207 Fall 15 16

Kuwait University
College of Engineering & Petroleum

Electrical Engineering Department
Designed & Edited By

Eng. Ahmed Shafik
Eng. Mohamed Tawfik
Supervised By
Dr. Meshaal Al-Shaher
Dr. Mishal Al-Gharabally
Lab Schedule
Date
Experiment Title
From
To
13-Sep
20-Sep
27-Sep
4-Oct
11-Oct
18-Oct
25-Oct
1-Nov
8-Nov
15-Nov
22-Nov
29-Nov
6-Dec
17-Sep
24-Sep
1-Oct
8-Oct
15-Oct
22-Oct
29-Oct
5-Nov
12-Nov
19-Nov
26-Nov
3-Dec
10-Dec
SPICE

Ex1. Ohm's Law
Ex2. KVL and KCL
Ex3. Node, Mesh and Superposition
Ex4. Thevenin Equivalent Theorem + Training
DC Practical Exam + DC PSpice test
Ex5. AC Measurements
Ex6. RC circuit
Ex7. Phase shift Measurements
Exp 8 : Sinusoidal Steady-state power calculation
Ex9. Electric Wiring and Energy
AC Practical Exam + AC Spice test
Grading Policy
Pre-Lab
10%
Reports
6 Quizzes
2 Exams
2 Spice tests
Total
10%
20%
50%
10%
100%
Second Midterm is considered as Final Exam

Absence of Final Exam = FA
Absence of 3 out of 10 lab sessions = FA.
All reports and data sheets should be done by computer; no
hand writing will be accepted.
Pre-Lab = Data Sheet + Spice Simulation
Data Sheet should be signed by the lab engineer at the end of
the lab
Mobiles and Calculators are not allowed in the practical
exams. Any violation of this rule will be considered as
cheating and will be dealt with accordingly.
Quiz
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3
Quiz 4
Quiz 5
Quiz 6
Pre-Lab
Report
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
Exp 5
Exp 6
Exp 7
Exp 8
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
Exp 5
Exp 6
Exp 7
Exp 8
Exp 9
Report Grading
Policy
Cover
Table of Contents
Objective
Equipment
Theory
Procedure + Circuit
Data Sheet
Exercise
Conclusion
References
Report Format
Total
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
10
Lab Regulations
1) Performance & Pre Lab: (10 points)
PSpice simulation report (student name and ID must be typed on the circuit
simulation, otherwise the report will not be graded.) (4 pts)
For the Data Sheet, Theoretical part should be filled in and printed by computer
before the lab. (3 pts)
Note: Lab engineer has to sign the pre lab note before students leave the lab.
Performance:
o Student must attend all Lab sessions in time.
o Students must leave the bench clean and switch all the equipments off before
leaving the lab.
o Food and drinks are not allowed in the labs.
o Cell phone use in the labs is prohibited.
2) Attendance
Students should attend the lab in time. Late students will not be allowed to
attend the lab and will get zero mark for (Pre Lab Note, Performance, Quiz
and Report).
Students can attend in their section only, no switching between labs will be
allowed for any reason.
Absent students for 3 out of 10 labs or more will get FA.
Absence of any practical tests = FA
3) Report Layout:
A typical lab report should contain the following sections (in order), you can
download the report sample from the site:
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Objective
Theory
Experimental Procedure + Exercise
PSpice Simulation
Data Sheet
Conclusion
References
.
Writing techniques:
Report and Pre Lab note should be written by computer.
The font and size of the normal text is TimesNewRoman 12.
The font and size of the heading and subheading is TimesNewRoman 16/14.
The report should contain page numbers.
All figures and tables should have a title caption.
The theory part should contain (figures, equations, description) for each part of the
objective.
Familiarization, and Ohm's Law
Objectives
To be familiar with the laboratory equipment and components.
Verification of Ohms law.
Series and parallel circuits.
Theory
Part I : Lab equipment and components:

DC Power Supply:
It is a multi-channels power source device to generate a variable DC voltage,
Figure 1-1: DC power supply sample
Function Generator (FG):

It is a device to generate a variable AC signals with different wave forms (sine, square and triangle).
Figure 1-2: Function Generator
Resistor:
There are two types of resistors in the lab, resistor substitution box (from 0 to 9.999 M) and
discrete resistors. See Figure 1-5 for the discrete resistor values reading table.
Resistor Substitution Box
Discrete Resistors
Figure 1-3: Resistors
4-band Color Code
Figure 1-4: 4-band color code table
5-band Color Code
Figure 1-5: 5-band color code table
Example:
(a)
(b)
Figure 1-6: Color code example
a)
For the resistor of figure 1-6-a, the value can be calculated as follows:
R N 1N 2 N 3 N 4
Where:
Ni = band value.
R = 02 x 105 + 10% = 200 K + 10%

b)
For the resistor of figure 1-6-b, the value can be calculated as follows:
R N1 N2 N3 N4 N5
Where:
Ni = band value.
R = 330 x 101 + 0.1% = 3.3 K + 0.1%
Inductor:
There is inductance substitution box in the lab (from 0 to 9.999 H).
Figure 1-7: Inductance substitution box
Capacitor:
There is capacitance substitution box in the lab (from 0 to 99.999 uF).
Figure 1-8: Capacitance substitution box
Digital Multi-Meter (DMM):

DMM is a measuring instrument to measure voltage, current, ohm, frequency.
Figure 1-9: DMM sample
Digital Oscilloscope (CRO):

CRO is a multi-channels measuring instrument to measure and display voltage wave forms with
different measurements readings.
Figure 1-10: CRO Sample
Bread Board:
It is a board to connect the circuits.
Figure 1-11: Bread Board Sample
Part II : Ohms's Law:

Ohm's Law says: The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
V I R
(1)
I
1/R
V
Circuit Diagram
Relationship Between V & I (slope=1/R)

Figure 1-12: Ohms Law
Part III : Series & Parallel Circuits:
Figure 1-13: Series and Parallel Connections
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-14 by the following steps:
PSpice Simulation
Part I:
Figure 1-14: Circuit Diagram
1) Start PSpice [Appendix A-1]

2) Add a Resistor [Appendix A-2] (R1=2 K)
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vs) [Appendix A-5]
4) Add Ground [Appendix A-11]
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires [Appendix A-10]
6) Add CRO current probe to measure I [Appendix A-12]
7) Select DC sweep analysis with the following parameters [Appendix A-14]
Name = V1
Start Value = 0
End Value = 10
Increment = 1
8) Simulate the circuit [Appendix A-13]

9) The following wave form will be displayed in a new window.
2.8mA
2.4mA
2.0mA
1.6mA
1.2mA
0.8mA
0.4mA
0A
0V
0.5V
1.0V
1.5V
2.0V
2.5V
3.0V
3.5V
4.0V
4.5V
5.0V
5.5V
6.0V
6.5V
7.0V
7.5V
8.0V
8.5V
9.0V
9.5V
10.0V
I(R1)
V_Vs
10) Calculate the line slope =
and compare it with the theoretical value.
Part II:
I
A
B
(a)
I
(b)

2) Add Resistors [Appendix A-2] R1= R2=2K, R3=5.1 K, R4= R5=2K
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vs) [Appendix A-5] Vs = 10 V
7) Calculate the equivalent resistor.
R AB1 =

2) Add Resistors [Appendix A-2] R1= 1K, R3=5.1 K, R2=1K
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vs) [Appendix A-5] Vs = 10 V
7) Calculate the equivalent resistor.
R AB2 =
Experimental Work
Equipments:
1) DC Voltage Source
2) Bread Board.
3) DMM
4) Discrete resistors
Procedure:
Part I : Ohms Law:
1) Select a discrete resistor R = 2 K, measure the resistor value
R=
2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-16 with the shown values.
3) Vary the DC voltage source and measure I. Fill table 1-1.
Table 1-1
VS
I (mA)
1
3
5
7
10
Q1: Draw V versus I, find the slope of the curve and what does the slope represent?.
Theoritical Measured
100
Q2: Compare the slope of Q1 with the theoretical value. %error
Q3: What are the error sources in Q2?
10
Theoritical
Part II: Parallel and Series Circuits:
B1
A
(a)
B2
A
(b)
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-17-a, R1= R2=2K, R3=5.1K, R4= R5=2K,
Measure RAB1. RAB1=
2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-17-b, R1=1K, R3=5.1K, R2=1K.
Measure RAB2.
RAB2=
Q4: Calculate RAB1 and RAB2 theoretically.

Q5: What is the relation between the circuit of Figure 1-17a and Figure 1-17b
11
KVL, KCL, and equivalent circuit resistance
Objectives
Verification of KVL and KCL.
Simulating the DC circuits using PSpice.
Measuring and calculating the equivalent resistance of different circuits.
Theory
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero. Figure 2-1
shows an example for closed loop circuit.
For the circuit shown in Figure 2-1,
applying KVL:
Figure 2-1: KVL example
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum
of the currents leaving the node.
For the circuit shown in Figure 2-2,
applying KCL:
Figure 2-2: KCL example
12
Parallel and Series Circuit Connections
R ab R1 R 2 ... R N R n
N
1
1
1
1
1
...
R ab R1 R 2
R N n 1 R n
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
n 1
Figure 2-3: Series-Parallel Connections
Delta to Wye Conversion
Delta to Why conversion (given Ra, Rb, Rc)
Why to Delta conversion (given R1, R2, R3)
Figure 2-4: Delta
Why conversions
13
PSpice Simulation
L1
I3
I2
A
I1
L4
+
L2
L3
-

2) Add a Resistor [Appendix A-2] (R1=1K, R2=5.1K, R3=2K, R4=3.9K)
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) [Appendix A-5] (V1=8 Volt, V2=8 Volt)
6) Select the bias point simulation analysis [Appendix A-15]
8) Activate the voltage and current icons in the tool bar.
9) Fill Table 2-1.
Table 2-1
I1
I2
14
I3
Q1: Verify KCL at point A.
Delta to Wye Conversion
10K
1K
1K
2K
2K
3.9K
3.9K

2) Add a Resistor [Appendix A-2]
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) between the two nodes A and B = 10 Volt[Appendix A-5]
9) Calculate the value of RAB
Rab ==
15
Experimental Work
Equipment:
2) Bread Board.
3) DMM
4) Discrete resistors.
Part A KVL & KCL:

1) Select (using color table in Appendix B-1) and measure (using DMM) the resistors values.
Fill the measured values of the resistors in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2
R1
R2
R3
R4
2) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2-5, adjust V1 = 8 V and V2 = 8 V using DMM.
3) Fill table 2-3.
Table 2-3
VR1
VR2
VR3
VR4
I1
I2
I3
Q1: Using the measured values of table 2-2 and 2-3, verify KVL for closed loops L1, L2, and L3.
Loop L1:
Loop L2:
Loop L3:
Q2: Using the measured values of tables 2-2 and 2-3, verify KCL at node A.
Q3: Repeat Q1 using results of PSpice.
16
Part B - Delta to Wye Conversion and equivalent resistance of different

circuits:
10K
1K
1K
2K
2K
3.9K
3.9K
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2-7.

