Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 3
1National Stadium, Singapore ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 General Information ....................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Specifications and features .............................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Spectator seating ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Dome and retractable roof ........................................................................................ 6
1.2.3 Stadium pitch ........................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Top Truss Goes Into Singapore National Stadium................................................................ 8
1.4 Key Feature.................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Innovative in structure .................................................................................................. 10
2 GRAND CANYON SKYWALK THE GLASS BRIDGE ..................................................................... 11
2.1 General Information ..................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Designing An Engineering Marvel ................................................................................... 13
2.3 Building Grand Canyon Skywalk ...................................................................................... 13
2.4 New Glass Panels Provide A Crystal-Clear View ................................................................ 14
2.5 Designing The Skywalk .................................................................................................. 15
2.6 Innovative in structure .................................................................................................. 16
3 MARINA BAY SANDS, SINGAPORE ......................................................................................... 17
3.1 General Information ..................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Project Team ................................................................................................................ 18
3.3 Hotel Towers ................................................................................................................ 18
3.4 Structural Flare............................................................................................................. 19
3.5 Construction ................................................................................................................ 21
3.6 SkyPark........................................................................................................................ 23
3.7 Feature........................................................................................................................ 24
3.8 Structural Optimization Studies ...................................................................................... 25
3.9 Construction Sequence .................................................................................................. 26
4 CCTV Headquarters Beijing, China ......................................................................................... 28
4.1 General Information ..................................................................................................... 29
Location ............................................................................................................................ 29
4.2 Concept ....................................................................................................................... 30
Spaces .............................................................................................................................. 30
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4.3 Construction ................................................................................................................ 31

Towers .......................................................................................................................... 32
4.5 Structure ..................................................................................................................... 33
Seismic studies ............................................................................................................... 33
Basic Quality Targets....................................................................................................... 33
4.6 Exoskeleton ................................................................................................................. 34
4.7 Foundations ................................................................................................................. 35
4.8 Connections ................................................................................................................. 36
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 37
References .................................................................................................................... 38

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Abstract
The basic elements of civilization or civil engineering are infrastructure, dam, airport,
ports, and artificial islands. With the growing urbanization with population growth is posing
huge challenge difficulties for the modern civil engineers.
The present work provides a unique forum for sharing knowledge gained on real
world projects, solutions to real world problems, and research outputs that are practicallyoriented. This topic seeks to build a vital link between structural engineering practitioners
and researchers, a platform for presenting and exchanging design ideas, identifying technical
challenges, and showcasing engineered solutions.

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1National Stadium, Singapore

1.1 General Information
The National Stadium is a stadium replacing the old stadium in Kallang, Singapore. It opened
on 30 June 2014.
Located in Kallang, Singapore, the National Stadium is a multi-purpose arena used mostly for
football matches featuring a dome and retractable roof. It is the only stadium in the world
custom designed to host football, rugby, cricket and athletics events. With a mechanised and
automated retractable seating configurations on the lowest tier, the arena can also host
concerts, cultural and other entertainment purposes at any time.

It takes approximately 48 hours to reconfigure seating arrangements to suit an upcoming

event. The stadium has a maximum seating capacity of 55,000 for football and rugby, 52,000
for cricket and 50,000 spectators for athletics events.

Owner
operator
Broke
ground
Opened
Construction
cost
Architect
Structural

Stadium Singapore Sports Hub

Dragages Singapore Pte. Ltd
29 September 2010
30 June 2014
S$1.87 billion
Arup Associates (Sports venues), DP Architects (Non-sport
venues, QP), AECOM (landscape)
Arup

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Construction work for the sports hub started in 2010 due to the delays caused by the 2008
financial crisis and soaring construction costs. By September 2011, the pilling and the
foundation of the stadium was completed and construction on the steelwork of the stadium
fixed roof started. On July 2013, the installation of the stadium final primary steel runway
truss for the roof was completed marking the completion of the steelwork on the National
Stadiums fixed roof in preparation for installation of the retractable roof. The stadium was
set to be completed in April 2014, however, In February 2014, Sports Hub CEO Philippe
Collin Delavaud announced that the National Stadium's completion was pushed back to June
2014.

