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MS5019 FEM
MS5019 FEM
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y
x
Figure 5-2 A plate under in-plane loading
The plane stress condition dictates that the stress component in the zdirection is equal to zero. This situation occurs if the thickness of the
plate (in z-direction) is very small.
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(5.2.1)
{ } = [ B ]{d }
(5.2.2)
(5.2.4)
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(5.2.5)
0
1
E
[ D] =
1
0
(5.2.6)
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2
0
0
2
In any case, by substituting Eq. (5.2.2) into Eq. (5.2.3), we obtain
{ } = [ D][ B]{d }
(5.2.7)
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vm
m (xm, ym)
um
vi
i (xi , yi )
ui
vj
j (x j , y j )
uj
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{d } = {d j } = j
{d } v j
m u
m
vm
z
(5.3.1)
(5.3.2)
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4
3
1 2
a5
a6
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To obtain the values of to in Eq. (5.3.2), firstly, the nodal coordinates are
substituted into Eq. (5.3.2) to yield
ui = a1 + a 2 xi + a3 yi
u j = a1 + a 2 x j + a3 y j
um = a1 + a 2 xm + a3 ym
vi = a4 + a 5 xi + a6 yi
v j = a 4 + a 5 x j + a6 y m
(5.3.4)
v m = a 4 + a 5 x m + a6 y m
where ui = u ( xi , yi ), ui = u ( xi , yi ), etc. We can solve for a' s beginning with
the first three of Eqs. (5.3.4) expressed in matrix form as
ui 1 xi yi a1
(5.3.5)
u j = 1 x j y j a2
u 1 x
ym a3
m
m
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i j
[ x]1 =
2A
i j
m
m
(5.3.7)
where
1
xi
yi
2A = 1 xj
1 xm
yj
ym
(5.3.8)
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2 A = xi ( y j ym ) + x j ( ym yi ) + xm ( yi y j )
(5.3.9)
i = x j ym y j xm j = xm yi ym xi m = xi y j yi x j
i = y j ym
j = y m yi
m = yi y j
i = xm x j
j = xi xm
m = x j xi
(5.3.10)
m ui
m u j
m um
(5.3.11)
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i j m vi
a 4
1
i j m v j
(5.3.12)
a5 =
2
A
a
i j m vm
6
a1
y ] a 2
a
3
(5.3.13)
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1
{u} =
[1 x
2A
i j
y] i j
i j
m ui
m u j
m um
(5.3.12)
1 ( i + i x + i y )ui + ( j + j x + j y )u j
2 A + ( m + m x + m y )u m
(5.3.13)
1 ( i + i x + i y )vi + ( j + j x + j y )v j
2 A + ( m + m x + m y )vm
(5.3.14)
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To express Eq. (5.3.13) and (5.3.14) for u and v in simpler form, we define
1
Ni =
( i + i x + i y )
2A
1
Nj =
( j + j x + j y )
(5.3.15)
2A
1
Nm =
( m + m x + m y )
2A
Thus, using Eqs. (5.3.15), we can rewrite Eqs. (5.3.13) and (5.3.14) as
u ( x, y ) = N i ui + N j u j + N m u m
v( x, y ) = N i vi + N j v j + N m vm
(5.3.16)
v( x, y ) N i vi + N j v j + N m vm
(5.3.17)
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or
Ni
{} =
0
0
Ni
Nj
0
0
Nj
Nm
0
ui
v
i
0 u j
N m v j
um
vm
(5.3.18)
(5.3.19)
where [ N ] is given by
Ni
[N ] =
0
Nj
Nm
Ni
Nj
0
N m
(5.3.20)
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Matrix [N] is the shape function matrix of the CST. This is the same
in concept as the shape matrix of the previous 1-D elements. Eq.
(5.3.19) express the general displacements as functions of {d} in
terms of the shape functions Ni, Nj, and Nm. As the shape functions are
linear, the displacement field, within the element, is also linear. A
linear displacement field yields a constant strain field in the element.
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Element Strains
The strain associated with the 2D element are given by
x ux
{ } = y = yv
( u + v )
xy x y
Using Eqs. (5.3.16) for the displacements, we have
u
= u , x = (N i ui + N j u j + N mu m )
x
x
or
u , x = N i , x ui + N j , x u j + N m , x u m
(5.3.21)
(5.3.22)
(5.3.23)
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and
N m, x =
(5.3.25)
2A
2A
Therefore, using Eqs. (5.3.24) and (5.3.25) in Eq. (5.3.23), we have
u
1
( iui + j u j + mum )
=
(5.3.26)
x 2 A
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Similarly, we obtain
v
1
( i vi + j v j + mvm )
=
y 2 A
(5.3.27)
u v
1
( iui + j u j + mum + i vi + j v j + mvm )
+
=
x y 2 A
Substituting Eq. (5.3.26) and (5.3.27) in Eq. (5.3.21) yields
ui
v
i 0 j 0 m 0 i
1
u j
{ } =
0
0
0
(5.3.28)
i
j
m
v
2A
j
i i j j m m
u
m
vm
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10
{ } = Bi
or
Bj
{d i }
Bm {d j }
{d }
m
(5.3.29)
where
0
0
1 j
1 m
[B j ] =
[ Bm ] =
0 m (5.3.30)
i
0 j
2A
2A
m m
i i
j j
In simplified form, Eq. (5.3.29) can be written as
{ } = [ B]{d }
(5.3.31)
where
[ B] = [ Bi B j Bm ]
(5.3.32)
1 i
[ Bi ] =
0
2A
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(5.3.33)
(5.3.34)
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11
(5.3.36)
(5.3.37)
(5.3.38)
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(5.3.39)
(5.3.40)
where {d } represents the nodal displacements and {P} the concentrated nodal loads.