2) Using DMM measure Rab.
Rab =
Q4: Find Rab theoretically in details (step by step with figures) and compare it with measured value
in step 2 and the simulated value by PSpice.
17
Nodal, Mesh and Superposition Analysis
Objectives
Verification of Nodal analysis method.
Verification of Mesh analysis method.
Verification of Superposition technique.
DC circuits analysis using PSpice.
Theory
Nodal Analysis
Analysis Steps:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v1, v2,, vn-1 to the remaining n1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n1 non reference nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
Example:
Figure 3-1: Nodal Example
Applying nodal equation for the circuit of Figure 3-1:
V N 1 V 1 V N 1 V N 1 V N 2
0
R1
R3
R2
V N 2 V 2 V N 2 V N 2 V N 1
0
R5
R4
R2
18
Mesh Analysis
A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
Analysis steps:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . . , in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the
mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
Example:
Figure 3-2: Mesh Loop Example
Applying mesh loop equation for the circuit of Figure 3-2:
Superposition technique:
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
Superposition steps:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent
sources.
Example:
For the circuit shown in Figure 3-1, to find IR1 using super position:
19
Disconnect the voltage source V2 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure 3-3-a.
Solve for IR1.
Disconnect the voltage source V1 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure 3-3-b.
Solve for IR1.
IR1 = IR1 + IR1

IR1
IR1
(a)
(b)
Figure 3-3: Superposition Technique Example
PSpice Simulation
L2
L1
L3
C
2) Add a Resistor [Appendix A-2], R1=2K, R2=2K, R3= 3.9K, R4= 1K, R5=1K,
R6=10K.
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) [Appendix A-5], V1 = 14 V and V2 = 14 V.
20

9) Fill Table 3-1.
Table 3-1
IR1
IR4
IR6
VA
VB
VC
10) Deactivate V2 and simulate the circuit [Appendix A-13]

11) Fill table 3-2
Table 3-2
12) Deactivate V1 and simulate the circuit [Appendix A-13]

13) Fill table 3-3.
Table 3-3
"
"
4
Q1: Verify superposition technique for VA and IR3.
Experimental Work
Equipments:
6) Bread Board.
7) DMM
Part A Nodal and Mesh Analysis

a. For the circuit shown in Figure 3.4, select (using color table in appendix B-1) and measure
(using DMM) the resistors. Fill the measured values of the resistors in table 3-4.
Table 3-4
21
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
b. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-4, adjust V1 = 14 V and V2 = 14 V using DMM.
c. Fill table 3-5.
Table 3-5
IR1
IR4
IR6
VA
VB
VC
Q1: Using the measured values of table 3-4 and 3-5, verify Nodal equations for A and B.
Node A:
Node B:
Q2: Using the measured values of table 3-4 and 3-5, verify Mesh equations.
Mesh L1:
Mesh L2:
Mesh L3:
Part B Superposition technique:
1) Deactivate the voltage source V2, measure and fill table 3-6 for and 3
"
2) Deactivate the voltage source V1, measure and fill table 3-6 for " and 3
3) Verify superposition technique and fill table 3-6 for and 3

Table 3-6
"
22
"
4
Thevenins Equivalent Circuit & Max. Power Transfer
Objectives
Verification of Thevenins Theory.
Verification of maximum power condition.
Determination of Thevenins Eq. Circuit using PSpice.
Theory
Thevenins Theory
Thevenins theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage
at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
(a) Original Circuit
(b) Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Figure 4-1: Thevenin Theory
Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as
seen from the load (RL = RTh).
For Figure 4-2, maximum power equation is as follows:
(1)
23
(a) The circuit used for maximum power
(b) Power delivered to the load as a function
transfer
of RL
Figure 4-2: Maximum Power Circuit
PSpice Simulation

2) Add a Resistor [Appendix A-2] R1=2K, R2=3.9K, R3=1K, RL=5.1K
3) Add two DC Voltage Source (Vdc) [Appendix A-5] V1=15Volt, V2=15Volt
Part 1- Finding I through RL:

24
IRL =
mA
Part 2: Calculating I using Thevenins Circuit

A) Finding VTH
1) Change the value of RL to be 1T (high value equivalent to open circuit).
3) Activate the voltage and current icons in the tool bar. Calculate VTH = Vxy
VTH =
B) Finding RTH
1) Change the value of RL to be 1f (very small value equivalent to short circuit).
2) The circuit will be as shown in Figure 4-4.
ISC =
mA
5) Calculate RTH
Isc
RTH
VTH
=
I SC
Q1: Using Thevenin Equivalent Circuit, calculate I RL and compare it with the value in part 1.
=
+
25
Experimental Work
Equipments:
10) Bread Board.
11) DMM
12) Discrete resistors and resistor box
Part 1 Finding IRL

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4-3 with the same values of resistors (using color
resistor table in Appendix B-1). Fill the measured values of the resistors in table 4-1.
Table 4-1
R1
R2
R3
2) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-3, adjust V1 = 15 V and V2 = 15 V using DMM.
3) Measure I.
IRL =
mA
Part 2: Calculating I using Thevenins Circuit

A) Finding VTH
Remove RL from the circuit and measure VTH = Vxy

VTH =
B) Finding RTH
Remove RL and replace it with a short circuit wire.
Measure ISC.
Calculate RTH R =
TH
ISC =
mA
K
Q2: Using Thevenin Equivalent Circuit, calculate I RL and compare it with the value in part 1.
IRL =
mA
26
Part 3: Maximum Power Transfer

RTH
I
+
RL
VTH
Let VTH = 10 V and RTH = 1000 .
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4-5, where RL is a resistor box.
Vary RL with the values of table 4-2.
Fill table 4-2.

Table 4-2
RL ()
PRL = I2*RL
400
800
1500
2000
3000
Q3: From table 4-2, plot PRL versus RL. What is the value of RL for maximum power. Comment?
RL =
PRL MAX =
27
AC Fundamentals and Measurements
Objectives
To be familiar with the Digital Oscilloscope (CRO) and Function Generator (FG).
Using P-Spice to simulate AC circuit analysis.
AC measurements using CRO.
Verifying the relation between Peak-Peak value and RMS values for AC circuits.
Theory
Alternating current (AC): the flow of charge is continually changing in magnitude (and direction)
with time.
Sample of AC supply waveforms:
(a) sine wave
(b) square wave

Figure 5-1: AC waveforms samples
AC Basics:
VP
VPP
Figure 5-2: Sinusoidal Waveform
28
(c) triangle wave
Frequency F: the number of cycles per second of a waveform in Hz.

