1.

Which of the following liquid penetrants would require the shortest penetrant dwell
time?
One with low viscosity
One with high viscosity
One with a medium viscosity
Viscosity has no effect on dwell time
2. Which of the following emuslifiers will diffuse into oil based penetrants at the fastest
rate?
One with a viscosity of 100 centistokes
One with a viscosity of 30 centistokes
One with a viscosity of 60 centistokes
Viscosity does not affect diffusion rate
3. Aluminium comparatpr blocks which are used for comparison tests are re cracked at
which of the following temperatures after initial use?
900 degrees farenheit
800 degrees celsius
900 degrees celsius
800 degress farenheit
4. What is the benefit of using visible dye penetrant over a fluorescent penetrant?
It is easier to remove the excess background
Greater sensitivity is obtained
No special lighting is required
All the above are benefits
5. Flash point relates to which of the following?
Temperature at which vapour spontaneously ignites
Temperature at which liquid spontaneously ignites
Temperature at which a liquid ignites in the presence of a small flame
Temperature at which the vapours given off from a liquid ignite in the presence of a small
flame
6. Which of the following is also known as a self-emulsifiable penetrant?
Solvent removable
Water washable
Post emulsifiable
Oil based penetrant

7. The 'Cleveland open cup test' is a test for which of the following?
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Chemical inertness
Flash point
8. Which of the following is considered to be the most sensitive developer when used
with a fluorescent post emulsifiable penetrant?
Dry Powder
Aqueous soluble
Non aqueous wet
Aqueous suspnedible
All developers have the same sensitivity
9. For what purpose is a refractometer used in liquid pentrant inspection?
Checking specific gravity of lipophilic emulsifier
Checking sensitivity of water soluble wet developer
Checking concentration of hyrdrophilic remover
Checking particle enisty of dry powder
10. Water will at some time contaminate liquid penetrant but hopefully with oil based
penetrant this water will not mix and fall to the bottom of the tank. For this to occur how
does the specific gravity of the pentrant compare to that of water?
It normally has a specific gravity more than one
It normally has a specific gravity more than water
It normally has a specific gravity less than one
Specific gravity has nothing to do with density
11. Hydrophillic remover is diluted with water prior to use. What percentage of remover
mixed with water generally gives best sensitivity due to greater control over excess
background remover?
20%
30%
1%
5%
12. Which of the following developers work partly by solvent action which expands the
volume of dye trapped within a fault?
Aqueous suspendible
Non aqueous wet
Dry powder
Aqueous soluble
Both aqueous suspenidble and non aqueous wet
All of the above
13. Which of the following is an advantage of using a dry powder developer?

Gives a contrasting background for colour contrast penetrants

Ease of application
Gives corrosive coating which needs to be quickly removed
Vapours given off can become toxic
14. Wettability of a liwuid penetrant is controlled by which of the following factors?
Cosine of the contact angle
Viscosity
Surface tension
Both cosine of the contact angle and surface tension
15. The contact angle for most commercial liquid penetrants has which of the values
listed below?
Less than 5 degrees
Less than 10 degrees
Only needs to be less than 89 degrees
Contact angles do not affect wettability
16. Fluorescent liquid penetrants after absorbing black light emitted from the mercury
vapour arc lamp, emit radiation in which of the following ranges?
360 - 370 nM
535 - 575 nM
670 - 720 nM
315 - 400 nM
17. Which of the following materials is most affected by the presence of sulphur and
chlorine in penetrant materials?
Ferritic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel
Low carbon steel
All the above are equally affected
Ferritic stainless steel, Martensitic stainless steel, and Austenitic stainless steel are all
equally affected
18. Which of the following processes is preferred for the inspection of glass?
Fluorescent post emulsifiable
Electrified particle
Colour contrast water washable
Solvent removable dual sensitivity
19. The testing of porous materials with liquid penetrants has always posed problems due
to the excessive background that is always observed. Which technique has been
developed to overcome the inspection of such material?
Electrified particle inspection
Fluorescent high viscosity oil vehicle

Filtered particle
Small particle filtered sieve method
20. Which of the following developers can be applied directly to a wet surface after water
washing to remove excess background penetrant?
Non aqueous wet
Aqueous soluble
Dry powder
Aqueous suspendible
All the above can be directly applied
Only aqueous soluble and aqueous suspendible
Non aqueous wet, aqueous soluble and aqueous suspendible can be directly applied
21. When using liquid penetrants to inspect plastic or composite materials, how long
should scrap pieces of such materials be immersed into the penetrants to determine any
deterioration caused by chemical reaction?
60 minutes
24 hours
5 days
28 days
22. Which of the following are actions by which a non aqueous developer works in
conjunction with a colour contrast penetrant?
Solvent action
Capillary action
Detergent action
Both solvent and capillary action
All of them
23. Which of the following types of contaminent are unlikely to be removed using vapour
degresing techniques?
Carbon deposits
Iron oxide
Varnish
Both carbon deposits and iron oxide
All of the them
24. Which of the following solents is best for the vapour degreasing process?
Acetone
Methyl chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
All the above can be used
Acetone and methyl chloroform only
25. When applying liquid penetrants with ultrasonic excitation to large parts what is the
choice of frequency for best penetrating power?

Low frequency but above 20 kHz

High frequency above 5 mHz
Low frequency above 5 kHz
Frequency does not aid penetrating power

1. When applying liquid penetrant by the dip / drain technique, how is the process
affected from sinply dipping for the entire dwell time?
Allows water washable excess background penetrant to be removed easier
Gives an increase in sensitivity
Gives a reduction in sensitivity
Allows smaller faults to be detected than with just a dip technique
It gives an increase in sensitivity and it allows smaller faults to be detected than with just
a dip technique
2. Which of the following temperature ranges would best be used for removal of excess
background penetrant using a water wash?
20 - 30 degrees Farenheit
60 - 80 degrees Celsius
21 - 27 K
20 - 30 degrees Celsius
3. Under normal circumstances how long is considered to be sufficient time to become
dark adapted (ie: scotopic vision) prior to fluorescent penetrant evaluation?
20 minutes
300 seconds
30 seconds
1200 seconds
4. Which sensors on the retina are responsible for vision in a darkened area?
Rods
Cones
Iris
Both rods and cones
5. Which of the following is a detergent type penetrant remover?
Lipophilic emulsifier
Solvent remover
Hydrophillic remover
All are detergent based
6. When using a dual sensitivity penetrant for incpection under both black and white
light, what is the normal colour of indications viewed under white light?
Yellow / Green
Red

Blue
Black
7. By which mechanism do liphophilic enulsifers work?
Diffraction
Solvent action
Detergent action
Diffusion
8. What other gas is incorporated in the cartridge of a merucry vaopur arc lamp to help
initiate the vaporisation of mercury?
Krypton
Argon
Neon
Carbon
9. Below what value of radiation wavelength is it considered to be dangerous for the
xposure ?
3200 angstroms
360 nM
3200 nM
365 nM
10. When processing parts through an automated production line, which of the following
would be considered the best method of penerant application?
Dip and drain
Automated brush
Electrostatic spray
Gravity fed spray
11. Dwell time is predominantly determined by which of the following parameters?
Surface roughness
Width of fault to be detected
Type of contaminent on parts surface
Grade of steel component is made from
12. Which material inparticular should not be post cleaned with 1-1-1 tricloethane?
Martesitic stainless steel
Titanium
Low carbon steel
Ferritic stainless steel
Both martensitic stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel
13. Detergent cleaning is a satisfactory method of pre and post cleaning a wide range of
materials within a penetrant process. At what temperature should detergents be used for
optimum detergency?

