Soluci
on
( n2 + 4n n2 n)( n2 + 4n + n2 n)
L = lm
n
n2 + 4n + n2 n
5n
5
5
p
= lm
= lm p
= .
n
2
n2 + 4n + n2 n n 1 + 4/n + 1 1/n
PROBLEMA 8.2.
an = n2 + n + 1 n.
Soluci
on
L = lm ( n2 + n + 1 n2 )
n
( n2 + n + 1 n2 )( n2 + n + 1 + n2 )
= lm
n
n2 + n + 1 + n2
n+1
1 + 1/n
1
= lm p
= lm
= .
2
2
2
n
n
2
1 + 1/n + 1/n + 1
n +n+1+ n
PROBLEMA 8.3.
an = n2 + n4 + 1 2n.
349
Soluci
on
L = lm
n2 + n4 + 1 2n2
n
p
p
n2 + n4 + 1 2n2
n2 + n4 + 1 + 2n2
p
= lm
n
n2 + n4 + 1 + 2n2
n4 + 1 n4
= lm p
n
n2 + n4 + 1 + 2n2
n4 + 1 n4
= lm p
= 0.
n
n2 + n4 + 1 + 2n2
n4 + 1 + n4
PROBLEMA 8.4.
an = n2 + n + 1 3n2 1 3n.
Soluci
on
p
p
n2 + n + 1 3n2 + 1
lm ( n2 + n + 1 3n2 1) lm 3n = lm
n
n
n
n2 + n + 1 + 3n2 1
2n2 + . . .
lm 3n = lm
= .
n
n
n2 + . . . + 3n2 + . . .
PROBLEMA 8.5.
3
an = n3 + 2n2 3 n3 n.
350
Soluci
on
Teniendo en cuenta la factorizacion a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ), si
llamamos
a = 3 n3 + 2n2 y b = 3 n3 n, resulta:
a3 b3
n
n a2 + ab + b2
n3 + 2n2 n3 + n
= lm
n (n3 + 2n2 )2/3 + (n3 + 2n2 )1/3 (n3 n)1/3 + (n3 n)2/3
2n2 + n
= lm
n 3 n6 + . . . + 3 n6 + . . . + 3 n6 + . . .
2 + 1/n
2
= lm
= .
3
3
3
n
3
1 + ... + 1 + ... + 1 + ...
L =
lm (a b) = lm
PROBLEMA 8.6.
3
an = n9 + 2n n6 7n3 .
Soluci
on
p
p
Teniendo en cuenta que L = lm 6 (n9 + 2n)2 6 (n6 7n3 )3 , si llamamos
p n
p
a = 6 (n9 + 2n)2 , b = 6 (n6 7n3 )3 , aplicamos la formula
ab=
a6 b6
a5 + a4 b + a3 b2 + a2 b3 + ab4 + b5
y obtenemos
(n9 + 2n)2 (n6 7n3 )3
p
lm (a b) = lm p
n
n 6 (n9 + 2n)10 + + 6 (n6 7n3 )15
4n10 + 4n2 (21n15 + 147n12 73 n9 )
21
7
= lm
=
= .
6
6
90
90
n
6
2
n + ... + + n + ...
L =
PROBLEMA 8.7.
Soluci
on
1/3
1
1+
2n
1/3
1+
1/3 5
1/3 52
+
+ ...
1 n3
2 n6
1 5
1/3(1/3 1) 52
5
25
= 1+ 3 +
6 + = 1 + 3 6 + ...
3 n
2!
n
3n
9n
1/3 1
1/3
1
= 1+
+
+ ...
2
1 2n
2 2 n2
1/3(1/3 1)
1
1
1
1 1
+
2 2 + = 1 +
+ ...
= 1+
3 2n
2!
2 n
6n 36n2
= 1+
Sustituyendo en la u
ltima expresion de L:
5
25
1
1
L = lm n 1 + 3 6 + + 2 +
3
n
3n
9n
3n 18n2
1
1
1
1
1
= lm n
+ . . . = limn
+ ... = .
2
n
3n 18n
3 18n
3
PROBLEMA 8.8.
+ ...
