Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2012
Computational Photonics
Prof. Thomas Pertsch
Abbe School of Photonics
Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt Jena
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
What is light?
Light is like an odor an emanation of our body
Epikur (Greek philosopher, 341-271 BC)
Straight Light-Ray as an abstract imagination
Euklid in Elements (365 - ca. 300 BC)
Light is an electromagnetic wave
J. C. Maxwell 1873 (Propagation and interaction of light with matter)
Light consists of particles (Photons)
A. Einstein 1905 (Creation and absorption)
Light is particle and wave
De Broglie 1923 (quantum mechanics)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
,
rot H (r, t ) =
jmakr (r, t ) +
,
(1)
t
t
div D(r, t ) =
ext (r, t ),
div B(r, t ) =
0,
E(r,t)
H(r,t)
D(r,t)
B(r,t)
ext(r,t)
electric field
magnetic field
dielectric flux density
magnetic flux density
external charge density
[V m-1]
[A m-1]
[As m-2]
[Vs m-2]
[As m-3]
P(r,t)
M(r,t)
0
dielectric polarization
[As m-2]
magnetic polarization (magnetization) [Vs m-2]
permittivity of vacuum 0 = ( 0c02 ) 1 = 8.85 1012 As/Vm
(2)
0 R(r, t )E(r, t t ) t ,
P(r, t ) =
0
M (r, t ) = 0
(3)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
(r, )exp(it ) d , V
(=
(r, t ) V
V=
r, )
1
V(r, t )exp(it ) dt .
2
FT i
t
(r, ) =iD
(r, ),
rot H
div B (r, ) =0.
(4)
(5)
=
(r, )
R(r, t )exp(it ) t
(6)
f ( x)
f ( x + h) f ( x )
( x) lim
= f=
h 0
x
h
for finite h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) Dh [ f ( x)] =
h
or left-sided/backward
Dh [ f ( x)] =
f ( x ) f ( x h)
.
h
or central operator
Dh [ f ( x)] =
higher order differentiation
f ( x + h) f ( x h)
2h
(7)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
f ( x h) 2 f ( x ) + f ( x + h)
f ( x) Dh2 [ f ( x)] =
h2
0.3.2 Integration
b
N 1 xi +1
i =0 xi
dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ).
=
=
A
with I i = [ xi , xi +1 ] where xi +=
=
x0 a=
, xN b
xi + h and h= (b a ) / N with
1
f ( x )i f
1
i+
2
= f xi +
2
b a N 1
A dx f 1 =
hf 1= f 1
i+
i+
N i 0 i+ 2
i
=i 0=
=
0
2
2
xi
N 1 xi +1
N 1
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
xi xi 1
f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 )
until
f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) 10 f ( xi )
Illustration of the secant method (The individual points are numbered in the
order of the iterations.)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
Codeschnipsel 1
Secant method
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
end
i = i+1;
if abs(fx) > abs(fb)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
a = b; fa = fb; b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
status = 'Number iterations exceeded.';
min f P1 + 1u1
min f P2 + 2u2
( (
( (
))
))
min f Pn + nun
( (
))
P2=
P3=
P1 + 1u1
P2 + 2u2
P1= Pn + nun
P i +=
P i i f P =
min f P i tf P i
1
i mit i
( )
((
( )))
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
10
in matrix representation
=b
Ax
a11 a12
a
= 21 a22
A
...
am1 am 2
...
...
am 3
a1n
b1
a2 n b2
,b=
.
...
