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FRUITS OF THE
GUIANAN FLORA

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INSTITUTE OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

UTRECHT UNIVERSITY

SILVICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF WAGENINGEN

AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

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narrowly ovoid, 3 x 1.5 x I to 3.5 x 1.8 x

1.2 cm, 3-coccous. stipe slender, 0.2 cm long,
crowned by 3-lobed style: cocci 1.5-2 cm long.
0.4-0.5 cm wide, minutely veined and wrinkled,
with dorsal, membranaceous, basally and api-

402 SAPINDACEAE

9.15. Talisia sylvatica (Aubl.) Radik. (T. pedicellaris) boesiknepa (S); bosknippa (SD)
PI. 145, fig. 5
Leaves (l-)2-3-jugate. Panicles axillary near
j twig ends, to 6 cm long, simple or 1 2 x
branched, rachillae yellow-puberulous; fruiting
9.11. Talisia praealta (Sagot) Radik, sinja-oe- pedicels 0.1-0. 15 cm long, 0.1 cm thick; fruiting
i calyx lobes to 0.3 cm long. Berry subellipsoid,
doe (S); sinja-basoe (P)
Leaves 2- or less often 1 -jugate, petiole 3-5 to 2.5 x 1.3 cm, green to light orange-yellow,
cm long, petiolules 0.3-0.5 cm long. Panicles ax- black when dried, glabrous, shiny, apex some
times abruptly acuminate over to 0.2 cm: epiillary near twig ends, 2-5 cm long, sessile, 1-2 x
branched, rachillae racemose, pale brown-to- carp papillose or granular, woody, 0. 1 cm thick;
mentose; pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm long; calyx someseeds 1, ellipsoid, to 1.4 x 1 x 0.9 cm, brown.
Notes. Tree to 15 m; endozoochorous (at least
times persistent, coriaceous. Berry ovoid, 2-2.5
x 1-1.3 cm, yellowish-orange, glabrous, shiny, spider and howler monkeys); fairly common;
apiculate; epicarp leathery; seeds 1, ellipsoid, rain forest and forested slopes (on granite or
bauxite). Surinam. Fr. Guiana.
testa juicy, fragrant, edible.
Notes. Tree to 20 m; fairly common; rain and
(marshy) creek forests, and forested slopes (also 10. Thinouia Planch, et Triana
on bauxite). Surinam. Fr. Guiana.
10.1. Thinouia myriantha Planch, et Triana PI.
145, fig. 7
Leaves temate. Panicles axillary, solitary or
9.12. Talisia reticulata Radik.
Leaves 2-3-jugate. Panicles terminal and lat in fascicles, composed of thyrses. 1-1.5 cm in
eral, large, pyramidal; (lowers in dense clusters, diam., peduncle 1-6 cm long, sometimes with
tendrils at base; pedicels articulate above mid
subsessile. Fruit not seen.
Notes. Small tree; very rare; riverine forest. dle; calyx sometimes persistent, lobes basalj
Surinam, Fr. Guiana.
connate. Schizocarp 3-coccous, stipe slender0.4 (cm long; cocci hemispherical, to 1.5 x
9.13. Talisia retusa Cowan
0.7-0.8 x 0.7-0.8 cm, glabrous (puberulous
Leaves (l-)2-3(-6)-jugate. Panicles terminal, when young), reticulately veined; wings to 4 cm
sometimes leafy in basal part, 10-40 cm long, long, 1.4 cm wide just below apex, membrana
1-2 x branched, axes canaliculate-striate, min ceous, veined, obtuse; central axis filiform; seeds
utely whitish-puberulous; flowers few together
1 per coccus, exarillate.
in short lateral monochasia'or solitary; pedicels
Notes. Liana; anemochorous or hydrocho0.1-0.2 cm long. Berry subovoid, subacute, rous; rare; upland riverine forest. Surinam, Fr.
1.5-2 cm long, glabrous, obscurely venucose.
Guiana.
Nates. Tree to 20 m; very rare; upland rain
forest in far interior. Guianas.
11. Toulicia Aubl.
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Leaves paripinnate, 6-many-foliolate. Inflor
9.14. Talisia squarrosa Radik, moroballi (A); escences paniculate, large, often composed of
sinjabasoe. tatoe (P) PI. 145, fig. 6
racemes; calyx petaloid, 5-merous. Fruit a schi
Leaves 1-jugate. Panicles axillary near branch zocarp (resembling fruit of Serjania), 3-coccous;
ends, to 25 cm long, 2 or 3 x branched, axes den cocci with long, membranaceous, veined wing,
sely gray-puberulous; pedicels short; fruiting ca with apical, oblique, curved apiculum; seeds one
lyx lobes almost free, ovate or narrowly ovate, per coccus, lenticular, dark hjpwn, glabrous.
ca. 0.25-0.3 cm long. Berry narrowly ovoid to
Notes. Small trees; anemochorous or hydroalmost fusiform, to 2.4 x 1.2 cm. at first gray- chorous.
tomentose. yellow-tomentellous when ripe: tes
ta edible.
11.1. Toulicia guianensis Aubl. hikuribianda
Notes. Tree to 30 m: very rare: upland rain
( AY.gawetri (S) PI. 145, fig. 8
forest. Guianas (not yet found in Surinam).
Leaves 12-18-foliolate. Panicles terminal.
stout, to 50 cm long, pyramidal, acutely 3-an
gled, composed of ferrugineous pulverulent, pu-

