ME302: Materials Mechanics

Fall 2015
Lecture 6
Chap. 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials (3)
Chap. 4 Axial Load (1)
Jaeyun Moon, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Creep and Fatigue (3.8)

(1) Creep : a time-dependent permanent deformation
at elevated temperature and constant stress

the rate of creep is determined by temperature and constant stress

-t diagram
A curve of stress vs. time (up to 1000hrs)
How to determine Creep Strength

Creep strength
c=20ksi

the maximum stress that the material can

withstand during a specified time without
exceeding an allowable creep strain.
Affected by temperature, duration of
loading
Allowable creep strain
- 0.1%/year for steel in bolts and piping

If a metal bar is loaded to just below its yield strength at room temperature..
- no plastic deformation
If a metal bar is loaded to just below its yield strength at 1500oF..
- a small amount of deformation will occur at first (Stage I)
- the metal bar start to stretch very slowly (Stage II)
- it will finally break into two after certain time period (Stage III)

Creep Failure & Collapse of World Trade Center

A destructive fire caused by the aircraft fuel
spilled into the structure

the steel of the columns to be exposed to

sustained temperature >800oC

What happened for 60-100mins

after planes hit the buildings??

A loss of the protective thermal insulation of

steel during the initial blast
A decrease of yield strength of structural
steel and significant deformation(creep)
Creep buckling of columns

Bazant, Z. P. & Zhou, Y. Why did the World Trade Center collapse? - Simple analysis. J Eng Mech-Asce 128, 2-6 (2002).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center

(2) Fatigue : Repeated cycles of stress or strain cause structures fracture.

Fatigue failure
With cyclic loading, fracture will occur at a stress that is less
the materials yield stress.
Brittle behavior

Fatigue fracture surface of the broken

stub of the secondary shaft

Minute cracks stress concentration at tip region

propagation failure

crack

Bridge

Engine
Crankshaft

S-N diagram (stress-cycle diagram)

Endurance or Fatigue Limit: a limiting stress below which no failure(or cracks) occurs after applying
a load for a specified number of cycles.

Steel and titanium alloy have a distinct limit

ex) for steel, (Sel)st = 27ksi
Aluminum and copper do not have a distinct
limit
Choose a strength at 500 million (x106) cycles
Ex) for aluminum, (Sel)al = 19ksi

Average Properties of Common Engineering Materials

Example 3.5
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear stress-strain diagram is shown in Fig. 325a. Determine the shear modulus G, the proportional limit, and the ultimate shear stress. Also,
determine the maximum distance d that the top of a block of this materials, shown in Fig. 3-25b, could
be displaced horizontally if the materials behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear force V. What
is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this displacement?

Example 3.6
An aluminum specimen shown in Fig. 3-26 has a diameter of 0 =25mm and a gauge length of 0 =250mm.
If a force of 165kN elongates the gauge length 1.20mm, determine the modulus of elasticity. Also,
determine by how much the force causes the diameter of the specimen to contract. Take =26GPa and
=440MPa.

Summary : Chap 1 & Chap 2

: Normal stress

(1) Stress: Normal stress, Shear stress

Normal stress

: Shear stress

Shear stress

(2) Strain: Normal strain, Shear strain

Normal strain
l : the new length
l : the original length

Small angle approximation

Shear strain
: the new angle

Summary : Chap 3
Stress-Strain Diagram for ductile materials

pl: the proportional limit stress

Y: the yield stress or yield point
u: the ultimate stress
= the maximum stress
f: the fracture stress

For a mild steel,

Ductility
=
For a mild steel,

0
(100%)
0

=0.38

=
For a mild steel,

38%
0
(100%)
0

60%

Brittle Materials

Little or no yielding before failure.

