Free Hand Writing PDF

BANKING CAREER IN BANGLADESH
6/16/2015
FREE HAND WRITING FOR BANK JOBS

HEMAL JAMIUL HASAN
LIFE IS SHORT, TIME IS LIMITED. ONLY WAY OF LIVING

A LONG LIFE IS TO VALUE THE EVERY MOMENT OF LIFE
[HEMAL JAMIUL HASAN]
Free Hand Writing For Bank Jobs

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Hemals Speech..
16.o6.2015
In the name of ALLAH, the infinitely Compassionate and Merciful
At first I want to say Happy Birthday to my beloved Group BCB- Banking Career in Bangladesh.. On
this special day I am very glad to publish my E-Book named Free Hand Writing for Bank Jobs. I know, you
are eagerly waiting for being surprised and I am very much confident that you definitely will
be.!!!
Actually, this book is not only a book of some information, some procedures, some messages, but also a
friendship of heart with you. I always believe, To help others is the best way of being happy. We cant make
a better world without cooperation, without loving each other. BCB is the Group where we helps our
competitors, we pray for our competitors, we be happy with the success of our competitors! Its amazing!!!!!
And this is the only reason why I love BCB, Why I am here..!!!!!!
Its my limitation that I cant make the Free Hand Writing for Bank Jobs flawless. Extremely sorry for that!
If you find any discrepancy, please inform me.
Wishing success in your life
Wishing a better Banking Systems in Bangladesh.

Md. Jamiul Hasan
MBA & BBA (AIS), RU

Admin, BCB
Probationary Officer
Union Bank Limited

Copyright https://www.facebook.com/himurajbari88/

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Panthapath Branch
By surfing Internet I found a group where banking information were available. The group was
'Banking Career in Bangladesh' & it was just a child of 5 months. Gradually 'Banking Career in
Bangladesh' became 'BCB' to me. It is just like a little window of my room. I can see the sky by
only login, can dream, and can see the shuttle of dear & near one. 25 hours out of 24 hours of
a day is passed with this beloved group. Actually Facebook means BCB. If I wish I only stay
some minutes, but I can't understand how I can pass so many hours!!! I think, it is reality
because 'BCB' is only comparable to 'Banking Career in Bangladesh'. It's not possible to be
creative by Comparing with others, by following others. The level of progress is lower, but level
of frustration becomes higher. Comparing with self-day by day makes you more competent
than before. There are many posts in BCB, all are important! One post isnt less or more
important than another. After getting the desired job of any members, the group's wall is filled
up with great happiness. Who hasn't get desired job becomes more enthusiastic to be
successful. Wishing to defeat the tiredness & unsuccessfulness, all the members go ahead by
helping each other and this will never stop. Congratulations to all members including me on the
very special day of 3rd Anniversary.
Mou Shaila
16.06.2015
Almost each graduate & post-graduate dreams of touching the vast sky of success. And BCB is
such a platform that helps the exuberant youths weave some such dreams & materialize the
dreams that are weaved meticulously. It is such an arena that helps us to make ourselves wellprepared for snatching the much expected victory. May BCB be the world of all adroit bankers of
Bangladesh one day.Happy Birthday!!
Arif Chowdhury
16.06.2015

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Part One:
In exam hall, you will be given a limited time or limited space for writing. So, there is no need to memories a big
essay.
You
can
only
remember
some
points
about
the
related
topics.
For Example:
Update
Information
If the given essay topic is 'Traffic Jam in Dhaka City', I think it is very easy to write about traffic jam because
more or less we all have the experience of it. But to cut a good figure or justify your writing you can add the
following sentence: 'A city must have minimum 25% of its area as road but for Dhaka city it is only 8%. Even all
kinds of vehicles can pass only through 2%.' This short information can help you to make your writing more
effective. Or if the essay topics is 'Violence against Women', you can use the information that 91.3% of
girls/women are victims of eve teasing at least once or around 42% of women are victims of physical violence
by
their
husband.
So it is matter of remembering one or two important points to make your writing more strong but not memorizing
all kinds of information.

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
The name of essay does not matter, there are strong correlations among various topics. If you have updated
information about some major topics, you can write very well whether the name of topics is common or not....
For example: If you know some information about RMG Sector, you can use it in:
1. RMG in Bangladesh
2. Women empowerment in Bangladesh
3. Economic growth/conditions of Bangladesh
4. Rana plaza tragedy
5. Workers' safety in Bangladesh
6. GSP
7. Contribution of export to economy
8. Branding Bangladesh
9. Cheap Labour
10. How can you develop RMG sector
Or if you know about the GDP (size of GDP, GDP Growth, Per Capita GDP Investment to GDP ratio,
Contribution of various sectors to GDP etc.), you can use it in:
2
Correlation
among Different
Topics
1. Economic Challenges
2. Steps towards Middle Income Country
3. Vision 2021
4. Investment Environment
5. Industrialization
6. Contribution or Problems of Industry, Services & Agriculture sectors.
7. Economic Slowdown
8. Achievement of Bangladesh
9. Budget Analysis
10. Sustainable development of Bangladesh etc.
Or If you have some information about Mobile Banking, you can use it in:
1. Mobile Banking
2. Financial Inclusion
3. Digital Bangladesh
4. Contribution of Telecommunications sector
5. Role of Banking sector
6. Achievement of Bangladesh
7. Employment Opportunities etc.
Now, you have to develop your common sense to use the information at right place....

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:
1. Lacking of Good Governance
2. Political Instability
3. Global recession
4. Inflation
5. Unemployment problem
6. High interest rate
7. Backdated Revenue Collection Policy
8. Inadequate Infrastructure
9. Load Shedding
10. Lack of power supply
11. Traffic jam
12. Inadequate Telecommunication
13. Weak Monitoring & Controlling
14. Corruption
15. Lack of Governmental Incentive
16. Poverty
17. Awkward leadership
18. Foreign Policy
19. Lack of Deep Seaport
20. Hoarding
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
Common
Problems
1. Greenhouse Effect
2. Population Problem
3. River Filling Up
3. Waste and Garbage of Factories
4. Air Pollution
5. Water Pollution
6. Deforestation
7. Unplanned Urbanization
8. Fragmentation of Land
9. Natural Calamity
10. Toxic Preservative
11. Chemical Fertilizer
12. Inadequate Drainage System
13. Noise Pollution
PERSONAL PROBLEMS:
1. Illiteracy
2. Malnutrition
3. Lack of Awareness
4. Superstition
5. Lack of ethics
6. Lack of perseverance
OTHERS:
1. Student Politics
2. Eve teasing
3. Fundamentalism

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Common
Positive Sides
1. Continuous 6%+ GDP Growth

2. 16 million population
3. Power of Youth
4. SME
5. Financial Inclusion
6. RMG Sector
7. Natural Beauty
8. Women Empowerment
9. Primary Education
10. Digital Bangladesh
11. Geographical Location
12. Remittance
13. Foreign Reserve
14. Blue Economy
15. Controlled Inflation
16. Hospitality
17. Private Sector
18. Cricket
19. Media
20. MDGs Achievement
21. Agriculture
22. Services Sector
Common
Remedies
1. Good Governance
2. Political Stability
3. Enforcement of Law
4. Higher Education
5. Training
6. Private Sector Investment
7. Better Business Environment
8. Development Friendly Tax Rate, Interest Rate etc.
9. Sufficient Infrastructure
10. Zero Tolerance for Corruption
11. Increase of Awareness
12. Social Business
13. Self-Employment
14. Stop of Yellow Journalism
15. Unity of Nations
16. Effective Diplomacy
17. Friendship with Neighbor Countries
18. Patriotism
19. Research & Innovation
20. Cooperation

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Part Two:
Economic
Challenges
Workers Safety
in Bangladesh
Women
Empowerment
in Bangladesh
Violence
Against Women
Unemployment
Problem of
Bangladesh
According to CPD, political unrest from January to mid-March of the current year has caused a gross domestic
product (GDP) loss of 0.55 per cent or Tk 49 billion. Bangladesh economy suffered a loss of $2.2 billion (nearly
Tk180 billions) due to recent political troubles, according to the World Bank. This came after the CPD finding.
World Bank also projected a slide in economic growth to 5.6 per cent in the current fiscal. The impact on direct
production loss could be equivalent to around 1.0 per cent of the GDP. The monthly update of April 2015
presents a critical analysis of the ten major economic challenges relating to growth in GDP, revenue collection,
government expenditure, budget deficit, foreign aid, private sector credit, export, inflation, non-performing
loan, and saving-investment gap which the economy has underwent during the FY 2014-15 and should be
taken into account for the upcoming budget for FY 2015-16.
Name Of Industry Real Scenario Of Death 112 workers RMG perished in the Tazreen fire last November
'2012, 65 workers died in the Spectrum tragedy in 2005, 7 lost their lives in the January 2013 Smart
Fashion Tragedy, and in Savar tragedy over 1100 garment workers died in 2013. Ship Breaking During the
years 200911, 31 labours were killed in accident and the actual numbers may be much higher.
Construction According to Safety and Right Society there were 149 deaths in 2012, 183 deaths in 2011,
73 in 2010, 56 in 2009, 100 deaths in Transport 2008 According to the report of the Bangladesh Institute
of Labour Studies (BILS), the highest number of workplace accident deaths occurred in the transport
sector in 2012. It says at least 249 workers died in transport sector.
the Prime Minister and Leader of Opposition, speaker of parliament. While it is imperative to ensure
reserved seats for women in the national parliament, female MPs have voiced their concerns on the
lack of election financing and overall party support. We find similar stories of work place discrimination
from female officers, holding various posts in the government. They are working hand in hand with men
in all spheres of work i.e. from garments workers to pilots, doctors, engineers, teachers, administrators
etc. 85% of 4 million workers of RMG that is account for 76% export earnings are women. A total of
46,230 Bangladeshi women went abroad for jobs till October last year, up by nearly 24 percent from
the same period of 2012, The Ministry of Education and The Ministry of Primary And Mass Education
apply a quota system for recruiting women teachers: 30% for government higher secondary schools.
40% for private higher secondary schools, madrasas and colleges within pourashava, 20% for institutions
outside pourashava, and 60% for primary school teachers. Women account for 46% of the health
workforce, including 26% of doctors and 90% of nurses. The position of nurse has been upgraded from
class 3 to class 2 in 2009 and nurses are currently being recruited for 2,500 vacant posts In Ministry Of
Commerce, 20.5% of the ov
Occurrence of domestic violence varies little in terms of urban-rural divide. A ICDDR,B study shows that
among ever-married women, 40% of those in the urban area and 42% in the rural area reported
physical violence by their husband (ICDDR,B,2006). However, sexual violence by husband is more prevalent
in rural areas (50%) than urban areas (37%), according to the study. According to an another study of
ICDDR,B conducted in 2011, 89% male in rural area and 83% male in urban area think that they have
the right to beat up their wives for betterment of family. 98% male in rural area and 93% male in
urban area think that to be manly, they must be rigorous. And 65% male in rural area and 50% male
in urban area think that to continue marital relationship, women must endure the violence against
them.
Unemployment is a great concern in Bangladesh. Every year hundreds of thousands student are coming
out from college and universities. According to BBS, the unemployment rate in Bangladesh stood at
4.5%, which approx 26 lacks as per the report from the survey. According to a survey on South Asia
by Intelligence unit of The Economist, at present 47% of graduate in Bangladesh is unemployed. Whereas
in Afghanistan- 65%, India- 33% and Pakistan- 28%. According to World Bank, unemployment rate in BD
is 14.2%. If employment rate is increased by 2%, the GDP growth rate can be increased to 8% and as
a result we can be medium income country by 2021. According to Bangladesh Economy Society, every
year 22 lac people enter into job market for job but only 7 lac get job. According to ILO, now total
unemployment in BD is 3 crore. If this rate continues, by 2015 it will be 6 crore. Among 20 countries
experiencing uplifting trend of unemployment, Bangladesh is 12th.