SAPINDACEAE, SAPOTACEAE

berulous racemes; calyx sometimes persistent,

lobes to 4 cm long. Schizocarp obovoid, to 4 x
3 x 1.5 cm, green, minutely puberulous; cocci
ca. 1.7 x 1.3 cm, veined: wings continuing along
cocci, basally subtruncate.
Notes. Tree to 15 m; rare; along water
courses. Guianas.

late, sessile; fruiting calyx lobes ca. 0.2 cm long.

Berry ovoid, to 2.2 x 1.6 cm, green when young,

tomentose, apiculum to 0.2 cm long; seeds 1 .
Notes. Tree to 8 m; not common; rain and
creek forests. Surinam. Fr. Guiana.

1 1.2. Toulicia pulvinata Radik, hikuribianda

(A); mankrapa (S); tatoe (P) PI. 145, fig.
9.
Leaves 12-18-folioIate. Panicles terminal,
very large, to 1 m in diam., peduncle to 90 cm
long; calyx sometimes persistent, lobes 0.25-0.3
cm long. Schizocarp subquadrangular, 3.3 x
2.5 x 1.3 to 4.6 x 3.3 x 1.6 cm, pale yellowishgreen, cocci hemispherical, 1.3 x 1 x 1 to 2.3
x 1.2 x 1.2 cm, veined; wings continuing along
cocci, base and apex truncate.
Notes. Tree to 15 m; common; rain, creek,
and riverine forests and forested slopes. Gui
anas.

v.

12. Urvillea H. B. K.
12.1. Urvillea ulmacea H. B. K. PI. 145, fig. 18
Leaves ternate, terminal leaflet to 10 cm long,
5 cm wide. Racemes axillary, flowers in small
fascicles (cincinni), sessile, rachis slender, 6-8
cm long, densely puberulous; fruiting pedicels
slender, 0.2 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 4, ca.
0. 1-0.2 cm long, 1 lobe 2-lobate. Schizocarp

cally rounded wipg.

Notes. Small liana; anemochorous or hydrochorous; not common; riverine forest and forest
margins. Guianas.

13. Vouarana Aubl.

13.1. Vouarana guianensis Aubl. kulishiri (A);
bergi-gawetri(S) PI. 145, fig. 11
Leaves 4-8-foliolate. Panicles axillary, pyra
midal, 10-20 cm long; fruiting pedicels 0.3-0.6
cm long; calyx petaloid, membranaceous, lobes
free, 0.2 cm long. , Capsule compressed-pyri
form, woody, 2.2 x z.3 x 1.2 to 2.8 x 2.5 x
1.6 cm, green to black, glabrous, shiny, with a
fairly deep, medial groove on both sides, base
tapering over 0.3-0.5 cm and truncate, firm,
apex abruptly acuminate (over to 0.2 cm),apiculate, 2-locular. loculicidally 2-valved dehiscent:
valves tomentose to glabrous inside, equal, each
bearing part of septum and central axis; seeds
(1)2, ellipsoid. 1.3 x 1 to 2 x 1.5 cm, black.
shiny, finely wrinkled, attached ca. 1 cm above
base of valve, 1/3 surrounded by fleshy aril.
Notes. Tree to 15 m; endozoochorous; not
common; esp. upland creek, riverine, and rain
forests. Guianas.