+
2
n
1 n
3 n3
2 n
1
1a
(1 a)(1 2a)
= 1
+ 2 2
+ ...
an 2a n
6a3 n3
Sustituyendo ahora en la u
ltima expresion del lmite, resulta:
(1 a)(1 2a)
2
L = lm n
+
+ ...
n
an
3a3 n3
2
2 (1 a)(1 2a)
+
+ ... = .
= lm
3
2
n a
3a n
a
PROBLEMA 8.9.
n( n + 2n + 1)
an =
.
n2 + 3
Soluci
on
n n + 2n2 + n
L = lm
= 2.
n
n2 + 3
PROBLEMA 8.10.
Soluci
on
PROBLEMA 8.11.
1 + 2 + + n
n(n + 1)
n+1
1
= lm
= lm
= .
2
2
n
n
n 2n
n
2n
2
lm
PROBLEMA 8.12.
Al desarrollar
L =
n
a
resulta directamente:
1 n(n 1)(n 2) . . . (n a + 1)
1
na + . . .
1
=
l
m
= .
a
a
n n
a!
a! n n
a!
lm
354
PROBLEMA 8.13.
n
.
an = q
p
n+ n+ n
Soluci
on
Si dividimos numerador y denominador por
L =
lm q
n+
n+ n
n
n, tenemos:
= lm r
n
1+
lm r
1+
1
q
n+ n
n2
= 1.
1/n +
n/n4
PROBLEMA 8.14.
5
3
3 4 4 n2
an = 3
.
n 3(4 5 n)
Soluci
on
15
15
15
15
3 45 4 n 6
3 45 4 n 6
p
L = lm 15
= lm 15
15
15
n
(n 3)5 (4 n3 ) n 4 n5 5n4 3 + . . . n8 + . . .
3
15
15
45
4
n6
15 8
lm
15
n8 +...
n 4 15 n5 5n4 3+...
15
8
n
355
0
= 0.
01
PROBLEMA 8.15.
n2 + n n2 n
an = p
p
.
n 3 n3 + n 3 n3 n
Soluci
on
n n(n3 + n n3 + n)( n2 + n +
n2 n)
p
p
2 n 3 (n3 + n)2 + 3 n6 n + 3 (n3 n)2
3
p
= lm
= ,
p 2
2
n
2
2n n( n + n + n n)
debido a que los grados del numerador y denominador son iguales.
PROBLEMA 8.16.
3n + 7
.
5n 4
Soluci
on
Debido a la indeterminacion /, dividimos numerador y denominador
por 5n :
L =
(3/5)n + (7/5n )
0
= = 0,
n
n
1 (4/5 )
1
lm
PROBLEMA 8.17.
4
4
p
n + h n + k 12
n + j.
an =
3
3
n+h n+k
356
Soluci
on
p
4
p
n(1 + k/n) 12
p
L = lm p
n(1 + j/n)
n 3 n(1 + h/n) 3 n(1 + k/n)
n1/4 (1 + h/n)1/4 (1 + k/n)1/4
n1/12 (1 + j/n)1/12
= lm 1/3
n n
(1 + h/n)1/3 (1 + k/n)1/3
n(1 + h/n)
(1 + h/n)1/4 (1 + k/n)1/4
(1 + j/n)1/12 .
n (1 + h/n)1/3 (1 + k/n)1/3
lm
h
1+
n
1/4
=
=
h
1+
n
1/3
=
=
1+
j
n
1/4 h
1/4 h2
1+
+
+ ...
1 n
2 n2
1 h 1/4(1/4 1) h2
h
3h2
1+ +
2 + = 1 +
+ ...
4 n
2!
n
4n 32n2
1/3 h
1/3 h2
1+
+
+ ...
1 n
2 n2
h
h2
1 h 1/3(1/3 1) h2
2 + = 1 +
2 + ...
1+ +
3 n
2!
n
3n 9n
2
1/12 j
1/12 j
1+
+
+ ...
1
n
2
n2
1/12(1/12 1) j 2
j
11j 2
1 j
+
2 + = 1 +
+ ...
1+
12 n
2!
n
12n 288n2
1/12
=
=
1
+
+
.
.
.
2
3n
9n2
2
j
11j
1+
+ ...
12n 288n2
3(h2 k2 )
hk
+ ...
j
11j 2
4n
32n2
= lm hk h2 k2
1+
+ ...
n
12n 288n2
3n 9n2 + . . .