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
Tourism Industry
in Bangladesh
The Spirit of
Liberation War
The Annual
Development
Programme
Suspension of
GSP
10
Students Politics
& Bangladesh
There is a great potential to promote sports tourism in Bangladesh. We can develop venues and
infrastructure in the country. Some cricket venues have already been developed. But, more venues
need to be established in various places of the country like Coxs Bazar (the worlds longest sea
beach), Kuakata, Comilla, Barisal, Dinjapur etc. For the development of sports tourism we can seek
both local and foreign investment. This way we shall be able to reap benefits. Also, by developing
sports tourism we can help develop many backward linkage sectors in the country. Besides, this will
help the creation of many informal jobs like tea vendors, food corners, betel shops, hawkers etc. A
policy framework is necessary to be developed, and strong coordination amongst the concerned
departments is required. Bangladesh should also take initiatives for eco-tourism development in the
country especially in the naturally and culturally rich areas. Sylhet and Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) regions
of Bangladesh are paradises for eco-tourism activities. On the other hand, Sundarbans is the gold mine
for ecotourism. It is the single largest mangrove forest in the world. It has been designated as a world
heritage site since 1997. The worlds second largest mangrove forest is Mastang in Malaysia, which is
only one-tenth the size of the Sundarbans. To develop eco-tourism in the Sundarbans, we can install
some world class cruise vessels to take tourists to the forest. But we should keep in mind that the ecosystem of the Subdarbans is not disturbed. We can also develop eco-tourism at St. Martins island which
will help protection of the island. Eco-tourism development will help us preserve our rich cultural heritage
for the benefit of our future generations. Different policy approaches are required in this regard. Controls
of visitors, enforcement of tourist movement guidelines and waste management facilities are required
for eco-tourism development.
March 25 is a black day in the history of Bangladesh. On that night the army began to attack in the
unarmed people of Bangladesh. Sheik Mujib was arrested and taken to West Pakistan. The independence
of Bangladesh was declared. As the liberation war started, freedom fighters took birth overnight and
faced the well-trained occupying forces to Pakistan fearlessly. At Mujib Nagar the government of the
people republic of Bangladesh was formed on 17th April, 1971. But the Pakistan went on committing
genocide to horror of the world. Women were raped and killed. The world press believed the atrocity
of the of the occupying forces exceeded all limits. Millions of innocent Bengalese fled across the border
in fear of their loves. So when their crimes were full, the Pakistanis came under direct attack of the
combined forces of India and Bangladesh. The 16th December: The final stage of the war took a
couple of days only. On the glorious day of 16th December, the Pakistani army surrendered. Our victory
day confirmed the birth of Bangladesh on the world map. the spirit of the liberation war is adequately
captured in the four principles which have guided our constitution: Democracy, Nationalism, Secularism
and Socialism (which has later been elaborated to mean social justice).
The Annual Development Programme (ADP) is an organised list of projects in different sectors and
allocations for them for a year as prepared in line with the government's development policies,
programmes and investment plan. The ADP is prepared on the basis of the year's development budget
approved by the parliament. The Planning Commission prepares the list of ADP projects of the
government of Bangladesh in the light of basic objectives and goals of Five Year Plans. The draft is
then placed before the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) for its approval.
While preparing an ADP, fields and projects related to national economic development get more
priority. Funds are allocated to implement the development projects included in the ADP.
On June 27th, the US suspended Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for Bangladesh. The suspension
does not directly affect the countrys multi-billion-dollar clothing exports to the US, because they do not
come under GSP. However it affects nearly other 5,000 products which Bangladesh can export to the
US without duties, such as golf equipment, plastic bags, bone china, porcelain kitchenware, headgears,
spectacles and tents. Bangladesh earned from such exports $35 million in 2012. The suspension is not so
much of an adverse effect on Bangladesh total exports which stands at about $25 billion. It is less
than 1% of Bangladeshs exports to the US ($4.9 billion). However it is the image of Bangladesh to
international community which is being damaged. Although EU has expressed that it may not follow the
US, the EU Trade Commissioner has convened a meeting in Geneva on 8th July to know what steps
Bangladesh government and other stakeholders (BGMEA & BKMEA) will take to take care of safety and
improved working conditions of workers. It is noted the garment industry employs some 4 million people
in Bangladesh, 80 percent of them women, thus empowering young women in the country.
Education is the backbone of a nation. But most of the time our political leaders forget this truth. They
favour their rough political game over education. Instead of pens, they favour guns for students. Thus,
today our educational institutions are oriented not to education and talent rather guns and gatherings.
However, our students have a glorious history when they played leading part in making the nation free
from foreign occupation, repression and in establishing the rights of the people. Then student
organisations were oriented to students' interests as well as the greater welfare of the nation. But with
the passage of time, they became the front associations of the political parties. Today our political
leaders are playing double game. When in government they want the students to keep themselves
aloof from politics. When in opposition, on the other hand, they want them to take a leading part in
politics. The present controversy over banning students' organisations/institutions is also the result of the
double standard of our politicians.

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
11
Measure to
Improve
Bangladesh
Cricket
12
Social Safety
Net Program
13
Share Market
Crush
14
Shadow of
Communalism
15
Ruppur Nuclear
Power Plant
It is acknowledged that, better coaching is the important factor to upgrade, gear up, improve and
enrich a team. In this competitive cricket world, it is must to have specialized coaches in every part
of cricket game. Cricket teams at various levels must have specialized batting, fielding, fast bowling
and spin bowling coaches. By the touch of specialized coaches cricketers can enhance their cricketing
skills. For this, Bangladesh will have to manage some best coaches of the world anyhow. Besides quality
coaches even psychologist can be appointed for the cricketers for building their mental strengths, as
sometimes it is said cricket is more a game of mental ability than skills. Moreover, it is also necessary
to make more training schools like BKSP (Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Protishthan). At least 7 branches of
BKSP should be urgently established in 7 divisions where 7 under 13, under 15, under 17 and under 19
teams will take regular training. This process will generate more skillful and talented players. Besides,
regular age level tournament should be organized regularly where these players will have the opportunity
to test their skills. This process is seemed to be fruitful for Bangladesh cricket since players like Shakib
Al Hasan, Mushfiqur Rahim, Mashrafee Mortaza, Tamim Iqbal and so on have come into action from
this.
Social safety nets, or "socioeconomic safety nets", are non-contributory transfer programs seeking to prevent
the poor or those vulnerable to shocks and poverty from falling below a certain poverty level. Safety
net programs can be provided by the public sector (the state and aid donors) or by the private sector
(NGOs, private firms, charities, and informal household transfers). Safety net transfers include: Cash
transfers Food-based programs such as supplementary feeding programs and food stamps, vouchers,
and coupons In-kind transfers such as school supplies and uniforms Conditional cash transfers Price
subsidies for food, electricity, or public transport Public works Fee waivers and exemptions for health
care, schooling and utilities On average, spending on safety nets accounts for 1 to 2 percent of GDP
across developing and transition countries, though sometimes much less or much more. In the last
decade, a visible growing expertise in various areas of safety nets has taken place.
The 2010-12 Bangladesh share market scam is part of the ongoing share market turmoil in the two
stock exchanges the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and the Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). The
crash is deemed to be a scam aggravated by government failure. The stock market was in turbulence
throughout much of 2009, with the long bullish trend starting to turn grim. An abrupt crash of the share
market in 2011 had sparked violent protests from the investors. It was the biggest one-day fall in the
Bangladesh stock market's 55-year history. It is estimated that over 3.5 million people many of them
small-scale individual investors - had lost their money because of the sharp plunge in share prices. When
there is more than 10 per cent loss within a few days in the market, it is called stock market crash.
"Stock market crash is a sharp and unexpected decline of the market prices for a very short period of
time, usually accompanied by the decline of many other assets' prices." It causes significant capital
losses to investors and speculators. The market participants become panicked which leads to more
losses.
Despite religious, cultural and economic differences, the Hindus and Muslims, along with a tiny Buddhist
and Christian minority, had been living in harmony and peace for centuries in Bangladesh. However,
communal harmony started deteriorating rapidly by the third decade of the 20th century with the
Indian National Congress represented largely by the Hindus and the Muslim League (ML) demanding a
separate homeland for the Muslims. The British, through its insidious policy of divide and rule, widened
the gulf between the two major religious communities. The migration process intensified with the partition
in August 1947. It may be recalled here that according to census in 1941, minorities, mostly Hindus,
were almost 30% of the population of what now constitutes Bangladesh. The percentage kept declining
in every census; they were down to 23% by 1951, 19.6% by 1961 and 14.6% by 1974 when the first
census of Bangladesh took place. The trend continues even today; in the census of 2001 the minorities
were 10.3% and in 2011 census they were down to 9.4%. The decline of percentage of minority
population indicates that there is an outward migration. Most of the elite Bengali Hindus have left
Bangladesh over the last 60 years, leaving a sense of hopelessness prevailing among the minority
community.
The nuclear power plant will be built at Ruppur, on the banks of the Padma River, in the Ishwardi
subdistrict of Pabna, in the northwest of the country. The RNPP is estimated to cost up to US$2 billion,
and start operating by 2021. Although hopeful the plant would help curtail the countrys power shortage,
many were confused about how the plant would develop. The Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP)
will be constructed within a kilometer of the Lalon Shaha Bridge on the River Padma. The project site
falls under the Pakshi union, and the plant authority has acquired around 260 acre of land. RNPP might
cause health issues likes skin diseases for the locals, or in the case of natural calamities such as an
earthquake, it might blow up altogether. A power plant like this might give job opportunities to the
people of the area. It will also provide better electricity supply, which will be a great thing for local
residents.