am 4
bm
a x
j =1
ij
bi and
=
j 1,=
, n; i 1,, m
Types of problems:
=b
Ax
-1 = E equivalent to
calculating the inverse matrix A 1 with AA
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
11
with =
2
2
E x = 0
M
{0, a,2a,, L a}
L
=N
a
with
=
N
L
a
=
k n 2L
( 0 n < N ) , x= n a
General property: f ( x) FT f (k ) FT 1 f ( x)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
f k = a 3 e ikx f ( x )
( )
1
ikx
f (x) = 3
e
f
k
L k
( )
12
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
df n (t )
= Gn ( f1 , f 2 ,..., f n , t )
dt
f (t ) = G ( f (t ) ,t )
f ( t + t ) f ( t )
= G ( f (t ) ,t )
t
with discretization t : =
f n : f ( n t )
results in difference equation
f n+1 f n
= G ( fn , t )
t
and recursion formula for the solution oft he ODE
f n+1= f n + t G ( f n , t )
13
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
Global
Discretization error
Round off error
h
Limitation: instability
p
exakte Lsung
q
1
2
3
Euler Lsung
y
z
Bragg mirrors
chirped mirrors for dispersion compensation
14
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
15
interferometers
Today: guided modes
y
z
Prerequisites:
stationary
layers in y-z-plane
incident fields in x-z-plane
Ansatz:
=
Er ( x, z , t ) Re E( x)exp ( ikz z it )
H r ( x, z , t ) Re H ( x)exp ( ikz z it )
=
Decomposition in TE and TM fields:
0
Hx
TM H TM
TE ETE =
H TE 0 =
Ey ,
=
0
H
z
0
H ,
ETM
y
=
0
Ex
0
E
z
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
2
k = 2 i ( ) k z2
c
2
xi
kz
kz
kx
kx
2 2
i
2
E y ( x)
2 + 2 i ( ) kz E y ( x) =0 and H z ( x) =
x
c
x
0
k xi2
Solution:
( )
E y ( x) C1 cos k xi x + C2 sin k xi x
=
E y (=
x) k xi C1 sin k xi x + C2 cos k xi x
E y = k xi C2
Determination of C1, C2 by E y (0) = C1 and
x 0
( )
i 0 H z (=
x)
( )
TE:
( )
=
E y ( x) cos k xi x E y (0) +
1
Ey
sin k xi x
kxi
x 0
( )
( )
( )
TM:
( )
=
H y ( x) cos k xi x H y (0) +
1
i
sin k xi x
Hy
k xi
i x
0
( )
kx
1
1
Hy =
i sin k xi x H y (0) + cos k xi x
Hy
i x
i
i x
0
( )
( )
Combined TE/TM:
( )
=
F ( x) cos k xi x F (0) +
( )
( )
1
sin k xi x G (0)
i k xi
( )
E y , i = 1
x
TM: F = H y , G = i0 Ez = i H y , i = 1/ i
x
Summary matrix method:
TE:
F = E y , G = i 0 H z =
16
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
17
k x2i
2
, ) i ( ) kz2
( k z=
0
D
F
=
G
D
F
F
d
=
m
(
)
M
i
i
G
i =1
G 0
0
N
cos
sin ( kix di )
k
d
(
)
ix
i
kix i
i ( x) =
with m
cos ( kix di )
kix i sin ( kix di )
F E y=
, G
Ey=
, i 1
TE:=
x
TM: F =H y , G = i H y , i =1/ i
x
FR
y z
x
FT
cladding, c
2
k = s/c ( 0 ) k z2
0
2
s/c x
Energy flux
defined by the normal component of the Poynting vectors sx
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
substrate, s
sin
sx in
sR
sxR
y z
x
sT
cladding, c
=
sx T
sx in
=R
=
sxT
sx R
sx in
c Re ( kcx )
T
s Re ( ksx )
Field distribution
Aim: Calculation of F(x) in the entire structure
Starting point: known shape of transmitted vector
F
1
F
=
=
F
F
now: FT 1
T
G
D
c cx
c
x D
1. invert structure (vector transforms into (1, -ickcx))
2. calculate field vector up to the next layer boundary
3. calculate towards the current x-value, starting from the layer boundary
4. save the first component of the vector
5. turn back the derived field and structure
18
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
y Fin
FR
FT
FT
19
z
Fin
FR
y Fin
FR
FT
H r ( x, z , t ) Re H ( x)exp ( ikz z it )
=
with
TE: E ( x ) = F ( x ) e y
TM: H ( x ) = F ( x ) e y
cladding
layer (system)
substrate
Field distribution:
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
2
max {s,c ()}
c2
2
oscillating solution in core ( A sin(k fx x) + B cos(k fx x) ) k < 2 max {i ()}
c i
2
z
2
2
general condition for guided waves max {s,c ()} < kz < 2 max {i ()}
c
c i
2
k 2 s,c () > 0
c
2
z
200
100
0
-100
12
14
16
kz [m-1]
18
20
Roots of the denominator correspond to modes guided along the layer system.
20
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
6000
40
5000
abs(T)
abs(R)
Intensity
Intensity
30
21
20
abs(T)
abs(R)
4000
3000
2000
10
1000
0
0
0.5
1
kz/k0
1.5
0
0
0.5
1
k /k
z
1.5
0.8
0.6
Energy
Intensity
0.8
1
abs(T)
abs(R)
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
kz/k0
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
kz/k
0.8
abs(E) [V /m ]
abs(E) [V /m ]
For comparison this is the reflectivity and transmissivity of the same layer
system in the kz-domain corresponding to the reflection/transmission problem
addressed in the previous section.
0
0
0.5
1
lateral distance [m]
-1
-2
0
1
2
lateral distance [m]
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
22
2u ( x , y ) 2u ( x , y )
+
x 2
y 2
(xj,k+1,Uj,k+1)
200
150
(xj-1,k,Uj-1,k)
U(x,y)100
50
0
(xj,k,Uj,k) (xj+1,k,Uj+1,k)
y
10
5
-10
-5
xj= yk=h
-5
5
10 -10
(xj,k-1,Uj,k-1)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
d2U
dx2 x y
j, k
d2U
dy2 x y
j, k
d2U + d2U
dx2 dy2 x ,y
j k
23
+ k 2 ( x, y, ) 2 () u ( x, y ) = 0
linear equation for each variable U j ,k
(x,y) U
( U )j,k
.
