`

Industrial Engineering Department

Safety Engineering and Human Factors (Lab) (65589)
Report Grading Sheet
Instructor Name:
Eng.Alaa Alawneh
Academic Year: 2014/2015
Semester: Second

Experiment # (3):
Hearing Test
Performed on:15 /2/2015
Submitted on: 22 /2/2015

Students:
1-Yousef Dweikat
3-Yazan Breik

2- Qasem Alqasem
4Evaluation Criterion

Grade

Objectives
Illustrate the aim of doing the experiment.
Abstract / Introduction
Show over all experiment ideas in simple words.
Apparatus / Procedure
Apparatus
sufficiently
described
to
enable
another
experimenter to identify the equipment needed to conduct the
experiment. Procedure sufficiently described.
Experimental Results and Discussion
Results analyzed correctly. Experimental findings adequately
and specifically summarized, in graphical, tabular, and/or
written form, with explanation to those results.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions summarize the major findings from the
experimental
results
with
adequate
specificity.
Recommendations appropriate in light of conclusions. Correct
grammar.
References
Complete consistent bibliographic information that would
enable the reader to search for references of interest.
Appearance
Title page is complete, page numbers applied, content is well
organized, correct spelling, fonts are consistent, good visual
appeal.
Total

5
10
20

40

15

100

Points

Introduction:
Hearing is one of five senses the physiological process of perceiving sound
mammalian ears may be subdivided into three parts :- outer , middle , and inner
The ear is the organ of hearing and balance it is composed of three divisions:external. middle and internal the greater part of which is enclosed within the
temporal bone.

Objective:
The main objective to do this experiment:
1- To know how to use the audiometer.
2- To know how to draw audio graph.
3- And to evaluate students hearing.

The structure of ear and how it work :

Sound waves are collected by the outer ear as shown in figure(1) down and are funneled
through the ear canal to the eardrum. Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate. The three
bones of the middle ear transmit and amplify the vibrations to the oval window of the inner
ear. Fluid in the inner ear stimulated nerve endings called hair cells. Electrical impulses are
sent from the hair cells along the auditory nerve to the brain.
The mechanism of hearing
Hearing is a series of events in which the ear converts sound waves into electrical signals that
are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound. The ear has three main parts: the outer, middle,
and inner ear. Sound waves enter through the outer ear and reach the middle ear where they
cause the eardrum to vibrate.
The vibrations are transmitted through three tiny bones in the middle ear, called the ossicles.
These three bones are named the malleus, incurs, and stapes (and are also known as the
hammer, anvil, and stirrup). The eardrum and ossicles amplify the vibrations and carry them
to the inner ear. The stirrup transmits the amplified vibrations through the oval window and
into the fluid that fills the inner ear. The vibrations move through fluid in the snail-shaped
hearing part of the inner ear (cochlea) that contains the hair cells. The fluid in the cochlea
moves the top portion of the hair cells, called the hair bundle, which initiates the changes that
lead to the production of nerve impulses. These nerve impulses are carried to the brain, where
they are interpreted as sound. Different sounds move the hair bundles in different ways, thus
allowing the brain to distinguish one sound from another, such as vowels from consonants.

Figure 1: Structure of our ear

Audiometer :
Definition
Audiometer is the testing of a person's ability to hear various sound frequencies. The test is
performed with the use of electronic equipment called an audiometer. This testing is usually
administered by a trained technician called an audiologist.

Figure 2 : The Audiometer

Audiometric is the testing of hearing ability. Typically, audiometric tests determine a

subject's hearing levels with the help of an audiometer, but may also measure ability to
discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from
background noise. Acoustic reflex and otoacoustic emissions may also be measured. Results
of audiometric tests are used to diagnose hearing loss or diseases of the ear, and often make
use of an Audiogram.

