VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
BACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE
ENGINEERING: CHEMICAL
Subject

Heat and Mass Transfer IV

Subject code

080507503

Date

November 2007

Time

3 Hours

Examiner
Moderator

Dr PO Osifo
Mr D. Gina

MARKS:
Total marks

145

Full marks

130

REQUIREMENTS:
Calculators
INSTRUCTIONS:
1.
Answer all the questions
2.
Start each question on a new page

The question paper consists of cover page, 4 typed pages, and the formula
sheet of 8 pages

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE BEFORE PERMISSION IS GRANTED

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

QUESTION 1
1.1.

[30]

A very long, wide sheet of plastic 4 mm thick and initially at 20 C is

suddenly exposed on both sides to an atmosphere of steam at 102 C.
(a) If there is a negligible thermal resistance between the steam and
surface of the plastic, how long will it take for the temperature at the
centerline of the sheet to change significantly (by one 1%)? (b) What
would be the bulk average temperature of the plastic at this time?
For the plastic, k = 0.138 W/m.C, and a = 0.00035 m2/h'

1.2.

[15]

Define the meaning of biot number in heat transfer, for a slab the Biot
number is
k
For a slab 2.8 mm thick in size and originally at 78 C is cooled by using
air whose temperature is at 30 C. The density of the solid is 1,200
kg/m3, the thermal conductivity is 0.14 W/m-C, and the specific heat is
1800 J/kg-C. The external heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2.C. (b)
How long will it take for the average solid temperature to reach 40 C?
(c) What fraction of the resistance to heat transfer is in external film?
[15]

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

Question 2

[20]

Kerosene is heated by hot water in a shell and tube heater. The kerosene is
inside the tube, and the water is outside. The flow is countercurrent.

The

average temperature of the kerosene is 43 C and the average linear velocity

is 2.4 m/s. The properties of the kerosene at 43 C are: specific gravity, 0.805;
viscosity, 1.5 cP; specific heat, 2.020 J/g-C; and thermal conductivity, 0.1514
W/m-C. The tubes are low-carbon steel with 16.7 mm ID and 20 mm OD, and
ks = 45 W/m-C. The heat transfer coefficient on the shell side is 1702 W/m-C.
Calculate the overall transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tube.

Question 3

[25]

A vertical tubular condenser is used to condense 2,100 Kg/h of ethyl alcohol,

which enters at 1 atmosphere. Cooling water is to flow through the tubes at an
average temperature of 30 C. The tubes are 30 mm OD and 27 mm ID. The
tube water side coefficient is 2,800 W/m2-C.

Fouling factors and the

resistance of the wall may be neglected. If the available tubes are 3 m long,
many tubes will be needed? Data are as follows:
Alcohol
Boiling point of alcohol:

T = 78.4 C

Heat of vaporization:

A. = 856 J/g

Density of liquid alcohol:

p = 769 kg/m3

/cf = 0.182W/m-C
uf = 0.85 cP
Cp = 2.64 J/g-C
Water:
ki= 0.182 W/m-C
uf = 0.70cP

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination November 2007

Question 4

[40]

Crude oil at the rate of 150, 000 kg/h is to be heated from 20 to 57 C by heat
exchange with the bottom product from a distillation column unit. The product
at 129,000kg/h is to be cooled from 146 to 107 C. There is available a tubular
heat exchanger with steel tubes with an inside shell diameter of 590.6 mm
having one pass on the shell side and two passes on the tube side. It has 324
tubes, 19.05 mm OD and 14.83 ID BWG14, 3.7 m long arranged on a 25.4
mm-square pitch and supported by baffles with a 25 percent cut, spaced at
228.6 mm interval.

Would the exchanger be suitable; that is, what the

allowable fouling factor? The average properties of the fluid are given in Table
Q4. For metal k = 45 W/m-C
Table Q4: Fluid properties
Properties

Product outside tube

Crude, inside tube

Cp, J/g-C

2.20

1.99

5.2

2.9

867

825

0.119

0.137

M, cP
p, kg/m

K, W/m-C

Question 5
5.1.

[30]

Show that one-way molecular diffusion for component A is greater than

counter flow diffusion involving component A and B by a factor

(\-y)L
when the total molar flux is: NA=(NA+NB) D
D ^CT
v dx
5.2.

[15]

The diffusion coefficient for vapors in air can be determined by

measuring the rate of evaporation of a liquid from a vertical glass tube. For
a tube 0.2 cm in diameter filled with n-heptane at 21 C, calculate the
expected rate of decrease of the liquid level when the meniscus is 1 cm
from the top based on the published diffusivity of 0.071 cm2/s. At 21 C the
vapor pressure and density of n-heptane are 0.050 atm and 0.66 g/cm3,
respectively. Mw of n-heptane = 100.2 g-mol/g.

[15]

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

CORRELLATIONS SHEET
Transient Conduction
Average temperature
, 1 Oc
9

"I

+ 0.131e

-r
T
1

-T
s

Slab Fo atT/s2

25

-3O.5Fn

Cylinder Fo <xtTlr'n

+0.13 le~39JSF-

Sphere

T.-T.