1.2 Specifications and features

1.2.1 Spectator seating

Cricket seating arrangements

Football seating arrangements

Athletics seating arrangement

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The stadium has configurable spectator tiers depending on the event being hosted, namely
"Football/Rugby mode", "Cricket mode" and "Athletics mode". To configure from athletics
mode to football/rugby mode, the lowest spectator tier can be moved 12.5m forward, hiding
the athletics running track underneath the seats and bringing spectators close to the pitch to
provide optimum spectator viewing distances. An energy efficient cooling system is also
designed to deliver cooled air to every seat in the stadium while using less than 15 per cent
of energy as compared to a conventional air-conditioned stadium, providing every spectator a
cool and comfortable time to enjoy an event.

1.2.2 Dome and retractable roof

Retractable Roof Opening & Closing Arrangements

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The National Stadium currently holds the record of the largest dome structure in the world.
The retractable roof itself will take an approximate 25 minutes to open or close. The roof is
made out of a lightweight material called ETFE, which is weather-resistant and blocks the
sun's heat giving shade and protecting spectators from the hot and humid Singapore weather
during the day and potential torrential rain at any point of time. At night, the retractable
roof doubles as a giant projector screen on both sides, which can display images such as the
Singapore Flag during the National Day Parade.

1.2.3 Stadium pitch

Special Growth Lights For Speed Up The Growth Of The Grass

Desso GrassMaster was installed as the original grass pitch when the stadium opened. The sandy
pitch was criticised by Juventus manager Massimiliano Allegri during a pre-season friendly there
in August 2014 and resulted in his decision not to field Carlos Tevez due to injury concerns.
Afterwards, S$1.5 million of special growth lights were installed to stimulate and speed up the
growth of the grass, with one of the main concerns being getting the pitch ready for the 2014
Suzuki Cup at the end of the year. In October 2014, Brazil coach Dunga criticised the state of the
pitch, which had not improved much since the Juventus match, when his side were in Singapore
to play a friendly against Japan. Although Brazil won the Match 4-0, he said after the match that
the sandy pitch had prevented his side from playing

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their best football. Eventually, the grass still failed to grow well and was replaced by
the Eclipse Stabilised Turf in May 2015.

1.3 Top Truss Goes Into Singapore National Stadium

The new National Stadium have the largest free-spanning dome roof in the world,
covering 310 metres wide. This dome incorporate a moving roof, ensuring the stadium is
protected from extreme weather conditions. The result is a stadium design with an
integrated bowl cooling system that uses less than 15 per cent of energy as compared to a
conventional air-conditioned stadium.
fixed roof which has around 12,000 elements along with a retractable roof over the stadium
pitch with the approximate weight of about 1,000 tons a testament to the high level of
engineering and ingenuity that has gone into this innovative design.

The highest truss of the new National Stadium at Singapore Sports Hub has been completed
measuring at approximately 77.5 metres above pitch level.

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1.4 Key Feature

Cooling system

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1.5 Innovative in structure

The defining feature of the stadium is its roof: spanning 310 metres, it is the worlds
largest free-span dome is itself as a innovative.
retractable roof
A retractable roof is another essential innovative feature that it provides shade and thus
cooling when required and of course shelter from rainfall. The roof is left open when
The Stadium is not in use, keeping the grass pitch in healthy condition.
Rearrangeable seating
The lowest tier of seats can be mechanically and automatically retracted, making the
National Stadium the only stadium in the world able to accommodate events from football,
rugby, cricket and athletics, to concerts, cultural shows and community events at any time in
the year.
Designing For The Tropics
A radical cooling system ensures that the stadium will be comfortable whatever the occasion
or sporting event. Instead of being supplied at a high level, cooled air will be introduced
beneath stadium seats. This will also minimise the volume of air cooled and thus
considerably cut energy use.

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2 GRAND CANYON SKYWALK THE GLASS BRIDGE

Higher Than The Tallest Skyscraper

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2.1 General Information

Grand Canyon Skywalk is located 4,000 feet above the Colorado River.
Consists of more than 1 million pounds of steel and 83,000 pounds of glass.
In total, it weighs 1.2 million pounds.
Its foundation is strong enough to support about 71 million poundsthe equivalent of
71 fully loaded 747 airplanes.
The glass walls are approximately 5-7 high, extending 4-6 above the glass floor
safer than code yet low enough that guests do not feel confined.
Grand Canyon Skywalkis 10 feet wide.