The period T: of a waveform is the duration of one cycle in seconds. T 1 F
Peak Value: the peak value of a voltage or current is its maximum value with respect to zero.
Peak-to-peak VPP: is the value between minimum and maximum peaks
Root Mean Square (RMS) value:

The effective value of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the same average power to a
resistor as the periodic current.
(1)
Where: x is v(t) or i(t).
Table 5-1: RMS equations for different waveforms
Wave Form
RMS
Sinusoidal wave
V rms
V PP
Triangle wave
V rms
V PP
Square wave
V rms
V PP
2
2 2
2 3
PSpice Simulation
A

2) Add 3 Resistors (R1=1K - R2=2K - R3=3.9K - R4=5.1K) [Appendix A-2]
29
3) Add AC sine wave voltage source (Vsinpp) = 16 V [Appendix A-7]

a. VOFF = 0
b. VAMPL = 8
c. FREQ = 2 KHz
6) Add CRO probes to measure both VA and VB [Appendix A-12]
7) Adjust the transient simulation parameters [Appendix A-17]
a. Print step = 0 ns
b. Final time = 1 ms
c. Tick the skip initial transient solution.
9) To get the value of VA-VB , add trace [Appendix A-18]
a. Trace expression = V(A)- V(B)
8.0V
4.0V
0V
-4.0V
-8.0V
0s
0.2ms
V(B)
V(A)
V(R5:2)
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
Time
11) Using the toggle cursor [Appendix A-19], fill table 5-2:
Table 5-2
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Period T (msec)
12) Apply KVL for loop ABA to check your result.
13) Repeat the steps from 1 to 9, modify step 3 to be square wave (V PP = 16 V, Freq. = 2 KHz) as
follows:
30
a. Add square wave voltage source (Vpulse) [Appendix A-8]

i. DC=0
ii. AC=0
iii. V1= 8 V
iv. V2= -8 V
v. TD= 0
vi. TR= 1f
vii. TF= 1f
viii. PW=
1
= 0.25 msec
2 Freq .
ix. PER=
1
= 0.5 msec
Freq .

8.0V
4.0V
0V
-4.0V
-8.0V
0s
V(R5:2)
0.2ms
V(B)
V(A)
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
Time
Table 5-3
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Period T (msec)
16) Repeat the steps from 1 to 9, modify step 3 to be triangle wave (V PP = 16 V, Freq. = 2 KHz)
as follows:
a. Add triangle wave voltage source (Vpulse) [Appendix A-9]
i. DC=0
ii. AC=0
iii. V1= -8 V
iv. V2= +8 V
v. TD= 0
31
vi. TR=
1
= 0.25 msec
2 Freq .
vii. TF=
1
= 0.25 msec
2 Freq .
viii. PW= 1f
ix. PER=
1
= 0.5 msec
Freq .

8.0V
4.0V
0V
-4.0V
-8.0V
0s
0.2ms
V(B)
V(A)
V(R5:2)
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
Time
Table 5-4
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Period T (msec)
Experimental Work
Equipments:
1) Function Generator
2) Bread Board.
3) CRO, DMM
Procedure:
Part 1:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5-3 with: (R1=1K - R2=2K - R3=3.9K R4=5.1K)
2) Adjust the function generator to get sine wave with 16 V PP and freq. = 2 KHz.
3) Fill table 5-5 by using CRO (use the math function to get VAB).
4) Fill table 5-6 by using DMM.
32
Table 5-5
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Period T (msec)
Table 6-6
IR1 RMS
VB RMS
5) From table (5-5) calculate VB (RMS) =
Part 2:
6) Adjust the function generator to get square wave with 16 V PP and freq. = 2 KHz.
Table 5-7
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Period T (msec)
Table 5-8
IR1 RMS
VB RMS
9) From table 5-7, calculate VB (RMS) =
Part 3:
10) Adjust the function generator to get triangle wave with 16 V PP and freq. = 2 KHz.
Table 5-9
VA PP
VB PP
VAB PP
Table 5-10
IR1 RMS
VB RMS
33
Period T (msec)
13) From table 5-9, calculate VB (RMS) =

Q1: Is the peak to peak values of the voltage or current changed by changing the wave
form?
Q2: Is the RMS values of the voltage or current changed by changing the wave form?
Why?
Q3: Find the RMS value for sine, square and triangle wave using general formula?
Show your work in details
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34
Natural-Response of RL/RC circuits
Objectives
Study the natural response and step response of RL/RC circuits.
Calculate the Time Constant .
Theory
When the dc source of an RC circuit is suddenly applied, the voltage or current source can be
modeled as a step function, and the response is known as a step response. The natural response or
transient response is the circuits temporary response that will die out with time. The forced response
or steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a long time after an external excitation is
applied. The complete response of the circuit is the sum of the natural response and the forced
response.
Natural Response
+
Vo
Io
RL Circuit
RC Circuit
Figure 6-1 : RL & RC Circuit
i L (t ) i o e
, t 0
Where :
v C (t ) v o e
(1)
Where:
Leq
(3)
R eq
is the time constant.
, t 0 (2)
ReqC eq
is the time constant.
Vo is the initial capacitor current at t=0.
(4)
Io is the initial conductor current at t=0.

