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Heat load or heat gain
A building or room gains heat from many sources. Inside occupants, computers, copiers,
machinery, and lighting all produce heat. Warm air from outside enters through open
doors and windows, or as leakage though the structure. However the biggest source of
heat is solar radiation from the sun, beating down on the roof and walls, and pouring
through the windows, heating internal surfaces.
The sum of all these heat sources is know as the heat gain (or heat load) of the building,
and is expressed either in BTU (British Thermal Units) or Kw (Kilowatts).
For an air conditioner to cool a room or building its output must be greater than the heat
gain. It is important before purchasing an air conditioner that a heat load calculation is
performed to ensure it is big enough for the intended application.

Heat load calculations

There are several different methods of calculating the heat load for a given area:

Quick calculation for offices

For offices with average insulation and lighting, 2/3 occupants and 3/4 personal
computers and a photocopier, the following calculations will suffice:
Heat load (BTU) = Length (ft.) x Width (ft.) x Height (ft.) x 4
Heat load (BTU) = Length (m) x Width (m) x Height (m) x 141

For every additional occupant add 500 BTU.

If there are any additional significant sources of heat, for instance floor to ceiling south
facing windows, or equipment that produces lots of heat, the above method will
underestimate the heat load. In which case the following method should be used instead.

A more accurate heat load calculation for any type of room or building
The heat gain of a room or building depends on:
The size of the area being cooled
The size and position of windows, and whether they have shading
The number of occupants
Heat generated by equipment and machinery
Heat generated by lighting
By calculating the heat gain from each individual item and adding them together, an
accurate heat load figure can be determined.
Step One

Calculate the area in square feet of the space to be cooled, and multiply by 31.25
Area BTU = length (ft.) x width (ft.) x 31.25

Step Two
Calculate the heat gain through the windows. If the windows dont have shading multiply the result
by 1.4
North window BTU = Area of North facing windows (m. sq.) x 164
If no shading, North window BTU = North window BTU x 1.4
South window BTU = Area of South facing windows (m. sq.) x 868
If no shading, South window BTU = South window BTU x 1.4
Add the results together.
Total window BTU = North window + South window

Step Three
Calculate the heat generated by occupants, allow 600 BTU per person.
Occupant BTU = number of people x 600

Step Four
Calculate the heat generated by each item of machinery - copiers, computers, ovens etc. Find the
power in watts for each item, add them together and multiply by 3.4
Equipment BTU = total equipment watts x 3.4

Step Five
Calculate the heat generated by lighting. Find the total wattage for all lighting and multiply by 4.25

Lighting BTU = total lighting watts x 4.25

Step Six
Add the above together to find the total heat load.
Total heat load BTU = Area BTU + Total Window BTU + Occupant BTU + Equipment BTU +
Lighting BTU

Step Seven
Divide the heat load by the cooling capacity of the air conditioning unit in BTU, to determine how
many air conditioners are needed.
Number of a/c units required = Total heat load BTU / Cooling capacity BTU