 Hookes Law

Linear relationship
between

E: the modulus of elasticity

Youngs modulus
: strain
: stress

Stain Hardening

(3)
(4)

After strain hardening

Higher yield point A A

A greater elastic region (1) (2)

A smaller plastic region (3) (4)

(1)

(2)

Larger percent of cold work causes that

strength increases
ductility decreases

 Strain Energy : the external work is stored in the material as internal energy
Strain-energy density
Strain-energy density
(linear elastic materials)
=

Modulus of Resilience
: the strain-energy density, when the stress reaches the
proportional limit.

Modulus of Toughness
: the entire area under the stress-strain diagram
= the maximum amount of strain energy that the
material can absorb before it fractures

E: Youngs modulus
: stress

1) The modulus of elasticity E is a measure of the linear relationship

between stress and strain. The common unit is:
a)

kN/mm2

b)

MPa

c)

GPa

d)

All of them

Pa=N/m2
(a)

1000
= 6 2 = 1 /2 = 1
2

10

2) An aluminum rod, shown in (a), has a circular cross section and is

subjected to an axial load of 10kN. If a portion of the stress-strain
diagram is shown in (b), determine the elastic behavior or plastic
behavior for section AB and section BC.

Section AB

Section BC

(a)

plastic

plastic

(b)

elastic

elastic

(c)

elastic

plastic

(d)

plastic

elastic

Cross sectional area

= 0.25 20

= 314.62

= 0.25 15

= 176.712

Stress

10
=
=
= 31.83
314.62

< 40MPa, elastic region

10
=
= 56.59
176.712

> 40MPa, plastic region

Chap4. Axial Load

Chapter Objectives
Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded member
Apply the principle of superposition for total effect of different loading cases
Deal with compatibility conditions
Use force method of analysis.

Saint-Venants Principle (4.1)

Saint-Venants Principle
The stresses and strains in a body at points that are sufficiently remote from points of application of
load depends only on the static resultant of the loads and not on the distribution of loads. .

(1) Stress concentration at point load

(2) Stress concentration around hole

(3) Stress concentration around abrupt change in cross-section

[Image courtesy] http://coefs.uncc.edu/mwhelan3/files/2010/10/ICD_Saint_Venant1.pdf

section a-a

Localized deformation that

occurs at each end tends to even
out and become uniform
throughout the midsection of the
bar.

The minimum distance from the

bars end to sufficiently remove
the localized deformation should
be at least be equal to the largest
dimension of the loaded cross
section. (the width, not the
thickness)

section b-b

section c-c

Consider the rectangular shaped

bar which deforms elastically.

Saint-Venants Principle
sections a-a, b-b : the localized deformation
section c-c: the uniform deformation

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member(4.2)

How to determine the elastic displacement(deformation or elongation) of a
member subjected to axial loads.

=displacement of bar
L=original length of bar
P=internal axial force
A=constant cross-sectional area of the bar
E=modulus of elasticity for the material

Derivation

For a general case,

()
=
()

the elongation

the original length

the stress-strain is in the elastic region: the Hookes law

= ()

()

= ()
()

Lets plug into

()
=
()()

=
0

()
()()

=displacement of one point on the bar relative to the other point

L=original length of bar
P(x)=internal axial force at the section, located a distance x from one end
A(x)=cross-sectional area of the bar expressed as a function of x
E(x)=modulus of elasticity for the material expressed as a function of x

For a Constant Load and Cross-sectional Area case,

=displacement of bar
L=original length of bar
P=internal axial force
A=constant cross-sectional area of the bar
E=modulus of elasticity for the material

For a bar which is subjected to several different axial forces,

=

 Sign Convention
Tension/elongation: + (positive)
Compression/contraction: -(negative)
Example

Normal force diagram

/ =

: the summation of the relative

displacements of the ends of
each segment

(5) (3) (7)

=
+
+

Example 4.1

The assembly shown in Fig. 4-6a consists of an aluminum tube AB having a crosssectional area of 400mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10mm is attached to a
rigid collar and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80kN is applied to the
rod, determine the displacement of the end C of the rod. Take Est=200GPa,
Eal=70GPa.