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
16
RMG Sector of
Bangladesh
17
Public Private
Partnership
18
Real Scenario of
Corruption
19
Remittance Flow
to Bangladesh
20
Parliamentary
Democracy in
Bangladesh
21
Mobile Banking
in Bangladesh
22
Financial
Inclusion
23
MDGs and
Bangladesh
The RMG industry has been Bangladeshs key export industry and a main source of foreign exchange
for the last 25 years. As a result of an insulated market guaranteed by Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) of
General Agreement Tariff and Trade (GATT) and supportive policies of the Government of Bangladesh
(GoB), it attained a high profile in terms of foreign exchange earnings, exports, industrialization and
contribution to the GDP within a short period. In less than a decade it increased its exports, foreign
exchange earnings, and contribution to the GDP by 4.39 %. In 2011-12 Bangladesh was the worlds
second largest exporter of apparel and registered $19.1 billion of ready-made garments exports, a total
which accounted for 16% of the countrys GDP. The industry currently provides employment for an
estimated 4 million people. United States of America is the largest importer of Bangladeshi RMG products,
followed by Germany, United Kingdom, France and other European Union countries.
Public-Private-Partnership is relatively a new concept for Bangladesh. During its first forty years, the
country has gone through rigorous nationalization followed by vigorous privatization. With taking power
by the new government that believes in Change or Din Bodol, time has come to try the third
dimension, the Public-Private-Partnership. Public Private Partnership is a business relationship between a
private-sector company and a government agency for the purpose of completing a project that will
serve the public. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP, P3 or P3. Under the PPP initiative
the government and public pay contracted prices or fees to the private sector for purchasing services
of the infrastructure that is financed, built, managed, and maintained by the private sector with the
approval and support from the government.
The National Household Survey 2012 released on December 28, by Transparency International Bangladesh
(TIB) showed that 63.7% of the surveyed households have been victims of corruption in one or other
selected sector of service delivery. Most important service delivery sectors affecting people's lives such
as law enforcement, land administration, justice, health, education and local government, remain gravely
affected by corruption.
Non-resident Bangladeshis sent home $1.32 billion in May, according to Bangladesh Bank. The country received
$1.32 billion in remittance last month against $1.29 billion in March 2015, as stated in Bangladesh Bank data
released today. The amount is 1.69 percent more than the previous month. With Mays receipts, the fiscal year's
total reaches $13.87 billion so far (in 11 months).
Four parliaments 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th were elected through popular voting under non partisan caretaker
govt. System and another short lived parliament, the 6th one, was elected amidst boycott by all
mainstream political parties and very low votes turnout. During the lives of Fifth, Seventh, Eighth and
Nine Parliaments, the Opposition, which is an indispensable component of the system, led by Awami
League (AL), Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), respectively have missed 34%, 43%, 60% and 83.38% of
the working days of parliamentary sessions by boycotting it (CPD-CMI Work Paper-2 and TIBs Parliament
Evaluation Report).
There are 2.5 crore mobile bank account holders (almost one-sixth of the total population) and the number is
increasing every day. On an average Tk 350 crore is being transacted every day through mobile banking. Two
MFS providers have emerged as early leaders: bKash of BRAC Bank and Dutch Bangla-Bank mobile banking.
Launched in 2011, bKash, initially a joint venture of BRAC Bank and the US based company Money in Motion,
has emerged as the market leader with more than 15 million customers. Following IFC's investment, Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, one of the largest private foundations in the world, also made an equity investment
in 2014. The service provider has around 105,000 agent points nationwide to facilitate cash-in and cash-out
services at every corner of Bangladesh. Besides money transfer, a bKash account holder can also use his or her
mobile wallet for availing other services such as mobile phone top up, salary disbursement and payment for
shopping.
There are 2.5 crore mobile bank account holders (almost one-sixth of the total population) and the number is
increasing every day. On an average Tk 350 crore is being transacted every day through mobile banking.
Another 1 crore Tk 10 farmers' accounts exist in state banks. Nearly 8 lakh students have bank accounts now.
In addition, there are around 5.5 crore formal bank accounts in the country. Altogether, the total number of
bank accounts now stand at around 9 crore or over 56 percent of the total 16 crore population. If only the
adult population is taken into account, nearly 90 percent people have bank accounts, which is a remarkable
achievement for Bangladesh compared to the least developed and developing countries. There are around
9,000 bank branches along with about 18,000 branches of NGO-MFIs, 1,200 thousands post offices and 183,000
co-operative outlets totalling about 2.1 lakh branches/outlets for the 56.6 million economically active
population - generating at least one financial service point per 270 people.
Bangladesh is among the 20 countries which have satisfied millennium development goal no.1 (known
as mdg-1), to halve the proportion of hungry people. Their progress was measured between 1990-92
and 2010-2012, against benchmarks established by the international community at the UN General
Assembly in 2000. Bangladesh is among the 16 countries which had earlier received UN recognition
for being on track to achieve MDG- 4 by significantly reducing prevalence of child mortality. In attaining
MDG-2 (that is achieving universal primary education), Bangladesh already achieved 95 percent in
terms of primary school enrolment back in 2011. As far as MDG-3 (promoting gender equality and
empowering women) is concerned, Bangladesh also achieved gender parity in primary and secondary
education, and remains on track with respect to percentage of women employed in agriculture sector.
10

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
24
TICFA
25
Land Boundary
Agreement
26
Nepal
Earthquake
27
ICC World Cup

2015
28
Good
Governance in
Bangladesh
29
Globalization
30
RMG Challenges
On MDG-5 (improving maternal health), a un agency report in 2011 highlighted that by scaling down
maternal mortality rate at 194 per lakh, Bangladesh showed a major turnaround, and was steadily
moving ahead to achieve the goal by 2015
Bangladesh and the United States nailed down the Trade and Investment Cooperation Framework Agreement
(Ticfa) in 2013 aiming to foster trade and investment between the two countries. Bangladesh enjoys duty-free
access for 97 percent of its products to the US market, but the country's main export earning garment sector is
excluded from the benefit. Around 95 percent of Bangladesh's exports to the US are garment products, for
which
15.30
percent
duty
has
to
be
paid.
In 2012, Bangladesh paid $746 million as duty to the US government for exporting a little above $5 billion worth
of garment products.
The LBA has three components. One is un-demarcated land boundary of approximately 6.1 km in three sectors
in Bangladesh's Nilphamari and India's West Bengal, Muhuri River in Bangladesh's Feni and Belonia in India's
Tripura, and Lathitila-Dumabari in Bangladesh's Moulvibazar and India's Assam. The other two are exchange of
162 enclaves and over 5,000 acres of adversely possessed land. India will transfer 111 enclaves with 17,158
acres of land and a population of 37,369. The enclaves are spread across four districts in Bangladesh -- 12 in
Kurigram, 59 in Lalmonirhat, four in Nilphamari and 36 in Panchagarh. The 51 Bangladeshi enclaves, all located
in Cooch Behar of West Bengal, have 7,110 acres of land and population of 14,215. In respect of adversely
possessed land, India will get 2,777.038 acres and transfer 2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh.
The recent earthquake of 7.8 seismic magnitude that devastated central Nepal and the Kathmandu Valley in
the last week of April drew world's attention once again to the terrible consequences that are faced by those
who have survived but have been affected by such a cataclysmic event. The death toll from this latest natural
disaster has exceeded 7,500. It has also left more than 12,000 injured and, in one way or the other, left its imprint
on nearly 9.0 per cent of Nepal's population - a majority of them homeless.
Bangladesh Cricket Team performed exceptionally well in the World Cup 2015 but largely compared to its own
past performances. Its major achievement was the fact that it stamped its arrival in the group of the "blue
bloods" in international cricket and that too by condemning the bluest of the "blue bloods", namely the English
team representing the country that gave birth to cricket itself. In the group of cricket's "blue bloods", or precisely
in the knock-out stage of the World Cup 2015, Bangladesh lost to India in what was the quarter-final game.
Good governance is one of the key components of developing a country within the stipulated time set by the
political government. Good governance is certainly a combination of sincerity, commitment and corruptionfree belief among government officials. To achieve desired development committed by the political
government to the nation, the aim of government administrative machinery should be establishment of good
governance in public offices.
An important aspect of economic globalisation is the globalisation of the process of production. With the
gradual dismantling of trade barriers, and capital flows becoming easier, globalisation of the process of
production has also become easier. It is no longer necessary to produce goods in one location. Even though
a product may bear the mark of being produced in a particular country, its components may have been
produced in different locations. Bangladesh, as a least developed country (LDC), has been enjoying duty and
quota-free access to many advanced countries including member-states of the European Union (EU).
Bangladesh's trade with the rest of the world now stands at nearly 38 per cent as its export-import volume has
soared to around US$66 billion.
Undoubtedly the most rejoicing matter after the independence of the country is the success story of
ready-made garment (RMG) sector which could uplift the fates of millions of Bangladeshi people over
three decades. The journey of the sector which started in early 80s of the last century is still on its full
momentum for a steep growth. Broadly, the sector could make thousands of successful entrepreneurs,
millions of skilled workers and the sector helped put the economy on a footing through contributing 80
percent in the national export basket. Having such a steady and robust export growth, grabbing more
market pie globally the World Trade Organization (WTO) declared Bangladesh as the second largest
apparel supplying country worldwide in 2010. Bangladesh now claims 4.8 percent of the global RMG
trade of $412 billion. According to McKinsey & Company, an international management consulting firm,
Bangladeshs apparel exports will reach $36 billion by 2020. But the sector is still facing some challenges.
Some of the major challenges as follows:
11

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
31
Formalin in Food
32
Food Waste
33
Food Security
and Bangladesh
34
Global Warming
35
Earthquake Risk
Formalin, a 37 percent water solution of formaldehyde, is poisonous and can cause cancer. Traders
use this chemical as a preservative and to make fruits and vegetables look fresh for longer periods.
Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring substance in the environment made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Natural processes in the upper atmosphere may contribute up to 90 percent of the total
formaldehyde in the environment. A study has found excessive formalin in seasonal fruits like mango,
litchi and blackberry sold at shops in different areas of the capital. Even shops with signboards reading
chemical-free fruits sell fruits soaked in formalin. Save the Environment Movement (SEM) revealed the
findings of the study, after running formalin tests on fruits from shops in 26 areas on June 1-10, 2013. It
found that around 94 percent of the mangoes and 100 percent blackberries and litchis are
formalintainted. Litchi orchard owners use 20 times more pesticide than required. They also use a
hormone to make litchis bigger. Both of these are harmful to human health. After using pesticide, fruits
or vegetable should be sold 15 days apart for safety. But traders sell them immediately. Meanwhile,
the environmental group Paribesh Bachao Andolan (PABA) disclosed horrific findings last month on the
use of formalin, after collecting 263 samples of fruit and traditional iftar items from different parts in
Dhaka. The group found 100% of vermicelli and citrus fruit, 95% of grapes, 91% of bananas and 90%
of noodles were contaminated with formalin and other harmful chemical preservatives, as well as 82%
of mangoes, 77% of dates, 75% of tomatoes, 60% of eggplant, 59% of apples and 20% of cucumbers.
The Pure Food Ordinance, 1959 and the Consumer Rights Protection Act, 2009 prohibit putting chemicals
in foods.
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), every year 1.3 billion tons of food is
wasted. This is equivalent to the same amount produced in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. At the
same time, 1 in every 7 people in the world go to bed hungry and more than 20,000 children under
the age of 5 die daily from hunger. Approximately 98% of the worlds hungry live in developing nations.
Food, food waste and the environment are inextricably linked. Food that is thrown away when it could
have been sold or eaten is wasted. But it is more than just the food itself. It is also a waste of all the
natural resources that are used to produce, harvest, transport, process, and package and distribute the
food product. When wasted food is thrown away and breaks down in landfill, together with organic
materials, it becomes the main contributor to generation of methane a gas, 25 times stronger than
carbon dioxide at trapping heat in atmosphere. Bangladesh being an agrarian economy should be
more proactive in handling pre-consumption food wastage as food system represents a great part of
our carbon footprint. According to Waste Database of Bangladesh (published by Waste Concern), food
and vegetable waste comprises approximately 67.75% of urban solid waste.
Availability of food depends on both domestic production and imports. Major items of food production in
Bangladesh include rice, wheat, potato, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and vegetables. These food items
account for almost 80 per cent of total calorie and protein intake. Of these, rice and wheat alone contribute
to 74 percent and 57 percent of total per capita calorie and protein intake respectively. The Bangladesh
economy has made respectable progress in rice, tripping production from 11 million tons in 1971 to 33 million in
2012. The per capita rice production has increased substantially over the level at independence because of
higher yielding crop varieties. Bangladesh used to receive substantial amount of wheat, the secondary staple
food, as food aid from developed countries. Commercial import of wheat has however increased despite
growth in domestic production. The import has recently exceeded 3 million tons
Global warming can be defined simply as a rise in the average land temperature around the earth.
Currently, average temperature of the earth is roughly 13.89 degrees celsius. Since the late 1800's the
average temperature has increased about 0.3 to 0.8 degree celsius. There are three main categories
in which these rising temperature have an effect: glacial melting and water levels, plant life, and
human and animal health. Leading scientists assert that rise of 3 degrees temperatures would cause
famine and threaten millions of lives. It would also cause a worldwide drop in crops of between20 and
400 million tons, threatening400 million more people with famine and put up to 3 billion people at risk
of flooding and without access to fresh water supplies. The United Nations Intergovernmental panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) projects a rise in average global temperature of about 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius
by 2100. A 1% rise in surface temperature could cause major disruptions in weather patterns that could
produce flash floods and unexpected droughts.
The location of Bangladesh in a technically active area at the delta basin facing Bay of Bengal is
strategic for all types of natural calamities like cyclone, tsunami, and earthquake. Despite not being
much bigger than England, Bangladesh is home to over 160 million people, and around 16 million live
in Dhaka, the capital. In terms of natural hazards, Bangladesh is typically associated with destructive,
sometimes devastating, cyclones and floods. The last major storm to affect the region was cyclone SIDR
in November 2007, which killed as many as 10,000 people. According to a seismic zoning map prepared
by BUET, 43% areas in Bangladesh are rated high risk, 41% moderate and 16% low. High risk group
includes zones of Chittagong, Dhaka, Rangpur, Bogra, Mymensing, Comilla, Rajshahi, Sylhet. According
to a report of the UNDP- funded comprehensive disaster management programme, some 72,000 buildings
may collapse in dhaka city in an earthquake of 7 to 8 intensity scale, as happened in 1897.
12

