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Exploration 1
State and draw types of triangle which you have learnt. You are encouraged to use ICT.
Answer:
1) Equilateral Triangle:
Exploration 2
1) By using the triangle diagram below, prove the Sine Rule.
C
Answer:
a
sin A
b
sin B
a
sin A
=
h
b
h
a
b
sin B
2) State when the sine rule should be used and include diagram in your explanation.
Answer:
Sine rule can be used to find the angle or the length of sides of a triangle.
The
c
sin C
or
sin A
a
sin B
b
sin C
c
3) Hence state the relation between included angle and non-included angle in a triangle.
Illustrate.
Answer:
DEFINATION OF INCLUDED ANGLE
i.
ii.
iii.
geometric
theorems
dealing
v.
You can also use the included angle to determine the area of any triangle as long
as you know the lengths of the sides surrounding the angle.
i.
A non
included angle is
the angle
which is not
between
two sides of a
triangle.
ii.
Sine rule
can be used to
solve the
problems regarding
this
triangle.
110
30
Case1
6 cm
P
Based on the diagram above, explain how a sine rule can be applied to calculate the length of
RQ. Hence, find the length of RQ.
Answer:
PQ
sin R
RQ
sin P
6
sin 30
RQ
sin 110
6 sin 110
sin 30
RQ = 11.28 cm
Case 2
Tools needed
Ruler, Protractor and Compass.
By using the geometry tools above , construct a triangle with whose two sides are 8 cm and 10
cm with a non-included angle of 520 on the 8 cm side in a A4 paper.
Exploration 3
Using the diagram of a triangle, explain the sine rule which involves the ambiguous case.
Answer:
Given a general triangle the following conditions would need to be fulfilled for the case
to be ambiguous:
The only information known about the triangle is the angle A and the sides a and c.
The side a is longer than the altitude h from angle B, where h = c sin A (i.e., a > h).
If all the above conditions are true, then both angles C or C' produce a valid triangle;
From there we can find the corresponding B and b or B' and b' if required, where b is the
side bounded by angles A and C and b' bounded by A and C' . Without further information it is
impossible to decide which is the triangle being asked for.
Example 1
In , a = 20, c = 16, and m<A = 30. How many distinct triangles can be drawn given these
measurements?
Use the sine rule:
Example 2
In , a = 7, c = 16, and m<A = 30. How many distinct triangles can be drawn given these
measurements?
Example 3
In , a = 10, b = 16, and m<A = 30. How many distinct triangles can be drawn given these
measurements?
Use the sine rule:
This example is the Ambiguous Case. The information given is the postulate SSA (or
ASS, the Donkey Theorem), but the two triangles that were created are clearly not congruent.
We have two triangles with two sides and the non-included angle congruent, but the triangles are
not congruent to each other.
Case 1
GivenPQ = 6 cm, QR = 4 cm,
Answer:
QPR = 30 . Solve
PQR.
Side/Angle
cm /
Side/Angle
cm /
PQ
6 cm
PQ
6 cm
QR
4 cm
QR
4 cm
PR
7.842 cm
PR
2.550 cm
30
101.41
48.59
30
18.59
131.41
c-
Answer:
h
b
x
b
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
2) State when the cosine rule should be applied. Include diagram(s) in your explanation.
Answer:
The cosine rule
Cosine rule can be used to find the angle or the length of sides of a triangle.
The
cosine rule are:
2
2
a = b + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
b)
Case1
10 cm
50
13 cm
B
The diagram shows triangle ABC. Calculate the length of BC.
Answer:
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 2(AB)(AC) cos A
BC2 = 132 + 102 2(13)(10) cos 50
BC =
269260 cos 50
A
BC = 10.09 cm
7 cm
Case2
9 cm
6 cm
94
126
94
A = cos-1 126
A = 41.75
BAC = 41.75
Case3
Q
BAC .
10cm
22
R
P
18cm
The diagram above shows triangle PQR . Find the length of QR.
Answer:
PR
sin Q
PQ
sin R
18
sin Q
10
sin 22
18 sin 22
sin Q = 10
Q = 42.40
When
Q = 42.40, then
P = 115.60
QR
sin P
QR
sin 115.60
PQ
sin R
10
sin 22
QR = 24.07 cm
1
2
bh
This formula can be used when we know the base and height of the triangle.
Example:
What is the area of this triangle?
(Note:
Height = h = 12
Base = b = 20
Area = bh = 20 12 = 120 cm2
2) The trigonometry based formula:
1
= 2
Area
This formula can be used when we know two sides and the included angle of the
ab sin C
triangle.
Depending on
three ways.
1
2 ab sin C or
1
2
bc sin A or
Example:
Find the area of this triangle:
1
2
ac sin B
Area =
()ab sin C
Area =
7 10 sin(25)
Area =
35 0.4226
Area =
14.79 cm2
1
2
bc sin A
Case 1
A
7 cm
45
C
B
5cm
Find the area of triangle ABC above.