1.0
0.9

Slab [Eq: (10.20)]

Cylinder [Eq. (10.2111
Sphere [Eq. (10.22)

f\
\

0.6
n ^
0.4

\\

VV

0.3

\\
\

\
\
\

I
0.1
- n no
0.08

\
\
^

-\

- \

n r\7

0.06

A_
\
\

n C\A

r\ r\n

0.01

\\

\
\
\

V
\
\\

\
\

\
\

\\
1
i
\

Figure 1: Average temperature during unsteady state heating or cooling of a large

slab, or an infinitely long cylinder or a sphere

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

At low Biot numbers

Tf-Tb =
Tf-Ta~

3U-t
p-Cp-r

Tf-Tb

2U-t

Tf-Ta

p-Cp-r

In

Spheres, U~h

Long cylinder, U~h

U-t

Tf-Ta

1.0
0.8
0.6

Vs
\
\

0.4

0.06
0.04

\
Vr
\\\\ s- \
\ \
\

0.02

0.01

0.5

0 1

0.08

Sfi

\\
\ \
\
\
\
Ak k

0.2

Flat plate, U~h

p.Cp-S

N.

s1

hr

8; ~

\ 5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1:2

1.4

at

Figure 2: Change with time of the average temperature of a sphere, with external
resistance

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

Unsteady state heating or cooling of semi-infinite solid.

1 .\J

FIGURE
Unsteady-state heating or cooling of
semi-infinite solid.

/
/

0.5

/
/
/
/
/
.0! 0

1.0

2.0

z=: Z = x/2y/af, dimensionless

ra = thermal diffusivity
fc~x = distance from surface
i = time after change in surface temperature, h

Figure 3: Unsteady state heating or cooling of semi-infinite solid.

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

Forced Convection Internal flow

Nu = 4,36
Nu = 3,66

Laminar, constant q, Gz < 20

Laminar, constant Twan, Gz < 20
/

NO.14

Laminar, constant Twau, Gz > 20

Nu = 0,023 -Re^-Pr
^-Pr"

Turbulent,

n = 0,4 for TvaU > Tt

n = 0,3 for Twal!<Tj

or
>0,14

= 0,023

Turbulent, L/D> 10

Forced Convection - External flow

200

<

-;

**

0.8

0.6 | ^M-f
0.4
0.3
0.1

1.0

TO

10 2

10 3

10"

10 5

Figure 4: Heat transfer to air flowing normal to a single tube

Nu = Pr 0 ' 3 (o,35 + 0,56i?e0>52)

Liquid cross-flow over single cylinder

Nu = 2,0 + 0,60 ite0-50 Prm

Flow over single sphere

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

Natural Convection
Nu = b-{Gr-Pr)n
System

Range of GrxPr

Horizontal cylinder

4-1012

0.52

0,25

Vertical plates/walls and cylinders

10 4 -10 9

0,59

0,25

Horizontal plates/walls
Heated, facing upward or
Cooled, facing downward

105-2xl07
2 x l 0 7 - 1010

0,54
0,14

0,25
0.333

Cooled, facing upward or

Heated, facing downward

3xl0 5 -10 1 0

0,27

0,25

Where, for cylinders:

And, for plates/walls:

Gr =
Gr = L ' p 'P'
M

For Gases B - , and for liquids: B = ^

T
p(T2-T2)
Effect of natural convection on laminar flow in tubes:
_ 2,25-(l + 0,010-Gr m )
\og(Re)

when

Gr-Pr>3000
L

Condensation

Figure 5: Film coefficient for condensation on vertical tubes

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

,0,25

h = 0,729

Horizontal tube

Boilin
-il/4

,1/4

24

^ (pL

Film boiling on horizontal tube:

,0,25

6=

vPv

0,59 + 0 , 0 6 9 - - ^

where: A'=A-| 1 +

'

0,34-CP-ArV

,1/2

Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers

T -T
T T
1
ca . 7 _1ha l hb
, /-i

_ 1cb

Ills

ha~Ica

cb~1ca

Figure 6: Correction ofLMTDfor 1-2, 1-4, 1-6 and 1-8 heat exchangers

10

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

O.T

0.2

0:3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure 7: Correction ofLMTDfor 2-4, 2-6 and 2-8 heat exchangers

\. 14

r
06

Nu = 0,2-Re '

Shell-side heat transfer coefficient

Mwall

Cross-flow Exchangers

Nu = 0,287 ReM Pr0-33 Fa

Shell-side heat transfer coefficient

where, values for Fa

P/Dn

1,25
1,5
2,0

Re = 2000
0,85
0,94
0,95

Re = 8000
0,92
0,90
0,85

Re = 20 000
1,03
1,06
1,05

Re = 40 000
1,02
1,04
1,0

Plate-type Exchangers

Nu = 0,37- Re0-67 -Pr0-33

11

Heat & Mass Transfer IV - Main Examination - November 2007

Mass-transfer Correllations
Flow inside pipes
\0,14
,\l/3

Sh = 1,62-(Gz'J

Laminar
s. Mwatl

,
Gz =

K
D
=ReSc
DvLp
4
L

Sh = 0,023-ReOM-ScOM
9n

0 346

Sh = 0,0096-Re- -Sc -

Turbulent, Sc < 430

Turbulent, So 430

0.1
^ ^ Mass transfer
Heat transfer

..I

0.01

0 001
10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

Re = D p G / ^

Figure 8: Heat and mass transfer, flow past single cylinders

jM =

Sh
Re-Sc 1/3

Other:
Sh = 1,28 Re-S Sc0-33
0 5

Flow normal to tube bundle

0 33

Sh = 2,0+ 0,6-Re - -Sc S 5

0 33

Sh = l,\7-Re- * -Sc -

Flow past single sphere

Mass transfer in packed bed

12