.
1 2 3
example:
( U ) 2,3 =
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
24
U j,k
U|G = UG
N
matrix
.
.
1
1
. .
j
N
.
.
1 0 0 0 .. 0 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 .. 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 .. 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
U 2,2
U 3,2
U N-2,2
U N-1,2
U 2,3
U 3,3 =
U 4,3
U N-2,3
U N-1,3
U 2,4
U 3,4
U 4,4
.
k
.
1
j
N
x iterates first
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
25
.
.
( U ) 1,3 =
0 1 2
.
grid with metal boundaries (U|G = 0 )
N
.
.
1
1
. .
2 j N-1, 2 k N-1
( U )j,k = - 4 Uj,k + Uj+1,k + Uj-1,k + Uj,k+1 + Uj,k-1 = 0
h2
(N-2) (N-2) equations
(N-2) (N-2) unknown
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
26
(8)
Elliptic PDE
2u ( x, y ) 2u ( x, y )
+
=( x, y )
x 2
y 2
Poisson equation
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
Hyperbolic PDE
2
2u ( x, y )
2 u ( x, y )
=v
t 2
y 2
1D wave equation
Parabolic PDE
u ( x, t ) u ( x, t )
= D
t
x
x
both are Initial Value Problem (IVP) limited mainly by computing time
27
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
28
with k = 2 /
SVEA Problems
if part of the light strongly deviates from the direction of the axis z
solution: wide angle BPM
if structure has large index contrast no accurate global choice of n0
finer mesh needed
solution: if variation is in z direction n0 ( z )
quality of choice of n0 can be checked by evaluating the speed of phase
evolution of in the numerics
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
29
with k = 0 0
z
the transverse component of the wave equation becomes
E
= Et + z Ez
and
= t + z
2 Et
E
Et + 2 + k 2( x, y, z )Et =t (t Et + z )
z
z
splitting also the divergence equation in the transverse and longitudinal
components
( x, y, z )
E
t ( ( x, y , z )Et ) +
E z + ( x, y , z ) z = 0
z
z
and neglecting the second term ( n is assumed to change slowly in z )
E
t ( ( x, y , z )Et ) + ( x, y , z ) z 0
z
one can eliminate the longitudinal term in the right hand side of the wave
equation (9)
2
t
(9)
1
2 Et
Et + 2 + k 2( x, y, z )Et =t t Et
t ( ( x, y , z ) Et )
z
( x, y , z )
applying the chain rule on the second divergence term on the right hand side,
the first divergence term is canceled out
2
t
2 Et
1
Et + 2 + k 2( x, y, z )Et = t
(t ( x, y, z )) Et
z
( x, y , z )
(10)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
30
2e t
et
1
2
2
2
jkn
+
k
x
y
z
n
e
+
e
+
x
y
z
e
2
(
(
,
,
)
)
(
(
,
,
))
t
t t
t
t
t =0
0
0
z 2
z
( x, y , z )
if reference index n0 was chosen correctly, the first term will be much smaller
than the second and hence can be neglected
results in a first order equation in z
collect the transverse 2. order operators on the right hand side
ex Pxx Pxy ex
2 jkn0 =
z ey Pyx Pyy e y
with the components of the operator being
2
1
Pxx
=
( x, y, z ) + 2 + k 2 (( x, y, z ) n02 )
x ( x, y, z ) x
y
Pxy
=
2
(
,
,
)
x
y
z
x ( x, y, z ) y
x y
Pyx
=
2
(
,
,
)
x
y
z
+
y x
y ( x, y, z ) x
Pyy
=
2
1
(
,
,
)
x
y
z
+ 2 + k 2 (( x, y, z ) n02 )
y ( x, y, z ) y
x
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
31
Properties
correctly models differences of TE and TM wave propagation
neglects coupling to other field component
z
z
P et ( z1 ) =
P e t ( z0 )
I
I +
4 jn0 k
4 jn0 k
since the operator P is applied to the unknown e t ( z1 ) it is an implicit method
