BIO-ELECTRONIC AUTO INSULIN PUMP

A term paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of

Bachelor of technology
In

Electronics and Instrumentation

Submitted by
R.Praneetha (128W1A1099)

S.L.Yogitha (128W1A10A6)

V.Parimala (118W1A10B8)

P.Venkat Sai Teja (128W1A10B2)

Under the guidance of

Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY, M.Tech

Asst.Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS&INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

VR SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
(Affiliated by JNTUK, Kakinada)
Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA and ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute
Ph.No:0866-2582333/2584930

2014-2015

Fax: 0866-2582672

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS&INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

VR SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the term paper titled BIO-ELECTRONIC AUTO INSULIN

PUMP is a bonafied record of work done by R.PRANEETHA (128W1A1099),

S.L.YOGITHA (128W1A10A6), V.PARIMALA (118W1A10B8), P.VENKAT SAI TEJA
(128W1A10B2), under the guidance of Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY, Asst.Professor EIE Dept
and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Bachelor
of technology In Electronics and Instrumentation, V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College,
(Autonomous, Affiliated to JNTUK) during the academic year 2015-2016.The results in the term
paper report have not been submitted to any other university or institution for award of degree.

Guide:(Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY)M.Tech

(Dr.G.N.SWAMY)M.Tech.,PhD

Asst.Professor,

Professor and Head,

Dept of EIE.

Dept. of EIE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This documentation would not have been possible without the support of many people.
We thank, Dr.A.V.Ratna Prasad, Principal, for providing excellent academic
environment in the college.
Our deepest gratitude to Dr.G.N.Swamy, Professor and Head, Department of
Electronics and Instrumentation, without whose support and guidance, this term paper would
not have been successful.
Our deepest gratitude to, Mrs.P.Sushma Chowdary, Asst. Professor EIE, who was
abundantly helpful and rendered her guidance and her valuable technical and moral support
throughout this term paper work.
With pleasure, we thank all other faculty members and all non-teaching staff of EIE
department.We would like to convey thanks to lab faculty and staff for providing the
computer facilities and helping us throughout the work.

R.Praneetha (128W1A1099)
S.L.Yogitha (128W1A10A6)
V.Parimala (118W1A10B8)
P.Venkat Sai Teja (128W1A10B2)

iii

CONTENTS

PG.NO

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

2.DEFINITION OF AN INSULIN PUMP

3.HISTORY OF INSULIN PUMP

4.PARTS OF AN INSULIN PUMP

5.FEATURES

6.INSULIN PUMP SOLUTIONS

6.1PUMP MECHANISM
6.2FLOW SENSING
6.3POWER SUPPLIES
6.4BATTERY MANAGEMENT
6.5PROGRAMMABILITY
6.6DISPLAY/KEYBOARDS
7.WORKING OF AN INSULIN PUMP

7.1BASAL RATE
7.2BOLUS DOSE
8.BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION
9.ADVANTAGES

10
11

10.DISADVANTAGES

12

11.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

12

12.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

13

13.LITERATURE REVIEW

15

13.1INTRODUCTION
13.2A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING DEVICE
13.3DEVELOPMENTAL AREAS
13.4SUMMARY
14.CONCLUSION
15.REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT
The term Insulin (from the Latin, insula) refers to a peptide hormone produced by beta
cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the
absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be
stored rather than used for energy. Insulin also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver.
The people suffering from diabetes cannot prepare their own insulin(a hormone generally
secreted by pancreas).So,it is to be taken from an external device.Unlike many medicines, insulin
cannot be taken orally at the present time. There has been some research into ways to protect
insulin from the digestive tract, so that it can be administered in a pill. So far this is entirely
experimental. Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single-use syringes with
needles, an insulin pump, or by repeated-use insulin pens with needles. Administration schedules
often attempt to mimic the physiologic secretion of insulin by the pancreas. Hence, both a longacting insulin and a short-acting insulin are typically used.
Patients who wish to reduce repeated skin puncture of insulin injections often use an insulin
pump. An insulin pump is a medical device used for the administration of insulin in the
treatment of diabetes mellitus. A traditional pump includes the pump (including controls,
processing module, and batteries), a disposable reservoir for insulin (inside the pump), a
disposable infusion set, including a cannula for subcutaneous insertion (under the skin) and a
tubing system to interface the insulin reservoir to the cannula.In this term paper we are going to
discuss about working of an insulin pump,its uses,disadvantages,recent and future developments.

