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RESEARCH PAPER
Key words: Drought stress, growth criteria, peroxidase, photosynthetic pigments, Sargassumlatifolium,
Triticumaestivum, Ulvalactuca.
Abstract
The physiological effect of drought on the 30-days-old Triticumaestivum plants was assessed and the alleviating
role of seaweed extracts (Sargassumlatifolium, Ulvalactucaandtheir mixture) on drought stress was evaluated.
Drought treatment (40% and 20% field capacity) resulted in a significant decrease in some growth criteria,
photosynthetic pigments and activity. Furthermore, it led to oxidative stress and increased cell membrane
leakage in the stressed wheat plants and resulted in the increase of antioxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic)
defense mechanism. Pretreatment with seaweed extract of Sargassum (1.5%) or Ulva (1%) led to the alleviation
of the above mentioned damaging effects of drought on Triticumaestivumduringvegetative stage while a mix of
the two types of seaweed extracts resulted in antagonistic effect. Seaweed extractof Sargassumor Ulva
antagonizes the oxidative damaging effects of drought not only directly through activating the antioxidative
system, such as catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate, but also through providing hormones and micro nutrients
essential for wheat growth.
* Corresponding
Kasim et al.
Page 173
stress
induces
several
physiological,
et al., 2002;
plant
pigment
structure,
membrane
drought
causes
inhibition
integrity,
of
shoot
growth,
and
reduction
of
photosynthesis,
transpiration,
shifts
in
inhibition
carbon
and
of
nitrogen
Miyashita,
2005),
enhance
antioxidant
2011).
mechanism.
-tocopherol
glutathione
superoxide
peroxidase (POD),
(-toc)and
(GSH),while
the
enzymes
reduced
include
peroxidase
(CAT),
during
determines
whether
(APX),
oxidative
catalase
signaling
November,
2013;
while
the
and/or
from
Suez
Bay
(295810
N-
273839
N;
Kasim et al.
Page 174
determining
malondialdehyde
(MDA)
content
(2009).
hours
leakage
immersion,
solution.
the
electrical
Ascorbic
acid
conductivity
was
estimated
Ulvalactuca
extract
and
mixture
of
both,
respectively.
environmental
conditions
of
16/8
h.
A. Heavy metals
Absorption
flame
emission
Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer).
B. Hormones
as drought
sampling.
Physiological analyses
and
identification.
standards
was
also
done
to
facilitate
USA).
C. Glycinebetaine
Lipid peroxidation level was measured by
Kasim et al.
Page 175
Results
3.Statistical analyses
Table 1. Effect of drought stress on the root depth, shoot height and leaf area of 30-day-old
Triticumaestivum(L.) grown in clay sandy soil (2:1w/w) and irrigated with 60% of water field capacity as a
control (cont.), with 40% of water field capacity as drought 1 (D1), with 20% of water field capacity as drought 2
(D2)) after soaking the grains for 3 hours in 1.5% Sargassum extract (Ext.1), 1% Ulva extract (Ext.2) and 1:1
mixture of them (Ext.1+Ext.2).
Treatments
Length cm/plant
Root
Shoot
Root
Shoot
Root
Shoot
Cont
26.9 0.2
30.1 0.2
0.290.01
1.20.01
0.0430.002
0.190.001
5.4 0.1
D1
22.1 0.2
27 0.1
0.140.005
0.90.05
0.0240.002
0.150.002
3.4 0.1
D2
16.6 0.1
22.8 0.3
0.130.002
0.60.01
0.0230.0005
0.110.001
1.8 0.2
Ext1
30.7 0.3
33.9 0.6
0.330.006
1.30.03
0.0460.0005
0.20.002
6.5 0.1
Ext1+D1
22.7 0.5
30.8 0.2
0.190.007
1.40.05
0.030.001
0.230.005
5.2 0.2
Ext1+D2
22.9 0.2
26.5 0.2
0.180.002
0.80.02
0.0350.001
0.160.002
3.8 0.2
Ext2
32.2 0.4
34.2 0.2
0.290.002
1.30.05
0.0490.002
0.230.003
5.4 0.2
Ext2+D1
25.4 0.4
28.7 0.3
0.290.001
1.10.01
0.0560.002
0.190.006
4.9 0.1
Ext2+D2
22.1 0.1
26.8 0.2
0.190.003
0.70.001
0.0360.001
0.140.006
2.8 0.2
Mix
29.7 0.7
28.9 0.4
0.30.006
1.30.01
0.0430.002
0.190.003
5.7 0.1
Mix+D1
22.4 0.1
26.7 0.6
0.130.001
0.90.001 0.0220.001
0.140.004
2.6 0.2
Mix+D2
18.3 0.2
24.9 0.2
0.090.002
0.50.03
0.090.003
1.5 0.1
0.0190.001
presoaking
extract1
and 25% with D1; while with D2,they were 55% and
of
wheat
grains
in
the
Kasim et al.
Page 176
in
2).Both
(Table 2).
30-day-old
wheat
seedlings
(Table
Chl a
Chl b
Carot.