40 degrees celsius
20 degrees celsius
80 degrees celsius
120 degrees celsius
14. Into which of the following penetrant removers can a part be immeresed for upto 20
minutes and still give satisfactory indications showing the presence of faults?
Lipophilic emulsifier
Solvent
Water
Hydrophillic remover
Both water and hydrophillic remover
15. Which of the following developers does not require agitation prior to use?
Aqueous soluble
Aqueous suspendable
Non aqueous particulate
All the above require agitation prior to use
16. Plastic film developer is a little used form of developer, but its advantage is that the
developer along with indications which have been bled out and been fixed within the
plastic can be peeled away and kept as hard copies. How many coats of plastic film
developer need to be applied so that it can indeed be peeld away succesfully?
Only one is ever applied
5
2
Plastic film developer is not peelable from a parts surface
17. Black light intensity from a UVA lamp is usually measured in which of the following
units?
Nanometers
Micro watts per centimetre squared
Lux
Foot candles
Either micro watts per centimetre squared or lux
18. Which of the following would be the most difficult to detect with liquid?
Fatigue crack
Intergranular stress corrosion
Non metallic inclusion
Porosity
19. The oxide grit blasted half of a tam panel is used to assess which of the following
factors?
Sensitivity
Fluorescent brightness

Viscosity
Washability of background
20. Which of the following industries / applications would you most likely find the
filtered particle inspection process being used in?
Brass foundry
Carbide inserts for cutting tools
Die castings
Turbine blades
21. After water washing away any excess background flourescent penetran an aqueous
soluble developer is to be used. When can this type of developer be applied?
After the surface has been dried following water washing
Directly after water washing prior to drying
Both could be correct
Neither are correct
22. Which of the following pieces of equipment is used to measure specific gravity?
Tag closed cup
Hydrometer
Viscometer
Gravimetric flask
23. In which of the following materials would water be a major contaminant?
Lipophilic emuslifier
Hydrophilic remover
Water washable liquid penetrant
All of the above
Lipophilic emulsifier and water washable liquid penetrant only
24. Which of the following tests gives a method where by its possible to estimate the
ability of a penetrant to fluoresce in thin films?
Filter paper spot test
Water drop test
Meniscus spot test
Hydrometer test
25. Which of the following units give a true measure of the energy given off at 365 nM
from a black light source?
Foot candle
Lux
Micro watt per sq cm
All of the above
26. An unflitered selenium cell if used in liquid penetrant inspection, for which of the
following applications?

For the measurement of visible radiation

For the measurement of fluorescence
For the measurement of UV-A radiation
For both the measurement of visible radiation and the measurement of fluorescence
27. Wettability is a function of which of the following properties?
Surface tension
Viscosity
Contact angle
All the above
Surface tension and contact angle
28. The following are all types of developer used in liquid penetrant inspection, but
which could be bought initially as dry powders?
Aqueous soluble
Non aqueous suspendible
Dry powder
All the above
Non aqueous suspendible and dry powder only
29. Beers law can show that dilution expansion developers should not really work with
modern penetrant systems and as ssuch should show no penetrant indication response.
Luckily it seems that Beers Law does not hold true when developers are applied in thin
films and even shows some indications that would not be visible with other developers.
Which of the following developers would be classes as dilution expnasion developers?
Non aqueous
Aqueous suspendible
Plastic film
Dry powders
Only aqueous suspendible
30. Fusible wax developers can be classed under which of the following types?
Particulate
Liquid film
Non aqueous
All of the above
Liquid film and non aqueous only

