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where Tp Ts
Galley slaves?
A signal can be recovered exactly from its PWM samples at rate 2B,
provided the bandwidth is 0.637B.
PWM (cont.)
PWM output can be generated by a sawtooth signal gating the input.
Below the pulse width varies from nearly 0 to 1/2 the pulse period.
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
PCM Tradeoffs
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2
1
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
2
Uniform Quantization
An ideal uniform quantizer is a nonlinear time invariant system:
Nl g(t) < Nl
ge(t) = n
(n 21 ) < g(t) < (n + 12 ), Nl < n < Nh
N
g(t) > N
h
Nonuniform Quantization
Nonuniform quantizers increase quantization intervals as magnitude of
value. Interval proportional to value implies logarithmic curve.
e = 0, 1, . . . , 7
A|x|
1
|x| <
sgn(x) 1 + ln(A)
A
y=
1 + ln(A|x|) 1
sgn(x)
< |x| < 1
y = sgn(x)
1 + ln(A)
m(t)
mp
Lecture 16, Page 14
A-law is used for international connections if at least one country uses it.
-Law Implementation
Both -law and A-law expanders are piecewise linear.
This table shows how 7 bits are expanded.