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tSAPOTACEAE
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Leaves alternate, simple, entire, usually exstipulate. Inflorescenses fasciculate, axillary or cauliflorous; flowers small, regular, 3-6(-7)-merous; petals more or less connate; ovary superior,
1-12-locuIar; styles 1. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, woody or fleshy and edible, indehiscent; seeds large, shiny, testa corneous, with an usually large, dull, very variable hilum.
Notes. Trees, bark with white latex; mainly endozoochorous (esp. spider monkeys, howler mon
keys, tortoises, cotingas, toucans); young seeds heavily predated upon by saki monkeys (Chiropotes,
Pitbecia), parrots, and macaws.
1. Achrouteria Eyma
1.1. Achrouteria pomifera Eyma (Planchonella
guianensis) limonaballi. paripiballi (A):
laurierkers (SD.): kimboto (S): boesisoke.
monkisoki(P) PI. 146, fig. I
Fascicles axillary or above leaf scars; pedicels
0.15-0.2 cm long, appressed-pilose, in fruit 0.3
cm long, 0.4 cm thick, fruits solitary or in pairs;

fruiting calyx lobes 5, broadly ovate, recurved.

0.2-0.3 cm long. Berry obovoid when young.
subglobose when ripe, 2 x 1.7 cm to 4 x 3.5
cm. yellowish, apiculate and with apical pit ca.
0.4 cm in diam.. epicarp thin, smooth, not
wrinkled when dry; pulp fleshy, firm, edible;
seeds few, flattened laterally, hilum long, nar
row, straight.

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404

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)

Notes. Tree to 35 ra; fairly rare; endozoochorous (spider and howler monkeys); creek forest,
forested slopes and mountain savanna forest on
granite. Guianas.

2. Chrysophyllum L.
Young twigs, leaves (abaxiaily), and petioles
golden-, brassy-, or brownish-red sericeous.
Flowers 5(-7)-merous; ovary 5-1 1-locular.
Notes. Trees.

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2.1. Chrysophyllum auratum Miq. (Cynodendron auratum) sururuburuen (A); pinto-boletri (S) PI. 146, fig. 2
Fascicles axillary; pedicels ca. 0.3 cm long (in
fruit 0.4-0.5 cm long), ferrugineous-tomentose;
fruiting sepals 5, 0.15-0.25 cm long, ferrugin
eous-tomentose; fruits solitary or in pairs. Berry
narrowly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, to 2.5 cm long,
green to yellow, finally red, or purplish, shiny;
prickle ca. 0. 1 cm long; pulp sweet-tasting; seeds
1-2.
Notes. Slender tree to 15( 20) m; fairly com
mon; rain, riverine, and creek forests, forested
slopes, esp. on sand. Guiimas.

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SAPOTACEAE

SAPOTACEAE

2.2. Chrysophyllum cainito L. slar'apra (S);

sterappel (SD) PL 146, fig. 3
Fascicles axillary, dense; pedicels ca. 1 cm
long, red-sericeous; calyx sometimes persistent,
red-sericeous, lobes 5, rounded. Berry at first el
lipsoid, subglobose when ripe, to 7.5 x 6.5 cm
(sometimes to 10 cm long), green to purplish,
glabrous; pulp white; seeds 7-10 (some aborfive), depressed-ellipsoid, brown; cross section
of fruit shows stellately arranged locules.
Notes. Tree to 15(20) m; cultivated, also na
turalized in riverine forest and on forested
slopes (on bauxite). Guianas.