1
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes became one of the most common diseases throughout the world. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimated that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the
8th leading cause of death. In 2014, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that
diabetes resulted in 4.9 million deaths.
Earlier diabetic treatments include consumption of capsules, ayurvedic treatment, herbal
treatment etc. These are very effective in controlling blood sugar of diabetic patients. But, as
mentioned earlier, diabetes is a disease due to improper functioning of pancreas. Pancreas
secretes a hormone called insulin, which metabolizes blood sugar level. When it cannot produce
the hormone in a required amount, it results in diabetes. The only thing patients can do is to
inject insulin from an external device.
The most recent development in such external device is an insulin pump. An insulin pump is
an alternative to multiple daily injections of insulin by insulin syringes or an insulin pen and
allows for intensive insulin therapy when used in conjunction with blood glucose monitoring and
carb counting.The insulin pump delivers a single type of rapid-acting insulin in two ways: a
bolus dose that is pumped to cover food eaten or to correct a high blood glucose level, a basal
dose that is pumped continuously at an adjustable basal rate to deliver insulin needed between
meals and at night.You can also change your meal bolus based on the foods you choose to eat.
Insulin pump therapy provides more flexibility for your lifestyle while giving you greater control
of your diabetes.

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II. INSULIN PUMP
Insulin pump [3] is a small, computerized device that some people with diabetes use to help
manage their blood sugar. They wear their pump on their belt or put it in their pocket. The pump
releases rapid-acting insulin into the body through a small, flexible tube (called a catheter) which
goes under the belly's skin and is taped in place.
Some doctors prefer the insulin pump because it releases insulin slowly, like how a normal
pancreas works.Another advantage of the insulin pump is that you don't have to measure insulin
into a syringe.Research is mixed on whether the pump provides better blood sugar control than
more than one daily injection.For instance, more recent models may include disposable or semidisposable designs for the pumping mechanism and may eliminate tubing from the infusion set.
The insulin pump is not an artificial pancreas (because you still have to monitor your blood
glucose level), but pumps can help some people achieve better control, and many people prefer
this continuous system of insulin delivery over injections.Pumps can be programmed to releases
small doses of insulin continuously (basal), or a bolus dose close to mealtime to control the rise
in blood glucose after a meal. This delivery system most closely mimics the body's normal
release of insulin.

Figure 1:Insulin Pump

III. HISTORY OF INSULIN PUMP

In 1963 Dr. Arnold Kadish designed the first insulin pump to be worn as a backpack.In the
seventies, the first insulin pump was approximately the size of a microwave oven.That first pump
performed exactly the same functions that the beta cells did in a non-diabetic pancreas.

Figure 2: An early,large model of an insulin pump

The first portable insulin pump was in fact a chemotherapy pump, and the idea taken from
the way cancer patients were given their medicines.The first pump weighed over a pound (not by
much) and used a large syringe placed on the outside of the pump.
The early pump was about the size of an aerosol can, only a bit wider and rectangular.The
pump delivered diluted regular insulin at a constant rate and the user pumped in extra insulin
based upon meal times and blood glucose levels.
Todays pump is much different than its predecessors. The new-generation pumps are still
controlled by the wearer (called an "open loop system") but they offer a much wider variety of
features, and a decrease in size.The newer pumps also have features which make it easier to track
trends in lifestyle.They store huge quantities of data such as when and how much insulin the user
has taken or when alarms have gone off and for what reason.
IV.PARTS OF AN INSULIN PUMP
Most insulin pumps are about the size of a pager, and contain a reservoir of insulin, the
pumping mechanism, battery, computer chip and screen. They are outside of the body, so they
are called external pumps.Implantable drug delivery systems are placed in a convenient
location,generally placed in the subcutaneous tissue of chest or abdomen for concealment.
The insulin is contained in a user-replaceable cartridge held inside the pump. This reservoir
is effectively a specialized syringe with a piston that is slowly pressed by the pump. The
cartridge output is connected to flexible tubing going to the patient's subcutaneous injection site,
usually on the abdomen.
4

Figure 3: Continuous Blood Glucose Monitor

A related product for managing diabetes is a continuous blood glucose monitor[1]. This
device provides real-time glucose-level monitoring through a subcutaneous sensor. The sensor
can be left in place for several days at a time, which reduces the need for the patient to test
multiple individual blood samples.
The infusion set is the connector that allows insulin to flow from the pump into the
skin. It is attached to the skin with a strong adhesive. On the under side of the infusion set, there
is a short, fine cannula, or tube, that passes through the skin and rests in the subcutaneous fatty
tissue.