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
36
Social Media
37
Deep Sea Port
38
Higher
Education in Bd
39
Hartal
40
Political Unrest
41
School Banking
42
Foreign Reserve
43
Human
Trafficking
44
Outsourcing
45
Social Business
The cyber-sphere today can lead self-motivated people to achieve a common goal with a collective vision.
This is done by sharing information through Tweets, Facebook and e-mail. Sharing a political message or video
creates a personal connection with the issue and closes the credibility gap since people are more likely to
support an issue if they see their friends endorse or post it online. This act of sharing information may persuade
social network contacts to consider taking a position on the issue. Thus, activism on social media increases the
relevance and credibility of the issue, while influencing people towards a particular discourse.
Bangladesh has been trying to build a deep-sea port for the last few years to cope with its growing pace of
cargo movement as the country's port usage is growing 12 per cent a year. Building a regional shipping hub
for transit trade through the bay is also a part of this government's plan. The project Sonadia Deep Sea Port will
be executed in 3 phases -- Phase 1 will cater to the shipping demands till 2020, Phase 2 till 2030, and Phase 3 till
2055. Initially, the CHEC will execute the Phase 1 of the deep-sea port. The major task of the company will be
engineering (including detailed investigation and design), procurement, construction and operation.
Higher education, particularly in science and technology, is the most important prerequisite of economic
development. In fact, it is the prerequisite of all other developments, namely, political, social and cultural etc.
It is to be noted that economic development includes industrial, agricultural, technological and all service
sectors development. The graduates produced by both public and private universities and colleges under
National University (assuming that they get high quality and relevant education and training) work as powerful
engines of economic development. The graduates of world class universities can provide the most important
ingredients of development, namely, required knowledge, skills, leadership, innovation and changes. The
higher the quality of education, the better is the performance of the graduates at job situation. The universities
and other institutions of higher learning are established to impart top quality education and produce top quality
graduates who stand out as professional leaders in their respective fields.
The Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DCCI) conducted a sector-wise survey this year to estimate
the cost of hartals. DCCI estimated that one day of shutdown causes a loss of Tk.1,600 crore ($200 million). A
total of 52 shutdowns this year imply that losses have been equivalent to approximately 8% of GDP in fiscal
2013.
According to CPD, political unrest from January to mid-March of the current year has caused a gross domestic
product (GDP) loss of 0.55 per cent or Tk 49 billions. Bangladesh economy suffered a loss of $2.2 billion (nearly
Tk180 billions) due to recent political troubles, according to the World Bank. This came after the CPD finding.
World Bank also projected a slide in economic growth to 5.6 per cent in the current fiscal. The impact on direct
production loss could be equivalent to around 1.0 per cent of the GDP.
School banking which has been introduced to encourage students to develop a savings habit from the early
age, over 800,000 students have already opened bank accounts and their savings stood at Tk 7 billion (Tk 700
crore).
Bangladesh's foreign exchange reserves reached a record high of $24 billion yesterday, said Kazi Saidur
Rahman, general manager of Bangladesh Bank. The amount is enough to meet the country's import bills for
more than six months. The reserves first crossed the $23-billion mark on February 26 this year. A stable flow of
remittances and export earnings, coupled with satisfactory foreign direct investment and foreign currency
borrowing by the private sector, contributed to the rise, the official said. Currently Bangladesh ranks second in
South Asia in forex reserves, right behind India, which has $339.99 billion.
A UNICEF report says that approximately 400 women and children in Bangladesh are victims of trafficking each
month. Another study reports that approximately 300,000 Bangladeshi children and women between the age
group of 12-30 were trafficked to India alone in the last ten years. The annual report of a Pakistan-based
organisation, Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid, reveals that nearly 200,000 Bangladeshi girls and women
were sold in Pakistan. All these statistics indicate the magnitude of the problem of human trafficking from
Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has been recognised by a US company as the 26th best destination for IT outsourcing globally.
Currently, the country has around 5.5 lakh freelancers registered with different freelance marketplaces. ElanceoDesk has 4.5 lakh registered users in Bangladesh.
Social business is a cause-driven business and seeks to alleviate social problems, including all forms of poverty.
In a social business, investors eventually get back only the money they initially invested and they can't take any
dividend beyond that point. Profits are reinvested in the business rather than funneled back to shareholders.
Since its inception in January 2013, the lab has approved over 1,000 social business projects in the areas of
agriculture, environment, power and infrastructure, fashion and fabrics, handicrafts, healthcare and nutrition,
information technology and retail business. A vast majority of the approved projects have been launched by
young entrepreneurs, who are running their businesses and creating jobs for others instead of becoming
jobseekers. Of them, 730 have already received financing and are running well. Each year, the world marks
June 28 as Social Business Day, to coincide with the birthday of Yunus, the microcredit and social business
pioneer. But it has been brought forwarded by a month this year as it falls in the month of Ramadan. The first
Social Business Day took place in Dhaka on June 28, 2010.
13

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
46
Media of
Bangladesh
47
Rana Plaza
Tragedy
48
GDP
49
Climate Change
and Bangladesh
50
Economic
Slowdown
51
Disabled People
and Our
Economy
Today, news and media in general play a very important role for every single one of us. In fact, it is the media
that defines much of how we perceive the world around us. Without news and media groups, we will be
constantly left out in the blue on a lot of information for both the important ones and the silly ones that we enjoy
reading anyway. For this very reason alone, news and media groups carry an immense amount of responsibility
to deliver unadulterated information to the general public. In a world where information is acquired through a
simple click of a button, the dangers of the misuse of news and media loom even bigger. Every day, we see
countless numbers of rumours and false news are circulated over the Internet. This is an even greater danger
since the Internet is accessible to virtually everyone who means that false news and rumours are given a very
huge audience - many of which do not know how to dissect the truths from the rumors. This problem however
is not without a cure, but the cure is no easy one.
2013 Savar building collapse or Rana Plaza collapse was a structural failure that occurred on 24 April 2013 in
the Savar Upazila of Dhaka, Bangladesh where an eight-story commercial building named Rana Plaza,
collapsed. The search for the dead ended on 13 May 2013 with a death toll of 1,129. Approximately 2,515
injured people were rescued from the building alive. It is considered the deadliest garment-factory accident
in history, as well as the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern human history.
Now the size of the country's economy at current prices has stood at Tk 15,135.99 billion (nearly US$194 billion)
in the current FY2015. In the last FY2014, the GDP size of the country was Tk 13,436.74 billion (US$172 billion) at
current prices. Mr Mustafa Kamal said the share of the industrial sector to the GDP has increased to 27.98 per
cent in the current FY2015 from that of 27.61 per cent in the last FY2014. The contribution of the service sector
has also risen to 56.42 per cent in the current fiscal from 56.28 per cent in last FY2014. However, the contribution
of agriculture sector to the GDP has dropped to 15.59 per cent in the current fiscal from that of 16.11 per cent
in the last FY, the minister said quoting the BBS data.
It is projected that, by 2020, from 500 to 750 million people will be affected by water stress caused by
climate change around the world. Low-lying coastal regions, such as Bangladesh, are vulnerable to sea
level rise and increased occurrence of intense, extreme weather conditions such as the cyclones from
20072009. In most countries like Bangladesh, yields from rainfed agriculture could be reduced to 50%
by 2020. For a country with increasing population and hunger, this will have an extremely adverse
effect on food security. Although effects of climate change are highly variable, by 2030, South Asia
could lose 10% of rice and maize yields, while neighbouring states like Pakistan could experience a 50%
reduction in crop yield. Forests, home to two thirds of all species, temper climate and capture and
store water. They store 40% of terrestrial carbon and can slow down build-up of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. As a region loses its forests, it also loses its ability to trap and absorb water, and so runoff from the denuded woodland worsens the natural process of soil erosion. The result-- the world wears
away 24 billion tons of topsoil a year. Research reports made public in the year 2002 indicated that
36,000 sq km in Bangladesh out of 1, 47,570 sq km face an uncertain and grim future. This includes
the Sundarbans and sea beach in Cox's Bazar. The stark fact is that about 14,000 sq km in the coastal
zone is just one metre above sea level. One meter's sea level rise could displace nearly 15 million
people in Bangladesh.
The Centre for Policy Dialogue found that a single days shutdown shaves around 0.9 percent off the
gross domestic product a year at market price. The study, which quantifies the economic loss from a
days shutdown, also found that it causes exports to drop 2.4 percent and imports 0.8 percent. The
government also stands to lose 0.7 percent in revenue and its deficit would widen by 7.1 percent. The
employment of labor declines by 0.9 percent, fixed investment 0.1 percent and household consumption
0.8 percent, it says. A day of shutdown causes a loss of Tk 1,600 crore. The country faces, on average,
40 days of shutdown a year, which means the financial losses stand at Tk 64,000 crore or 6.5 percent
of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP), Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry said.
Secondly, Bangladesh is an agricultural dependent country; the sector is not developing remarkably. In
the financial year 2012-2013, according to a Bangladesh economic report, agricultural contribution to
GDP is 19.07%, whereas it slumped to 16.69% in the next fiscal year, because there was a little investment
in this sector.
In Bangladesh, the number of people with disability is 15 to 20 million, and the number is increasing
day by day. Recurrent incidents of road accident and factory fire are making the situation worse. We
have to think about the employment of the persons with disability, seriously. It is assumed that only 5%
people are employed. Therefore, we need a proper planning to create employment for them. They
obviously need training. We have to coordinate our training modules with existing market demands.
Based on an assessment of the available figures and estimates by WHO and World Bank for developing
countries, an overall disability prevalence of about 10% of the population remains a valid working
estimate. There are many talented people among disable and they could be mainstreamed with some
vocational training and close follow up. The govt had declared 10% quota for persons with disabilities
along with the orphans. But the 10% quota is not applicable for the entire govt sector except for the
3rd and 4th class jobs only. So, the declared quota mast be adequately practiced in all kinds of
recruitment. RMG sector is one of the main wheels in our economy engine employing around 3.6 million
people. There are the larger opportunities at the RMG sector.
14