As shown in figure 6-2 and figure 6-4:
x (t ) i L (t )
for RL circuit.
(5)
35
x (t ) v C (t )
for RC circuit.
(6)
Figure 6-2 : Natural Response
Step Response
+
Vc
-
iL
Figure 6-3 : Step Response of RL & RC circuit
i L (t )
Vs
t
(1 e ),
R
t 0
V C (t ) V s (1 e
(7)
RL Circuit
),
RC Circuit
36
t 0
(8)
Figure 6-4 : Step Response
Time Constant : the time required for the natural response to decay by a factor of e-1 (36.8%) as
shown in figure 6-2 or the time for the step response to be 63.3% of its final value as shown in figure
6-4.
PSpice Simulation
Part A: RC Circuit
Figure 6-5: RC Circuit

Connect the circuit as shown in figure 6-5 by the following steps:
20) Add Resistor [Appendix A-2] R=500
21) Add Capacitor [Appendix A-3] C=0.2uF
22) Add square wave voltage source (Vpulse) with amplitude VPP= 10 and frequency =625 Hz
[Appendix A-8]
o DC=0
37
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
AC=0
V1= 0
V2=10
TD= 1f
TR= 1f
TF1f
PW= 0.8m
PER= 1.6m

25) Add CRO probes to measure both Vs and Vc [Appendix A-12]
a. Print step = 0.000001 m, Final time = 2ms.
28) The output will be displayed in a new window as shown.
11. Trace the simulation [Appendix A-18] to get the time constant :
Trace expression = 6.32 which represents 63.2% of the final value to get the time
constant from the intersection of the 6.32 trace with the charging voltage.
=
10
0
0s
V(V1:+)
0.2ms
V(C1:2)
6.32
0.4ms
3.62
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
Time
12. Measure the value of VC at t = 0.2 msec, then verify this value theoretically by using equation
(8). Calculate the %error.
VC =
VC =
%error=
(simulation)
(theoretical)
38
Part B: RL Circuit
Figure 6-6: RL Circuit

1) Repeat the steps of part A, connect the circuit as shown in figure 6-6 by changing the
capacitor with an inductor=20mH and the value of R to be 2 K [Appendix A-4].
2) Trace the simulation [Appendix A-18] to get the time constant :
Trace expression = 6.32 which represents 63.2% of the final value to get the time
constant from the intersection of the 6.32 trace with the increasing V R response.
=
3) Measure the value of VR at t = 0.3 msec, then verify this value theoretically by using equation
(8). Calculate the %error.
VR =
VR =
%error =
(Note: i L (t )
VR
(simulation)
(theoretical)
, so the response of IL(t) is the same response of VR(t) divided by constant)
Experimental work
Equipments:
1) Resistor, capacitor, and inductor substitution box.
2) Function Generator.
3) Digital Multi-Meter DMM
4) CRO.
39
Procedure:
Part A: RL Circuit
10
1.6m
time
Figure 6-8: Pulse Voltage
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 6-7,

2) Adjust the function Generator to generate square wave with maximum amplitude=10 V and
minimum amplitude=0 V, Frequency=625 Hz, as shown in figure 6-8 (by adjusting the
amplitude value and the DC offset).
3) From the CRO screen, measure the value of .
=
4) Calculate the % error between (Practical) and (PSpice).
(PSpice) =
%error =
5) Calculate the % error between (Practical) and (Theoretical).

(theoretical) =
%error =
40
Part B: RC Circuit
10
1.6m
time
Figure 6-10: Pulse Voltage
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 6-9,

2) Adjust the function Generator to generate square wave with maximum amplitude=10 V and
minimum amplitude=0 V, Frequency=625 Hz, as shown in figure 6-10 (by adjusting the
amplitude value and the DC offset).
3) From the CRO screen, measure the value of .
=
4) Calculate the % error between (Practical) and (PSpice).
(PSpice) =
%error =
5) Calculate the % error between (Practical) and (Theoretical).

(theoretical) =
%error =
Q1: Define time constant? =RC (for RC circuit)

L
= (for RL circuit)
R
41
Sinusoidal AC Voltage & Current for RL & RC Circuits
Objectives
Study the sine wave of AC voltage and current.
Measure Phase Shift between voltage and current.
Theory
Phase Shift
Phase shift is the angle between voltage and current.
Passive Circuit Elements

A) Resistor
Figure 7-1: Resistor Passive Element
Figure 7-2: Time Domain Response (Voltage and Current are in phase)
42
Figure 7-4: Phaseor Diagram ( = 0o )
Figure 7-3: Phasor Form
B) Inductor
Figure 7-5: Inductor Passive Element
Figure 7-6: Time Domain Response (Current lags the Voltage by angle = 90o)
V j LI
(1)
Figure 7-8: Phasor Diagram ( = 90o )
43
C) Capacitor
Figure 7-9: Capacitor Passive Element
90o
Figure 7-10: Time Domain Response (Current leads Voltage by angle = 90o)
1
I
j C
(2)
Figure 7-12: Phasor Diagram ( = 90o )
44
D) R-L series AC circuit
V
Figure 7-14: Time Domain Response (Current lags Voltage by angle )
VL
I
V ( j L R ) I
VR
tan 1
(3)
(4)
Figure 7-16: Phasor Diagram 0 90
45
E) R-C series AC circuit
V
Figure 7-18: Time Domain Response (Current leads Voltage by angel )
VR
VC
V
R I
jwC
C R
tan 1
(5)
(6)
Figure 7-20 : Phasor Diagram 0 90
Figure 7-19 : Phasor Form
46
PSpice Simulation
Part A: RL Circuit

2) Add Resistor (R= 2K) [Appendix A-2]
3) Add Inductor (L=200 mH) [Appendix A-4]
a. VOFF = 0
b. VAMPL = 6
c. FREQ = 1600 Hz
7) Add CRO probes to measure both Vs and VR [Appendix A-12]
d. Print step = 1000us
e. Final time = 2ms
f. No-Print Delay = 0.1 ms
g. Tick the skip initial transient solution.
47
4.0V
3.0V
2.0V
1.0V
0.0V
-1.0V
-2.0V
-3.0V
-4.0V
0.1ms
0.2ms
0.3ms
V(R4:2)
V(V2:+)
0.4ms
0.5ms
0.6ms
0.7ms
0.8ms
0.9ms
1.0ms
1.1ms
1.2ms
1.3ms
1.4ms
1.5ms
1.6ms
1.7ms
1.8ms
1.9ms
Time
11. Measure X (the time shift between Vs and Vr).