requires solution of set of linear equations
Variable is called scheme parameter, for =0.5 the method is stable and
energy conserving
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
32
ADI approximation
splitting the n-dimensional operator into n subsequent 1-dimensional
operators
each operation only on a single dimension
fast algorithm: periodic application of 1D operators in x and y direction
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
33
multiplication of the field in each iteration step with a filter function, e.g. in
1D:
p
p P
eabs
with N abs = 3...5
Aabs exp
p =e p 1 Aabs exp
N
N
abs
abs
drawback:
absorption strength Aabs and absorption width N abs are difficult to adjust for
the smallest reflection
individual optimal parameters for each problem
boundary
k-Vektor
v np v0 exp( j k x x p )
Derivation
projecting the field onto the following lattice
( x p ) =
p
hence the relation of the field at neighboring mesh points can be expressed
as
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
exp( jk x x) =1
0
34
with x = x1 x0
1
ln 1
jx 0
if
Implementation
k x is calculated at the boundary
another mesh point at p = 1 is artificially added to the mesh
the field at p = 1 is assumed to be determined by the same plane wave
function
exp( jk x x) =0
with x = x1 x0 = x0 x1
1
assuming that the
= exp( jk x x) = 0 0 = 11 00
0
1
0 =n111n 0n10n
Property
waves incident upon the PML from a non-PML medium do not reflect at the
interface strongly absorb outgoing waves from the interior of a
computational region without reflecting them back into the interior (impedance
matching required)
Different formulations
nice one: stretched-coordinate PML (Chew and Weedon)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
35
Technical description
to absorb waves propagating in the x direction, the following transformation is
applied to the wave equation:
all x derivative / x are replaced by
x 1 + i( x) x
Properties
for real valued the PML attenuate only propagating waves
purely evanescent waves oscillate in the PML but do not decay more
quickly
attenuation of evanescent waves can be accelerated by including a real
coordinate stretching in the PML
corresponds to complex valued
PML is reflectionless only for the exact wave equation
discretized simulation shows small numerical reflections
can be minimized by gradually turn on (e.g. with quadratic spatial
profile) the absorption coefficient from zero over a short distance on the
scale of the wavelength of the wave
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
36
Method
conformal mapping in the complex plane to transform a curved waveguide
in coordinates (x,y) into a straight waveguide with a modified refractive
index in new coordinates (u,v)
2 2
x 2 + z 2 + k n ( x, y ) =0
general transformation
W =u + iv = f ( x + iz ) = f ( Z )
2 dZ
n 2 ( x(u , v), y (u, v) ) =0
2 + 2 +k
dW
v
u
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
37
Derivation
starting from scalar wave equation without neglecting second order z
derivative, the equation can be formally rewritten as
P / 2k0 n0
=
j
(*)
z
1 + ( j / 2k0 n0 )( / z )
which can be reduced to
N
=
j
z
D
with N and D being polynomials determined by the operator P
applying a finite difference scheme we get to iteration equation
D jz (1 ) N l
=
l +1
D + jzN
with being a control parameter of the finite difference scheme ranging