1+
1
4 (h
1
3 (h
h
4n
3h2
32n2
k)
3
1= .
4
k)
357
PROBLEMA 8.18.
Soluci
on
PROBLEMA 8.19.
Soluci
on
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.20.
n
sen 2n1
sen 4n2
4 n4 + 1
358
Soluci
on
n
sen /2 = 1, y teniendo en cuenta la equivalencia
2n 1
de infinitesimos sen
, resulta:
4n 2
4n 2
Debido a que sen
n
sen 2n1
4n 2
4
= lm
= .
L = lm
4
4
4
4
n
n
n +1
n + 1
4n2
PROBLEMA 8.21.
1
2 sen(1/2n2 )
1
:
2n2
21
1
22
1
2n
1
2 sen 2n
2 sen 2n2 + 2 sen 2n2 sen 2n2 + + 2 sen 2n2 sen 2n2 .
=
cos 2 cos
2
2
2 sen(1/2n )
2 sen(1/2n )
2n
2n2
1
n+1
n
=
2 sen
sen 2 .
2
2
2 sen(1/2n )
2n
2n
Entonces, debido a la equivalencia sen un un cuando un 0:
L =
1
n+1 n
n+1
1
2
2 = lm
= .
2
2
n 2 (1/2n )
n 2n
2n
2n
2
lm
359
PROBLEMA 8.22.
n
tg 2n+1
n3 + 2n 1
Soluci
on
L =
tg
lm
3
4n+2
n3 + 2n 1
= lm
3
n
cotg 4n+2
1/ tg 4n+2
= lm
.
n3 + 2n 1 n 3 n3 + 2n 1
, podemos escribir
4n + 2
4n + 2
4n+2
4n + 2
n
+ 2n 1 n n3 + 2n 1
4 + 2/n
4
= lm p
= .
n 3 1 + 2/n2 1/n3
L =
lm
3
= lm
n3
PROBLEMA 8.23.
n+a
n+a
1, tenemos:
na
na
n+a
n n+a
ln
= lm
1
n a n 2 n a
n+an+a
2an
= lm
= a.
n 2n 2a
na
Debido a la equivalencia ln
n
n 2
n
= lm
n 2
L =
lm
360
PROBLEMA 8.24.
n+1
n+1
1 y resulta:
n2
n2
m
n+1 m
n+1
L = lm (4n + 3) ln
= lm (4n + 3)
1
n
n
n2
n2
m
3
= 12m .
=
lm (4n + 3)
n
n2
Aplicamos la equivalencia ln
PROBLEMA 8.25.
n
an = n a n, siendo a > 0.
Soluci
on
1
ln a = ln a.
n
PROBLEMA 8.26.
(a + n)(n 1)n1
.
nn
361
Soluci
on
Si tomamos logaritmos y utilizamos la equivalencia ln(1 + un ) un , cuando
un 0, resulta:
a + n (n 1)n1
a+n
n1
ln L = lm ln
=
l
m
ln
+
l
m
(n
1)
ln
n
n
n
n
nn1
n
n
n1
a+n
+ lm (n 1)
1 = ln 1 + (1) = 1.
= ln lm
n
n
n
n
Por tanto, L = e1 .
PROBLEMA 8.27.
n 3 n
n 3 n
n 3 n
c
a+b+c
a b
=
+ + =
.
3 3 3
3
PROBLEMA 8.28.
Soluci
on
3n 2
6
= lm
= = 3 2.
n
2n3 (n + 5)
2
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.29.
PROBLEMA 8.30.
Soluci
on
1
(1/n)2
n
2
1/n2
3n2 + 1
1 cos(1/n)
3
L = lm 2
lm
= 3 lm 2 2 = .
2
n n 2 n ln(1 + (1/n ))
n 1/n
2
PROBLEMA 8.31.
PROBLEMA 8.32.
PROBLEMA 8.33.
1
=
l
m
n
n
n
n2 + 4n
n(n2 + 4n)
3n2 4n3 3 + 4n
= lm
= 4 = L = e4 .
n
n3 + 4n2
PROBLEMA 8.34.
n2 + 3n 2
n2 + n
n32+2
2n +1
Soluci
on
=
l
m
= 1.
n 2n2 + 1
n 2n4 + . . .
n2 + n
ln L =
lm
Por tanto, L = e1 = e.