12. Calculate (phase shift between Vs and Vr), using the following equation:
X
360
T
(9)
Where T (time period) = 1/Freq.

X=
T=
=
VR Leads or Lags Vs ? .
Part B: RC Circuit

1) Repeat the steps of part (A) except:
a. Step 2 = R = 995 [Appendix A-2]
48
2.0ms
b. Step 3 = Capacitor (0.1 uF) [Appendix A-3]

c. Step 8: Adjust the transient simulation parameters [Appendix A-17]
i. Print step = 1ns
ii. Final time = 4ms
iii. No-Print Delay = 2 ms
iv. Tick the skip initial transient solution.
The output will be displayed in a new window as shown

4.0V
3.0V
2.0V
1.0V
0.0V
-1.0V
-2.0V
-3.0V
-4.0V
2.0ms
2.1ms
2.2ms
V(V2:+)
V(R4:2)
2.3ms
2.4ms
2.5ms
2.6ms
2.7ms
2.8ms
2.9ms
3.0ms
3.1ms
3.2ms
3.3ms
3.4ms
3.5ms
3.6ms
3.7ms
3.8ms
3.9ms
Time

X
360
T
(10)

X=
T=
=
(Note : VR represents the response of I in the circuit for both RL and RC Circuit)
49
4.0ms
Part C: RLC Circuit

B

12) Add Resistor (R= 2K) [Appendix A-2]
13) Add Inductor (L=200 mH) [Appendix A-4]
14) Add Capacitor (C=0.1 uF) [Appendix A-3]
15) Add AC sine wave voltage source (Vsinpp) = 12 V[Appendix A-7]
h. VOFF = 0
i.
VAMPL = 6
j.
FREQ = 1600 Hz

k. Print step = 1000us
l.
Final time = 2ms
m. No-Print Delay = 0.1 ms

n. Tick the skip initial transient solution.
50
4.0V
3.0V
2.0V
1.0V
0.0V
-1.0V
-2.0V
-3.0V
-4.0V
0.1ms
0.2ms
0.3ms
V(R4:2)
V(V2:+)
0.4ms
0.5ms
0.6ms
0.7ms
0.8ms
0.9ms
1.0ms
1.1ms
1.2ms
1.3ms
1.4ms
1.5ms
1.6ms
1.7ms
1.8ms
1.9ms
Time

X
360
T
(9)

X=
T=
=
51
2.0ms
Experimental work
Equipments:
Resistor, capacitor, and inductor substitution boxes.
Function Generator.
Digital Multi-Meter DMM
CRO.
Procedure:
Part A: RL Circuit
Vpp/2
T
Figure 7-25: Sine Wave Voltage Source
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 7-23. (R= 2K) (L=200 mH)
2) Adjust the function Generator to generate sine wave with VPP =12 V, Frequency= 1600 Hz,
(Note: be sure that the function generator is adjusted to high output impedance)
3) Measure and fill table 7-1. (VL will be measured by using the math function of the CRO)
Table 7-1
Adjust
VS
VR
Measure
VL
X (ms)
Calculate
o
T (ms)
4) Compare calculated with the obtained from PSpice.

(PSpice) =
(%error=
%error =
calculated spice
%)
calculated
5) Compare calculated with the theoretical obtained from eq. (4).

(theoretical) =
(%error= calculated theoretical % )

theoretical
%error =
Note: = 2 Freq.
52
Part B: RC Circuit
Vpp/2
T
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 7-24. R= 995 , C = 0.1 uF

2) Repeat the steps of part A and fill table 7-2.
Table 7-2
Adjust
VS
VR
Measure
VC
X (ms)
Calculate
o
T (ms)
3) Compare calculated with the obtained from PSpice.

(PSpice) =
(%error=
%error =
calculated spice
%)
calculated
4) Compare calculated with the theoretical obtained from eq. (6).

(theoretical) =
(%error= calculated theoretical % )

theoretical
%error =
Note: = 2 Freq.
53
Part C: RLC Circuit
Vpp/2
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 7-28. R= 2K , C = 0.1 uF, L=200mH

2) Connect CRO ch1 to point A and ch2 to point B to measure Vs PP and VL PP = Vch1-ch2.
3) Connect CRO ch1 to point B and ch2 to point D to measure VR PP and VC PP =Vch1-ch2.
4) Connect CRO ch1 to point A and ch2 to point D to measure o between Vs and VR PP.
5) Fill table 7-3.
Table 7-3
Adjust
VS
VL PP
VC PP
Measure
VR PP X (ms)
T (ms)
Q1: From table 7-3, verify KVL V = 0.
54
Calculate
Pf
o
Q2:
Vin
Vo
Pt3
0
Pt1
Pt2
NOTE: Both signals have same frequency
1. Complete the following table.

Pt #
X-axis value
Y-axis value
0.05 ms
0.55 ms
2. Determine the frequency of the input voltage and the output current?
3. Determine the phase shift between Vin and Vo in seconds and degrees.
4. Is the current lag or lead the input voltage? State whether the circuitis RL or RC circuit
55
Sinusoidal steady-state power calculations
Objectives
Phase shift measuring between voltage and current.
Calculation of average active, reactive, and apparent powers.
Verification of power balance in the circuit.
Improvement of power factor.
Theory
Power definitions
P: Average active power in watts.
Q: Reactive power in vars.
|S|: Apparent power in VA.
S: Complex power = P + j Q in VA.
Power factor
For
V V max v , I I max I
phase shift v I
PF = power factor = cos()
We have three cases as shown in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1
Case
=0
Power Factor
Phasor Diagram
Unity power factor (V & I are in phase)
I
= +ve
Lagging power factor (I lags V)
V
I
= -ve
Leading power factor (I leads V)

