EE342 Microwave Engineering

Fall 2015

Transmission Line Equation

Instructor : Dr. M. Umar Khan

umar.khan@seecs.edu.pk

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

 Previous Lecture
Solution of Transmission line equation
Propagation constant, characteristic impedance
Lossless transmission line

This time
Distortionless line
Input Impedance, SWR, Power

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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Transmission-Line Equation
Bridges the gap between circuit theory and field analysis
Important for analysis of microwave circuits and devices

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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Transmission-Line Equation
By applying KVL and KCL, we get two second order differential
equations
2
2

= 0,
2

2
2

= 0
2

Where
= + =

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( + )( + )

is the propagation constant

EE342 Microwave Engineering

Transmission-Line Equation
The solution of the differential equation gives
= + +
and
I = + +

The characteristic impedance is the ratio of positively traveling

voltage wave to the current wave at any point on the line
=

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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Lossless Line
For a lossless line, R = G = 0
Under such conditions, attenuation constant is zero
The characteristic impedance is real
=0,

=
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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Distortionless Line
The line whose attenuation constant is not a function of frequency and
phase constant is a linear function of frequency
The conditions for distortionless transmission line is:

=

For such line, the propagation constant is :
= , =
The characteristic impedance is :
=
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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Summary

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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Example

A transmission line operating at 500 MHz has = 80, =

0.04 , = 1.5
. Find the line parameters R, L, C, G.

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EE342 Microwave Engineering

Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
Consider a transmission line connected to a load. The line extend
from z=0 at the generator to z= l at the load.

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Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
The voltage and current waves on the line are :
= + +

I =

The conditions at the input and output are:

= 0 =
, = 0 =
= =
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, = =
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11

Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
Input impedance at any point on the line is :
()
=
()
At the generator, the equation is :
(+ + )
=
+
Substituting for the load end and simplification
+ tanh()
=
+ tanh()
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Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
For a lossless line, the input impedance is :
+ tan()
=
+ tan()
The voltage reflection coefficient () is the ratio of voltage reflection
wave to the incident wave. At the load, it is :

= +

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Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
The voltage reflection coefficient () at any point on the line is given
as:
2
() = +

The standing wave ratio (SWR) is defined as:

1 +
=
1

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Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio,

Power
The average input power at a distance l from the load is
1
= () ()
2
Solving the above equation, we get power in terms of reflection
coefficient at the load.
+ 2
=
1
2

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Special Case
Shorted Line
If line is shorted , = 0

Open-Circuit Line
If line is shorted , =

Matched Line
If line is shorted , = 0

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