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2.2 Designing An Engineering Marvel

In 1996, businessman David Jin, from Las Vegas, NV, approachedthe Hualapai Tribe
with the idea of a glass walk wayover the Grand Canyon. He won approval from the
tribe in 2003.
Grand Canyon Skywalk was designed and engineered by Lochsa Engineering & MRJ
Architects and built by Executive Construction Management, all based out of Las
Vegas, NV.
Engineers conducted tests on the geologic stability of the site and researched the
foundation by testing the compressive strength of the rock.
They found that the Red Limestone rock could withstand 16,000 pounds of pressure
per square inch.
Engineers also conducted extensive testing during the planning and design phase to
ensure the Grand Canyon Skywalk could easily withstand the high winds that have
been known to blow through the Grand Canyon.
The design originally extended 30 feet over the edge of the rim of the Grand Canyon
but eventually evolved into a horseshoe-shaped bridge extending 70 feet past the edge
of the Grand Canyon wall.

2.3 Building Grand Canyon Skywalk

On October 6, 2004, the Hualapai Tribe blessed the site, and one month later drilling
for the Grand Canyon Skywalk began. Drilling lasted one and a half years.
Next came a foundation consisting of eight columns that support box beams. Each
box beam is 6 feet high, 32 inches wide and has 2-inch thick walls. Grand Canyon
Skywalk is designed to absorb vibration and avoid galloping in windy conditions.
The beams were custom fabricated in Utah in 40 ft.
sections then trucked to Grand Canyon West.
Grand Canyon Skywalk was assembled on site.The first permanent caps were
attached to the eight concrete columns to support it. Pieces of the bridge were put into
place and welded together once aligned. The welding took four months to complete.
Three tuned mass dampers specifically calibrated to meet the wind and weight
requirements of the location were placed inside the horseshoe frame, making it
structurally sound. Mass dampers help distribute the weight on the glass bridge.
A special manipulator was designed to lift the glass panels to the Grand Canyon
Skywalk with large suction cups.
Two-and-a-half years after the groundbreaking ceremony,the Grand Canyon Skywalk
rollout began. Engineers used the same rod and plate method used on the Egyptian
pyramids to roll it out over the Grand Canyon.
On the first day, it was rolled halfway out. Rollout was completed in two days.

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The First Walks

Grand Canyon Skywalk opened to the general public on March 28,2007.

2.4 New Glass Panels Provide A Crystal-Clear View

Operators recently replaced the Grand Canyon Skywalks 46 glass panels for the first
time since it opened. The project was completed in May, 2011.
Rioglass manufactured the glass in Logrono, Spain, about 4.5 hours North of Madrid.
Rioglass specializes in strong glass made for embassies and other buildings that need
bomb -proof glass.
A 150-foot crane was trucked to the Grand Canyon Skywalk to lift each 1,800 pound piece of glass into place.
Work was done at night so that the Grand Canyon Skywalk could remain open during
the day.
The new glass panes consist of five layers of glass bonded together and measuring2
inches thick.
Each panel has a thin sacrificial layer of glass that can be removed and replaced by
hand when it becomes scratched, instead of bringing in a large crane to replace glass.
Each panel can support 100 lbs per square ft., equivalent to about 800 people,
although only 60 to 120 people are allowed on the Grand Canyon Skywalk at a time
depending on the number of visitors on a given day.

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Grand Canyon Skywalk Attendance

Over 1.8 million tourists have visited the Grand Canyon Skywalk
since it opened in March of 2007.THE WEST RIM OF THE GRAND CANYON

Grand Canyon is a chasm about 277 miles long and up to 18 miles wide.
Grand Canyon Skywalk is located on the West Rim, on land owned by the Hualapai
Nation.
Grand Canyon was carved by the Colorado River, which flows West through the
Canyon and averages about 300 feet wide and 100 feet deep. Grand Canyon took an
estimated 6 million years to form.