365
PROBLEMA 8.35.
Con la misma indeterminacion anterior, deberemos aplicar dos veces la equivalencia ln un un 1 cuando un 1:
2n2 3 n2 3n + 5
2n2 3 n2 3n + 5
ln L = lm
ln
= lm
1
n n + 1
n n + 1
n2 9n
n2 9n
2n2 3 n2 3n + 5 n2 + 9n
= lm
n n + 1
n2 9n
2
(6n + 5)(2n 3)
12n3 + . . .
= lm
=
l
m
= 12 = L = e12 .
n (n2 9n)(n + 1)
n n3 + . . .
PROBLEMA 8.36.
Debido a que
ln n(1 + a/n)
ln n + ln(1 + a/n)
ln(1 + a/n)
ln(n + a)
=
=
=1+
1,
ln n
ln n
ln n
ln n
tenemos una indeterminacion del tipo 1 . Por tanto, si llamamos L al lmite
de la sucesion, resulta
ln(n + a)
ln L = lm n ln n
1 = lm n ln(1 + a/n)
n
n
ln n
= lm n ln(1 + a/n) = lm ln(1 + a/n)n = ln ea = a.
n
366
PROBLEMA 8.37.
2n5
n2 5n + 3
Debido a que an = 1 + ln 2
1 , resulta:
n + 3n 5
2
n 5n + 3
n2 5n + 3
ln L = lm (2n 5) ln 2
= lm (2n 5)
1
n
n + 3n 5 n
n2 + 3n 5
(2n 5)(8n + 8)
= 16.
= lm
n
n2 + 3n 5
En definitiva, L = e16 .
PROBLEMA 8.38.
3 8n3 2n
De este modo an =
4n3
6
2n+1
4n2 1
=
4n2
2n+1
1 .
Entonces hacemos
ln L =
lm (2n + 1)
4n2 1
(2n + 1)
1
= lm
= 0.
n
4n2
4n2
Por tanto L = e0 = 1.
PROBLEMA 8.39.
n3 +n2 /2
2
4n 7n
an =
.
3
8n3 + 4n2
Soluci
on
ln L = lm
3
n
8n3 + 4n2
r
p
3
2
p
3 n + n /2
6
2 7n)3 6 (8n3 + 4n2 )2
= lm
(4n
n
8n3 + 4n2
p
p
1
=
lm 6 (4n2 7n)3 6 (8n3 + 4n2 )2 .
2 n
p
p
Si llamamos ahora a = 6 (4n2 7n)3 y b = 6 (8n3 + 4n2 )2 y utilizamos la
identidad a6 b6 = (a b)(a5 + a4 b + + b5 ), tenemos
p
3
ln L =
=
n3
n2 /2
1
(4n2 7n)3 (8n3 + 4n2 )2
p
lm p
2 n 6 (4n2 7n)15 + + 6 (8n3 + 4n2 )10
1
400n5 + 572n4 343n3
1 400
25
p
lm p
=
=
.
30/6
6
6
30
30
n
2
2 62
24
(2n) + . . . + + (2n)
En definitiva, L = e25/24 .
368
PROBLEMA 8.40.
PROBLEMA 8.41.
1
lm n cos 1 .
n
n
ln L = lm n 2 sen
= lm (2n)
n
n
2 n
2 n
2n
1
= lm
=
.
n 4n
2
369
En definitiva, L = e1/2 .
PROBLEMA 8.42.
lm n
2/n
2
= lm
= 2.
1 tg 1/n n 1 tg 1/n
Por tanto, L = e2 .
PROBLEMA 8.43.
lm n (cos /n 1) + lm n a sen /n
lm n
2
2n2
+ lm n a (/n) = a.
n
370
Luego L = ea .
PROBLEMA 8.44.
lm
de donde L = e2 .
PROBLEMA 8.45.
lm n
(1/n) ln a1 + + (1/n) ln ak
ln(a1 . . . ak )
=
.
k
k
371
De donde, L =
a1 . . . ak .