Chl (a/b)
mg/g d.m
Photosynthetic activity
( mol m-2 s-1)
Cont
8.60.07
5.80.08
2.500.05
1.5 0.02
0.68 0.008
D1
6.90.03
0.830.03
1.500.05
8.2 0.52
0.62 0.006
D2
6.40.18
3.30.03
1.800.09
2.0 0.18
0.58 0.006
Ext1
9.30.15
5.30.07
2.200.04
1.8 0.12
0.72 0.005
Ext1+D1
8.70.19
1.70.09
1.900.12
5.30.36
0.64 0.005
Ext1+D2
7.70.16
4.70.03
2.800.04
1.70.14
0.61 0.004
Ext2
10.40.23
3.70.09
5.100.03
3.0 0.09
0.76 0.006
Ext2+D1
8.60.25
1.80.14
1.990.08
4.90.02
0.66 0.004
Ext2+D2
6.50.03
3.80.15
1.930.07
1.90.19
0.66 0.006
Mix
7.60.19
3.50.14
1.300.06
2.20.6
0.63 0.005
Mix+D1
6.60.06
1.10.09
2.020.16
6.20.45
0.61 0.006
Mix+D2
5.40.17
3.70.16
2.600.11
1.40.11
0.58 0.010
LSD
Significance
Chl a
0.29
212.12
***
Chl b
0.22
455.83
***
Carotenoids
0.13
458.62
***
Chl (a/b)
0.42
248.35
***
Photosynthetic Activity
0.011
234.37
***
Kasim et al.
Page 177
Sargassumor
treatment
by
presoaking
of
wheat
grains
Ulva
extract,
the
catalase
and
and catalase.
Table 3. Effect of drought stress on peroxidase and catalase activities and ascorbic acid content of 30-day-old
Triticumaestivum (L.) plants grown in clay sandy soil (2:1w/w) and irrigated with 60% of water field capacity as a
control (cont.), with 40% of water field capacity as drought 1 (D1), with 20% of water field capacity as drought 2
(D2) after soaking the grains for 3 hours in 1.5% Sargassum extract (Ext.1), 1% Ulvaextract (Ext.2) and 1:1
mixture of them (Ext.1+Ext.2)
Treatments
Peroxidase (M / g f.m)
Catalase (M / g f.m)
Cont
0.032 0.001
0.009 0.0002
116.31.7
D1
0.036 0.001
0.013 0.0006
140.51.5
D2
0.048 0.001
0.018 0.0004
162.62.9
Ext1
0.035 0.001
0.014 0.0001
108.44.5
Ext1+D1
0.046 0.001
0.011 0.0005
136.94.5
Ext1+D2
0.054 0.001
0.013 0.0006
149.86.2
Ext2
0.021 0.001
0.014 0.0006
Ext2+D1
0.039 0.001
0.018 0.0005
184.81.5
Ext2+D2
0.042 0.001
0.014 0.0004
202.64.4
Mix
0.041 0.001
0.015 0.0004
214.41.5
Mix+D1
0.055 0.001
0.012 0.0006
230.62.9
Mix+D2
0.065 0.001
0.013 0.0005
294.54.5
102.01.5
LSD
Significances
Peroxidase
0.002
331.42
***
Catalase
8.1
87.29
***
6.03
771.89
***
Kasim et al.
Page 178
ppb
mg/100ml
Fe
Cr
Ni
Mn
Cytok.
(g/g d.wt)
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cu
Gibber.
auxin
GB
Ext1 (Sargassum)
1.75
0.16
0.064
12.65
0.103
0.16
Ext2 (Ulva)
1.74
0.38
0.063
1.46
12.44
0.202
0.428
Mixture
1.55
Undetected
0.073
25.54
0.355
0.641
Ext1+Ext2
(Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, and Mn(Table 4). It was
the
mixture
of
seaweed
extracts,
while
high
concentrations
(cytokinin,
mixture
ofphytohormones
higher
contained
hormones
with
Discussion
Drought
stress
induces
several
physiological,
reductions
in
the
levels
of
treatments
the
caused
significant
decrease
in
Kasim et al.
Page 179
al., 2009).
Fig. 1. Effect of drought stress on malondialdehyde (MDA) content (A) ,and electrolyte leakage (B), of 30-day-old
Triticumaestivum(L.) grown in clay sandy soil (2:1w/w) and irrigated with 60% of water field capacity as a
control (cont.), with 40% of water field capacity as drought 1 (D1), with 20% of water field capacity as drought 2
(D2)) after soaking the grains for 3 hours in 1.5% Sargassumextract (Ext.1), 1% Ulva extract (Ext.2) and 1:1
mixture of them (Ext.1+Ext.2). (Different letters indicate significancy ,similar letters indicate non significancy).
Drought lead to excessive production of ROS causing
results
drought
presented
here
showed
that
Kasim et al.
Page 180
Electrolyte
was
(Farooq
leakagefrom
and
Azam,
2010).Membrane
damaged
2006;
tissues
Sikder
of
Seaweeds
proteins
the
2011).
H+-ATPase,
and
be
Paul,
as
damagemight
and
result
changes
to
extract
also
contain
glycinebetaine
antioxidants
such
as
reduced
glutathione
and
Seaweed
components
and
(Stirket
Seaweed
microelement
al.,2003;
such
rdget
as
macro-
al.,2004).
Kasim et al.
Page 181
activities
activities
were
of
significantly
drought
glutathione
in
stressed
suppressed
seedlings
seaweedextract
by
after
(Deivanaiet
Marschner(1995)
antioxidant
xanthine
oxidation
diminished
et
al.,
peroxidation
2001).Auxins
activity
mineral-nutrient
were
reported
biosynthetic
soluteswhich
through
enzymes
that
the
compatible
lipid
(Fike
suggests
contributes
to
pathways
which
enhancing
stress
stress
to
environmental
stress
indirectly
through
overcome
this
stressthese
results
reported
the
Kasim et al.
Page 182
plant growth.
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