2.5 Designing The Skywalk

From a design perspective, Principal of MRJ Architects, Mark R. Johnson wanted to create a
unique experience for visitors to the Grand Canyon. His goal was to create a feeling of being
unsupported, of floating in the air, of a total freedom. Glass was central to this goal.
The specific requirements set for the glass were:
Glass as clear as possible
Loading
Short duration - Wind load (up- and downward)
Long duration applied to the glass floor
- Uniform applied traffic load (1h)
- Concentrated traffic load (1h)
- Self-weight
Human safety impact load for the
balustrade Slip resistant top surface of the glass floor
Sustained upper use temperature of 50C
The glazing method takes into account differential movement between the 2 steel
support beams due to e.g. different expansion; seismic effects; etc.

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2.6 Innovative in structure

The Skywalk is an innovative because it is the first-ever cantilever shaped glass walkway to
suspend more than 4,000 feet above the canyons floor and extend 70 feet from the canyons
rim.
Also its foundation is strong enough to support about 71 million pounds the equivalent of
71 fully loaded 747 airplanes.
Each panel has a thin sacrificial layer of glass that can be removed and replaced by hand
when it becomes scratched, instead of bringing in a large crane to replace glass.
The Skywalk was assembled on top of the canyon wall in line with its final placement and
moved into final position by a jack and roll rig. The Skywalk infrastructure itself weighs a
little over 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) without counterweights but including the tuned
mass dampers, railing hardware, glass rails, glass deck and steel box beams. At the time of
roll-out, the Skywalk weighed approximately 1.6 million pounds (730,000 kg). The process
was completed in two days.

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3 MARINA BAY SANDS, SINGAPORE

3.1 General Information

Marina Bay Sands is an Integrated Resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore. Developed by
Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world's most expensive standalone casino property atS$4
billion, including cost of the prime land.
With the casino complete, the resort features a 2,561-room hotel, a 1,300,000-square-foot
2
2
(120,000 m ) convention-exhibition centre, the 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m ) The
Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands mall, a museum, two large theatres, seven "celebrity chef"
restaurants, two floating Crystal Pavilions, an ice skating rink, and the world's largest atrium
casino with 500 tables and 1,600 slot machines. The complex is topped by a 340-metre-long
(1,120 ft) SkyPark with a capacity of 3,900 people and a 150-metre (490 ft) infinity
swimming pool, set on top of the world's largest public cantilevered platform, which
overhangs the north tower by 67 metres (220 ft).
The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe Safdie Architects.
Engineering was provided by Arup and Parsons Brinkerhoff (MEP).
The main contractor was SsangYong Engineering and Construction

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3.2 Project Team

Structural, Civil, Geotechnical, Faade, Fire, Traffic, Acoustic and Audio

Visual, Security and Risk Engineering, and 3D Building Modeling: Arup
Owner: Las Vegas Sands Corporation
Design Architect: Safdie Architects
Executive Architect: Aedas Ltd. Pte.
MEP Engineers (Design): R.G. Vanderweil, LLP
MEP Engineers (Production): Parsons Brinckerhoff
Landscape Architect (Design): Peter Walker & Partners
Landscape Architect (Production): Peridian International, Inc.
Contractors: Bachy Soletanche (Substructure, Foundations)
JFE Engineering Corporation (SkyPark)
Ssangyong Engineering & Construction (Hotel)
VSL Heavy Lifting (SkyPark)
Yongnam Holdings (Museum, SkyPark)

3.3 Hotel Towers

Construction of the 55-story hotel towers was on the critical path. As such, the design of these
one-of-a-kind buildings became an early focus for the AE team. The base of the towers flare
to create a common, contiguous tapered lobby atrium running the length of all three towers.

The taper of the base created a significant technical challenge because of the forms
asymmetry and because the curved eastern legs cause each tower to lean against the opposing
vertical legs. As a result, the primary lateral force demands imposed on the building are
governed by the effects of gravity rather than either wind or seismic effects.

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The hotels south tower rises majestically over the contiguous lobby below.
Courtesy-of Timothy Hursley.