Figure 4:Infusion set with a cannula

The cannula of the catheter was subcutaneous and fixed with a plaster, while the pump was
fastened with a bandage or a net.The tubing brings insulin from the pump (insulin reservoir) to
the infusion set.

Figure 5: Sensor used in insulin pump

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V. FEATURES

1. Insulin pumps are wearable devices and, thus, must be very small and lightweight.
2. They typically measure about 2in x 3in x 0.75in, and they weigh in the 2oz to 4oz
range.
3. These form-factor requirements lead designers to put size and power consumption as
high priorities when selecting components.
4. To save space, system designers require highly integrated solutions and extremely
small packages, such as UCS and wafer-level packaging (WLP).
5. To keep batteries as small as possible, designers must reduce power consumption and
improve efficiency wherever possible.
6. If possible, any circuitry that is not in use at any given time is shut down until
needed.
VI. INSULIN PUMP SOLUTIONS

[5]

1. Pump Mechanism
Insulin is measured in "units" where there are 100 units per cc (or mL), assuming the
standard U-100 concentration. Basal rates are on the order of one unit/hour administered every
three to ten minutes, while bolus doses are several units. Typical cartridge volumes are 200 to
300units.
Due to these ultra-low flow rates, the motor is geared down, and a screw drive is used to
advance the cartridge piston very slowly with many revolutions of the motor. Consequently, only
coarse angular measurements of the motor are needed. Most major insulin pump manufacturers
use optical encoders and DC motors, although stepper motors can also be used. Other possible
approaches include the use of MEMS-based pumps to miniaturize the system, or pressure pumps
to eliminate motors and piston-based reservoirs.
2. Flow Sensing
Pressure sensors are used to ensure normal operation and detect occlusions. Based on silicon
strain gauges, these sensors provide signals in the millivolt range, rather than the micro volt level
provided by bonded-wire strain gauges.
6

The strain gauges use a typical bridge configuration, which provides a differential signal at a
common-mode voltage that is roughly half of the supply voltage.Designs will use either analogto-digital converters (ADCs) with a differential programmable gain amplifier (PGA) input, or
ADCs internal to the micro controller with external differential or instrumentation amplifiers for
signal conditioning. Precision pressure measurements are not needed since pressure readings are
used for indicating normal operation and not for calculating drug delivery.
3. Power Supplies
Insulin pumps typically use a step-up regulator to boost the low voltage (1.5V, nominal)
from a single alkaline cell up to 2V or more. In order to get the most life from the cell, these
boost regulators should run down to the lowest input voltage possible. Maxim offers regulators
that can run down to 0.6V, with startup-voltage minimums as low as 0.7V,to maximize batterycapacity utilization.
In devices that require tightly regulated power-supply voltages, it may be necessary to
regulate down from the boosted supply discussed above. Linear voltage regulators can be more
efficient in extremely low-power applications, since they do not suffer from the switching losses
of switch-mode power supplies. Buck regulators with skip mode will have good light-load
efficiency; however, low-dropout linear regulators (LDOs) yield physically smaller solutions,
which is very important in these pumps. LDO efficiency is very close to the ratio VOUT/VIN, so
efficiency can be high if VIN is fixed slightly above the LDO dropout-voltage specification.
If voltage regulation is required for the motor, system designers use switch-mode converters.
To minimize size and weight, these converters should run as fast as possible. Power-management
ICs (PMICs) can also be used to save space when multiple power-supply outputs are needed.
4.Battery Management
Insulin pump manufacturers have made great strides in reducing power consumption to
maximize battery life. Today's pumps can operate for three to ten weeks at a time before the
batteries need to be replaced or recharged. Many pumps on the market use single AA or AAA
alkaline or lithium batteries. Primary (non-rechargeable) cells are common, but secondary
(rechargeable) cells can be used to save the patient long-term cost. Since secondary cells have
lower capacities than primary cells, they provide reduced run-time between charges.
7