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
52
Digital
Bangladesh
53
Free Internet
54
CSR
55
NGO
56
Black Money
57
Rampal Power
Plant
A few examples of available digital services are: registration for admission to academic institutions, publication
of results of examinations, registration for jobs abroad, registration of pilgrimage, collection of official forms,
online submission of tax returns, online tendering, etc. Online banking systems have sped up the financial
activities of the country. SMS services for lodging complaints to police stations, online bill payments for utility
services, instant communication with persons working abroad, and e-passports are some more examples.
Telemedicine services, videoconferencing for the treatment of diseases, and video conferencing for
administrative activities are examples of e-services available to rural Bangladesh. Setting up of nearly five
thousand Union Information Service Canters is a great boost for Digital Bangladesh, especially for rural areas.
Turning eight thousand village post offices and approximately five hundred upazila post offices into e-centers
and the introduction of mobile money order and postal cash cards are significant achievements in the recent
past. Union Information Centers, District Information Cells, National Information Cell are also revolutionary
additions.
Internet.org was founded on August 21, 2013, to ensure easy access to internet globally. Their slogan is
Everyone of us, everywhere, connected. Research shows that for every 10 people who gain access to the
internet, at least one person is lifted out of poverty. This is because the internet brings access to jobs, education
and health information, and valuable communication tools. Bangladesh has more than 170 million people, but
fewer than 10% are connected to the internet.
Concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its practices in Bangladesh have a long history of
philanthropic activities from time immemorial. Such philanthropic activities included donations to different
charitable organizations, poor people and religious institutions. Until now, most businesses in Bangladesh
are family owned and first generation ones. They are involved in community development work in the
form of charity without having any definite policy regarding the expenses or any concrete motive regarding
financial gains in many instances. CSR as the concept is understood today i.e. including health & safety,
human rights, child labor, environmental and climate issues is relatively new but there are a number of
signs that it is becoming increasingly important in Bangladesh in all businesses but particularly
companies with international business & export. CSR cannot be ignored because Bangladesh depends
on its export.
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a citizen based association that operates independently of
government, usually to deliver resources or serve some social or political purposes. Thus, NGOs are not
only non-governmental but voluntary also. So, it is referred to as any agency that isn't controlled by
govt. can be regarded as an NGO. The government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh has established
Bangladesh NGO Foundation to support the NGOs, with a view to associate the non-governmental
organization in the process of achieving millennium development goal. The foundation is established for
financing NGOs and other voluntary organizations including community based organizations (CBOs) and
providing basic social services such as education, nutrition and health, sanitation support, safe drinking
water and any other services needed by the poor, women and children and the ethnic minorities.
The scope for whitening undisclosed money remains in place in the proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal
year with only a couple of changes to the provisions. Legalising untaxed incomes by investing in real estate,
which was introduced last year, has been made easier by decreasing the tax rates. Only 205 people whitened
undisclosed money through voluntary disclosure of income in FY 2013-14. Through this, the NBR earned only Tk
18 crore. The data of the current fiscal year was not yet available with the NBR. The history of this controversial
privilege provides an even bleaker picture. Between 1972 and 2013, around Tk 13,808 crore was whitened, with
the NBR receiving taxes worth Tk 1,455 crore, which is less than 1 percent of the revenue target in the proposed
budget for the upcoming fiscal.
The Rampal Power Plant may use approximately 4.5 million MT of coal and produce about 450,000 MT
of coal ash, which is likely to be stored in lined ponds and landfills. Coal has also many uses. It can
be used as a substitute for cement in concrete, for building embankments, bricks, and for conversion
of sewage sludge into fertilizer or bio-fuel. The toxins in the coal ash are, however, likely to contaminate
both river water and groundwater in the locality and together with the radioactive elements may cause
serious health hazards to the plant workers and the local population. The radiation level in bottom ash
and fly ash can be as high as 7.7 and 9.7 pCi/g (pica Curie per gram) respectively.
15

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
58
Scams in Banks
59
Gender Equality
60
The Padma
Bridge
61
Inter-Regional
Connectivity
62
Transit
63
Access to
Information
64
Traffic Jam
The vivid and true picture of the dirty game has not yet been unearthed. The amount that has been
taken away by Hallmark has not been correctly mentioned. The amount differs from one media house
to another. Different sums of amount have been mentioned and published in different newspapers. Let
us talk here about the small figure of about Tk 2600.00 crore that has been disbursed alone in the
name of Hallmark by Sonali Bank, Ruposhi Bangla branch; but some newspapers published the amount
as being Tk 3665.00 crore or above, which includes the amount taken by their sister concerns in the
name of various spinning mills from other banks. According to a Bangladesh Bank report, Bismillah Group
swindled about Tk 11bn from state-run Janata Bank and four private commercial banks Prime Bank,
Shahjalal Bank, Jamuna Bank and Premier Bank showing fake export documents, taking governments
cash incentive to open business firms abroad and with accommodated bills through Letters of Credit
(LCs). The business group swindled Tk3.92bn from Janata Bank, Tk3.06bn from Prime Bank, Tk1.63bn from
Jamuna Bank, Tk1.48bn from Shahjalal Bank and Tk629.7m from Premier Bank. A Bangladesh Bank
inspection found many irregularities in four branches of state-owned Basic Bank Motijheel, Shantinagar,
Dilkusha and Gulshan branches that involved loans of nearly Tk 4,424.93 crore between December
2009 and November 2012. Of the amount, Tk 1,594.73 crore was given by the Gulshan branch, and
majority of the loans was issued without proper scrutiny. Different groups to grab money from Bangladeshi
banks by showing false paper .They are trying this approximately may 2012. They approached different
banks but failed to collect.They said that they got 200crore pound as remittance and wanted to cash
out . If any branch does not verify their document they may collect this amount.
Women Empowerment and Gender Equity is a core development objective in its own right. Empowering
women as economic, political and social actors can change policy choices and make institutions more
representative of a range of voices. Women's empowerment educates and empowers women with the
skills and confidence necessary to get a job, create a healthy lifestyle and regain a home for themselves
and their children. Empowering women to participate fully in economic life across all sectors is essential
to build stronger economies, achieve internationally agreed goals for development and sustainability
and improve the quality of life for women, men and their communities. The private sector is a key
partner in efforts to advance gender equality and empower women. The empowerment principles
emphasize 1) Establishing high-level corporate leadership for gender equality 2) Treat all women fairly
at work respect and support human rights and nondiscrimination 3) Ensure health, safety and wellbeing of all women workers 4) Promote education, training and professional development for women
5) Implement enterprise development, supply chain and marketing practices that empower women 6)
Promote equality through community initiatives and advocacy 7) Measure and publicly report on
progress to achieve gender equality.
The Bridges Division has revised the cost of the much-hyped Padma Bridge project by 40 percent, raising the
estimated cost to Tk 28,793 crore. According to the revised estimate, the 6.15km main bridge will now cost Tk
12,133 crore, up from the 2011 estimate of Tk 8,361 crore. As of February, it completed about 1.5 percent of the
work and expects to build the main bridge by 2018. Once completed, the 6.15-kilometre bridge is expected to
boost Bangladesh's gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.20 percent and that of the south-western region of the
country by 3.5 percent. The Padma Multipurpose Bridge (PMB) project gets the highest allocation, amounting
to Tk 74 billion, in the proposed budget for the fiscal year (FY) 2015-16, like the previous two FYs.
One of the recent initiatives that warrants heightened attention and importance on the part of all concerned
stakeholders in Bangladesh is the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM-EC) which
received formal endorsement through the first inter-governmental study group meeting in Kunming held on
December 18-19, 2013. The BCIM region, inhabited by two-fifths of the world population, and producing onetenth of the global GDP (gross domestic product), include two of the rising global power-houses of the twenty
first century, India and China. There was a mutuality of interests between these two countries, on the one hand,
and Bangladesh and Myanmar, the two Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the group, on the other.
Debate on transit/transhipment intensified in 2010. Bangladesh government formed a core committee in 2011
to prepare an analytical study on the issue of transit involving Bangladesh, India, Bhutan and Nepal. The core
committee, headed by the then chairman of the Bangladesh Tariff Commission, recommended to invest some
$7.0 billion to develop transit infrastructure and also suggested allowing transhipment as interim arrangement.
T Four years later, Bangladesh, has actually provided large and wide facilities of connectivity to India along
with Nepal and Bhutan. These facilities go beyond traditional transit/transhipment framework. Bangladesh will
allow Indian cargo ships to use Mongla and Chittagong ports. These ships will ferry cargoes from Bangladesh
to the Indian ports instead of routing those via Singapore which will reduce trade cost significantly. Usually, a
container from Chennai first goes to Singapore before it comes to Chittagong or Mongla. Thus average
shipping cost of a container is US$2000 and it takes 35 days. Coastal shipping will, reportedly, reduce the cost
and time to $400 and 7 days on average.
Access to Information (a2i) Programme is an UNDP and USAID supported project (programme) having its office
at the Prime Ministers Office. The overall objective of the project is to provide support in building a digital nation
through delivering services at the citizens doorsteps. The programme aims to improve quality, widen access,
and decentralize delivery of public services to ensure responsiveness and transparency.
The cost of traffic jam in the capital city is more than Tk 27,000 crore a year and We lose 32 lakh business hours
every day, and the cost of fuel that is wasted every year is Tk 11,895 crore. (a study by the Institution of Engineers,
16