PROBLEMA 8.46.
n+ na
an =
.
n+ nb
Soluci
on
n2 ( n a n b)
n2 (n + n a n n b)
= lm
ln L = lm
n
n
n+ nb
n+ nb
n
n
( n a 1) ( n b 1)
a1
b1
= lm
=
l
m
l
m
n
n
n
n 1/n +
1/n + b/n2
b/n2 n 1/n + n b/n2
(1/n) ln a
(1/n) ln b
= lm
lm
n
2
n 1/n +
n 1/n + n b/n2
b/n
ln b
a
ln a
lm
= ln a ln b = ln .
= lm
n 1 + n b/n
n 1 + n b/n
b
Por tanto, L = a/b.
PROBLEMA 8.47.
!n
n
1 + n 2 + + n p
an =
.
p
372
Soluci
on
Utilizaremos la equivalencia aun 1 un ln a, cuando un 0:
ln L =
=
=
=
=
Por tanto, L = eln
2 + + n p
lm n ln
n
p
i
nh
n
n
n
lm
( 1 1) + ( 2 1) + + ( p 1)
n p
n
n
n
lm ( 1 1) + + lm ( n p 1)
n p
n p
n 1
n 1
lm
ln 1 + + lm
ln p
n p n
n p n
p
ln 1 + + ln p
ln(1 . . . p)
=
= ln p p!
p
p
p!
1+
p!
PROBLEMA 8.48.
Soluci
on
373
Luego,
1
(p ln a + q ln b + r ln c)
p+q+r
1
1
=
ln(ap bq cr ) = ln(ap bq cr ) p+q+r .
p+q+r
y finalmente L = p+q+r ap bq cr .
ln L =
PROBLEMA 8.49.
Soluci
on
En este caso tenemos una indeterminacion 00 . As pues:
1/ ln(3/n)
1
1
1
ln L = ln lm
= lm
ln
n n
n ln(3/n)
n
ln n/ ln n
ln n
= lm
= 1.
= lm
n ln 3/ ln n ln n/ ln n
n ln 3 ln n
Como ln L = 1 = L = e.
PROBLEMA 8.50.
374
Soluci
on
Debido a la indeterminacion 00 , tomamos logaritmos y aplicamos las equin+2
n
valencias ln(n4 3) ln n4 y ln 3
ln 3 = ln n2 :
3n 1
n
1
n+2
1
ln n2
= lm
3
3) 3n 1 n ln n4
2 ln n
1
= lm
= .
n 4 ln n
2
ln L =
lm
n ln(n4
ln
PROBLEMA 8.51.
1
n+1
ln(n + 1) ln(n2 + n + 5)
ln 2
= lm
n 1 + ln n
n + n + 5 n
1 + ln n
ln n(1 + 1/n) ln n2 (1 + 1/n + 5/n2 )
lm
n
1 + ln n
ln n + ln(1 + 1/n) 2 ln n ln(1 + 1/n + 5/n2 )
lm
n
1 + ln n
ln n 2 ln n
ln(1 + 1/n) ln(1 + 1/n + 5/n2 )
lm
+ lm
n
n
1 + ln n
1 + ln n
ln n
1
1
lm
+ 0 = lm
= 1 = L = e1 = .
n 1/ ln n + 1
n 1 + ln n
e
lm
PROBLEMA 8.52.
Soluci
on
La indeterminacion es en este caso del tipo 0 . As pues:
ln L =
lm
1
ln(2 + 3n4 ).
3 + 2 ln(n + 1)
lm
4 ln n
4
= lm
= 2.
3 + 2 ln n n 3/ ln n + 2
Por tanto, L = e2 .
PROBLEMA 8.53.
.
.
.
n
22
32
n2
(2 1)(2 + 1) (3 1)(3 + 1)
(n 1)(n + 1)
= lm
...
2
2
n
2
3
n2
n+1
1
= lm
= .
n 2n
2
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.54.
Soluci
on
1
1
1
=
.
k(k + 1)
k k+1
.
1 2
2 3
n1 n
n n+1
n+1
Es evidente entonces que
L =
lm an = 1.
PROBLEMA 8.55.
Demostrar que
que n n 1.
ln n
0 cuando n . Deducir de lo anterior
n
Soluci
on
ln n
0.
n n
Por otro lado, si llamamos an = ln n, tenemos:
Por ser ln n > 0 y n > 0, entonces lm
ln n
an
an
an
= lm an lm an = lm
a
n
e
2
(1 + 1)an
n
n
n
a
an
n
= lm
lm an
an 1 + an + an + . . .
an
2
3
2
an
2
= 0.
= lm
= lm
an an (an 1)/2!
an an 1
L =
lm
ln n
= 0.
n
377
PROBLEMA 8.56.
n
an = nn+1 ( n a 1).
Soluci
on
n
n 1, resulta:
L =
=
1
lm n(n+1)/n (a1/n 1) = lm n(n+1)/n ln a
n
n
lm n(n+1)/n n1 ln a = lm n n ln a = ln a.
n
n
PROBLEMA 8.57.
Debido a que
an
n an1
lm
n3 + an2 + bn + c
= 1,
n (n 1)3 + a(n 1)2 + b(n 1) + c
lm
PROBLEMA 8.58.
Soluci
on
1/3
n3 1
n
como lm
n3 1 = 1. Por tanto, L = 1.
=
1,
entonces
l
m
n (n 1)3 1
n
PROBLEMA 8.59.
(a+1)(a+2)...(a+n)
n!
n (a+1)(a+2)...(a+n1)
(n1)!
lm
= lm
(a + n)
= 1.
n
PROBLEMA 8.60.
an = n nn+1 ( a 1).
Soluci
on
nn+1 ( a 1)
nn+1
L = lm
=
l
m
n (n 1)n ( a 1)
n (n 1)n
n
n
= lm n
= + e = +.
n
n1
379
PROBLEMA 8.61.
n
nln n
an =
.
ln a
Soluci
on
1
nln n
1
n
lm nln n =
lm
.
ln a n
ln a n (n 1)ln(n1)
L =
=
ln n
1
n
1 n
lm ln n nn+1
n1
lm
=
e
ln a n n 1
ln a
ln n
1 0
1 n
1
lm n1
=
e
e =
.
ln a
ln a
ln a
PROBLEMA 8.62.
(1 + 1/n)p . . . (1 + n/n)p
.
n [1 + 1/(n 1)]p . . . [1 + (n 1)/(n 1)]p
lm
380
Escribimos ahora
1
n1
2
n1
3
n1
...
n2
n1
n1
n1
1+
1+
1+
1+
1+
=
1+
1+
1+
1+
1+
nn
1
,
n (n + 1)(n 1)
2
n (n + 1)
,
n (n + 2)(n 1)
n (n + 2)
3
,
n (n + 3)(n 1)
n (2n 3)
n2
,
n
(2n 2)(n 1)
n (2n 2)
n1
,
n
(2n 1)(n 1)
y obtenemos
L =
lm
nn
1/n) (n+1)(n1)
lm
lm (1 + n/n)
n1
n
n1
2n 1
n
#p
= (4e1 )p = (4/e)p .
PROBLEMA 8.63.
1 + 2 + + n n
an =
.
n
Soluci
on
(1 + n/n)
nn1 n(n+1)...(2n3)(2n2)
(n1)n1 (n+1)(n+2)...(2n1)
"
=
. . . (1 + (n
p
n(2n2)
1)/n) (n1)(2n1)
lm
n
= 1.
n n 1
n = lm
np
= 1.
n (n 1)p
np = lm
381
PROBLEMA 8.64.
ln(n!)
.
n
Soluci
on
ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n
= lm ln n = .
n
n
n
lm
PROBLEMA 8.65.
3
1 + 2 + 3! + + n n!
an =
.
n2
Soluci
on
1 + 2 + 3 3! + + n n! (1 + 2 + 3 3! + + n1 (n 1)!)
L = lm
n
n2 (n 1)2
p
n
n
n!
nn en 2n
= lm 2
= lm
n n n2 + 2n 1
n
2n 1
q
q
n
n
1
n
n
= lm
lm
2n = lm
lm
2n = .
n 2en e n
n e(2n 1) n
2e
PROBLEMA 8.66.
n
1
n1
2
n2
3
382
+ +
ln n!
2
n1
1
n
Soluci
on
+
+
1
2
n1
n
1 + 2 + + n2 +
L = lm
n
ln n! ln(n 1)!
1
1
1
1
1 + 2 + + n1 + n
1 + 12 + + n1
+ n1
= lm
= lm
n
n
ln[n!/(n 1)!]
ln n
h
i
1
1
1
1
1
1 + 2 + + n1 + n 1 + 2 + + n1
= lm
n
ln n ln(n 1)
1/n
1
1
n = lm
= lm
= lm
= 1.
n ln(n/n 1)
n
n
ln e
ln n
1
n1
n1
PROBLEMA 8.67.
P
ln[arc tg(1/ k) + 1]
an = k=1 n
.
P
1/ 3k + 2
k=1
Soluci
on
L = lm
n1
P
ln[arc tg(1/ k) + 1]
ln[arc tg(1/ k) + 1]
k=1
n
P
1/ 3k + 2
k=1
k=1
n1
P
1/ 3k + 2
k=1
ln[arc tg(1/ n) + 1]
1/ n
3n + 2
L = lm
= lm
= lm
= 3.
n
n 1/ 3n + 2
n
n
1/ 3n + 2
383
PROBLEMA 8.68.
1/ n
n+ n1
L = lm
= lm
n
n n 1 n n(n n + 1)
n+ n1
= lm
= 2.
n
n
PROBLEMA 8.69.
1 + 2 2 + + n n
an =
.
n2 n
Soluci
on
n n
n n(n2 n + (n 1)2 n 1)
L = lm 2
= lm
n n
n (n 1)2 n 1 n n4 n (n 1)4 (n 1)
n4 + n(n 1)2 n2 n
n4 + n8 + . . .
2
= lm
= lm
= .
n
n
n5 (n 1)5
5n4 + . . .
5
PROBLEMA 8.70.
i
3
n
ln
1 + 2 1 + 3 2... 1 + n 2
.
an =
sen 1 + sen(1/2) + + sen(1/n)
384
Soluci
on
3
n
ln 1 + 2 + ln 1 + 3 2 + + ln 1 + n 2
L = lm
n
sen 1 + sen(1/2) + + sen(1/n)
p
n
ln 1 + n 2
(1/n) ln(1 + 21/n )
= lm
= lm
n sen(1/n)
n
sen(1/n)
=
PROBLEMA 8.71.
ln 1 ln 2 + ln 3 + ln(2n 1) ln(2n)
.
ln n
Soluci
on
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.72.
12 + 22 + + n 2
n
n
n .
1 + 2 + + n
385
Soluci
on
n
X
n
k=0
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.73.
1 2 3 + 2 3 4 + + n(n + 1)(n + 2)
an =
.
n2 n
Soluci
on
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n n2 n (n 1)2 n 1
n3 + . . .( n5 + n5 + . . .)
2
= .
= lm
n
5n4 + . . .
5
L =
lm
386
PROBLEMA 8.74.
a) L1 = lm
Soluci
on
n n2
n
a
nun
= lm un lm
= .
2
n
n 2n 1
(n 1)
2
L2 =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.75.
n
n n+1
n
L = lm 2
= lm
n 2n 1
n n (n 1)2
n
1 n 1
e
= lm
lm 1 +
= e= .
n 2n 1 n
n
2
2
387
PROBLEMA 8.76.
Soluci
on
lm [2 ln n
ln L =
n] = lm
2 ln n
n 1 .
n
2 ln n
Aplicamos ahora el criterio de Stolz para resolver el lmite de cn = :
n
lm cn =
n
2 ln n1
2 ln n 2 ln(n 1)
= lm n(n1)
n
n
n n1
lm
n+ n1
= 2 lm ( n + n 1) ln
n
1
= 2 lm ln 1 +
n
n1
= 2 ln e
lm
n+ n1
n1
n
= 2 lm ln
n
n1
(n1)
n
n1
n+ n1
n1
= 2 ln e0 = 0.
lm
n[cn 1] = .
y L = e = 0.
PROBLEMA 8.77.
388
(ln n)2
.
n
n+n1
Soluci
on
Aplicando el criterio de Stolz tenemos:
(ln n)2 [ln(n 1)]2
= lm [ln n ln(n 1)][ln n + ln(n 1)]
n
n
n (n 1)
n
n
= lm ln[n(n 1)] ln
= lm ln(n2 n)
1
n
n 1 n
n1
2
ln(n n)
.