Given size constraints and the wide usage of primary cells, insulin pumps do not include
battery chargers. Since there are not fuel gauges for primary cells, battery-life indicators rely on
simple battery-voltage and, sometimes, temperature measurement. These readings of voltage and
temperature will be sent to the ADC to be digitized. The micro controller will process this data
and use a lookup table to determine the remaining capacity within three or four bins. It will then
drive the display, typically a battery symbol with a number of bars indicating remaining capacity.
When down to the last bar, the insulin pump will issue a low-battery warning.
5.Programmability
As mentioned above, a sophisticated array of options is provided to users to tailor basal and
bolus dosages to their needs. This is all done through a fairly simple interface using just a few
keys for user inputs. Users can also set reminders to help manage insulin doses.
6.Displays/Keyboards
Monochrome, custom alphanumeric, backlit liquid-crystal displays (LCD s) are commonly
used, although some pumps use color screens. The display provides information about insulin
dosages and rates, remaining battery life, time and date, reminders, and system alarm conditions
(e.g., blockages or low-insulin reserves). Display self-test at power-up is an FDA requirement, so
designers require drivers with built-in self-test features. Visible and audible response to user
touch inputs is also usually needed.
Newer pumps include continuous monitoring displays. For these systems, a separate
continuous monitor with a radio transmitter measures and reports blood glucose levels to a
sensor-enabled pump. The pump, in turn, displays trend information with graphical charting of
glucose history to aid insulin dosage calculations.

VII.WORKING OF AN INSULIN PUMP

The insulin pump works [3] nonstop, according to a programmed plan unique to each pump
wearer. We can change the amount of insulin delivered. Between meals and overnights, the pump
constantly delivers a small amount of insulin to keep your blood sugar in the target range. This is
called the "basal rate." When you eat food, you can program extra insulin -- a "bolus dose" -- into
the pump. You can calculate how much of a bolus you need based on the grams of carbohydrates
you eat or drink.When you use an insulin pump, you must check your blood sugar level at least
four times a day. You set the doses of your insulin and make adjustments to the dose depending
on your food and exercise.

Figure 6: Working of an insulin pump

The pump contains insulin and delivers it in a continuous and precise flow through a thin,
flexible tube called an infusion set. The end of this tube sits comfortably under the skin and is
replaced every two to three days.
A) Basalrate
We can program your insulin pump to continuously deliver tiny and precise amounts of
insulin 24 hours a day. This is called the basal rate. It helps you maintain normal sugar levels
between meals and overnight. Your baseline insulin needs may fluctuate throughout the day
and the pump can match that with different basal rates.
B) Bolus dose
We can deliver additional insulin, called a bolus dose, to cover meals and to correct a high
blood-glucose reading.

VIII.BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

Figure 7: Block Diagram of an insulin pump

Figure 8: Simple Internal circuitry of an insulin pump

10
IX. ADVANTAGES OF USING AN INSULIN PUMP

Some advantages [2] of using an insulin pump instead of insulin injections are:

Using an insulin pump means eliminating individual insulin injections

Insulin pumps deliver insulin more accurately than injections

Insulin pumps often improve A1C

Using an insulin pump usually results in fewer large swings in your blood glucose levels

Using an insulin pump makes delivery of bolus insulin easier

Insulin pumps allow you to be flexible about when and what you eat

Using an insulin pump reduces severe low blood glucose episodes

Using an insulin pump eliminates unpredictable effects of intermediate- or long-acting

insulin

Insulin pumps allow us to exercise without having to eat large amounts of carbohydrate

Figure 9: Advantage of insulin pump over injections

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X. DISADVANTAGES OF USING AN INSULIN PUMP

Although there are many good reasons as to why using an insulin pump can be an advantage,
there are some disadvantages [2].
The disadvantages of using a pump are that it:

Can cause weight gain

Can cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if our catheter comes out and if we dont get
insulin for hours

Can be expensive

Can be bothersome since the patients are attached to the pump most of the time

Can require a hospital stay or maybe a full day in the outpatient center to be trained

XI.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
New insulin pumps are becoming "smart" as new features are added to their design. These
simplify the tasks involved in delivering an insulin bolus.

Insulin on board: This calculation is based on the size of a bolus, the time elapsed since
the completion of the bolus, and a programmable metabolic rate. The pump software will
estimate the insulin remaining in the bloodstream and relay it to the user. This supports
the process of performing a new bolus before the effects of the last bolus are complete
and, thereby, helps prevent the user from overcompensating for high blood sugar with
unnecessary correction boluses.