between 0 and 1 ( =0 fully implicit scheme; =1 fully explicit scheme;
=0.5 Crank-Nicolson scheme)
the numerator D jz (1 ) N can be factorized as
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
38
di P i
=
i =0
0
P=
1
with c=
0 d=
0
or
=
l +1
3.10.1
starting again from wave equation (*) we account for the z-derivative by the
recursion equation
P / 2k0 n0
(**)
= j
z n
1 + ( j / 2k0 n0 )
z n1
which is used to replace the z-derivative in the denominator of (**)
P/a
P
in paraxial approximation
=
j
=
j
j
z 0
a
1+
a z 1
with a = 2k0 n0 and
0
z 1
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
ADen = j
z
a
ANom P + 1 l
ADen P + 1
or
l +1 ( ANom P + 1) l
( ADen P + 1)=
3.10.2
= j
z 1
P/a
j
1+
a z 0
P
= j
z 0
a
we get
P/a
= j
P
z 1
1+ 2
a
comparison to the expansion equations gives
P
D= 1 + 2
N = P/a
and
a
and therefore the nominator becomes
P
P
1
1
D jz (1 ) N = 1 + 2 jz (1 ) = 1 + 2 jz
P = 1 + ANom P
a
a
a
a
D + jzN = 1 + 2 + jz = 2 + jz P = 1 + ADen P
a a
a
a
with
1
z (1 )
ANom
= 2j
a
a
1
z
ADen
= 2+j
a
a
thus the unknown field l+1 at z + z is related to the known field l at z
again as
39
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
40
l +1 ( ANom P + 1) l
( ADen P + 1)=
+ jmakr (r, t ),
rot E(r, t ) =
,
rot H (r, t ) =
t
t
div D(r, t ) =
ext (r, t ),
div B(r, t ) =
0,
mater equations
D(r, t ) =
0 E(r, t ) + P(r, t ),
B(r, t ) =
0 H (r, t ) + M (r, t )
E(r,t)
H(r,t)
D(r,t)
B(r,t)
P(r,t)
M(r,t)
ext(r,t)
electric field
magnetic field
dielectric flux density
magnetic flux density
dielectric polarization
magnetic polarization (magnetization)
external charge density
D(r, t ) =0 ( r ) E(r, t ),
B(r, t ) = 0 H (r, t ),
H (r, t )
E(r, t )
+ jmakr ,
, rot H (r, t ) = 0 ( r )
t
t
0 ( r ) E(r, t ) 0,=
div =
div H (r, t ) 0,
rot E(r, t ) = 0
field sources
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
H (r, t )
1
= rot E(r, t )
t
0
H x
1 E y Ez
=
jx ,
t
0 z
y
H y
1 Ez Ex
j
y
,
t
0 x
z
H z
1 Ex E y
=
j
z
t
0 y
x
(b)
E(r, t )
1
=
rot H (r, t )
t
0 ( r )
Ex
1 H z H y
=
,
t
0 ( r ) y
z
E y
1 H x H z
=
,
t
0 ( r ) z
x
Ez
1 H y H x
=
t
0 ( r ) x
y
4.2 1D problems
Assuming that there is no dependence on y and z all dynamics in x
H y 1 Ez
H x
H z 1 E y
=
(a=
)
0,=
,
t
t
0 x
t
0 x
E y
Ex
Ez
1 H z
1 H y
(b=
)
0,=
,
=
t
t
0 ( r ) x
t
0 ( r ) x
1 H
0 ( r ) x
H
t
z
z
,
=
y-polarized
E-field y =
1 E y
0 x
41
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
42
Ein+1 Ein1
+ O (x) 2
2x
n +1
Ei Ein1
+ O (t ) 2
2t
H in+1 H in1
+ O (x) 2
2x
H in+1 H in1
+ O (t ) 2
2t
Maxwells equations
Ez
1 H y
=
t
0 ( r ) x
H y
1 Ez
=
t
0 x
Ein
1 H in
=
t
0 i x
Ein +1 Ein 1
1 H in+1 H in1
2t
2x
0 i
Ein +1 Ein 1 +
1 t
H in+1 H in1
0 i x
H in
1 Ein
=
t
0 x
H in +1 H in 1 1 Ein+1 Ein1
2t
2x
0
H in +1 H in 1 +
1 t n
Ei +1 Ein1
0 x
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
1
x(i)
1
x(i)
43
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
44
5
E
4
E
3
E
2
E
1
E
E
1
E
2
E
3
E
4
E
5
x(i)
2.5
t(n) 2
E
H
1.5
1
H
E
1.5 2
2.5 3
Ein+1 Ein +
3.5
x(i)
1 t
H in++0.50.5 H in+0.50.5
0i x
0.5
H in++0.50.5 H in+0.5
+
1 t n
Ei +1 Ein
0 x
Properties
Divergence?
That there is no divergence of the fields is always fulfilled in 1D, since
fields are always transversally polarized to the direction of field change
Resolution of discretization x and t ? (from physical arguments)