3. Ecclinusa Mart.
3.1. Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma bartaballi (A);
batambali (S, P) PI. 146, fig. 5
Fascicles axillary; flowers sessile; fruits soli
tary or in small fascicles. Berry globose, 1.5 x
1.5 to 3.5 x 3 cm (sometimes to 5 or 6 cm in
diam.), yellow to brownish-orange, brown- or
gray-tomentose, base sometimes short-taper
ing; pulp edible; seeds ( 1)2(5), narrowly ellip
soid, ca. 2.6 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm, hilum oblong, ca.
0.7 cm wide.
Notes. Tree to 30 m, trunk straight, bark
brownish-gray; endozoochorous (spider and
howler monkeys, tortoises); common; rain, sa
vanna, and marsh (riverine) forests, also rocksavannas and mountain savanna forest. Guianas.
4. Eremoluma Baili.
4. 1 . Eremoluma sagofiana Bail!. (Pouteria sagotiana) apra-oedoe, djoe-bortri (S) PI. 146,
fig. 6
Fascicles in leaf axils, above leaf scars-, or on
short, leafless twigs (sometimes with leaves at
tip); pedicels 0.3-0.5 cm long, in fruit ca. 0.5 cm
long; fruiting calyx lobes recurved, to 0.1 cm
long. Berry ellipsoid or ovoid, to 2 x 1.4 cqj.
green to black, apiculate; seeds 1, to 1.7 x T
x 0,7 cm, hilum linear, to 1.6 cm long, 0.3 cm
wide.
Notes. Tree to 12 m (or more?); fairlv com
mon; rain, savanna, and mountain savatya for
ests (on granite). Guianas.

5. Franchetella Pierre
5.1. Franchetella gonggrijpii (Eyma) Aubr.
(Pouteria gonggrijpii) apra-oedoe , pinto-boletri (S); akwansiba (P) PI. 146, fig. 7
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,
dense; pedicels slender, ca. 0.6 cm long, brownpuberulous, in fruit ca. 1.25 cm long; fruits soli
2.3. Chrysophyllum rufocupreum Ducke PI. tary; fruiting calyx lobes (4-)5, recurved or pa'
146, fig. 4
tent, ca. 0. 1 5 cm long, brown-puberulous. Berry
Fascicles axillary; pedicels 0.6-0.8 cm long (in . ellipsoid or ovoid, fleshy, 1.7 x 1.5 cm (possibly
fruit to 1 cm long), rufous-tomentose; calyx larger), green, base and apex rounded; seeds
sometimes persistent, lobes 5, acute, ovate, K-2).
0.3-0.5 cm long, tomentose. Berry ovoid. 5.5 x
Notes. Tree to 18 m (or more?); fairly com
4.5 to 7 x 6 cm, brown, glabrous, apex obtusely mon; rain forest, esp. on slopes. Surinam. Fr.
acuminate over to 0.7 cm; pulp very thick, firm; Guiana.
seeds to 5.
Notes. Small to middle-sized tree: rare: up 6. Nlanilkara Adans.
land rain and riverine forests. Surinam.
Flowers in fascicles in or above leaf axils: ca
lyx with 2 pairs of 3 sepals: ovary 6-14-locular.
Berry subglobose; epicarp firm; seeds slightly

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Plate 146. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Achrouteria pomi/era, a. young fr.; b. fr.; c. fr. from below; d. cross
section of fr.; e. seed. 2. Chrysophyllum auratum. a. young fr.; b. fr.: c. seed. 3. Ch. cainito, a. fr.; b. cross
section of fr. 4. Ch. rufocupreum. fr. partly opened to show the seeds. 5. Ecclinusa guianensis, a. fr.; b. seed.
6. Eremoluma sagotiana. a. infruct.; b. seed. 7. Franchetella gonggrijpii.

(
406
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SAPOTACEAE

flattened, hilum on ventral side, oblong or lin

ear.
Notes. Trees.
6.1. Manilkara amazonica (Hub.) Chev. PI.
147, fig. 1
Fruiting pedicels fasciculate, to ca. 3.5 cm
long, tomentose, apically thickened; fruiting ca
lyx tomentose, lobes acute. 0.4-0.5 cm long.