3.4 Structural Flare

Reinforced concrete shear walls, varying in thickness from 28 inches at their base to 20
inches at higher floor levels, are located on 33-foot centers within each of the three towers.
The shear walls serve as the primary vertical and transverse structural system of all three
buildings. Additional concrete core walls located within both legs of each building restrain
the hotel in the longitudinal direction and help prevent out-of-plane buckling of the relatively
narrow shear walls within both legs of the towers. Indeed, the requirement for such restraint
was established very early in the design following rigorous buckling analyses of both legs.
Post-tensioned 8-inch flat slabs span directly between the shear walls. This arrangement
maximizes structural efficiency and creates a simple floor slab solution that can be built
rapidly. The flat slab scheme also provides flexibility in the hotel room layout,
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accommodates a relatively tight 9-foot 10-inch typical floor-to-floor height, and

accommodates flexibility of building services distribution and coordination throughout each
floor.
Story-height steel trusses located within the Level 23 mechanical floors connect the legs of
the tower and resist the large shear forces that occur where these meet above the central
atrium. At ground floor level, the base slab is post-tensioned to resist the horizontal thrusts
generated by the inclined legs.

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3.5 Construction
Because of the extreme flare of the legs of the towers, the opposing shear walls tend to flex
and drift laterally during construction. It was therefore crucial that the design carefully
consider the construction sequence; a simple in-place structural analysis would be
inappropriate. To this end, Arup conducted a series of construction stage analyses of various
erection scenarios early in the design process in order to quantify the amount of displacement
and locked-in stress that would accumulate within each tower under each scenario. The study
concluded that substantial temporary works would be necessary to properly limit both effects,
but that some degree of locked-in stress could not be avoided. During the Tender Process, the
engineering team worked closely with the hotel contractors to devise a scheme that utilized
temporary shoring to brace the inclined shear walls against the vertical walls to good effect.

Temporary shoring of the hotel towers during construction minimized the amount of lockedin stress accumulated within the opposing legs of each building. Courtesy of Arup.

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Additional studies demonstrated that by introducing prestress within both the vertical and
inclined shear walls, these movements and resulting stresses could be further reduced. A final
construction stage analysis of the chosen method of erection was then conducted to serve as a
benchmark for construction. As the towers were erected, a real-time monitoring system was
implemented to compare the actual stress levels against this benchmark, enabling backanalysis and design modification of the constructed tower in the event that the actual
measurements deviated from the targets.

Measurements of the walls included the:

angular rotation at the top of the tower
maximum displacement of elevation in all three axes
differential movement between vertical and inclined walls
differential movement between adjacent wall bays
differential movement among all three towers (which affects the support provided to the
SkyPark)

In addition, immediate displacements arising from self-weight effects were offset via precamber during construction. However, because of their asymmetry, further complicated by
concrete creep and shrinkage effects, the towers are expected to continue to deform laterally
until these movements converge after approximately 30 years. These predicted long-term
displacements have been accounted for in the design and specification of the vertical
transportation systems, core layouts, building services, and building finishes and faade
details.

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3.6 SkyPark
At 1,115 feet long, 131 feet wide, and cantilevering 213 feet at an elevation of over 650 feet
above grade, the hotel rooftop SkyPark is the worlds longest habitable cantilevered
observation deck and has become a symbolic icon for Singapore in the process.

The SkyPark appears to float high above the hotel towers. With a cantilever of 218
feet, the roof deck is the longest habitable cantilevered observation deck in the world.
Courtesy of Arup.

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3.7 Feature
This feature component boasts 2.5 acres of landscaped gardens comprising 250 trees up to 26
feet in height and over 650 plants, necessitating in excess of 81,000 cubic feet of soil;
signature restaurants; a 495-foot long infinity edge swimming pool containing over 375,000
gallons of water, and an observation platform offering unrivalled 360 degree views of the Bay
and surrounding city.

The SkyParks infinity edge pool offers commanding views of Marina Bay and Singapores
.

central business district beyond. Courtesy of Timothy Hursley.