spatial grid resolution x must be fine enough to display the finest
structures of the e distribution and the fields rule of thumb
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
45
1 1
1
1
t 2 + 2 + 2
c x
y
z
Boundaries?
finite grid size, e.g. with metallic borders ( E = 0 at the boundary)
Sources?
either initial field distribution or sources in the simulation domain
initial field is difficult in higher dimensions since field must have zero
divergence
sources as e.g. currents:
1 t
t n+0.5
H in++0.50.5 H in+0.50.5 +
Ein+1 Ein +
ji +0.5
0i x
0i
4.3 3D problems
space grid
(i, j , k , n) =(ix, j y, k z , nt )
Ex (ix, jy, k z , nt ) =
Ex ijk
n
n +1
n 1
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
46
z(k)
Hx
Hx
Hz
Hy
Hz
Ey
Hz
y(j)
Ex
Hx
x(i)
Hy
Properties
no divergence
Leapfrog time steps
central differencing second order explicit method
1 H z H y
Ex
dicretizing MWEQ=
jx
t
0 ( r ) y
z
Ex
n + 12
i , j + 12 , k + 12
= Ex
+
n 12
i , j + 12 , k + 12
t
0 i , j + 1 , k + 1
2
Hz
n
i,
j +1, k + 12
Hz
n
i,
j , k + 12
Hy
i,
j + 12 , k +1
Hy
jx i , j + 1 , k + 1
2
2
n
i , j + 12 , k
other equaltions:
Ey
n + 12
i 12 , j +1, k + 12
= Ey
+
n 12
i 12 , j +1, k + 12
t
0 i 1 , j +1, k + 1
2
Ez
n + 12
i 12 , j + 12 , k +1
= Ez
Hx
i 12 , j +1, k +1
n
i 12 , j +1, k
Hz
n
i , j +1, k + 12
Hz
n
i 1, j +1, k + 12
jy 1
i 2 , j +1, k + 12
n 12
H
y
+
0 i 1 , j + 1 , k +1
2
2
Hx
Hx
i 12 , j + 12 , k +1
n +1
n
i 12 , j +1, k +1
n
i,
j + 12 , k +1
t E y
n
H x i 1 , j +1, k +1 +
=
2
0
Hy
n
i 1,
j + 12 , k +1
x
n + 12
i 12 ,
j +1, k + 32
Ey
z
Hx
n
i 12 ,
Hx
j +1, k +1
i 12 , j , k
n + 12
i 12 ,
j +1, k + 12
Ez
n + 12
i 12 ,
j + 32 , k +1
jz i 1 , j + 1 , k +1
2
2
Ez
y
n + 12
i 12 , j + 12 , k +1
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
47
n+ 2
n+ 2
E n+12 1 E n+12 1
E
E
3
1
x
x
z
z
t i + 2 , j + 2 ,k +1
i 2 , j + 2 ,k +1
i , j + 2 ,k + 2
i , j + 12 , k + 12
Hy 1 =
Hy 1 +
i , j + 2 ,k +1
i , j + 2 ,k +1
0
x
z
1
1
n
n
+
+
1
1
n+ 2
n+ 2
E y 12
E y 12
E
3 , k + 1 Ex i , j + 1 , k + 1
1
x
t
i
,
j
i
,
j
1,
k
i 2 , j +1, k + 12
+
+
+
+
n +1
n
2
2
2
2
2
2
H z i , j +1, k + 1 =
H z i , j +1, k + 1 +
2
2
0
y
x
n +1
Grid size
n + 12
Ex
n + 12
Ey
n + 12
Ez
( N , N + 1, N + 1)
( N + 1, N , N + 1)
( N + 1, N + 1, N )
x
H xn ( N x + 1, N y , N z )
H yn ( N x , N y + 1, N z )
H zn ( N x , N y , N z + 1)
=
Ex (:,1,:) 0,=
Ex (:,:,1) 0
Ex =
(:, N y + 1,:) 0,
Ex =
(:,:, N z + 1) 0
=
E y (1,:,:) 0,=
E y (:,:,1) 0
=
E y ( N x + 1,:,:) 0,
=
E y (:,:, N z + 1) 0
=
Ez (1,:,:) 0,=
Ez (:,1,:) 0
Ez ( N=
0,
x + 1,:,:)
Ez (:, =
N y + 1,:) 0
0(r )E=
(r, t )f
t F
H(r, t )s
(F )
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
48
Ey(i-1/2,j+1,k+1/2)
Ez(i-1/2,j+3/2,k)
Hx(i-1/2,j+1,k)
Hy(i-1,j+1/2,k)
Ez(i-1/2,j+1/2,k)
Hy(i,j+1/2,k)
Hx(i-1/2,j,k)
Ey(i-1/2,j+1,k-1/2)
E n+12 1 E n12 1
z i , j + ,k
z i , j + ,k
2
2
2
2
0i , j + 1 ,k + 1
2
2
t
= H x i 1 , j ,k x + H y
n
xy
y H x i 1 , j +1,k x H y
n
i , j + 12 ,k
n
i 1, j + 12 ,k
n 1
Ez i 12, j + 1 ,k = Ez i 12, j + 1 ,k
2
n
n
n
H n
H
H
H
y
y
1
1
1
x
x
t
i , j + 2 ,k
i 1, j + 2 ,k
i 2 , j ,k
i 12 , j +1,k
+
+
0i , j + 1 ,k + 1
x
y
2
2
0 H (r, t )f = E(r, t )s
t F
(F )
Ey(i-1/2,j+1,k+1/2)
Ez(i-1/2,j+3/2,k)
Hx(i-1/2,j+1,k)
Hy(i-1,j+1/2,k)
Ez(i-1/2,j+1/2,k)
Hy(i,j+1/2,k)
Hx(i-1/2,j,k)
Ey(i-1/2,j+1,k-1/2)
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
49
div ( 0 E ) =
?