Berry (only immature seen) depressed-globose,

0.9 x 1.2 cm, yellow, apiculate.
Notes. Tree to 25 m; rare; savanna forest and
forested slopes. Guyana. Surinam.
6.2. Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. batata
burue (A); bortri. boietri (S); boiti (P) PI.
147, fig. 2
Flowers above leaf axils near twig ends, pen
dent; pedicels 1.5-3 cm long, in fruit 1 .53(5)
cm long, stout, apically thickened; fruiting calyx
brown-puberulous, lobes triangular, 3 large, to
0.4 cm long, alternating with 3 smaller ones, to
0.3 cm long. Berry ellipsoid (depressed-globose
when young), 2.5-3 x 1.8-2.5 cm, yellowishorange, prickle 0.1-0.3 cm long; pulp edible,
sweet-tasting; seeds 1 (sometimes 2), depressedellipsoid, ca. 2.2 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm, with a dark
and a light patch, hilum oblong, ca. 1.1 cm long,
0.45 cm wide, dull.
Notes. Tree to 40 m, buttresses to 1 m high
and wide, bark with copious white latex (balata'), crown broad, dense; common; rain and
marsh forests. Guiancts.

6.3. Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chev. basraborlri. basra-boletri (S) PI. 147, fig. 3
Flowers near twig ends; pedicels 2.4-3 cm
long (sometimes longer), in fruit to 4 (or more)
cm long, pale-tomentose, apically thickened;
fruiting calyx lobes broadly triangular, to
0.35(-0.4) cm long, tomentose. Berry globose,
to 3 x 2.8 cm, green to light yellow or more
or less red, apiculate; seeds 1-2.
Notes. Tree to 30 m: fairly rare; rain forest,
esp. riverine forest. Guianas.
6.4. Manilkara zapota (L.) P. van Royen (Achras zapota) sapot'ille (SD); sapatia (S) PI.
147, fig. 4
Flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels 1-3 cm
long, pubescent, in fruit to 3.5 cm long, apically
thickened; fruiting calyx lobes (5)6( 8) in 2 se
ries. acute-ovate, 0.8-1 cm long, tomentose.

SAPOTACEAE

Berry globose, ellipsoid or ovoid, 5.5 x 5 cm

(4-10 cm in diam.), grayish or dirty brown, dark
mottled, apiculate: epicarp thin-leathery; pulp
brownish-yellow, edible; seeds 10-12, laterally
flattened, hard, 2 cm long, brown or black,

7.1. Micropholis egensis (A. DC.) Pierre bakoeman (S); kimboto, bakoeman (P) PI. 147,
fig. 5
Fruiting fascicles axillary near twig ends;
fruiting pedicels 2-3.2 cm long, apically some
what thickened; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ca. 0.2
cm long. Berry to 4 x 2.3 cm (2-3 cm in diam.),
green to yellow, somewhat bullate when dry,
apex abruptly acuminate; pulp yellow, edible,
sweet-tasting (like plums).
Notes. Tree to 20 m; not common; swamp for
est op bauxite, and on forested slopes. Guianas

7.2. Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre looedoe (S), riemhout (SD); wetibakoeman.
mamanlen (P) PI. 147, fig. 6
Fascicles axillary and on leafless twigs, pe
duncle 0.2-0.5 cm long, lepidote; pedicels
0.4-0.7 cm long, in fruit ca. 1(1.5) cm long,
stout, straight; fruiting calyx brown-puberu
lous, lobes 5, obtuse, 0.15-0.3 cm long. Berry
depressed-globose to ellipsoid, 1.2 x 1.5 to
2.5(3) x 2 cm, green to yellow, reddish-brown
to black when ripe, light brown-puberulous,
base rounded, apex rounded, short-apiculate:
epicarp soft, weakly longitudinally grooved
when dry; pulp soft, white, transparant, edible:
seeds 1 (rarely 2-3), conical-ellipsoid, black.
shiny.
Notes. Tree to 40 m. buttresses flat, to 2 m
high: very common: rain and savanna forests.
Guianas.

7.3. Micropholis venulosa (Mart, et

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Pierre kudibiushi (A); riemhout (SD) PI.

147, fig. 7
Fascicles axillary, small: pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm

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shiny, hilum linear.

Notes. Tree to 20 m; cultivated (originating
from Central America).

7. Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre

Flowers (4-)5-merous, corolla tube usually
much longer than lobes; ovary (4-)5-locular.
Berry subellipsoid; epicarp firm; seed usually 1,
flat, hilum oblong.
Notes. Trees.

407

10 b

Plate 147. Figs. 1-10. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Manilkara amazonica. young infruct. 2. M. bidentata. a. young fr.:
b. fr. from below; c. seed. 3. M. huberi. 4. M. zapota. 5. Micropholis egensis. 6. M. guyanensis. a. young infruct.;
b. fr. 7. M. venulosa. a. b. different fruit forms. 8. Nemaluma engleri. 9. Neopomeua ptychundra. 10. Neoxythece
dura. a. fr.; b. seed.

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SAPOTACEAE

SAPOTACEAE

cm long, apically thickened (to 0.35 cm thick);

fruiting calyx reddish-brown puberulous, lobes
4(-5), suborbicular, 0.1-0.2 (-0.4) cm long.
Berry subellipsoid, to 2.1 x 1.2-1.7 cm, green
to yellow, apex obtusely acuminate over 0.4 cm
or obtuse, apiculate; pulp soft-fibrous; seed 1.5
x 0.5 cm,' hilum 1.5 cm long, 0.25 cm wide, dull,
Notes. Tree to 35 m, buttresses small; fairly
common; rain forest on slopes, esp. on granite

flats. Guianas.

8. Nemaluma Baill.
8.1. Nemaluma engleri (Eyma) Aubr. et Pellegr.
(Pouteria engleri) konoko (A); groolbladig
zwart riemhout (SD): mamanten. lo-oedoe
(S) PI. 147, fig. 8
Fascicles on young twigs, small; pedicels
0.5-0.8 cm long, puberulous, in fruit fairly thin,
0.8 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ovate,
(0.15 )0.2 cm long, gray-sericeous. Berry globose or ellipsoid, fleshy, to 2 x 1.5 cm, light
green to yellow, finally orange, apex acuminate
over ca. 0.2 cm; seeds 1, hilum small.
Notes. Tree to 25 m (or more?), buttressed;
very common; rain and savanna forests. Guianas.
9. Neopometia Aubr.
9.1. Neopometia ptycbandra (Eyma) Aubr.
(Pouteria ptychandra) kimboto (S); kimboto. kwatabobi, weti-malobi (P) PI. 147, fig.
9
Fascicles on finger-thick twigs and trunk,
dense; pedicels 1.25-2 cm long, brown-puberulous, in fruit stout, to 2 cm long; fruits solitary
or in fascicles; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, somewhat patent, 0.2-0.3 cm long. Berry
ellipsoid or (depressed-) globose, 4 x 2.8-5 cm,
green to (orange-)yellow, apex obtuse or
abruptly acuminate; pulp pale yellow, ca. 0.7 cm
thick, edible; seeds l(-2), large, brown, hilum
narrowly oblong.
Notes. Tree to 20 m (or more?); fairly common; rain forest. Guianas.
10. Neoxythece Aubr. et Pellegr.
Calyx 4-5-merous. Berry with (sub)woodv
epicarp; seeds 1 (-2), hilum linear.
Notes. Trees, often buttressed.

10.1. Neoxythece cladantha (Sandw.) Aubr.

(Pouteria cladantha) aiomorokushi (A);

pinto-boletri (S)
Flowers on slender, usually leafless, 1-6 cm
long, ferrugineous-tomentose twigs above leaf
axils; pedicels 0.15-0.6 cm long; calyx
4(-5)-merous, outer sepals ovate to semiorbicular, ca. 0.15- 1 .75 cm long, inner ones somewhat
smaller and shorter. Berry depressed-globose,
to 1 .3 cm in diam.; seeds 1-2.
Notes. T ree to 20 m (or more?); not common;
rain and savanna forests. Guianas.

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11. Pouteria Aubl.

Fascicles axillary, sometimes on leafless
twigs, flowers small (sometimes to 1 .5 cm long),
4-5-merous; ovary 1-8-locular. Berry variable;
seeds usually not strongly flattened; hilum dull,
sometimes rough.

