Chapter 04

Lecture Outline
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Chapter 4-Tissues
What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance (matrix)
Histology:
study of tissues

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Classification of Tissues
Structure of cells
Extracellular matrix
Functions of the cells

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Embryonic Tissue
Endoderm:
digestive tract
Mesoderm: muscle,
bone & blood
vessels
Ectoderm: skin and
nervous system
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Embryonic Tissue

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Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues
Location:
- cover body (internal and external)
- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.

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 Characteristics:
- cells close together (very little extracellular
matrix)
- form most glands
- have free surface and lateral surface
- Basal surface:
attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues
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 Basement Membrane
Specialized type of extracellular material
Secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells

Functions
Attaches cells to underlying tissue
Supports and guides cell migration

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Functions of Epithelial Tissues

1. Protect:
Ex. Skin
2. Act as a barrier:
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out
3. Diffusion and Filtration:
Ex. Lungs and kidneys
4. Secretion:
Ex. Sweat glands
5. Absorption:
Ex. Small intestine
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Classified according to number of cell layers
and cell shape
Simple and stratified = number of cell layers
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional= cell
shape
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Types of Epithelial Tissues

Simple Epithelium
Structure: 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium
Structure: many layers of cells

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 Simple Squamous
Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
Function: diffusion and filtration
Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys
Simple Cuboidal
Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells
Function: secretion
Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys
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 Simple Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
Function: secrete mucus and absorption
Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract

Pseudostratified Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
appears stratified but isnt
Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of
resp. tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea
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 Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus
Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes
shape (stretched squamous, not stretched
cuboidal)
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder
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Tab.
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Tab
.

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Free Cell Surfaces

Surface not in contact with other cells
Smooth to reduce friction, Ex. Blood vessels
Microvilli:
- increase cells surface area
- Ex. Small intestine

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 Cilia:
- move materials across cells surface
- Ex. Trachea

Goblet cells:
- produce mucus
- Ex. Stomach

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Cell Connections
Tight junctions:
- bind adjacent cells together; permeability
barrier
- Ex. Intestines

Desmosomes:
- mechanical links that bind cells
- disk-shaped
- adhesive glycoproteins & intermediate filaments
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 Hemidesmosomes:
bind cells to basement membrane
Gap junctions:
- small channels that allow molecules to pass
between cells
- allow cells to communicate
- most common

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Figure 4.2

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Glands
What are they?
structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into
a cavity, or into blood
Exocrine glands:
- glands with ducts
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands
Endocrine glands:
no ducts (directly into bloodstream)
Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.
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Types of Exocrine Glands

Simple:
no branches
Compound:
many branches
Tubular:
end of duct
Alveolus:
sac-like structure
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Connective Tissues Characteristics

Cells far apart
Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix
Classified based on type of extracellular matrix
and function
Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve
Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in
varying amounts): protein fibers, ground
substance, fluid
Ground substance: proteins and sugars
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Types of Protein Fibers

Collagen fibers:
look like ropes and are flexible but resist
stretching
Reticular fibers:
supporting network that fills spaces between
organs and tissues
Elastic fibers:
recoil after being stretched
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Functions of Connective Tissue

1. Enclose and separate:
Ex. around organs and muscles
2. Connect tissues:
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone
3. Support and Movement:
Ex. bones
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4. Storage:
Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue
stores fat
5. Cushion and insulate:
Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps
conserve heat
6. Transport:
Ex. Blood
7. Protect:
Ex. Immune cells
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Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue

Loose
Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
Function: support and protect

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 Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close together
Function: connect and can withstand pulling
forces
Adipose
Location: under skin and around organs
Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled
with lipids
Function: storage, insulate, cushion
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Cartilage

Type of connective tissue

Composed of chondrocytes
Contains collagen
Withstands compressions
Provides support, flexibility, strength

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Types of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction (cushion)

Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
Function: can withstand compression
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 Elastic cartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose
Structure: elastic fibers
Function: can recoil

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Bone
Hard connective tissue
2 types: compact and spongy
Composed of osteocytes

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Blood
Liquid connective tissue
Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, platelets

Transport food, oxygen,

waste, hormones

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Muscular Tissue
Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location

Striated

Skeletal
many
(most muscle)

peripheral

Cardiac
(heart)

centrally

Smooth
(organs)

centrally

N
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Nervous Tissue
Consist of neurons or nerve cells
Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Controls and coordinates body movements
Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodies
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