div ( 0E ) dV =
cell 0Edf
t Yee cell
t Yee
t
E
d
f
Ex i , j + 1 ,k + 1 Ex i 1, j + 1 ,k + 1 yz
0
0
2
2
2
2
t Yeecell
t
Term1
Ey 1
+ 0
E y 1 1 xz
i 2 , j +1,k + 12
i 2 , j ,k + 2
t
Term 2
Ez i 1 , j + 1 ,k +1 Ez i 1 , j + 1 ,k xy
+ 0
2
2
2
t
Term 3
E
t
x
substitute Term 1 with rot equation
=
H
z
=
Term 1
i , j +1, k + 12
Hz
i , j , k + 12
1 H z H y
0 ( r ) y
z
Hy
i , j + 12 , k +1
Hy
i , j + 12 , k
Hy
Hy
i 1, j + 12 , k +1
i 1, j + 12 , k
z i 1, j +1, k + 12 H z i 1, j , k + 12
z
y
cell=
t Yee
hence, if the field was divergence-free at some time it will conserve this
property
t
Yee cell
Yee cell
it is important that sources do not introduce artificial divergence
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
50
jx =
y
t
0 ( r ) y
z
t
0 z
H y 1 Ez Ex
E y
1 H x H z
=
y
t
0 x
z
x
t
0 ( r ) z
1 H y H x
H z 1 Ex E y
Ez
=
j
=
z
x y
t
0 y
x
r
t
(
)
1 H y H x
Ez
H z 1 Ex E y
=
jz
t
0 ( r ) x
y
t
0 y
x
Ex
1 H z H y
H x 1 E y Ez
=
jx =
t
0 z
y
t
0 ( r ) y
z
H y 1 Ez Ex
E y
1 H x H z
=
y
t
0 x
z
t
z
x
(
)
0
TE polarization
TM polarization
,
rot H (r, t ) =
+ jmakr (r, t )
t
t
Simplyfied implementation by adding a source term to the electric field
Examples for temporal variation
x-polarized cw-source
x-polarized impulse
E=
Ex i , j ,k + sin(nt)
x i , j ,k
n
E=
Ex i , j ,k + n ,n
x i , j ,k
n
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
E x i , j ,k + e
x-polarized Gaussian wave E=
x i , j ,k
n
ix
iy
sin(nt)
point source
homogeneous medium
51
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
EInc
52
EInc
n1
d1
n2
d2
Transmission?
Periodically structured slab waveguide corresponds to one-dimensional
Photonic Crystal waveguide (n1=1.58, n2=1.87,d1=d2=165nm, TE)
Transmission spectrum - The dips are wave guide resonances that are excited
if the momentum provided by the grating matches the propagation constant of a
waveguide mode
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
53
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
54
5. Fiber waveguides
5.1.1 The general eigenvalue problem for scalar fields
Restrictions:
weakly guiding structure ( n 1 ln ( x, y; ) 0 )
linearly polarized field
Scalar wave equation for a scalar mode field u
t u ( x, y ) + k 2( x, y, ) 2 () u ( x, y ) = 0
2
a
b2 ) uaub= ub t ua ua t ub
2
a
b2 ) uaub=
dA
A
ub t ua ua t ub dA
Using Greens law to transform the surface integral on the right side into a
line integral, one can show that the right side is equivalent to zero, since the
mode field is assumed to tend to zero at infinity
2
a
b2 ) uaub dA = 0
A
uaub dA = a ,b
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
55
u 2 dA = 1
For cylinder symmetric problems we will later see that this reads as
Y (r )Yb (r )r dr = a ,b
r a
Phase velocity
The propagation velocity of the phase fronts is called phase velocity
2c
v=
=
p
with as the vacuum wavelength and c as the speed of light in vacuum
Group velocity
The propagation velocity of the energy is called group velocity
2c
=
vg =
2
which can be calculated very accurately by the following approach:
Take two solutions at two different wavelength and
t + k 2 ( )( ) 2 ( ) u ( ) = 0
t + k 2 ()() 2 () u () = 0
Do the same as done for deriving the orthogonality relation: multiply the first
equation with u () and the second with u () and subtracting the results one
obtains
( () () ) ( k
2
( )( ) k 2 ( )() ) u ( )u () = u () t u () u ( ) t u ()
( () () )
2
()u () A
u=
4
() ()
2 u ()u () A
A 2
=
4
)
u
A
u
A
A
() A
2
using this expression to substitute in our definition for the group
velocity we obtain
4c()
vg =
2
u 2 () A
u 2 ( )
( )
A
2
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
56
v
D= g
Fiber parameter
=
V
1/ 2
2a 2
nco ncl2 )
(
with
a
nco
- core radius
- maximal refractive index in the core
ncl
Index difference
1 nco2 ncl2
=
2 nco2
Index profile
2
n=
nco2 (1 2f (r ) )
with
1 r a
f (r )
=
1 r>a
Index dispersion
To describe the wavelength dependence of SiO2, which is the standard fiber
material, often the Sellmaier equation is used
ai 2
n ( ) = 1 + 2
i =1 bi C
j
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
C = 1.53714322m 2
a1 1.968198 1014
=
a2 1.4108754 1010
=
b1 1.790244 1014
