Ch.

4 Log Measurements and Tools

Passive Tools
Gamma ray
Spontaneous potential
Active Tools
Porosity tools
Acoustic
Density
Neutron

Resistivity tools
1

Summary of Passive Tools:

Gamma Ray and SP

Gamma Ray Emission Spectra of Elements

Compton Scattering
Predominates within 75keV 10MeV
energy range

Photoelectric Effect
Predominates at energies < 75 keV

Potassium, Thorium, and Uranium

Response Curves

Spectral Gamma Ray vs. Photoelectric Cross Section

(Mineral Identification, Chart CP-18)

Spectral Gamma Ray vs. Photoelectric Cross Section

(Mineral Identification, Chart CP-18)

10

Shale Index

I GR

GR log - GR cl
GR sh - GR cl

where,
GRlog = log response in zone of interest
GRcl = log response in clean beds
GRsh = log response in shale beds
11

Well 2

Gamma Ray (API)

0

30

60

90

120

150

Depth in metres

-100.00

-50.00

0.00

50.00

100.00
16

SELF POTENTIAL (SP)

SP is generated by the diffusion of ions through

two solutions of different salinities separated
by a shale membrane and a liquid-junction
membrane.

26

Schematic of
potential and
current in and
around a
permeable bed

27

SP Measurement
SP is measured by recording the change in
potential between an electrode being pulled
uphole in a sonde, and a grounded electrode
at the surface.

28

NOTE:

A conductive mud
is required

29

Shale Base Line

Effect of Rmf and Rw on SP

Clean sand
Shale

Rmf = Rw

Rmf > Rw

Rmf < Rw

32

37

38

39

41

Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

Schlumberger

Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

0.001

SP-2
(English)

500 F
400 F
300 F

0.002

200 F

SP

150 F

Rweq or Rmfeq (ohm-m)

0.005

100 F
75 F

0.01

Saturation

0.02

0.05

0.1
0.2
500 F
400 F
300 F
200 F
150 F
100 F
75 F

0.5
5
t7
la
aC
N

1.0

2.0
0.005

0.01

0.02 0.03

0.05

0.1
0.2
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)

0.3

0.5

1.0

4 5

Schlumberger

These charts convert equivalent water resistivity, Rweq, from

Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity, Rw. They may also be used
to convert Rmf to Rmfeq in saline muds.
Use the solid lines for predominantly NaCl waters. The
dashed lines are approximate for average fresh formation
waters (where effects of salts other than NaCl become signicant). The dashed portions may also be used for gyp-base mud
ltrates.
2-6

Example: Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 120 C

From chart, Rw = 0.031 ohm-m at 120 C
Special procedures for muds containing Ca or Mg in solution
are discussed in Reference 3. Lime-base muds usually have a
negligible amount of Ca in solution; they may be treated as
regular mud types.

42

Summary of Porosity Tools:

Sonic, Density, Neutron

Wave propagation in standard sonic tool

Example waveforms from 8-receiver

array sonic tool

Schematic of
Borehole
Compensated
Sonic sonde

Typical
sonic log

Depth derived
compensation
for LSS tool

Comparison
of LSS and
BHC sonic
logs

Array sonic tool

Example waveforms from 8-receiver

array sonic tool

10

Picking first peaks of recorded signals

(P-wave)

Contour plot of time versus slowness for

compressional, shear and stoneley waves

Typical wave
traces with
depth

Dipole Shear Sonic

Imager (DSI)

Compton Scattering
Predominates within 75keV 10MeV
energy range

Photoelectric Effect
Predominates at energies < 75 keV

Schematic of the dual spacing compensated

formation density tool (FDC)

Spine and Ribs plot, showing response of

the FDC counting rates to mudcake

Typical
FDC log

Variations in spectrum for formation with

constant density but different Z

Photoelectric Cross Section of Elements

Chart

CP-16

CNT-G tool

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tool

Summary of Resistivity Tools

Normal device
- basic
arrangement

Lateral device basic

arrangement

Schematic of Focusing Electrode

Devices

10

Schematic of the
Dual laterolog Rxo tool

11

Schematic of the Dual Laterolog

12

Basic 2 coil Induction system

13

Microlaterolog pad showing electrodes

(left) and schematic current lines (right)

24

Comparative distribution of current

lines of Microlaterolog and Microlog

25

Chart
Rxo-2

26

Electrode arrangement of MicroSFL device

(right) and current distribution (left)

27

Chart
Rxo-3

28