I
56
Power triangle
S
S P jQ
(1)
Pf = cos()
(2)
P
Figure 8-1: Power Triangle
P, Q, S calculations
Table 8-2
Case
Voltage Source
Equations
V V max v , I I max I
1
1
S V I * V max I max cos jV max I max sin
2
2
Resistor
2
2
V max
I max
R
P
2R
2
Q = 0, S = P
(4)
P=0
Inductor
2
V max
1 2
I max
L
2 L 2
S=jQ
Capacitor
(3)
(5)
P=0
j
c
2
Vmax
c
1 2
I max
2
2 c
S=jQ
Note: for any electric circuit,
(6)
S 0, P 0, Q 0
Power factor improvement

In a typical electric circuit, the current lags the voltage as shown in Figure 8-2. By adding a capacitor
or (adjusting the existing capacitor in the circuit) will be decreased and pf will be improved. The
best value of pf is unity where = 0.
V
I
Figure 8-2: Lagging pf
57
PSpice Simulation
Figure 8-3: PSpice Circuit Diagram

2) Add 2 Resistors R1= 1K, R3= 2K [Appendix A-2]
3) Add Inductor L1=100 mH[Appendix A-4]
4) Add capacitor C=0.1 uF[Appendix A-3]
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 6
FREQ = 1000

Print step = 0 ns
Final time = 8 ms
No-Print delay = 6 ms
Step ceiling = 0.001 ms
Tick the skip initial transient solution.

58
12) Using the toggle cursor [Appendix A-19], fill Table 8-3:
Table 8-3
VPP (R1)
Difference in time (X)
Phase Shift
pf (lead/lag/unity)
13) Change the value of capacitor to 0.25 uF and repeat the step 10.
14) The following wave form will be displayed in a new window:
5.0V
0V
-5.0V
6.0ms
V(L1:1)
6.2ms
V(V1:+)
6.4ms
6.6ms
6.8ms
7.0ms
7.2ms
7.4ms
7.6ms
7.8ms
8.0ms
Time
15) Using the toggle cursor [Appendix A-19], fill Table 8-4:
Table 8-4
VPP (R1)
Difference in time (X)
16) Comment on the obtained power factor.
59
Phase Shift
pf (lead/lag/unity)
Experimental Work
Equipments:
1) Function Generator
2) CRO, DMM
3) Electronic Bread Board
4) Resistor, capacitor and inductance substitution boxes.
Procedure:
Part A Power Calculations:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 8-4 with the shown values.
2) Adjust the function generator to get sine wave with 12 VPP and freq. = 1 KHz. (Note: be sure that the
function generator is adjusted to high output impedance)
3) Connect the CRO channels to measure V1 PP and VR1 PP as shown in Figure 8-4.
4) Measure VPP (R2//L1//C1) = Ch1 Ch2

5) Fill Table 8-5.
6) Using equations 1 to 6, fill Table 8-6.
Table 8-5
V1 PP
T between V1 & VR1
VR1 PP
VPP (R2//L1//C1)
Table 8-6
T
360
T
pf
PV1
QV1
PR1
(lead/lag)
60
PR2
QL1
QC1
Q1: Verify average active and reactive power balance.
Part B Power factor improvement:

1) Change the capacitor value to 0.25 uf.
2) Fill Table 8-7.
Table 8-7
Measure
V1 PP
Calculate
T
VR1 PP
between V1 & VR1
Q2: explain the effect of capacitor on the pf.
61
pf
(lead/lag/unity)
Electric Wiring & Energy

Consumption
Objectives
To be familiar with the protective devices for electric wiring.
To study the final circuit diagram
To study the calculation of customer electric energy cost.
Theory
The very nature of the grid system is such that power has to be transmitted over large distances. This
immediately creates a problem of voltage drop. To overcome this problem, a high voltage is used for
transmission (275 or 132 kV), the 275 kV system being known as the Super Grid. We cannot,
however, generate at such high voltages (the maximum in modern generators is 25 kV) and
transformers are used to step up the generated voltage to the transmission voltage. At the end of a
transmission line is a grid substation, where the requirements of the grid system in that area can be
controlled and where the transmission voltage is stepped down via a transformer to 132 kV. The
system voltage is then further reduced at substations to 33 000, 11 000 and 415/240 V.
415/240 V
275 KV
11000/415 V
275/132 KV
Figure 9-1: Kuwait Electric Energy System
62
Distribution Board (DB):

A distribution board (or panel board) is a component of an electricity supply system which divides an
electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for
each circuit, and safety protective devices, (RCD), in a common enclosure.
Figure 9-2: Distribution Board
63
Figure 9-3: DB 8-ways double busbar
Electric Fuse:
In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse (from the Latin "fusus" meaning to melt) is a type of
sacrificial over-current protection device. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. A fuse interrupts
excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Wiring
regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits.
64
Figure 9-4: Electric Fuses
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB)

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small
devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high
voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Figure 9-4: Low Voltage CB
65
Fuses compared with circuit breakers

Fuses have the advantages of often being less costly and simpler than a circuit breaker for similar
ratings. The blown fuse must be replaced with a new device which is less convenient than simply
resetting a breaker. Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure
their mechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely on
melting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operate under fault
conditions.
Earth Leakage CB and Residual Current Devices (RCD)
In non-technical terms if a person touches something, typically a metal part on faulty electrical
equipment, which is at a significant voltage relative to the earth, electrical current will flow
through him/her to the earth. The current that flows is too small to trip an electrical fuse which
could disconnect the electricity supply, but can be enough to kill. An ELCB detects even a small
current to earth (Earth Leakage) and disconnects the equipment (Circuit Breaker).
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers and Residual Current Devices are safety devices that offer that
additional protection. These two types of safety devices are used in areas that have high levels of
earth impedance. These devices have the primary purpose of reducing the risk of shock in the
event of a current flow to the earth.
Principle of operation of an RCD