Bolus calculators: Pump software helps by calculating the dose for the next insulin
bolus. The user enters the grams of carbohydrates to be consumed, and the bolus
"wizard" calculates the units of insulin needed. It adjusts for the most recent blood
glucose level and the insulin on board, and then suggests the best insulin dose to the user
to approve and deliver.

12

Full featured remote: Insulin pump has a separate electronic display and controls. This
remote, or PDM, features a built-in meter that uses freestyle test strips. The modern pump

has a meter remote included based on the Lifescan OneTouch UltraSmart meter that can
be

used as a glucose meter and a pump remote control.

Simple remote: The modern pumps offer an optional RF remote control that allows the
user to deliver a discrete bolus or stop insulin delivery when the pump is concealed or
inaccessible. This feature was introduced in 1999.

XII. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

When insulin pump technology is combined with a continuous blood glucose monitoring
system, the technology seems promising for real-time control of the blood sugar level.
Currently there are no mature algorithms to automatically control the insulin delivery
based on feedback of the blood glucose level. When the loop is closed, the system may
function as an artificial pancreas

Figure 10: Development in continuous glucose monitoring system

Insulin pumps are being used for infusing pramlintide (brand name Symlin, or synthetic
amylin) with insulin for improved postprandial glycemic control compared to insulin
alone.

Dual hormone insulin pumps that infuse either insulin or glucagon. In event of
hypoglycemia, the glucagon could be triggered to increase the blood glucose. This would
be particularly valuable in a closed loop system under the control of a glucose sensor.
13

Ultrafast insulins. These insulins are absorbed more quickly than the currently available
Humalog, Novolog, and Apidra which have a peak at about 60 minutes.Faster insulin

uptake would theoretically coordinate with meals better, and allow faster recovery from
hyperglycemia if the insulin infusion is suspended. Ultrafast insulins are in development.

A mobile app can be developed to have a look of the amount of insulin that is injecting or
remaining in the reservoir and about the bolus rates. It also helps us to store the previous
data of our blood glucose levels.

Figure 11: Development of a mobile app

14

XIII. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Introduction:
Literature review is needed before any project begun. The review will help you
understanding the scope of the project and also the need to build the project. The Review comes
from the reading in websites and also from books. The information from the review is used to
start the project with an excellent idea. The review may also contain a sample of the existing
projects.

2.A brief description of existing device:

Figure 12:Functional block diagram of an insulin pump

Compared with insulin injections, insulin pumps release insulin more like a pancreas
does, allowing flexibility with the timing and content of meals, exercise, and more [4]. The palmsized devices deliver insulin via tubing to a needle or cannula placed under the skin. Throughout
the day, the pump automatically delivers a continual flow of rapid-acting insulin using one or
more basal, or background, insulin delivery rates. At meals, pump users select and deliver whats
called a bolus dose of rapid-acting insulin to cover the carbohydrate they will eat and drink.
15
Unlike syringes or pens, pumps allow users to more precisely adjust the levels of background or
basal insulin, and built-in software helps calculate mealtime doses

Most pumps today use an infusion set to deliver insulin. Its a long, thin tube that shuttles

insulin from the pump body to a needle or cannula held under the skin by adhesive.For most
people, a pumps reservoir size may not be a deciding factor. But people who require a lot of
insulin will want to pay close attention to how much a pumps reservoir can contain. Pump
reservoirs can hold between 176 and 315 units.

3.Developmental areas:
Optimal diabetes management relies on accurate glucose monitoring devices. Advances in
blood glucose (BG) monitoring technology results in improved accuracy, smaller required blood
volumes, and the ability to transfer data between the BG meter and insulin delivery devices.
Current home BG meters use capillary blood samples
ranging from 0.3-1.5 micro liters. The sample is analyzed using either a glucose oxidase or a
glucose de-hydrogenase reaction. Some strips use the enzymatic/bio sensor reaction alone, while
others convert the enzymatic reaction into an electrochemical signal first. Although whole blood
is used, the meter output is calibrated to provide results that correlate with plasma glucose
values. Subtle differences exist among meter performances, such as the ability to withstand
temperature extremes and accuracy at higher altitudes. Additionally, certain substances interfere
with test strip accuracy. An altered hematocrit will falsely alter the BG in the same direction.
Maltose, ascorbate, and acetomi-naphen interfere with the enzymatic reaction on the test strip,
greatly affecting the accuracy of the BG reading. A combination of interfering substances can
have up to a 193% impact on the accuracy of the BG reading. Despite slight variations in meter
advantages, all of the currently FDA approved meters are within 10-15% of actual laboratory
plasma glucose values.
Health-care is in the middle of a mobile revolution. Doctors are adopting mobile apps that
make them more effective, and patients are taking to ones that give them more control over their
health-care.Among the innovative mobile medical apps we found is one that lets doctors use
interactive diagrams to show patients what's happening with their bodies, where procedures will
be done, and exactly what will happen during different procedures.