= lm
n
n1
L =
lm
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.78.
En el intervalo 0 < x < /2, 0 < cos x < 1 y (cos x)n 0, por lo que
tenemos un lmite indeterminado de la forma 0. Resulta:
ln n
n
+ ln cos x
ln L = lm ln n(cos x) = lm [ln n + n ln cos x] = lm n
n
n
n
n
ln n
= lm n lm
+ ln cos x .
n
n
n
Por una parte, seg
un el criterio de Stolz,
ln n
ln n ln(n 1)
n
= lm
= lm ln
= 0.
n n
n
n
n (n 1)
n1
lm
Por otra parte, como 0 < cos x < 1, entonces < ln cos x < 0, con lo
que
389
lm
ln n
+ ln cos x = k < 0 y
n
ln n
+ ln cos x = + k = .
ln L = lm n lm
n n
n
En definitiva, L = e = 0.
PROBLEMA 8.79.
ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n
.
n ln n
Soluci
on
L =
Como
lm
ln n
lm
n1 = n
n
n
ln n + ln n1
1+
lm
n
n1
n1
=
1
1+
n1
1
n1 .
1
n
ln
ln n
n1
n1
e, L =
1
1+0
= 1.
PROBLEMA 8.80.
390
Soluci
on
En primer lugar tomamos logaritmos:
r
n (n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (n + n)
ln L = lm ln
n
nn
1 (n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (n + n)
= lm ln
.
n n
nn
Aplicamos ahora el criterio de Stolz y resulta:
ln L =
lm
ln n(n+1)...(n1+n1)
ln (n+1)(n+2)...(n+n)
nn
(n1)n1
n (n 1)
(n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (2n)
(n 1)n1
lm ln
n
nn
n(n + 1) . . . (2n 2)
n1
(2n 1)2n (n 1)
lm ln
n
n
nn
(2n 1)2n (n 1)n1
lm ln
n
n2
nn1
(2n 1)2n
n 1 n1
ln lm
+ ln lm
n
n
n2
n
n
=
=
=
=
= ln 4 + ln e1 = ln(4e1 ).
Queda por tanto, L = 4e1 .
PROBLEMA 8.81.
1
22 33 44 . . . (n 1)n1 nn
ln 2 3 4
.
n 5 6 7 . . . (n + 2)n1 (n + 3)n
Soluci
on
L =
lm
PROBLEMA 8.82.
lm
ln
n
1
n
2
2
n
n
n
n
n1 n1
ln
...
2
1
2
= lm
2
2
n
n (n 1)
(n1 )(n2 )...(nn)
ln n1 n1 ... n1
( 1 )( 2 ) (n1)
= lm
.
n
n2 (n 1)2
ln
n
k
n1
k
Sabiendo que
n
1
...
n!
(nk)!k!
(n1)!
(nk1)!k!
...
n
n
n
y
=
nk
n
n
ln n1
n2
. . . n2
ln L = lm
n
2n 1
n
1
n
= 1, resulta:
n
n1
= lm
n1
n1
n
ln (n1)!
ln(nn /n!)
.
n 2n 1
= lm
2n 1
ln L =
lm
n
ln nn en
2n
ln e2n
= lm
n 2n 1
2n 1
n
ln e ln 2n
n
ln 2n
= lm
= lm
lm
.
n
n 2n 1
n 2n 1
2n 1
n
392
ln 2n ln 2(n 1)
1
1
1
2n
lm
= lm ln p
2 n
2n 1 (2n 3)
2 n 2
2(n 1)
r
1 1
n
1 1
1
lm ln
= ln 1 = .
2 2 n
n1
2 2
2
e.
PROBLEMA 8.83.
Soluci
on
lm n
n
(2n)2n e2n 2 2n
#2
"
p
(n 1)n1 e n(n 1)
n e2 2 n(n 1)(n 1)2n2
lm n
=
l
m
n
n
4 n2n n
2nn n
(n 1)2n1 e2 2
n 1 2n1 2 e2
lm
= lm
n
n
4n2n1
n
4
2n1
2
2
2
2
2
2
e
1
e e
lm 1
=
=
.
n
4
n
4
4
L =
=
=
=
=
=
=
393