Figure 8-5 illustrates the construction of an RCD. In a healthy circuit, the same current passes
through the line coil and the load, and then back through the neutral coil. Hence, the magnetic effects
of line and neutral currents cancel out. In a faulty circuit, either line-to-earth or neutral-to-earth, these
currents are no longer equal. Therefore, the out-of-balance current produces some residual
magnetism in the core. As this magnetism is alternating, it links with the turns of the search coil,
inducing an electro-motive force (EMF) in it. This EMF in turn drives a current through the trip coil,
causing operation of the tripping mechanism.
Figure 9-5: RCD Circuit
66
Lighting circuits
The loop-in system, this is the most common of all lighting circuitry and, as the name suggests,
circuit cables simply loop in and out of each lighting point figure 9-6.
Figure 9-6: Lighting Circuit
Radial socket-outlet circuits

Most domestic installations use ring final circuits to supply socket outlets, radial circuits are quite
acceptable. The recommendations for such circuits are given in table 9-1. These radial circuits are
shown in figure 9-7.
Table 9-1: Conventional Circuit Arrangements for Radial Socket outlet Circuits.
Protective
Device Size
30 A or 32 A
20 A
Protective
Device Type
any
any
Maximum
Floor Area Served
75 m 2
50 m 2
67
Cable Size
4.0 m 2
2.5 m 2
Number of
Socket Outlets
unlimited
unlimited
Figure 9-7: Radial Socket Outlet Circuit
Ring Final outlet circuits

In electricity supply, a ring final circuit or ring circuit (informally also ring main or just ring) is an
electrical wiring technique developed that provides two independent conductors for live, neutral and
protective earth (ground) within a building for each connected load or socket as shown in figures 8-8a & 8-8-b. The ring acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring. If
the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total,
allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In practice, the load does not always
split evenly, so thicker wire is used.
68
Figure 9-8-a: Ring Final Circuit
Figure 9-8-b: Ring Final Circuit
69
Power Consumption
Consumers pay for the electrical energy they consume and NOT for the power. As before, the energy
is related to the power by:
Energy = Power x Time
(1)
Example 1: Consider a 1200 W hairdryer. How much does it cost per month if you use it every day
for 15 minutes? The KWh in Kuwait costs 2 fils to the consumer and approximately 20
fils to the government.
Solution: We want the number of KW times the number of hours to find the energy in KWh. The
total time per month is about 15 min/day x 30 days/month = 450 min/month. = 450/60 =
7.5 h/month. So the energy used is 1.2 KW x 7.5 h = 9 KWh. Then, the cost is 180 fils.
Example 2: A refrigerator rated at 1000 W operates one third of time. What does it cost per month?
Assume 2 fils/KWh.
Solution: 1000 W = 1 KW. The number of hours that the fridge is running is 1/3 x 24 h/day x 30
days= 240 h. So. Cost = 1 KW x 240 h x 2 fils/KWh = 490 fils.
Sample of Warning Labels
70
Questions:
Q1: What is the function of electric fuse?
Q2: What is the function of circuit breaker?
Q3: What is the function of earth leakage circuit breaker?
Q4: A typical house contains air condition, clothes dryer, range, refrigerator, lighting and other
appliances. Complete table 9-1, given that cost for KWh is 4 fils. Calculate the bill of the house
for July.
Table 9-1 House Consumption in July
Item
Consumption
Consumption
Total
(KW)
Duration (h)
Consumption/Month
Air Condition
10
24
Clothes Dryer
Range
0.8
Refrigerator
0.5
24
Lighting
0.7
12
Total
71
Cost

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Kuwait University

College of Engineering & Petroleum

Designed & Edited By

Eng. Mohamed Tawfik

Dr. Mishal Al-Gharabally

Second Midterm is considered as Final Exam

Absent students for 3 out of 10 labs or more will get FA.

Absence of any practical tests = FA

Familiarization, and Ohm's Law

To be familiar with the laboratory equipment and components.

Verification of Ohms law.

Series and parallel circuits.

Part I : Lab equipment and components:

Figure 1-1: DC power supply sample

Function Generator (FG):

Figure 1-2: Function Generator

Resistor Substitution Box

4-band Color Code

Figure 1-4: 4-band color code table

5-band Color Code

Figure 1-5: 5-band color code table

R = 02 x 105 + 10% = 200 K + 10%

R = 330 x 101 + 0.1% = 3.3 K + 0.1%

Figure 1-7: Inductance substitution box

Figure 1-8: Capacitance substitution box

Digital Multi-Meter (DMM):

Figure 1-9: DMM sample

Digital Oscilloscope (CRO):

Figure 1-10: CRO Sample

Figure 1-11: Bread Board Sample

Part II : Ohms's Law:

Relationship Between V & I (slope=1/R)

Part III : Series & Parallel Circuits:

Figure 1-13: Series and Parallel Connections

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-14 by the following steps:

Figure 1-14: Circuit Diagram

1) Start PSpice [Appendix A-1]

8) Simulate the circuit [Appendix A-13]

10) Calculate the line slope =

and compare it with the theoretical value.

1) Start PSpice [Appendix A-1]

1) Start PSpice [Appendix A-1]

Figure 1-16: Circuit Diagram

Q3: What are the error sources in Q2?

Part II: Parallel and Series Circuits:

Figure 1-17: Circuit Diagram

Q4: Calculate RAB1 and RAB2 theoretically.

KVL, KCL, and equivalent circuit resistance

Verification of KVL and KCL.

Simulating the DC circuits using PSpice.

Measuring and calculating the equivalent resistance of different circuits.

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Figure 2-1: KVL example

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Figure 2-2: KCL example

Parallel and Series Circuit Connections

Figure 2-3: Series-Parallel Connections

Delta to Wye Conversion

Delta to Why conversion (given Ra, Rb, Rc)

Why to Delta conversion (given R1, R2, R3)

Figure 2-4: Delta

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2-5 by the following steps:

Figure 2-5: Circuit Diagram