About its application

The basic hearing test or audiogram tests one's ability to hear pure tones in each
ear. Best results are obtained by a trained audiologist in a special soundproof
testing booth. Simple tests, such as ones done in many schools, may be useful
for screening, but a careful audiogram is necessary for accurate diagnosis of
most hearing problems.A complete audiogram will test both the bone conduction
(the ability to hear a sound when it transmitted through bone) and the air
conduction (the ability to hear a sound when it transmitted through air). A
comparison between these two types of conduction can be very useful in
localizing which part of the hearing mechanism is responsible for the loss. In
particular, the test is useful in determining if the loss is due to a problems with
the portion of the middle ear that conducts sound from the ear canal to the inner
ear (in which case it would be called a "conductive" hearing loss) or if it is due to
the inner ear or the nerve that conducts the sound signals to the brain (in which
case it would be called a "sensorineural" hearing loss).

The results of audiograms are most often displayed in graph form. This graph shows the
amount of hearing loss expressed in units called decibels at different sound frequencies (also
called Hertz). High frequencies correspond to high tones, and low frequencies are low tones.
Most audiograms go from around 250 hertz to 8000 hertz. A loss up to 20 decibels on this
graph is considered "normal". Hearing losses over 20 decibels are considered abnormal

How Audiometer Work :

Audiometer apparatus comprises an electrostatic transducer having insulated
electrodes for application to the skin on the head of a patient and driven by an
ultrasonic frequency carrier signal generated in a series resonant circuit
including the impedance of the body tissues between the electrodes, the carrier
frequency being determined by the series resonant circuit. The amplitude of the
carrier is modulated at an audio frequency, and operating parameters such as
the magnitude of the current fed to the electrodes and the modulation frequency
are controlled automatically in response to preselected values preset therein.
Current and modulation frequency values are preset stepwise into a manually
adjustable preselectors having detents formed by cooperating magnetic
5

`
elements establishing successive rest positions corresponding to steps to which
the preselector may be set. The preselector is formed with spaced apart
segments disposed to cooperate with a
DEGREE
pair of optointerruptors to cause the
SOUND
latter to generate stepping pulses and
OF HEARING
LEVEL
pulses indicating the direction of
LOSS
adjustment of the preselector.
0-20

Normal

20-40

Mild

40-60

Moderate loss

60-90

Severe loss

90 and above

Very bad

Classification of for sound level:As we mentioned before there are some

evaluation for the reading and this must
compare with the standard data in the next
table the data was explained in ranges:

Table (1): Shows The Relationship between the sound level and degree of hearing loss.

Methodology:

The reading was taken for every student who take the reading by using
the audiometer in approximately good conditions and record the data
which appeared in the audiometer

The audiometer graph was established for every student according to his
reading
6

The student compare his reading to the standard level and evaluate his
hearing

Conclusions and Recommendations

The Results For Male from the Audiometer was as follow :

Figure (3) Shows the reading for

male

`
Table (2) : Shows The Readings for male

Frequency (H)

Left

Right

500

50 m

50 m

1000

50 m

40 m

2000

50 m

50 m

3000

50 m

4000

50 m

50 m

6000

45 m

50 m

8000

50 m

50 m

The Results For female from the Audiometer was as follow :

Figure (4) Shows the reading for

female
Table (3) : Shows The Readings for female

Frequency (H)

Left

Right

500

40 m

40 m

1000

35 m

35 m

2000

40 m

3000

45 m

4000

6000

40 m

40 m

8000

30 m

30 m

Differences between male and female hearing :

The best frequency of the female antenna is around 230 Hz; that of the male
is around 380 Hz, which corresponds approximately to the fundamental
frequency of female flight sounds. The antennal hairs of males are resonantly
tuned to frequencies between approximately 2600 and 3100 Hz and are
therefore stiffly coupled to, and move together with, the flagellar shaft when
stimulated at biologically relevant frequencies around 380 Hz. Because of this
stiff coupling, forces acting on the hairs can be transmitted to the shaft and
thus to the auditory sensory organ at the base of the flagellum, a process that
is proposed to improve acoustic sensitivity.

References:
i

1. http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-

8&rls=GGLR,GGLR:2005-41,G.
2.http://depts.washington.edu/hearing/Hearing%20Loss.

3. http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?
4. http://depts.washington.edu/otoweb/patients/pts_specialties/pts_ .

5.

http://www.answers.com/topic/audiometry

10