1. Which of the following would be classed as an in service fault?

Shrinkage crack
Fatigue crack
Grinding crack
All could be service faults
2. The following is a definition, A flaw which exceeds the minimum acceptability level.
Which of the following is correct?
Discontinuity
Indication
Defect
Crack
3. A linear indication is observed at a change in section between thin and thick material.
What is the most probable cause for this bleedout?
Cold shut
Shrink cracks
Porosity
Hot Tear
Both shrink cracks and hot tear
Both cold shut and shrink cracks
4. Which of the following faults is more likely to be found in a forged product?
Lap
Porosity
Cold shut
Shrinkage
Both lap and porosity
5. A number of cutting tools were insepcted with fluorescent penetrants and showed a
number of fine linear type indications running in all directions on the surface of the
carbide tips. What is the probable cause of these indications?
Lack of bond between tip and tool
Cold shuts
Grinding cracks
Shrinkage crack
6. Which of the following would best be used to eliminate false indications when
removing excess background fluorescent penetrant?
A black light installed at the wash station
Increase the water wash pressure to 10 bar
Change to a colour contrast system
Carry out the inspection without a developer
7. If inclusions need to be detected using liquid penetrant inspection, how should the part
be treated prior to inspection?

Smooth surface grind to pull out any oxide

Machine from the surface 0.01 inche to expose the inclusions
Polish the surface to reduce the penetrants contact angle increasing penetrability
Pickle the part to remove the included oxide
8. Which of the following techniques would give best sensitivity when testing smooth
non porous ceramic material?
Filtered particle
Post emulsifiable fluorescent
Water washable fluorescent
All the above will give the same sensitivity
Ceramics cannot be inspected with penetrants
9. Why is it important that the development period is observed at regular intervals?
To save time as soon as indications occur
To see indications with highest definition
To observe excessive so that the area can be dry wiped, developer re-applied for better
definition of indications
Both To see indications with highest definition and To observe excessive so that the area
can be dry wiped, developer re-applied for better definition of indications
10. Which of the following faults would require the longest penetrant dwell time?
Fatigue cracks
Stress corrosion cracks
Intergranular corrosion cracks
Porosity
All of the above
Both stress corrosion cracks and intergranular cracks
11. When carrying out leak test with a liquid penetrant which of the following is likely to
give the best results?
Fluorescent green
Colour contrast green
Fluorescent red
Colour contrast red
12. A wheel is press fitted on to a shaft with dovetail joint. When this area is penetrant
inspected a regular pattern of sharo christmas tree shaped indications is observed. How
are these indications classified?
False indications
True - non relevant indications
True - relevant indications
False - non relevant
13. When parts are to be inspected and liquid oxygen compatability is of prime
importance, what type of penetrant materials are preferred?

Completely water soluble materials

Oil based materials
Materials made from completely volatile elements
Any of the above could be used
14. Which of the following can cause a fluorescent penetrant to loose some of its
fluorescent brightness?
Exposure to heat
Exposure to sunlight
Exposure to black light
All of the above
15. When de-wetting of a parts surface occurs due to contamination by oil from
fingerprints, what type of glove is recommended after further cleaning to stop the
reoccurence of this problem?
Rubber
Cotton
Leather
Plastic
16. Which type of inspection would use a cheating agent in a low surface tension carrier?
Inspection of austeniti steels
Inspection of plastics
Inspection of composite materials
Inspection of fired ceramics
17. Which of the following types of developer must be contained in closed vessels?
Dry powder
Aqueous soluble
Aqueous suspendible
Non aqueous suspendible
18. A magnesium alloy has been die-cast and on inspection with liquid penetrant
numerous rounded indications are observed on the surface particularly around changes in
section. What is the most likely cause of these bleedouts?
Shrinkage
Hot tears
Laps
Porosity
19. Which of the following processes would be affected by penetrant residues if they
were not post cleaned from the parts surface?
Grinding
Anodising
Machining
All of the above

Only grinding and machining

20. When working to a magnetic particle inspection procedure, numerous small linear
type indication were detected on a piece of forged bar. On subsequent inspection with
high sensitivity post emulsifiable penetrant no indications were observed. What is the
possible cause for this difference?
Non metallic inclusions
Forging laps
Shrinkage cracks
The penetrant has been overwashed and removed from within faults