The PE of the distributed loads (or surface tractions) is given by
p = {}T {T } dS
(5.3.41)
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12
Using Eq. (5.3.19) for {} and Eq. (5.3.31) for the strain in Eq. (5.3.38) Eq. (5.3.41), we have
{d } {P} {d } [ N ] {T } dS
T
(5.3.42)
{d }T [{P}] {d }T [ N ]T {T } dS
(5.3.43)
S
From Eqs. (5.3.39) - (5.3.41), we can see that the last three terms of Eq. (5.3.43)
represent the total load system { f } on an element; that is
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{ f } = [ N ]T { X }dV + {P} + [ N ]T {T } dS
V
(5.3.44)
where the first, second, and third terms on the right side of Eq. (5.3.44) re present the body forces, the concentrated nodal forces, and the surface
tractions, respectively. Using Eq. (5.3.44) in Eq. (5.3.43), we obtain
1
2
(5.3.45)
V
Taking the partial derivative of p with respect to the nodal displacements
since p = p (d), as was done for the bar and beam elements in Chapters 3
and 4), we obtain
p
(5.3.46)
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13
T
(5.3.47)
[ B] [ D][ B]dV {d } = { f }
V
Knowing that [k ]{d } = { f }, from Eq. (5.3.47) it can been seen that
[k ] = [ B]T [ D][ B]dV
(5.3.48)
(5.3.49)
As the integrand is not a function of x and y for CST element, it can taken out
of the integral to yield
[k ] = t A [ B]T [ D][ B]
(5.3.50)
where A is given by Eq. (5.3.9), [ B] is given by Eq. (5.3.32), and [ D] is given by
Eq. (5.3.5) or (5.3.6).
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k12
k 22
k32
k 42
k52
k62
k13
k 23
k33
k 43
k53
k63
k14
k 24
k34
k 44
k54
k64
k15
k 25
k35
k 45
k55
k65
k16 u1
k 26 v1
k36 u2
k 46 v2
k56 u3
k66 v3
(5.3.51)
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14
[ K ] = [k ( e ) ]
(5.3.52)
e =1
(5.3.53)
and
{F } = [ K ]{d }
where, in Eq. (5.3.52), all element stiffness matrices are defined in
terms of the global x-y coordinates system, and
N
{F } = { f ( e ) }
(5.3.54)
e =1
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In the formulation of the element stiffness matrix Eq. (5.3.50), the matrix
has been derived for a general orientation in global coordinates. All
element matrices are expressed in the global-coordinates orientation.
Therefore, no transformation from local to global equations is necessary.
If the local axes for the triangular element are not parallel to the global
axes, we must apply matrix transformation similar to those introduced in
Chapter 3. We illustrate the transformation of axes for the triangular
element shown in Figure 5-4. Local nodal forces are shown in the figure.
The transformation from local to global equations follows the procedure
outlined in Section 3.4. We have the same general expressions, Eqs.
(3.4.14), (3.4.16), and (3.4.22), to relate local to global displacements,
forces, stiffness matrices, respectively; that is.
d = Td
f = Tf
k = TT k T
(5.3.55)
where Eq. (3.4.15) for the transformation matrix T used in Eqs. (5.3.55) must be
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15
fmy
fmx
fix
fiy
f jy
x
f jx
Figure 5-4 Triangular element with local axes not parallel to the global axes
expanded because two additional d.o.f. are present in the CST element.
Thus (3.4.15) is expanded to
C
S
0
T=
0
0
0
where C = cos ,
C
0
0
C
0
S
0
0
0
0
S
0
C
0
0
C
0
S
(5.3.51)
S C
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Reference:
1. Logan, D.L., 1992, A First Course in the Finite Element Method,
PWS-KENT Publishing Co., Boston.
2. Imbert, J.F.,1984, Analyse des Structures par Elements Finis,
2nd Ed., Cepadues.
3. Zienkiewics, O.C., 1977, The Finite Eelement Method, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill, London.
4. Finlayson, B.A., 1972, The Method of Weighted Residuals and
Variational Principles, Academic Press, New York.
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