Answer:
Area =
1
2
ac sin B
1
2
(5)(7) sin 45
= 12.37 cm2
Case2
A
5.4cm
9.2cm
12.8cm
Find the area of triangle ABC above
Answer:
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 2(AB)(AC) cos A
(12.8)2 = (5.4)2 + (9.2)2 2(9.2)(5.4) cos A
cos A = [(5.4)2 + (9.2)2 (12.8)2] [2(9.2)(5.4)]
A = 120.24
Area =
1
2
ac sin B
1
2
(AC)(AB) sin A
1
2
= 21.46cm2
Kampung Murni
9 km
7km
6 km
8km
City
Rubber Factory
Uncle Ghani who lives in Kampung Murni has a piece of land measuring just like the picture
above. The local government wants to make the acquisition of a land to build a road connecting
Kampung Murni to the city. Uncle Ghanis land which adjacented triangle-shape is beside a
rubber factory is 34km2 and acute angled at the three- way intersection.
(i)
(ii)
Find the length of Uncle Ghanis land which the government wants to acquire.
If the local government wants to acquire the land of width 20 m, calculate the
(iii)
(iv)
Appreciation
After tiring days and a lot of efforts, I finished this Additional Mathematics Project Work
2015. This project work is interesting and it is related to the concept of Mathematics in our daily
life. First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents for providing everything such as money
to buy anything that are related to this project work. They had also advised me and provided me
with facilities which are very important for this project work such as internet, computer and
books. They also supported and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not
procrastinate in doing it.
Secondly, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Puan Ruhil Hayati
Binti Abd. Ghani for giving me guidance and support throughout this project. Even I had some
difficulties in completing this task, but she patiently taught me until I managed to understand
about this project work. She is also very kind hearted until she helped me to do this project
work until late in the evening at school.
Lastly, I would like to thank my friends especially my classmates who are always
supporting me. Even this project is an individually project but we cooperated between each other
to complete this project. Sometimes, we stayed back after the school hours to fulfill this task. We
had also organized a few discussions at library to share ideas among us about this project work. I
would like to thank to god for giving me friends like them and hopefully our friendship will last
long forever. I am also would like to thank everyone who has involved directly or indirectly in
completing this project work.
Objective
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while
we are in Form 5. Upon completing this Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are able to
gain valuable experiences and able to :
Conclusion
After doing research, discussion with friends, answering question, drawing triangles and
some problem solving, I saw that the usage of solution of triangle is important in daily life. It is
not only used by students in primary schools, secondary schools and higher level of studies, but
also widely used in construction field. Engineers used the concept of solution of triangle to build
buildings and bridges in the shape of triangle. For example the middle part of the Penang bridge
was built in a shape of triangle. Solution of triangle concept is used to determine the length and
angle of the triangle to build a strong and stable bridge. Without it, sure a strong bridge could not
be built. So we should be thankful to the people who contribute the idea of solution involving
triangles.
Reflection
After spending countless hours, days and nights to finish this project and also sacrificing
my time for video games and magazines in this holiday, there are a few things that I would like
to say
Oh Additional Mathematics
From the day I born,
From the day I was able to hold pencil,
From the day I start learning,
And
From the day I heard your name,
I always thought you will be my great obstacle and rival in excelling
Sometimes I regret of learning you,
But now I was totally wrong,
I realized something really important in you,
I know everything just because of you
I really love you, and
You are my soul mate
Thank you Additional Mathematics.
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
make some of us to feel uncomfortable with the terms which are considered hard and difficult to
understand.
different shapes of buildings, vehicles, roads and many more which are connected with
Mathematics.
You are asked to draw a mural on the school walls by using the
geometry basic themes which must consists of triangle shapes. Hence, you are to draw a draft on
a A4 paper with the measurement of 10 cm X 20 cm of the mural that you would like on the
school walls.
Introduction
A triangle is a closed three-sided, three-angled figure, and is the simplest example of
what mathematicians call polygons (figures having many sides). Triangles are among the most
important objects studied in mathematics owing to the rich mathematical theory built up around
them in Euclidean geometry and trigonometry , and also to their applicability in such areas as
astronomy, architecture, engineering, physics, navigation, and surveying. In Euclidean geometry,
much attention is given to the properties of triangles. Many theorems are stated and proved about
the conditions necessary for two triangles to be similar and/or congruent. Similar triangles have
the same shape but not necessarily the same size, whereas congruent triangles have both the
same shape and size.
One of the most famous and useful theorems in mathematics, the Pythagorean Theorem,
is about triangles. Specifically, the Pythagorean Theorem is about right triangles, which are
triangles having a 90 or "right" angle. The theorem states that if the length of the sides forming
the right angle are given by a and b, and the side opposite the right angle, called the hypotenuse,
is given by c, then c 2 = a 2 + b 2. It is almost impossible to over-state the importance of this
theorem to mathematics and, specifically, to trigonometry.
Triangles feature very frequently in the discipline of mathematics. For example, almost
all two dimensional shapes (apart from a circle) can be made up of a series of triangles arranged
in a certain way. Furthermore, in the field of mathematics, triangle-related formulae such as
Pythagoras' theorem (a^2+b^2=c^2) form the basis of a great deal higher levels of mathematical
education, in branches such as trigonometry.
Principles of trigonometry, or the study of triangles, are used widely in fields such as
astronomy, space travel and communication in ways that I, as a non-astronomer, cannot even
begin to understand. However, my research suggests that trigonometry plays a role in aspects of
astronomy such as deciding how far about the earth a satellite dish should be placed.
In conclusion, we can see that actually triangle has many uses in our daily life. So we
should explore about the types of triangles, characteristics of triangles and the solution of
problems involving triangles.