To be successful, the design had to reconcile several competing demands: the aesthetic goal
of creating an elegant park high above the towers, the minimum weight and efficiency
demands required to limit the adverse effects on the towers below, and the constructability
requirements necessary to enable pre-assembly and rapid construction on site.
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3.8 Structural Optimization Studies

A number of framing options were considered for the SkyPark early in the design process.
These included various truss, beam, steel diagrid, and segmented hollow concrete bridge
alternatives, among others. All such schemes were assessed for both their weight and ease of
construction. The design team, in conjunction with the fabricators and erectors, converged
upon a system of post-tensioned segmental steel box girders 33 feet deep by 12 feet wide with
13/8-inch sidewalls and 23/8-inch flanges as the primary structural system for the
cantilevering segment, and a system of primary steel bridge trusses for those segments
spanning between the hotel towers. The bridges directly atop each tower are supported on
raking steel "V" struts extending from the hotel roof directly over the concrete shear walls.
The segments between each tower span as simply-supported trusses onto the ends of the
adjoining segments.
The relative displacements of all three towers vary dramatically, owing to their subtle
geometric differences. Movement joints located between each tower accommodate such
differential movements arising from thermal expansion, wind-induced movements, and other
time-dependent lateral movements generated from creep and shrinkage arising from the
asymmetry of the towers. Careful detailing through the infinity edge pool accommodates
these joints and gives the impression of a clean monolithic roof deck running continuously
across the towers.
Another important consideration in the design of the SkyPark cantilever was its response to
wind-induced vibrations, and vibrations arising from rhythmic human activity such as
dancing and running. The introduction of a 5-ton tuned mass damper within the design of the
cantilever served to mitigate these effects. Subsequent dynamic testing of the completed
SkyPark has verified the performance of this system.

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3.9 Construction Sequence

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The SkyPark was prefabricated off-site in 14 primary segments. The bridging sections
extending between adjacent towers each consist of three 400-ton bridge trusses that were preassembled at grade. These were then strand jacked into place over a span of 16 hours. The
final cantilevering portion was likewise prefabricated in segments at grade to ensure proper
fit-up. The entire assembly was then disassembled and each segment was hoisted in turn via
strand jacks cantilevering from a moveable gantry attached from secondary beams at roof
level, themselves spanning between the main box girders of the previously installed segment.
In total, over 7,000 tons of SkyPark steelwork was erected in just 13 weeks.
The overall form of the Marina Bay Sands Hotel was driven by the architectural requirement
for a continuous atrium running the length of all three towers. The resulting geometric flare
was resolved structurally via prestressed concrete base slabs and multi-story shear trusses
located between opposing building halves through the mid-level mechanical rooms. The
hotels asymmetry demanded detailed construction sequence analyses to assess the towers
continual deflection during erection. Moreover, the unique form of each tower resulted in
differential movements under imposed load, which further complicated the engineering
design of the rooftop SkyPark and its support. Each of these challenges was addressed and
resolved through close collaboration among the design, construction, and client teams.

The iconic Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort has become a shining beacon for Singapore. Courtesy
of Darren Soh.

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4 CCTV Headquarters Beijing, China

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4.1 General Information

Alternative
names

China Central TV Headquarters

Central Chinese Television Tower
General information

Construction
started

1 June 2004

Completed

16 May 2012

Owner

China Central Television

Management

China Central Television

Height

Roof

234 m (768 ft)

Technical details

Floor area

51
3 below ground
2
389,079 m (4,188,010 sq ft)

Lifts/elevators

75

Floor count

Design and construction

Architect

Office for Metropolitan Architecture

East China Architectural Design & Research Institute

Developer

China Central Television

Structural

Ove Arup & Partners

engineer
Main
contractor

China State Construction and Engineering Corporation

Location
The mega-structure was built at the foot of the Third Ring Road East Beijing, Guanghua
Road, China, on a plot of 20 hectares, in the new Central Business District Chaoyang. The
CCTV building was part of a park for the media, aimed at creating a landscape of public
entertainment areas shooting outdoors and production studios as an extension of the central
green axis of the CBD (Central Business District)

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4.2 Concept
Koolhaas imagined a building whose three dimensional form offer CCTV staff to perform
the functions within a "continuous loop" referring to a closed circuit television, and presented
the beginning of an engineering challenge.
The new building consists of two high L-shaped towers, joined at the top and bottom at an
angle that forms a loop, which has been described as a cross on Z. Designed by OMA as a
reinvention of the skyscraper as a loop, the construction of the building began in 2004. With
approximately 473 000m2, houses the headquarters of CCTV television studios, offices and
broadcast facilities and production. This is the largest project of OMA and its first major
building in China.

