HUMAN SETTLEMENT

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND

PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT IV
PROGRAM B.ARCH
BATCH 2013-2018

DUSHYANT SINGH
A1904013152
SECTION- C
SEMESTER - V

Q2. Explain the theories given by Patrick Geddes?

Answer: Patrick Geddes on planning ideals :
Our whole life is governed by ideals, good and bad, whether
we know it or not. North, south, east and west are only
ideals of direction: you will never absolutely get there; yet
you can never get anywhere, save indeed straight down into
a hole, without them. Patrick Geddes.
Planning Philosophies
HE HAD THE CONCEPT OF SURVEY BEFORE THE PLAN

The concept of Place, Work and Folk Diagnostic Survey

and Conservative Surgery
The Outlook Tower and Public Participation in planning
Section Principles
Classification of settlements and emphasis of regional
planning of view in planning.

The Concept of Place, Work and

Folk
1. Termed as Geddesian Trad
2. An outcome of Geddes visit to
India in 1915
3. There should be a relationship
between the three fundamentalsPlace, Work
and FolkSurvey
otherwise
the whole Surgery
Diagnostic
& Conservative
Diagnostic Survey: City Planning must constantly keep in view the
whole city old and new alike in all its aspects and at all its levels
and then the problem of city planning is to improve the situation
by turning its difficulties into opportunities. Town Planning and
City Design are not a new science but the recovery of the life and
thought that is related to our civilization.
Conservative Surgery: It is more or less a renewal process than a
removal from places. It brings out different and encouraging
results with a far less financial outlay. It demands long and
patient study. While preparing general design for the

improvement of areas it may be done with or without reference

to the old town but should be either regular and formal or
individual and informal and the latter is to be encouraged
especially for old towns. e.g. Madurai and Balrampur.

The Valley Section Principles

1 The geographical features, the contour and relief
are associated with the primitive occupation of
man.
2 Accordingly the miner, the woodman, and hunter
on the heights, the shepherd on the grassy slopes,
the poor peasant on the lower slopes, the rich
peasant on the plain and finally the fisherman at
sea coast.
3 They are not only controlled geographically but
also conditioned by their environment and
occupation which is manifested in their
settlements.
4 The violation of these principles will not only result
in daily economic waste but also end in aesthetic
ruin.

The Outlook Tower and Public Participation in Planning

1 A tall old building high on the ridge of old
Edinburgh overlooking the city and the surrounding
regions.
2 The topmost storey allotted for visitors and artists
and children to have a broader outlook of the city
and acted as an open air gallery.
3 The storeys below allotted for sciences starting
from Geography, Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology,
Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, History, Economics
and so on.

4 The storeys further below having city maps, survey

data pertaining to the place continued till the
ground floor which consisted exhibition on the
oriental civilization and general study of man.
CONURBATIONS THEORY
The term "conurbation" was coined in 1915
by Patrick Geddes in his book Cities In Evolution.
Internationally, the term "urban agglomeration" is
often used to convey a similar meaning to
"conurbation".
He drew attention to the ability of the (then) new
technology of electric power and motorised
transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate
together, and gave as examples "Midland ton" in
England, the Ruhr in Germany, Ramstad in
the Netherlands, New York-Boston in the United
States, the Greater Tokyo Area and Taiheiy Belt in
Japan and NCR of Delhi in India.
A conurbation is a region comprising a number
of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban and
industrially developed area.
Examples
The waves of population inflow to large
cities, followed by overcrowding and slum
formation, and then the wave backflow
the whole process resulting in amorphous
sprawl,
waste and unnecessary
NEW YORK
obsolescence.
The expansive concept of the New
York metropolitan area (the Tri-State
Region) centred on New York City,
including 30 counties spread
between New York State, New
Jersey, Connecticut,
and Pennsylvania.

CONSTELLATION THEORY

The map, prominent cities in Maharashtra are

shown to be connected forming a
CONSTELLATION shape.
This CONSTELLATION THEORY was also coined
by Sir Patrick Geddes , 4 or more cities, which
are not economically, politically, socially equal
come together in developing a whole region
This theory is mostly used for administrative
purpose in all countries worldwide.
Such theory is most prominently used because
planning cities in a particular shape pattern is
not possible in Todays times.
Q1. Explain the following theories
A) Concentric City
B) Sectorial city
C) Multi Nucleated City
Answer: Three key theories

E.W. BurgessConcentric Zone

HoytSector Model
Harris and UllmanMultiple Nuclei

A Concentric Zone Theories

Explained by E.W. Burgess (1925)
Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of
rings.
Correlation between the distance from the CBD and the
wealth of the inhabited area; wealthier families tended

to live much further away from the Central Business

District
Burgess's work is based on the bid rent curve.

Five Concentric Zones

Central Business Distric

Transition and Industry
low incomes, oldest housing, Ghettos
Low Income Residential
Middle Income Residential
Suburban estates- good quality, gardens
High Income Residential / Commuter

Assumptions

Older buildings in city centre

Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city
centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

This map shows the footprint of every

building in Chicago color-coded by the
period in which the structure was built, a
pattern of concentric zones is quite
strikingly apparent.

Criticism

It describes the peculiar American geography, where the

inner city is poor while suburbs are wealthy
It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging
landscape, doesnt consider topography and physical
feature
Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter
zone but located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing
industry, and entertainment

Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive

property can be found in 'low class' housing areas
It does not address local urban politics and forces of
globalization
The model does not fit polycentric cities, for example NCR

B) Hoyt Sector Model

Sectors radiating out from the CBD

Cities would tend to grow in wedge-shaped patterns, or
sectors along transportation routes
Higher levels of access translate to higher land values- For
eg. Low income residential along sub urban rail road, where
as manufacturing activity along highway
In many respects, Hoyt's sector model is simply a concentric
zone model modified to account for the impact of
transportation systems on accessibility.

Criticism

Doesnt consider mixed use development

The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land use
It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging
landscape, doesnt consider topography and physical
feature
Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter
zone but located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing
and
industry,
Explained
byentertainment
Harris and Ullman
Urban
regeneration
and gentrification - more expensive
(1945)
can
be grows,
found in
class' housing areas
property
an urban
area
it 'low
develops
It around
does not
address of
local
urban politics and forces of
a number
different
globalization
business centres or nuclei
The
model
doesacts
not as
fit a
polycentric
cities, for example NCR
Each
nucleus
growth
point

Multiple
Nuclei
Model
Growth
occurs
outwards from

each nucleus, until they all

merge into one large urban area
refinement of first two, but
incorporates outlying shopping
malls, industrial areas and large
residential suburbs