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
65
Green Banking
66
Food
Adulteration
67
Energy Crisis
68
Vision 2021
69
Blue Economy
Bangladesh.) Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) statistics shows that in 2003 there were 303,215
registered motorized vehicles in the city. The number of such vehicles rose to 741,547 by 2012, a growth of 145
per cent. During the same period, the number of private cars increased by 121 per cent. On an average, 1,304
cars were registered every month. Private cars occupy more than 30 per cent of the city road spaces but carry
only 5.15 per cent of the total passengers. A total of 20,198 buses and minibuses, running on 149 routes, carry
30.1 per cent of the total passengers in the city. Auto-rickshaws numbering 21,937 serve only 6.6 per cent of the
passengers while 400,000 rickshaws share 19.8 per cent.
Banks in Bangladesh have a commitment to pursue automation, nearly paperless, sustainable and green
banking operations by making best use of the information technology and related professional skills. Banks'
various ICT-based initiatives on green banking activities are online banking, e-banking, mobile financial
services, ATM, SMS banking, call centres, phone banking, e-recruitment, etc. Banks will have to lend at least 5
percent of their total loans a year to green projects, Bangladesh Bank said in a notice yesterday. The amount
will be 3 percent for nine new banks and 4 percent for non-bank financial institutions.
The media, particularly the newspapers, have raised the awareness of the people about food adulteration.
They have been writing how food grains, vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, milk, bakery products, sweetmeats, icecream and soft drink are being adulterated. Recently, it was published in many dailies that poultry, dairy and
fish feed are produced from the waste of tannery factories, which are contaminated with heavy metals like
cadmium, chromium, lead, etc. These harmful heavy metals are entering our body through consumption of
fish, meat, chicken and egg, which acts on our vital organs causing serious complications. Few months back,
it was disclosed by the Institute of Public Health that 89 per cent powdered milk in the market were
contaminated in many ways, and liquid milk of many dairy farms were found to be contaminated with toxic
Aldrin. In other cases, liquid milk was found adulterated with formalin, hydrogen per-oxide, boric acid, sodium
carbonate, caustic soda, paint and urea. The government is also committed to stamp out this problem and
has passed a new Safe Food Law-2013 which has become effective from February 01, 2015.According to
recent statistics, more than 3,00,000 people in the country are suffering from cancer and health experts
cautioned that the number would be double within the next 10 to 15 years, if the present trend of food
adulteration continued. The number of disabled and autistic children in the country is around 1.5 million,
according to child health specialists. Access to pure and safe food is a fundamental right of every citizen of
the country but unfortunately adulteration of food with toxic chemicals has reached such a level that pure
and safe food is hardly available in the market. Few months back, it was disclosed by the Institute of Public
Health that 89 per cent powdered milk in the market were contaminated in many ways, and liquid milk of
many dairy farms were found to be contaminated with toxic Aldrin.
Bangladesh is facing daunting energy challenges. Security concerns over growing fuel imports, limited
domestic energy resources for power generation and projected demands for electricity will exceed domestic
supply capabilities within a few years. By acknowledging the potential of renewable energy resources, the
country could possibly meet its mounting energy demand, thus increasing electricity accessibility to all and
securing energy security.
The Vision 2021 contains eight aspirations: (1) democracy and effective parliament, (2) political framework,
decentralisation of power and people's participation, (3) good governance through establishment of the rule
of law and avoiding political partisanship, (4) transformation of political culture, (5) a society free from
corruption, (6) empowerment and equal rights for women, (7) economic development and initiative: (a)
meeting basic needs, (b) population and labour force, (c ) alleviation of poverty, (d) food and nutrition, (e)
healthcare centres, (f) education, (g) industry, (h) energy security, (i) infrastructural development, (j) housing,
(k) environment, (l) water resources, and (8) Bangladesh in the global arena: ( a) achievements of liberation,
(b) culture, and (c) foreign policy. At present, India, China, Brazil, etc. are in the category of middle income
countries. Bangladesh aims to join the club of MICs in 2021 marking the 50 years of its independence. As per
the World Bank record on Bangladesh, the per capita gross national income (GNI) as per the atlas method was
$ 900 in 2013 and it put the country in the lower income category. As per records of the Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS), the per capita income stood at $1,190 in 2014 and it puts Bangladesh in the lower middle income
group. Bangladesh is apparently doing well and moving towards the MIC goal. Today many national and
foreign experts and institutions forecast Bangladesh as a future leader or rank it among the next eleven in view
of its consistent gross domestic product (GDP) growth of more than 6.0 per cent over the last 10 years. So, the
Vision 2021 is very time-befitting.
The concept of blue economy in Bangladesh can be developed in emerging sectors such asshipping, port
facilities, seaborne trade, fisheries, coastal tourism, aquaculture, renewable blue energy, bio- technology and
submarine mining etc. Global offshore wind capacity is growing at the incredible rate of 40% per year,
production 7100 megawatts of electricity in 2013. From this it can be predicted that the growing demand of
electricity can be mitigated using wind for producing electricity in Bangladesh. 80% of global trade by volume
and 70% by value is carried out by sea and handled by ports worldwide. According to 2013 edition UNCTAD,
global seaborne trade has increased 4.3%, so the three ports- Chittagong, Mongla, Pira have to be developed
as transit points. Globally 350 million jobs are linked to marine fisheries with 90% of fishers living in developing
countries, in Bangladesh 500000 people are fully and directly dependent on the sector.
17

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
70
71
Marine Time
Boundary
Dhaka established its sovereign rights through international court verdicts on more than 118,000 sq km of
maritime territory, 200 nautical miles (NM) of exclusive economic zone, and 354 NM continental shelves from
the Chittagong coast. There is no doubt that sea-related subjects like expansion of international trade, use of
marine mineral resources for long-term energy security, proper management of marine fish resources and
protecting marine environment and bio-diversity would determine Bangladeshs future development and
economic growth. About 1.4 billion people live along the Bay of Bengal coastline. But the crude reality is that
the country lacks skilled manpower to ascertain the availability of, and explore, the resources of the Bay.
Besides, there is also lack of proper technology for exploiting deep-sea fishes and seabed resources.
Air Pollutn
The WHO has already rated Bangladesh as the fourth among 91 countries with worst urban air quality. The DoE
has set up air quality monitoring stations in eight cities, including Dhaka, Narayanganj, Gazipur, Rajshahi,
Chittagong, Khulna and Sylhet. Though Narayanganj has the highest level of gaseous pollutants, the air of the
northern metropolis Rajshahi contains the highest level of dust particles. Among the gaseous pollutants which
the DoE measures are carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and ozone (O3),
methane and non-methane pollutants. In the Southeast Asian region, the bulk of it, with 1.7 million premature
deaths, was attributed to indoor air pollution. The sources for ambient pollution include diesel engines and
industrial emissions. Sixty per cent of these deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases like stroke and heart
disease.
72
Rohingyas
73
Metro Railway
74
Elevated
Expressway
75
Power of Youth
76
Entrepreneurship
development in
Bangladesh
77
Wind Energy
78
Manpower
Export
Myanmar's government denies the Rohingya citizenship, making them effectively stateless. It views the
estimated 1.3 million Rohingya living in dire conditions in western Rakhine state as illegal migrants from
Bangladesh. Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia agree that the key to solving the migrant crisis is addressing "the
root cause" -- which means the situation in Myanmar. It's not an easy task when Myanmar officials are loath to
even utter the word "Rohingya." The US is prepared to take a leading role in resettling the most vulnerable
Rohingya refugees, according to State department spokeswoman Marie Harf.
The Tk 22,000 crore ($2.5 billion) ambitious project is aimed at easing traffic congestion in the capital city
through an improved, faster, comfortable and time-bound public transportation service. According to project
director, a train with six air-conditioned spacious coaches will operate every four minute, enabling a commuter
to travel from Uttara to Motijheel in just 38 minutes which now takes around two hours on a normal day. A total
of 24 such trains would carry 60,000 passengers every hour to both directions and drastically cut the number of
private cars on the streets, Mofazzel continued. The metro rail will have stations at 16 points of the city -including at Uttara, Pallabi, Mirpur, Kazipara, Shewrapara, Agargaon, Rokeya Sarani, Bijoy Sarani, Farmgate,
Sonargaon Hotel, Shahbagh, Doel Chattar, Topkhana Road and Motijheel.
To ease the congestion problem in the city, the authority has undertaken the construction of the massive 26km
'Elevated Expressway project in Dhaka involving Tk 8.3 billion. The huge structure will add to the noise and other
pollutants and narrow down the surface traffic by about 50 per cent. Moreover, the planned elevated
expressway system, in the absence of required traffic redistribution roadways, will only shift the congestion knots.
The elevated expressway seems to overlap the proposed metro network lines. Above all, Dhaka, the finite city,
is said to be located in the earthquake zone. In case of a major earthquake, cleaning the debris and rebuilding
roadways will be an impossible task. Thus, the elevated expressway could be the 'last nail in the coffin'.
Some 47.6 million or 30 percent of the total 16 million people in Bangladesh are young (10-24 years), and it will
be between 10 and 19 percent by 2050. Nobel laureate Prof Muhammad Yunus called for using the power of
youth, technology, social business and good governance to create a world free of poverty, unemployment
and carbon emissions.
Entrepreneurship development will have a multidimensional impact in employment generation, GDP growth,
increasing export earnings, reducing imports, industrialisation and finally poverty alleviation. Creating a
favourable fiscal policy, tariff structure, customs policy, industrial policy, export and import policies etc. are the
primary means for the government to facilitate employment generation. The population of Bangladesh is 16.20
million. About 25 per cent of this population live below poverty line. There are 1.8 million unemployed or underemployed people in Bangladesh. About 2.0 million enter job market every year. Therefore, it is a major
challenge for the government to provide employment to this large number of job seekers.
Among the renewable energy technologies, wind energy is relatively mature and many countries have
resolved cost and technology challenges. Bangladesh is in the midst of a severe energy and power supply
crisis, one of the worst in South Asia. Bangladesh has a 724km long coastline and many small islands in the Bay
of Bengal, where strong southwesterly wind and sea breeze blow in the summer months and there is a gentle
northeasterly wind and land breeze in the winter months.
According to a report titled 'International Labour Migration from Bangladesh 2014: Achievement and
Challenges' the country received remittance amounting to $ 14.50 billion till the third week of December, 2014.
If the inflow continues, the amount will stand at about $ 15 billion at the end of the year, reflecting a 5.3 per
cent growth over that of the previous year, the report mentioned. The report said that despite the globally
lower migration trend, inbound remittance has increased because of some initiatives by the Bangladesh Bank,
such as -- reduction in transfer rate, road-show in the Middle-Eastern countries, and remittance transfer through
mobile device etc.
18