16
Alternatively, patients can use this app to get doctors to provide detailed visual answers to
their questions.Other mobile apps discussed here have less to do with doctor-patient interaction

but are still changing the way health professionals and patients function.We found apps that
allow healthcare consumers to comparison shop, track their asthma symptoms, and find their
way around Mayo Clinic facilities. Another gives people a way to keep track of their
immunizations.
The mobile health technology market--including devices, applications, and services--is
expected to exceed $8 billion by 2018, according to research company Globaldata. That's up
from $500 million in 2010, a 44% compound annual growth rate. The rapid growth is being
fueled by the increasing availability of a variety of health-care applications.
A flashing green LED usually indicates normal operation, while a red LED signals an alarm
or warning.Insulin pumps require audible and visible alarms to alert users when a fault is
detected, a specific time arrives, or a warning condition is triggered. Individual LEDs can be
used as visual indicators in glucose monitor remotes and insulin pumps.Newer pumps may also
include an eccentric rotating mass (ERM) motor to implement a vibrating alarm. The drive to the
ERM motor is not critical, but an amplifier or voltage regulator of some type might be used. The
ERM should self-test at battery installation by spinning briefly.
Motor loading is monitored and motor-stall detection is needed.ADCs, either internal or
external to the microprocessor, are needed to digitize sensor readings such as temperature, motor
loading, insulin-line pressure, and battery voltage.

4.Summary
Based on the literature review,an insulin pump has

advantages as

well as

disadvantages.Moreover,there are certain aspects that may need further development.Those

aspects can be:
1)software,2)wireless communication,3)alarms,4)human factors.5)calculation of bolus dose
time to time.The benefits and drawbacks on using a pump are explained clearly.It is necessary
for us to conclude that inspite of having some drawbacks,insulin pumps are generally safe and
effective in controlling diabetes.Though it is developed for type-1 diabetes,more type-2 diabetic
patients too prefer this.

17

The functioning of an insulin pump is briefly described with the help of a block

diagram

i.e.,figure 12.

XIV. CONCLUSION
We are in the midst of a revolution of technological advancements in diabetes care. This
technology boom and associated variety of diabetes management tools will enable clinicians to
develop new and innovative means of treating their patients. Additionally, these advancements
have the potential to decrease the burden of diabetes management on the patients themselves.
Advances in diabetes technology will continue to improve patient care and its delivery, and may
one day lead to fully automated treatment systems for people with diabetes mellitus.Though we
cannot completely assure on overcoming the drawbacks of the device,we can assure users safety
through careful regulation.

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REFERENCES:
1. Ramchandani and Heptulla, International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2012, 2012:28
2012/1/28,http://www.ijpeonline.com/content/pdf/1687-9856-2012-28.pdf
2. M. James Lenhard, MD; Grafton D. Reeves, MD, October 22, 2001, Vol 161, No. 19
3.TREVOR G.MARSHALL, N.MEKHIEL, W.S.JACKMAN, K.PERLMAN, and
A.M.ALBISSER IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING,VOL BME30,NOVEMBER 11,1983.
http://www.trevormarshall.com/old_papers/New_Microproc_Based_Insulin_Infuser.pdf
4. Richard M. Bergenstal, M.D., William V. Tamborlane, M.D., Andrew Ahmann, M.D., John B.

Buse, M.D., Ph.D., George Dailey, M.D., Stephen N. Davis, M.D., Carol Joyce, M.D., Tim
Peoples, M.A., Bruce A. Perkins, M.D., M.P.H., John B. Welsh, M.D., Ph.D., Steven M. Willi,
M.D., and Michael A. Wood, M.D., for the STAR 3 Study Group*, vol. 363 no. 4, july 22, 2010
5. Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. ,Tutorial. May 10, 2010,

http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/4675

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