Methodology

This article is about research methods. For software for methodology.[6] An algorithm, like a paradigm, is also
engineering frameworks, see Software development a type of constructive framework, meaning that the conmethodology.
struction is a logical, rather than a physical, array of connected elements.
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of
the methods applied to a eld of study. It comprises the
theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles
associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model,
phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques.[1]

Any description of a means of calculation of a specic

result is always a description of a method and never a
description of a methodology. It is thus important to
avoid using methodology as a synonym for method or
body of methods. Doing this shifts it away from its true
epistemological meaning and reduces it to being the procedure itself, or the set of tools, or the instruments that
should have been its outcome. A methodology is the
design process for carrying out research or the development of a procedure and is not in itself an instrument, or
method, or procedure for doing things.

A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is,

therefore, not the same as a method. Instead, a methodology oers the theoretical underpinning for understanding
which method, set of methods, or so-called best practices can be applied to specic case, for example, to calculating a specic result.
Methodology and method are not interchangeable. In recent years however, there has been a tendency to use
It has been dened also as follows:
methodology as a pretentious substitute for the word
method".[7] Using methodology as a synonym for method
1. the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and or set of methods leads to confusion and misinterpretapostulates employed by a discipline";[2]
tion and undermines the proper analysis that should go
into designing research.[7]
2. the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or
have been applied within a discipline";[2]

2 See also

3. the study or description of methods.[3]

Art methodology

Relationship among methodology, theory, paradigm, algorithm

and method

Interdisciplinarity

3 References

The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken and,
among other things, identies the methods to be used in
it. These methods, described in the methodology, dene
the means or modes of data collection or, sometimes, how
a specic result is to be calculated.[4] Methodology does
not dene specic methods, even though much attention
is given to the nature and kinds of processes to be followed in a particular procedure or to attain an objective.

[1] Irny, S.I. and Rose, A.A. (2005) Designing a Strategic Information Systems Planning Methodology for Malaysian
Institutes of Higher Learning (isp- ipta), Issues in Information System, Volume VI, No. 1, 2005.
[2] Methodology Usage Notes, entry at MerriamWebster
[3] Baskerville, R. (1991). Risk Analysis as a Source of Professional Knowledge. Computers & Security 10 (8): 749
764.

When proper to a study of methodology, such processes

constitute a constructive generic framework, and may
therefore be broken down into sub-processes, combined,
or their sequence changed.[5]

[4] Howell, K. E. (2013) Introduction to the Philosophy of

Methodology. London: Sage Publications
[5] Katsicas, Sokratis K. (2009,20090). Chapter 35. In
Vacca, John. Computer and Information Security Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann Publications. Elsevier Inc. p.
605. ISBN 978-0-12-374354-1. Check date values in:
|date= (help)

A paradigm is similar to a methodology in that it is also

a constructive framework. In theoretical work, the development of paradigms satises most or all of the criteria
1

[6] See, for example, Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientic Revolutions (University of Chicago, 1970, 2nd ed.)
[7] misuse of the word Methodology in technical contexts

Further reading
Berg, Bruce L., 2009, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Seventh Edition. Boston
MA: Pearson Education Inc.
Creswell, J. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research
design: Choosing among ve traditions. Thousand
Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Franklin, M.I. (2012). Understanding Research:
Coping with the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide.
London and New York: Routledge.
Guba, E. and Lincoln, Y. (1989). Fourth Generation
Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Herrman, C. S. (2009). Fundamentals of Methodology, a series of papers On the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN), online.
Howell, K. E. (2013) Introduction to the Philosophy
of Methodology. London: Sage Publications.
Ndira, E. Alana, Slater, T. and Bucknam, A. (2011).
Action Research for Business, Nonprot, and Public
Administration - A Tool for Complex Times . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Joubish, Farooq Dr. (2009). Educational Research
Department of Education, Federal Urdu University,
Karachi, Pakistan
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Silverman, David (Ed). (2011). Qualitative Research: Issues of Theory, Method and Practice,
Third Edition. London, Thousand Oaks, New
Delhi, Singapore: Sage Publications
Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014. Handbook of Research Methods in
Military Studies New York: Routledge.
Websters New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, Unabridged, W. A.
Neilson, T. A. Knott, P. W. Carhart (eds.), G. & C.
Merriam Company, Springeld, MA, 1950.

EXTERNAL LINKS

5 External links
Usage note on the word Methodology
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
by John P. A. Ioannidis

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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