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
79
PopulationBurden or Power
80
Industrial Safety
in RMG
81
FDI in
Bangladesh
82
New Global
Challenges for
banks
83
Constraints to
Industrial
Development
Investment is critical to generate employment opportunities. Every year, around 2.0 million people are added
to our workforce. Massive investment is required to provide jobs for them. A large segment of this workforce,
that is almost 700,000 of them, secured employment outside the country in fiscal 2011-12. During next two years,
only 400,000 left to join employment abroad and the remaining 1.6 million were self-employed at home.
Though substantial progress has been made in factories to improve workplace safety, there remain critical
areas that are yet to be addressed. However, with more than 8 out of 10 factories surveyed having approved
factory layouts and more than 90 per cent of the 499 factories inspected possessing updated fire safety
licenses, we are hopeful that the industry is taking steps in the right direction to avert workplace hazard like fire
and building mishaps. It was found that about 4 out of 5 factories lack separate emergency exits. And although
87 per cent of factories have direct access to exits, 13 per cent do not.
Investment (FDI), especially in developing countries. But a well-crafted policy alone cannot ensure desired level
of FDI. Bangladesh is probably such an example. Despite having a good FDI policy, the inflow of foreign
investment in the country is still very low. FDI-GDP ratio in Bangladesh is below 2.0 per cent, while export-GDP
ratio is around 18 per cent. Average annual FDI inflow is still below $1.0 billion. In fact, it was in 2008 when
annual FDI inflow had reached $1.08 billion, crossing the $1 billion mark for the first time in Bangladesh. But in
the next year, it dropped to $961 million. In 2011, FDI inflow jumped to $1.13 billion from $913.32 million in 2010.
In the next two consecutive years, it continued to increase to $1.3 billion in 2012 and $1.6 billion in 2013 but
declined to $1.53billion in the last year. Inflow of FDI needs to be reviewed in the regional context also. Although
Bangladesh is now second in South Asia in FDI inflow to the region, it is far behind India. According to UNCTAD
World Investment Report, in 2013 of the total FDI inflow to the region, India alone received around 87 per cent
while the share to Bangladesh and Pakistan stood at 4.9 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. But Pakistan's
share in inward FDI stood at 10 per cent at the end of 2013 while it is only 3 per cent for Bangladesh.
Small economies like Bangladesh are by no means invulnerable to fallouts from global downturns or negative
spill over of policies of large economies and therefore have a strong stake in global stability and economic
growth. In forums such as the G-20, countries like Bangladesh need to argue forcefully for the same priority in
stability as recovery, as well as for stability action agenda going beyond addressing symptoms (i.e. lapses in risk
management, inadequacies of regulation and supervision) to addressing underlying causes (i.e. lax policies,
non-compliance of prudential and management norms, poor financial reporting, unbridled liquidity expansion
that incubate bubbles.) Good governance in the banking sector is an important agenda of our country,
especially in the present context of the crisis in the banking sector. Transparency and accountability have
recently become an issue of greater concern with revitalised importance in the context of public and private
responsibility of managing banks.
Bangladesh slipped to number 173 among 189 nations on the Doing Business list 2014 of the World Bank, down
from rank 170 a year ago because of slow pace of economic reforms. Bureaucratic control and interference
in business and investment activities should be minimised on a priority basis. The law and order situation needs
to be improved. Both the government and private sector need to come forward to invest in infrastructure
development. Despite recent improvements, the efficiency of port services can be further improved and the
custom clearance procedures can be further simplified. Land is one area that constrains the flow of FDI to
Bangladesh. The country does not have enough industrial land. In this case, the government can free up
closed-down and non-functioning state-run enterprises and give the land to foreign investors by declaring them
as special economic zones. Foreign investors will be particularly interested about those establishments as they
are ready to use and already have gas and electricity connections, and some of them are located on the
banks of rivers. Strengthening economic and commercial diplomacy is a key factor in attracting FDI in the
present world characterised by rapid globalisation and increasing competition. Moreover, it is important not
only to improve relations with countries that have already invested in Bangladesh, but also to identify potential
investors in other countries and undertake appropriate measures to attract them to invest in the country.
Bangladesh must restore political stability, as instability seriously erodes foreign investors' confidence and
creates an economic environment detrimental to long-term planning, which reduces economic growth and
investment opportunities. What is most important for Bangladesh is that it has to put in place an environment
that is generally supportive of investment because when the climate is favourable for domestic investment, it
is likely to be favourable for international investment. Getting FDI has to be made a policy priority.
19

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
84
Eve Teasing
85
SME
86
Role of
Commercial
Bank
87
Contribution of
Agriculture
88
Steps towards
Middle Income
Country
A research suggested that 91.3% women in Bangladesh have suffered some form of eve-teasing, most of whom
fall within the age-group of 10 to 18 years. Persistence of such offence ends up being a traumatic experience
for most women. The unbearable physical and mental humiliation caused by such high degree of eve-teasing
often results in terminal decisions such as suicide. The intolerable offence as well as the added exposure via
media can often result in adverse consequence and makes matters worse for the victims. In a country like
Bangladesh, the younger girls who are victims to such threats are often made to stop their education and be
home-bound. Their families stand strong in favour of saving their lives than continuing education. Child marriage
is also an alternative the families instantly opt for, whenever posed with risk. Eve-teasing has been recorded as
the main cause of children's forced marriages and according to UNICEF report of 2009, 64% or more girls were
bound to marry before maturity to save them from the clutches of eve-teasers. In other cases, the trauma often
drives the victims as well as the families under prey to mental disorder. The social stigma becomes too horrid to
handle and the entire family dynamics change. The ceaseless blame-game comes off as no help, and
distresses the victims furthermore.
Inadequate financing has been considered as a critical bottleneck in the development of SMEs of all types.
The SMEs face financing difficulties mainly because of the problems of asymmetric information, inadequate
assets and absence of markets. In response to the policy initiatives, some positive changes have taken place
in the area of bank financing to SME sectors of the country. Total SME credits increased from around 20 per
cent to 27 per cent of their total credit portfolio in between 2009 and 2013. Environmentally sustainable
financing to SMEs may also be tagged with green banking initiatives of Bangladesh. The development of
collaborative and sustainable clusters may be a way to stimulate innovations, manage resources efficiently,
and can help environmental and social challenges. In the area of green financing, a few instances to the
renewable energy sector are really encouraging.
According to available information in regard to the facilitation of the trade process, contribution of the private
commercial banks (PCBs) were the most during the calendar years from 2011 to 2014. The most recent review
of the Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management (BIBM) on trade services reveal that 82 per cent export
proceeds entered into the country through PCBs in 2014 that was 71 per cent in 2011. The figures for stateowned commercial banks (SoCBs) and foreign commercial banks (FCBs) were 12 per cent and 6.0 per cent
respectively in 2014. Similar status may be observed in case of import payments, where 74 per cent import
payments flow out of the country through the PCBs. In the year 2011, the figure was 64 per cent. In terms of
facilitation of payment flows, the market share of the PCBs increased by over 15 per cent in between 2011 and
2014. However, trade services in the export processing zones (EPZs) are dominated by the offshore banking
units of FCBs. BIBM survey reveals, major portion of trade finance facilities of the country was offered by the
PCBs that ranges between 56-58 per cent during 2011-2014. PCBs were followed by the SoCBs that offered 3839 per cent of the total trade finance during the period. The contribution of the FCBs was around 5.0 per cent.
SoCBs were the major contributors in export finance market in Bangladesh with around 55 per cent of the total
followed by PCBs. As a bank group, PCBs played the most prominent role during 2011-2014, according to the
Bangladesh Bank. In 2014, over 65 per cent worker remittances flowed into the country through the PCBs. In
spite of huge branch network of the SoCBs, use of technology and linkages with other entities made it possible
for
the
PCBs
to
expand
their
remittance
services
to
rural
Bangladesh.
As per Bangladesh Bank guidelines, banks may open different types of foreign currency accounts, these are:
Private Foreign Currency Accounts; Non-Resident Foreign Currency Deposit (NFCD) Accounts; Resident Foreign
Currency Deposit (RFCD) Accounts. In terms of the number of foreign currency accounts and volume (both FC
and RFCD), PCBs as a group were maintaining the major market share during 2011-2014. Evidences indicate
that, FCBs maintain accounts for a good number of relatively bigger clients (in terms of volume).
There was a time when agriculture, broadly defined to include crops and horticulture; livestock and poultry;
fisheries and forestry, accounted for the bulk of the economy in all respects, viz., GDP, employment, food
security, foreign exchange earnings, and supply of industrial raw materials. In the early nineteen seventies the
share of agriculture in the total GDP was more or less 60 percent and went down to 48percent by the early
nineteen eighties. By the turn of the century, it had been halved to 24 percent or so. In recent years it has fallen
further to slightly above 16 percent only, with the crop sub-sector contributing about 12-13 points of that. At
least in terms of availability of rice from domestic production, Bangladeshi farmers have managed to by and
large feed the population which has more than doubled from the 75 million during liberation to above 160
million at present.
Bangladesh is on the cusp of becoming a middle-income country as its per capita income rose to $1,314 this
fiscal year, meeting the World Bank's criteria. Bangladesh will be recognised as a middle-income nation if it
achieves at least an average per capita income of $1,045 for three consecutive years. Per capita income was
$1,190 last fiscal year and $1,154 in 2012-13. According to the World Bank's 2012 classification, the income
thresholds are: low income $1,035 or less; lower middle-income $1,036 to $4,085; upper middle-income $4,086
to $12,615; and high income $12,616 or more.
20

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
89
Decentralization
90
Business
Environment
91
Private Sector
Investment
92
Water Pollution
93
Online Banking
94
Problem of
Urban Life
Bangladesh is a unitary system of state with the constitutional provision for Local Government Institutions (LGIs)
to provide all amenities that people need. In fact, local government institutions should be represented by
peasants, workers and women to ensure its administration and maintain public orders and act for
empowerment and enrichment in quickest possible time. Decentralization and devolution of power to local
government institutions is a constitutional obligation and declared priority areas of reformation. Local
government is one of most important but sensitive items in the policy and budget making arena in Bangladesh.
Quite surprisingly, it has not been regarded as a core or building block for national development plans even
though local development and service delivery are critically dependent on efficient and effective local
government. As the local government institutions (LGI) remain at arm's length from the citizens, decentralised
development planning and building administrative capacity of LGIs are essential not only for delivering services
to the grassroots but also for improving effectiveness of the central government and ability of local
administrative units.
Competition among countries to attract local or foreign direct investment (FDI) relies heavily on the relative
strengths in business environment, source of raw materials, production facility and market opportunities. The
Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13 ranked Bangladesh at the 118th position, a slide by 10 positions from
the previous year (108th in 2011-12). Countries that advanced from behind are: Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, Guyana, Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal and Paraguay. GCI (Global Competitive Index) score of
Bangladesh also declined by 2.1 per cent (from 3.73 in 2011 to 3.65 in 2012-13). Scores in basic requirement
such as institution, macroeconomic stability, and infrastructure dropped to 3.72 from 3.81. Efficiency enhancer
i.e., education, market efficiency, financial market and technological advancement experienced a declining
score of 3.62 from 3.69. Innovation and sophistication meaning research and other indicators declined from
122nd from 113th, with a reduced score to 2.98 from 3.04. In the coming years, the country will require a
considerable increase in investment - perhaps worth almost US$50 billion or 40 per cent of the GDP but the
current investment is well below 30 per cent. The additional investment would require resource mobilisation by
increased revenue earnings, larger inflows of foreign aid, and increased foreign and domestic investment. To
attract investment, whether domestic or foreign, the country's policy makers will need to focus on how to create
a good investment environment. The World Bank's Doing Business 2013 report, published simultaneously,
revealed that Eastern Europe and Central Asia improved the most, overtaking East Asia and the Pacific as the
world's second most business-friendly regions. Bangladesh's ranking is at the bottom of the list. As reflected in
the ranking on the ease of doing business, the 10 economies with the most business-friendly regulation are
Singapore, China, New Zealand, United States, Denmark, Norway, United Kingdom, Republic of Korea, Georgia
and Australia. Singapore tops the global ranking for the seventh consecutive year. Bangladesh's rank is 127,
while among the neighbours India' ranking is 132 and Bhutan 148. The ranking in starting a business in
Bangladesh is 95.
Over the last two financial years, investment declined to 21.4 per cent from 22.5 per cent of the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Even significant reduction in interest rates has failed to induce private investment. The country
is now witnessing almost a negative investment scenario in the private sector. Although overall investment has
not declined because of rise in public spending, this is a bad omen. Public investment, being generally
inefficient and wasteful, does not make proportionate contribution to productivity. However, one good thing
about public investment is that most of it is spent on physical and social infrastructures. Investment in
superstructures produces high social gains, because it helps increase productivity in other sectors. If public
investment is made with efficiency, major expansions in superstructure and productivity are sure to take place.
During the first five months of the current fiscal year, personal credit increased by 4.6 per cent while overall
credit increase is only 3.87 per cent. Another major problem that has hit the overall financial sector badly is the
huge amount of classified loans. Several banks, particularly the state-run ones, are in a precarious condition.
Classified loans in these banks have exceeded normal proportions.
Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution:
Tongi, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka Export Processing Zone and
Ghorashal. Most of the industrial units of these areas have no sewage treatment or ETP plants of their own.
Although the Water Act 2013, River Protection Act 2013, the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 have
provision of punishment, they are evaded by corruption, political muscle and the lackluster role of River
Commission and other authorities. In the capital, everyday 9000 tons of waste is produced; 49% of them are
from households and the rest from commercial, industrial and medical. Only about 5-6% of the waste is recycled
despite the presence of technology and manpower. Hasin Jahan, program director of Wateraid, Bangladesh
said less than one-fourth of Dhaka city area is currently under the coverage of sewerage network.
BB's quarterly report as of June 2014 shows that all 75 branches of foreign banks and 3,632 branches or 99.94
percent of private banks have introduced online banking, gaining an edge over the state banks. A mere 858
branches or 24 percent of the total 3,540 branches of state-owned commercial banks offer online coverage.
The situation is more depressing with the state-owned development banks; less than nine percent of their
branches have an online facility. Online services are also cost-effective, he said. If a manual transaction costs
a bank Tk 10, it is only Tk 0.10 for an online transaction. Pubali Bank has the largest online banking network in
the country with all its 427 branches now offering such services.
More than half of the world's people live in cities where approximately 25 to 30 per cent of Bangladesh
population inhabits the urban areas. Over 90 per cent of urban growth has been occurring in the developing
21

