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GRONWALL.
n~on!
n!+
2!+
Z
By the inversiontheoremforpowerseries,thereexistsa uniquepower
small,and
forIz I sufficiently
seriesin z withoutconstantterm,convergent
forv reducesthe above relationto an identity. This
whichsubstituted
are most
oflog (1 + z); its coefficients
serieswe nowtakeas thedefinition
readily calculated by observing that dD/dz= e-= 1/(1 + z), and we
find
log (1 +z)
??i_
ln-1
(2)
n=1
as its
onlysingularpointat finitedistance.
oflog (1 + z) alonga closedpathwinding
II. The analyticcontinuation
once in the positive sense about z =
by
It is the purposeof the presentnote to establishtheseproperties
the analyticcontinuationof the power series (2),
actuallyperforming
of
simpleto serveas illustrations
and theproofsemployedare sufficiently
on
the
theory
in
course
an
introductory
continuation
of
analytic
theprocess
of functions
of a complexvariable.
00
for
It is wellknownthatwhenthepowerseriesE cn(z - a) , convergent
z z-a
<K
n=O
theresultis
(3)
where
(4)
*n'
~~~~~~~oo
a)
rn=0
Cn
Cn(z
Zc c'(z -a
7n=O
v0
a < r,
71
and the identity(3) is valid at least for Iz - a'! < r - la' - al, the latter
expressionbeing also a lower bound forthe radius of convergenceof the
series to the right in (3). For a
0, a' = a,, where lail < 1, and
formula(4) gives
n=
(-1)n-/n,
00
(n +
=O n! )!
n
-l1~-
J) (
)n+"-ialv
n+
*(1+
__________
v0
(n -1)!
a)
1
al)n (nY1),
a, in the expansion
-)
(n - )!v!) z,
=vE
aln+E< +
(z -
al)n
The analytic continuationto the point a2, where Ia2- all < 1 + ail,
of (z - a2)n the expression
has as coefficient
a, (n + v)!
v=o n!v!
(a2-
(-1)n+v-l
a,)"
(1 + al)n+v
n+ v
(-l)-'
n(1 +a)n
n
(+
(1+
1
a2-aly
2)n
for n 1,
-(-- a, ')a,
n)-l
n
-l
a
n
a,
n=1
+
n=1
n(1
~
1+
fl
witha radius of convergenceequal to '1 + a2l.
Proceeding thus by successive analytic continuationto the points
am, where
(5)
< 1,
Ia,
Ia,
(a2
(n
v = 2,3,
This content downloaded from 201.173.60.12 on Tue, 24 Mar 2015 00:36:29 UTC
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m,
72
T. H. GRONWALL.
we obtainthe powerseries
(6)
al
1+al)
1+
am-,
n=n(l
am)n(z
-a)
equal to I 1 + am
witha radiusofconvergence
, . Thus thecircleofconver(6) passes throughthe point
genceof each of the analyticcontinuations
z = -1. Now let zo be any pointat finitedistancedistinctfrom-1;
thenwe mayjoin the originto zo by a path notpassingthrough- 1 (for
instance,the straightline from0 to zo,unlesszo lies on the negativereal
linefrom0 to 1i and thestraight
axis,in whichcasewe mayuse thestraight
linefrom-i to zo). Let 1 be the lengthof thispath,d > 0 theminimum
and m an integergreaterthan
of
To establishproperty
II, we observethattheanalyticcontinuations
and wind
(2) alongtwo paths,both of whichbeginand end at theorigin,
once in thepositivesenseaboutz = - 1, yieldthesameresult. We may
...
am,
where
= O. 1, I% ml
+ e vI m
a,=-
rootofer
when
1. We findthat (5) is satisfied
a,
e2r/m
11<1,
1 + ap-1
large,sinceef/rn
whichis certainlythe case for m sufficiently
as m -- oo by (1).
1 e
thattheanalyticcontinuation
increases(2) by theconstant
K=E(-I)
(a-^l)
or substituting
the valuesofa,,
Bu=1
K =mE(e2r/
ma
_l.
equivalentpaths,the value of
But by the remarkmade above regarding
This content downloaded from 201.173.60.12 on Tue, 24 Mar 2015 00:36:29 UTC
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73
so that
Ie2ffi/m
as
m -e
<A
m
n=2
I)
nfl2m
-(e2ri/m_ l)n
< m
A
m
A 2-eO
as
me
x)
This content downloaded from 201.173.60.12 on Tue, 24 Mar 2015 00:36:29 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions