By: Maria Nazarethe S.

Alganion, RN
What is the difference between
Anatomy & Physiology?

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 Anatomy
• The study of the structure and
shape of the body and parts and
their relationship with one
another.
• Gross anatomy
– Studying easily observable
structures
• Microscopic anatomy

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 Physiology
• The study of how the body
and its parts work or function.

• Neurophysiology
• Cardiac Physiology

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 Levels of Structural Organization
• Atoms
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
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 Organ Systems
• Integumentary system

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 Integumentary system
• External covering in the body
• Waterproofs the body
• Protects and cushions tissues from injury
• Excrete salt and urea
• Helps regulate temperature

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 Organ Systems
• Skeletal system

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 Skeletal system
• Framework
• Support & Protection
• Hematopoiesis
• Storehouse for minerals

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 Organ Systems

• Muscular system

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 Muscular System
• Contracts
• Allows movement

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 Organ Systems
• Nervous system

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 Nervous System
• Fast acting control system
• Mastermind

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 Organ Systems
• Endocrine system

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 Endocrine System
• Slower acting control system
• Produce hormones

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 Organ Systems
• Cardiovascular system

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 Cardiovascular System
• Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and
other substances to and from the cells

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 Organ Systems
• Lymphatic system

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 Lymphatic System
• Returns fluid leaked from the blood to the
blood vessels so that blood can be kept
circulating through the body.

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 Organ Systems
• Respiratory system

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 Respiratory System
• Keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen
• Remove CO2

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 Organ Systems
• Digestive System

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 Digestive System
• Tube from mouth to anus
• Breakdown food and deliver the products to
the blood fro dispersal to body cells

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 Organ Systems
• Urinary System

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 Urinary System
• Removes nitrogen containing waste from the
blood and flushes them from the body in
urine.

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 Organ Systems

• Reproductive System

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 Reproductive System
• “Go forth and multiply”
• For survival of the species

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 Homeostasis
• The body’s ability maintain a relatively stable
internal conditions even though the outside
world is consciously changing.

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 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Receptor
– Determines the level at which a variable is to be
maintained, analyzes the information it receives
and then determines the appropriate response

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 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Control Center
– A sensor that monitors and respond to changes in
the environment

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 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Effector
– Provides the means for the control center’s
response to the stimulus

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

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 Positive Feedback Mechanism
• Increase the original stimulus and to push the
variable farther from its original value

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Give an example of a positive feedback
mechanism?

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 Anatomy Language
• Directions: Try to identify the anatomical
location of using the Anatomical Terms.

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 Fingers
• Digital

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 Nose
• Nasal

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 Navel
• Umbilical

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 Breastbone
• Sternal

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 Armpit
• Axillary

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 Arm
• Brachial

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 Cheek
• Buccal

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 Hands
• Carpal

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 Eyes
• Orbital

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 Chest
• Thoracic

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 Posterior surface of the head
• Occipital

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 Posterior knee area
• Popliteal

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 Shoulder blade
• Scapular

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 Calf
• Sural

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 Spine
• Vertebral

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 Anterior surface of elbow
• Antecubital

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 Neck region
• Cervical

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 Thigh
• Femoral

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 Area where thigh meets body trunk
• Inguinal

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 Anterior knee
• Patellar

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 Lateral part of the leg
• Peroneal

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 Genital region
• Pubic

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 Ankle region
• Tarsal

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 Posterior knee area
• Popliteal

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 Body Cavities
• Contains few large internal spaces or cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
• Ventral Cavity
 Regions of the Abdomen
• Epigastric
• Umbilical
• Hypogastric
• Right hypochondriac
• Left hypochondriac
• Right lumbar region
• Left Lumbar region
• Right iliac region
• Left Iliac region
 Four Abdominal Quadrants
• RUQ
• LUQ
• RLQ
• LLQ
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 The Cells
Cellular Basis of Life
 Cell
• Basic unit of life
• Started about 350 years ago when Anton van
Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
 Structure of the Cell
• Cell membrane/Plasma Membrane
– Have proteins that act as receptors
– Acts as carriers
• Cytoplasm
– Fills the cells and holds the cell contents
 The Organelles
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Mitochondria
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes
• Golgi Apparatus
Name Description Function
Cell Membrane Outer layer of the cell; Limits the cell
composed mainly of lipids and Regulates what enters and
proteins leaves the cell
Cytoplasm Colloidal suspension that fills Hold cell contents
the cell
Nucleus Large, dark staining body near Contains the chromosomes
the center of the cell with the genes
Composed of DNA and proteins
Nucleolus Small body in the nucleus Needed for protein
Composed of RNA, DNA and manufacture
protein
Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes in the For storage & transport
cytoplasm Holds ribosomes

Ribosomes Small bodies attached to ER Manufacture proteins

Composed of RNA and protein
Name Description Function
Mitochondria Large organelles with Convert energy from
folded membranes inside nutrients into ATP

Golgi Apparatus Layers of membranes Put together special

substances such as mucus
Lysosomes Small sacs of digestive Digest substances within
enzymes the cell
Centrioles Rod-shaped bodies (usually Help separate the
2) near the nucleus chromosome in cell
division
Cilia Short, hairlike projections Create movement around
from the cell the cell

Flagellum Long, whiplike extension Moves the cell

from the cell
 Cell Functions
• Protein synthesis
– DNA
– RNA

Other Functions:
Cell Division
DNA
RNA
 Cell Division
• Mitosis
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
 Movement of Cells
• Diffusion
– Constant movement of molecules from a region of
a relatively higher concentration to one of lower
concentration
 Movement of Cells
• Osmosis
– Water moves rapidly through a cell membrane
– Diffusion of water through a semipermeable
membrane
 Movement of Cells
• Filtration
– Passage of water containing dissolved materials
through a membrane as a result of mechanical
(“pushing”) force on one side
 Movement of Cells
• Active Transport
– Movement into and out of cell with a carrier
– It allows cell to take in what it needs from the
surrounding fluids and to release materials from
the cell
 Movement of Cells
• Phagocytosis
– Engulfing of relatively large particles by the cell
membrane and the movement of these particles
into the cell
 Movement of Cells
• Pinocytosis
– Droplets of fluid are engulfed by the cell
membrane
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