Spaces
The building challenges the typical search pursuing final height of the skyscraper. Arose
from a common platform, the two towers are inclined towards each other and merge into a
perpendicular cantilever of 75 meters. The design combines the entire process of television
work, previously dispersed in several places of the city, creating a loop of interconnected
activities.

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Functional Areas
The 473.000m2 building are divided as follows
64.200m2 administration 54.900m2 multi - purposes , 65.800m2 new productions,
31.800m2 broadcasting production programs 105.400m2, 30.000m2 staff facilities, parking
61.500m2, 15.000m2 services spaces plus a hotel, a visitor centre and a large theatre .

4.3 Construction
The building is not a traditional tower, but a loop of six horizontal and vertical sections
covering 473,000 m2 of floor space, creating an irregular grid on the building's facade with
an open centre. Its construction is considered a structural challenge, especially because it is
in a seismic zone. The overhang extends perpendicular 75m west and 67m south.
The building was constructed by joining three volumes created a unique final volume. In
order not to block the structural differentials this connection was scheduled to take place
at dawn, when the steel of the twin towers were cooled and raised and managed the same
temperature.

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Towers
Tower 1

The highest tower 234 meters in 54 plants, with a footprint of 40x60mm, 2.400m2 and an
area of 405,000 m floor rises. The main hall of 10,000 m2, in Tower 1, is a three-story
atrium underground and three above ground level extends. It has a direct connection to
the underground network of Beijing, and is the place of arrival and departure of the
10,000 workers who come to the headquarters of CCTV. Connected to the lobby, 12
studies, the largest of 2,000 m2 perform the primary function of the building: create TV.

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The tower consists of a series of horizontal and vertical sections that establish it as a
structure attached to land and not as a skyscraper. This will contain the administration, news,
broadcasting, studios and production areas .
Tower 2
Tower 2 has a height of 210m in 44 plants and a footprint of 40x52m, 2.000m2 . The
smaller building houses the Cultural Center Television (CCTV ). This has a hotel, a visitor
center, a large public theater and conference facilities and exhibitions for 1500 seats.
The headquarters of CCTV allows a degree of public access to production facilities
unparalleled in the Chinese media. An "Open Loop" takes visitors through the building,
exposing the daily work of the studies and the history of CCTV, culminating over the
cantilever, with spectacular views of the financial district, the Forbidden City and the rest
of Beijing.

4.5 Structure
Seismic studies
Because the seismic design of the CCTV building was outside the scope of Chinese
regulations, Arup proposed, from the outset, a design approach based on the technique,
adopting the first principles and modern methods as guidelines to achieve set performance
objectives at different levels of seismic events. Checks explicit and quantitative design were
made using linear and nonlinear seismic analysis allowed to verify compliance with the three
levels of seismic design required by the authorities.
Basic Quality Targets

No structural damage when subjected to an earthquake of level 1 with an average return

period of 50 years.
Repair structural damage when subjected to an earthquake of level 2 by return period of
475 years.
Accepted but forecast severe structural damage collapse when the building is subjected to
an earthquake of level 3, for an average return period of 2500 years.

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In the place where CCTV rise, values horizontal ground acceleration associated with the
three levels of design earthquakes are 7.20 and 40% respectively of gravity. The structure
was a challenge for engineers. They had to design a construction plan for two towers
supported in 60 to 90 bend in its top and bottom, to meet, forming a continuous loop. The
towers were built in the opposite diagonal corners with a footprint of 160 x 160 meters, on a
base of 45m in height and 9 floors, connected by a podium in a 'L'. In its upper part were cojoined by a bridge to 'L' parallel to the podium. Thin concrete cores inside the building
support internal floors. Basements with 4 levels reaching up to 18m below ground .

4.6 Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton system of diagonal grids has been adopted on the external faces of the
building to a loop structure that oppose gravity and any lateral force. The positioning of the
columns and down tubes reflects the distribution of forces in the surface skin of the
building. Diagonal columns grids have the same width exposed, but the depth varies
according to the load, while the diagonals are all plate girders 1m x 60 cm, with the only
variation in the thickness of the steel. The building is designed breaking Chinese codes
design for such a structure, but the system was accepted to be a very innovative design.