=
b2 1.572513 1010
=
1 u 1 2u
=
t u (r , )
r +
r r r r 2 2
the scalar Helmholtz equation reads as
1 u 1 2u
2
2
r + 2 2 + k (r ) u = 0
r r r r
Applying the product Ansatz
(r , ) ur (r )u ()
u=
the scalar cylindrical Helmholtz equation reads as
2
2u r
1 ur
1 u
u +
u + 2 u r
+ k 2(r ) 2 ur u = 0
2
2
r
r r
r
multiplying with r 2 /(ur u ) the equation can be separate in terms depending
only on r and terms depending only on
2
r 2 2ur r ur
1 u
2
2
2
+
+ r k (r ) =
ur r 2 ur r
u 2
Since both sides of the equations are independent, the equation can be
solved non-trivialy only when both sides are equivalent to a constant m 2
m2
2ur 1 ur 2
2
+
+ k ( r ) 2 ur = 0
r 2 r r
r
2u
+ m 2u =
0
2
57
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
=
U a ( k 2 nco2 2 )
in the core
W = a ( 2 k 2 ncl2 )
in the cladding
1/ 2
1/ 2
58
2
nco2 (1 2f (r ) ) we can express k 2 n 2 2 as
With n=
U 2 V 2 f (r )
a2
Now we can rewrite Bessels differential equation for Ym () =ur (r ) with the
normalized radius =r / a in the final form
k 2 n 2 =
2 k 2 nco2 2 2k 2 nco2 f (r ) and hence k 2 n 2 2 =
m2
2Ym () 1 Ym () 2
2
+
+ U V f () 2 Ym () =0
2
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
59
2
2
=
Ym ( 1) K=
WYm ( 1) K=
1))=
( 1)) =
F (U 2 ) 0
m (W (
m (W =
The numerical problem consists in finding discrete modal solutions for a given
azimuthal mode index m with an unknown eigenvalue U .
First we need to define the boundary condition. Starting from the core center
at =0 we assume that solution Y () for 0 behaves like the Bessel
function Ym (=
) AJ m (G (0)) of the analytic solution. Since the Bessel function
can be expressed as a series like
(1) n
J m () =
n =0 n !( n + m + 1) 2
2 n+m
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
60
=
Ym ( 1) K=
F (U 2 ) =
WYm ( 1) K=
1))=
( 1)) 0
m (W (
m (W =
2 X m () 2m + 1 X m ()
+
+ U 2 V 2 f () X m () =0
2
c
n =0
F (U 2 )= W m
m X m (= 1) X m (= 1)= 0
K m (W )
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
61
Then the solutions of the initial value problem would also solve the boundary
value problem.
For the numerical integration of the differential equation for X m () we have to
take into account the following properties:
at =0 the function X m () has a first-order singularity, which
depending on m can lead to instabilities of the numeric solution
the profile function f () can possess discontinuities in the integration
interval, which can reduce the order of the integration methods
the coefficients of the series representation of X m () can go through
zero in the integration interval, which can change the continuity
properties of the solution
Hence one should refer to implicit integration methods.
In the beginning we transform the second order differential equation into a set
of coupled first order differential equations with
Z m1 () X m ()
=
Z m () =
Z 2 () X m ()
m
as
Z m1 ()
= Z m2 ()
2m + 1 2
Z m2 ()
= V 2 f () U 2 Z m1 ()
Z m ()
h = j | j = jh, j = 0(1) N , h =
N
Z m ()
Z
() K (Z m ( j ) , j )
=
=
2
1
m
+
2
2
V f () U
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
62
1
h
( j , Z =
K Z j + h ( j , Z j , h), j +
j , h)
2
2
Z1( j ) + 1
1
2
( j , Z j , h) =
V 2 f j + h U 2 2m + 1
=
h
h
2
2
j + Z 2( j ) + 2
2
since we are dealing with a linear problem we can avoid the otherwise
necessary iterative numerical solution of the above problem and solve it
explicitly
h 2
h
V f j + U 2 Z1( j ) + Z 2( j )
2
2
+
Z1(=
Z
h
1( j )
j +1)
2
h 2m + 1 h 2
h
V f j + U 2
1+
2 +h 4
2
j
2
h 2
2m + 1
2
h
h
2
2
Z 2( j )
V f j + 2 U Z1( j ) + 2 V f j + 2 U
h
+
j
2
Z 2(=
Z 2( j ) + h
j +1)
2
h 2m + 1 h 2
h
1+
V f j + U 2
2 +h 4
2
j
2
The solution accuracy of the method is second order in h . The discretization
grid h should be chosen such that the discontinuity points D of the profile
function f () coincide with grid points of h
D h
1
=
11
2
1
3
+
=
12
2 6
1
3
1
3
1
=
2
=
21
=
11
2 6
2 6
4
1
1
1
=
1
=
2
2
2
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
63
5.1.10
Calculation examples
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
64
Computational Photonics, Abbe School of Photonics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, 19.06.2012
65