2morphology : the study of internal structure of words

morph=form ,, Logy=study
1) Lexeme :

#abstract vocabulary unit

#adictionary entry
"player , playing , plays , playful" *Lexeme : Play
2) Word Form : realization of lexeme
unhappines : word form has 3 parts of morpheme
morpheme : the smallest indivisible meanigful unit of semantic content or grammatical
function .
** all nouns , verbs , adj , have content semantic
** s , al , dis , il , didnot have meaning but it has function

Morpheme
Lexiacal
grammatical
*Semantic content
have function
*noun
*affix,suffix, conjunction,articles
*verbs
*demonstrative
*adj
*adverb

disinterestedess
INTEREST

Lexeme :
Word Form :
morpheme :

Lexical :

disinterestedess
dis , inerest , ed, ness

interest
Morpheme

free
bound
all (lexica 'verbs , nouns , adj'
always attach affixes'ly, il , al'
articles ,demonstrative,conjunction
prpositions

Those . a free grammatical

a . a free grammatical
s . aboun grammatical

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4-inflectional Categories :
1) of Number : are inflected to plural
Two Books
2) of Tense : verbs are inflected For tense By (-ed ), (s)

3) of aspect : verbs are inflected For aspect (-ing)

Perfect (-en)
4) comparison : English adjective are inflected for
comparison (-er) (-est)
5) possesive : English noun are inflected for
possestion . (s') ('s)
6) gender : Neither nouns nor adjective are inflected
for gender in English .
actor ,, actress
7) Mood : The attitude of Speaker
inflection
morpheme indicited Mood
8) Person :
Subject : I , You , He , She , We , They .
Object : Me , You , Him , Her , His , Them .
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5-Features of inflectional morphemes :

**position :

Final position

**Meaning of word Form

Creat new word form (Happy , Happiest)

**Syntactic Catagory=Part speed=word Class

Syntactic Catagory

Morphmic symbols :

doesnot change the

*plays
(-s 3G)
third person
*played
*playing
verb

present simple

(ed pt)
(-ing Vb)

*interesting (-ing Adj)

aspect adj

progressive aspect
progressive

*desks
(-s pl)
morpheme of plural

Number inflectiol

*Happier (-er cp)

morpheme of comparison

Number inflectiol

*Happiest (-est sp)

morpheme of superlative
*Boy's (-'s sps )
possessive
*Boys' (-s' pl ps )
possessive

Number inflectiol
Singler
plural

*has played (-en pt)

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6-allomorphy :
***(-s)
Cats /s/ Voiceless
Dogs /z/ Voiced
Horse /iz/

***(-ed)

Washed /d/
Laughed /t/

Conditioned Allomorphy :
*phonological : (-s) (-ed)
*Lexical : (-s pl)
(Chid , Children) (ox , oxen)
(mouse , mice ) (lause , lice )
*grammatical
*replacive / infixing : ( Break , Broke ) ( Sing , Sang )
(bring , brought )
*SuppLetion : the orignal root disappeared : (go ,
Went ) (be , "was .were . is" ) (good , better ) ( bad ,
worse)
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7-Affixes :
*prefixes : That precede ,, the rest
*Infixes : bound morphs that are added within the root
*Suffix : thay Follow or come after root
(Foot , feet) (grow , grew) : We Can't add a morphe we can
only replace
Because in English the replacive allomorphy simply replace a voice sound to
another sound Vowel , either to indicate plural ana past tense .
*Interfixes :
Cleanliness
type of interfixing sound

Derivation :
process of affixation that involve creating near words , ofen with a
change of meaning or syntaction category .

**Features of derivational affixes :

position

precede & Follow the root

* number

up to 4

* synactic category

often change

* productivity &
produtivity &generalization

not fully

generalization
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8In some cases derivation triggers a change in the final
consonant
(permit , permission) (solve , sloution)

( convert , convertion )

(apply) /i/ (application) /e/

Derivation involves a stress shift , rather than an affixation

"marked"
(per'fect (v) , 'perfect (adj) )
(adj) )

(pro'gress (v) , 'progress

Morpholical Homophones : refers to two or more words has

different meaning and same sound

# (-er) cp
morpheme)
#(-er) Ag

(investigate , instigate)

Bigger : is a morpholical idicating comparison (inflection

Singer: is bound suffix morpheme indicating Agency

(derivation morpheme )
#(-ing)

(-ing vb)

he is playing

(-ing Adj)

an interesting

(-ing nm)

singing is joyful