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
95
Tista Agreement
96
Noise Pollution
97
Ship Breaking
Industry
98
Road Accidents
99
Malnutrition
100
Drug Addiction
101
Crossfire
102
Political
Violence
103
Petrol Bomb
104
SMS Banking
world with an estimated 70 million new residents to urban areas each year. The water supply management in
the city is more dependent on underground sources than surface water waters. This is making the water supply
process more expensive and complicated.
The Teesta agreement is required to sustain the relationship between India and Bangladesh and to ensure
larger regional gains from this common river. Since there are not such big rivers in the North-Western region of
the country, people from these districts are dependent on this river the fourth largest trans-boundary river for
irrigation and fishing activities. Specially, 1,11,406 hectares of agricultural land under the Teesta Barrage Project
(TBP) is extremely reliant on the water of the Teesta river for surface water based irrigation. When water flow is
reduced in Teesta by India, the livelihood and socio-economic circumstances and ecosystem of the entire
region will be terribly affected. In order to provide irrigation facility in the entire irrigable area of TBP, India and
Bangladesh require 43,905 and 25,714 cusecs water respectively. The virgin or pre-project (1973-1985) flow,
however, was recorded at only 6,984 cusecs in Teesta river during dry seasons. Thus, the total demand of water
in the Bangladeshi barrage area cannot be met in dry seasons if we receive the entire volume of the virgin
flow.
DHAKA, the capital of Bangladesh, is one of the densely populated cities in the world. Being an overcrowded
city, Dhaka has a high level of noise pollution. The survey report of WBB (Work for Better Bangladesh) highlights
that 86% inhabitants of Dhaka consider noise pollution is a great problem for them. In fact, noise pollution
affects their lives in various ways and it is considered as a threat to their right to life. Noise Pollution is a very
serious menace that the people are facing. The health hazards of noise pollution can be categorised into
physiological and psychological hazards. While the former includes hearing loss, hypertension, disturbance in
sleep patterns etc., the later includes problems such as annoyance, aggression and stress. It may cause
interruption of sleep, affect communication, loss of efficiency, hearing loss or deafness, high blood pressure,
depression, irritability, fatigue, gastro-intestinal problems, allergy, distraction, mental stress and annoyance etc.
Ship breaking is an important activity, not only for those involved with it but also for Bangladesh's economy. It
makes significant contribution to the global conservation of energy and resources. In Bangladesh, almost 100
per cent of the materials collected from a ship scraps is recycled. Contribution of ship breaking to inland
shipbuilding in Bangladesh is enormous. However, ship breaking in Bangladesh takes place on sandy beaches
without any satisfactory mechanism to prevent water and soil pollution. Environmental pollution by other
domestic industries like tannery, dying, brickfield, inland/coastal vessels and road vehicles are not also less
severe. Actually, environmental awareness among different industries is still very poor and ship breaking is no
exception. Hazardous waste materials, which cannot be recycled, are usually dumped on the spot due to lack
of storage facilities.
More than 5,000 people were killed and 7,218 injured in road accidents across the country in 2013, says a recent
report of Nirapad Sarak Chai, an organisation campaigning for safe roads over the last two decades.
Bangladesh is a home of around 6.3 million stunted children as of 2010, according to UNICEF. Globally,
malnutrition is responsible for 45 per cent of all child deaths and leaves 161 million children stunted in 2013, a
joint survey of UNICEF, WHO and World Bank found. Worldwide, malnutrition cuses 5.9 million child deaths each
year, or more than one in three of all child deaths. Around seven million children suffer from stunting in
Bangladesh and are vulnerable to dying at any given time due to malnutrition. The knock-on effects of
malnutrition are huge. Socio-economic surveys show clear correlations between poverty and poor nutrition in
early childhood with higher rates of stunting, susceptibility to infections and lower later life chances in education
and employment.
About half of the five million drug addicts in the country are involved in crimes, said leading anti drug-abuse
campaigner Prof Arup Ratan Choudhury yesterday. Bangladesh stands eighth among the worlds top 10
countries of drug abuse, he said at a discussion, adding that 98 percent of the addicts are smokers. Even
though the government estimates the number of drug addicts to be 50 lakh, non-government organisations
claim the figure to be 70 lakh, he said. Smoking is the gateway to drug addiction and nicotine in tobacco is
equally harmful as drugs like marijuana, heroin, Phensidyle and yaba, he said. Yaba is the most dangerous
drug ever produced and poses immense threat to Bangladeshi youths, said Prof Arup, adding, Bangladesh
is used as a transit for international drug smuggling in India, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Thailand, Nepal and
Pakistan. Two lakh bottles of Phensidyle enter Bangladesh every day while Tk 220 crore is spent on them
annually, he said, adding that consumption of Phensidyle increased 10 times in the last five years.
As many as 64 people were killed in custody of law enforcers and so-called crossfire in the first three months of
the year, said rights organisation Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK). Of them, 46 people were killed in so-called crossfire
-- 15 by Rapid Action Battalion (Rab), 24 by police and seven by other law enforcement agencies.
During this period of January-March 2015, 122 people died in 556 incidents of political violence. Sixty-nine of
them were burnt to death. Besides, 3,051 people were injured in separate incidents of violence.
Petrol bomb attack on citizens a new face of political violence in Bangladesh. At least 76 people have been
killed in these attacks and At least 225 people have been burnt in petrol bomb attacks across the country since
BNP's
announcement of countrywide blockade on January 5, 2015.
Almost all banking companies provide SMS banking services like Mulitple Account Registration, International
Push-Pull Facility, Account Balance, Mini Account Statement and Account Information.
22

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
105
Internet Banking
106
Budget 2015-16
107
Infrastructure
Development
108
ADP Budget
2015-16
109
Primary
Education in
Bangladesh
Many private banks are providing their customers with internet banking services like account balance, account
statement, transaction summary, fund transfer, mobile recharge, wimax recharge, credit/investment account
statement, customer-wise liability, mode-wise liability, liability at a glance of party, cost sheet for negotiation,
cost sheet for realisation, cost sheet for retirement.
Finance Minister AMA Muhit placed Tk. 2.95 lac crore budget for fiscal 2015-16 as his 7th and 44th of Bangladesh
on June 04, 2014. Foreign investment friendly and business oriented budget 2015-2016 will help to get this high
achievement as the government will take initiatives to develop physical infrastructure in the power, energy and
communication sectors. Some Tk 97,000 crore has been earmarked for development expenditure, which is an
increase of 29 percent over the current year. The government proposed a revenue target of Tk 176,370 crore
for fiscal 2015-16, an increase of Tk 40,942 crore over current year. A big portion of the deficit will be met through
high-cost internal borrowing, which is around Tk 55,880 crore. Of the amount, Tk 38,380 crore will be borrowed
from the banking system and the remaining from savings instruments.
For a developing country seeking to boost economic growth and development, infrastructure plays a decisive
role. The World Economic Forums Global Competitive Index (GCI) lists transport and energy infrastructure as a
key pillar of competitiveness, highlighting their role as essential elements of the modern production and
distribution processes. With financial constraints in the public sector, private sources were mobilized with
impressive results the share of private power in terms of installed capacity rose from 30% in 2010 to 44% in 2015.
Even with higher bulk average tariff, the selling price of electricity is considerably less than the average cost of
production, resulting in huge financial losses and consequent pressure on the national budget. Electricity
subsidies increased from Taka 12 billion in 2010 to a staggering Taka 61 billion in 2014, with a projected increase
of another Tk 10 billion in 2015 at the time of the previous budget. Moving over to the transport sector, the
progress has been relatively weak compared to that of the energy sector. Against the desired growth rate of
7.5% under the Sixth Five Year Plan, the transport sector has grown, on average, by 6.2% over the last five years.
Construction of new roads and road improvements have been marred by slow progress, with capacity
constraints delaying the completion of many projects. The importance of infrastructure to economic growth is
reflected not only through infrastructure services entering production as an additional input but also through its
contribution in raising total factor productivity by reducing transaction and other costs, thereby allowing a more
efficient use of conventional inputs. Investing in infrastructure has been a priority for the government. From a
low 1.2% of GDP in 2010, spending on infrastructure has steadily increased to 2.1% of GDP in 2015. Over the past
few years, the energy sector, which is a key component of infrastructure, has witnessed solid progress in
electricity supply. Total installed power capacity grew at a rate of 18% per year between 2010 and 2015,
increasing to 13,540 MW. There has also been remarkable gains in energy efficiency by reducing system loss to
13%.
The National Economic Council (NEC) yesterday approved Tk 97,000 crore ADP for FY 2015-16, with an
additional Tk 3,997 crore allocation for the autonomous state-owned enterprises, which will implement the
projects through their own financing. This means, the overall development expenditure in the next fiscal year
would stand at Tk 1,00,997 crore.
Primary education is like the foundation of a multi-storied building. As a weak foundation brings to the fore the
risk of the entire building collapsing, the lowest tier of our education system is fraught with such a danger today.
In 1972, the Kudrate-e-Khuda Education Commission was formed to recommend objectives, strategies and
action plans for creating a modern education system. But the ground realities are far from what the Commission
had envisioned. Another study has unmasked how free our free primary education is as it found that annual
spending of primary school students is around Tk 37.34 billion. On paper the primary education is free, but in
reality, all households including the poorest among them have to bear several types of expenditure for their
children's education, it said. According to an estimate, there are about 50-60 children enrolled for each
teacher in primary schools. This implies that even if all teachers teach during school hours, the total amount of
teacher-time per child is, on an average, just around one hour a month. A World Bank report has revealed that
most children who have studied up to Class 5 are unable to read or write. The report showed that only 25 per
cent of the total number of students enrolled acquired desired skill in Bangla and 33 per cent in Arithmetic.
English is almost Greek to them during primary schooling. But it is at this stage that familiarity with English
language should dispel fear of a foreign language. The World Bank report also emphasised that those learning
little or finding lessons uninteresting in the lower classes are dropping out before completing education up to
Class 5.
23

Hemal Jamiul Hasan
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