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4.7 Foundations
The design of the foundations required that the loads applied to the superstructure were
redistributed through the "pilecap" raft to engage the batteries enough to provide adequate
strength and stiffness. To validate the spread of load cell group, a complex iterative process
of analysis was used, adopting a nonlinear soil model . Superstructure loads were applied to a
discrete system model piled raft. Several hundred combinations direcionales charges were
automated in a spreadsheet for GSRaft control software iterative analysis of soil-structure
interaction nonlinear. This procedure repeatedly changed the input data in response to the
test results to model the charge redistribution between piles when their safe working load
was reached. Next, the analysis was repeated until the results were combined and all batteries
were within allowable capacities. The envelope of these hundreds of analysis was then used
to design the reinforcement in the raft itself.

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4.8 Connections

Installation of first connection element

The strength of the braces and edge beams must be transferred through and sections of the
column with minimal disruption to the tensions already present in the column. The
connection is formed by replacing the flanges with a large column of steel plates "butterfly",
which pass through the face of the column and are then connected with the clips and the edge
beams. To simplify the detail and construction of concrete around the steel section, no
network column connection is done . Seals must operate with braces, beams and columns as a
"strong joint / weak component". Connections must withstand the probable maximum load
that was delivered to them from the clamps, with minimal performance and a relatively low
degree of stress concentration . high levels of stress can lead to breakage of fragile welds
under cyclic seismic loading, a common cause of failure in connections observed after the
1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles. The connections, representing the typical causes
and more severe, were modelled from the original AutoCAD drawings using
MSC/NASTRAN, a package of finite element analysis of high resistance models were
analyzed by subjecting them to the full range of forces that can be developed before braces
buckle or yield to assess the magnitude of stress and the degree of stress concentration in the
joints. then the butterfly shape plate was adapted to soften the corners and notches until
potential regions of performance were minimized and degree of concentration of efforts
placed at normal levels allowed in the practice of civil and mechanical engineering.

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Conclusion
The defining feature of the stadium is its roof: spanning 310 metres, it is the worlds largest
free-span dome is itself as a innovative.

A retractable roof is another essential innovative feature that it provides shade and thus
cooling when required and of course shelter from rainfall. The roof is left open when The
Stadium is not in use, keeping the grass pitch in healthy condition.

Rearrangeable seating -The lowest tier of seats can be mechanically and automatically
retracted, making the National Stadium the only stadium in the world able to accommodate
events from football, rugby, cricket and athletics, to concerts, cultural shows and community
events at any time in the year.
The Skywalk is an innovative because it is the first-ever cantilever shaped glass walkway to
suspend more than 4,000 feet above the canyons floor and extend 70 feet from the canyons
rim.
Also its foundation is strong enough to support about 71 million pounds the equivalent of
71 fully loaded 747 airplanes.

Each panel has a thin sacrificial layer of glass that can be removed and replaced by hand
when it becomes scratched, instead of bringing in a large crane to replace glass.

The Skywalk was assembled on top of the canyon wall in line with its final placement and
moved into final position by a jack and roll rig. The Skywalk infrastructure itself weighs a
little over 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) without counterweights but including the tuned
mass dampers, railing hardware, glass rails, glass deck and steel box beams. At the time of
roll-out, the Skywalk weighed approximately 1.6 million pounds (730,000 kg). The process
was completed in two days.
SkyPark-At 1,115 feet long, 131 feet wide, and cantilevering 213 feet at an elevation of over
650 feet above grade, the hotel rooftop SkyPark is the worlds longest habitable cantilevered
observation deck and has become a symbolic icon for Singapore in the process.
The taper of the base created a significant technical challenge because of the forms
asymmetry and because the curved eastern legs cause each tower to lean against the opposing
vertical legs. As a result, the primary lateral force demands imposed on the building are
governed by the effects of gravity rather than either wind or seismic effects.
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The building challenges the typical search pursuing final height of the skyscraper. Arose
from a common platform, the two towers are inclined towards each other and merge into a
perpendicular cantilever of 75 meters.
An exoskeleton system of diagonal grids has been adopted on the external faces of the
building to a loop structure that oppose gravity and any lateral force. Diagonal columns grids
have the same width exposed, but the depth varies according to the load. The building is
designed breaking Chinese codes design for such a structure, but the system was accepted to
be a very innovative design.

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References
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