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Notes. Trees.
Plate 148. Figs. 1-8. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Neoxythece robusta. a. young fr., b. infruct. 2. Pouteria catmtio. 3.
P guianensis. a. young fr.; b. inlruct.; c. seed. 4. P. melanopoda. fairly young fr. 5. P. surinamensis. a. infruct.:
b. seed. 6. Prieurella cuneifolia. a. fr.; b. cross section of fr. 7. P. prieurii. 8. P. sp.. a. fr.; b. fr. partly opened
to show the seeds; c. cross section of fr.; d. large seed type: e. smaller seed type.

11.1. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz et Pav.) Radik.

asepokoballi (A); ingi-oedoe (S); pepeboiti
(P) PI. 148, fig. 2
Flowers solitary or in small fascicles, usually
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Aubr. et Pellegr. (Pouteria robusta var.

longifolia) pinto-boletri (S) PI. 148, fig. 1
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,
dense; pedicels 0.7-1.2 cm long, brown-puberulous, in fruit stout, to 1.2 cm long; fruiting calyx
lobes 5, ovate, 0.25-0.3(-0.4) cm long. Berry
long-pyriform to fusiform, woody, to 3.5 x 1.7
cm, gray-puberulous, base tapering over to ca.
0.8 cm and subcylindrical, apex obtusely acuminate over to 0.4 cm, apiculate; seeds 1 .
Notes. Large tree, buttresses low, thick; cornmon; rain and savanna forests. GuianaA

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10.2. Neoxythece dura (Eyma) Aubr. (Pouteria

dura) kokoritiballi (A); akwasiba (S) PI.
147, fig. 10
Fruiting pedicels on young twigs, stout,
0.5-0.6 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 5, broadly
ovate, 0. 1(0.3) cm long. Berry pyriform, to 2.6
x 1.8 cm, green, darkly veined, base tapering
over 0.5 cm, apex abruptly acuminate (ca. 0.1
cm long); seeds 1, to 1.5 x 1.1 x 0.8 cm, hilum
to 1.5 cm long, 0.4 cm wide.
Notes. Tree to 27 m (or more?), buttresses (if
present) broad, long, zigzagging; fairly com-.
mon; rain forest. Guianas.

10.3. Neoxythece robusta (Mart, et

409

410

SAPOTACEAE

on leafless twigs; pedicels 0-0.1 cm long; calyx

lobes 4, not persistent, ovate, outer 2: 0.25-0.4
cm long, inner 2: 0.35-0.5 cm long. Berry glo
bose, ovoid, or (narrowly) ellipsoid, 3 x 2.3 cm
(to 7 cm in diam ), yellow when ripe, apex obtuse
or acuminate; epicarp leathery, fairly firm; pulp
white or yellowish, edible; seeds 1-4, brown,
shiny, hilum narrowly oblong.
Notes. Tree to 40 m; not common; rain and
riverine forests. Guianas.

1 1.2. Pouteria guianensis Eyma asepoko (A);

jansnijder (SD); redi-jamboka (S); pepeboiti (P) PI. 148, fig. 3
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars, ca.
6-flowered; pedicels 0.3 cm long, brown-puberulous, in fruit to 0.6 cm long, thickened; fruits
1-2 together; fruiting calyx lobes 4, ovate, pa
tent, 0.3-0.5 cm long, brown-puberulous, outer
2 convex. Berry globose or broadly ellipsoid, to
4.5-5 x 4-5.3 cm, dark green to yellow, tomentose when young, sometimes apiculate; pulp
firm, edible, sweet-tasting; seeds 2, depressedellipsoid. 1.7 x 1.3 x 1.1 to 2.5 x 1.8 x 1.4
cm, hilum fairly broad-oblong.
Notes. Tree to 35 m, buttresses narrow, thick;
endozoochorous (spider monkeys); common;
rain forest. Guianas.
11.3. Pouteria hispida Eyma
Fascicles above leaf scars on young twigs; pe
dicels ca. 0.1 cm long; sepals 4, acute-ovate,
white appressed-pilose. Fruit not seen.
Notes. Tree to 17 m (or more?); fairly rare;
rain and savanna forests. Surinam.
11 .4. Pouteria melanopoda Eyma (acc. to Aubreville not a Pouteria) moraballi (A);
riemhout (SD); blaka-jamboka (S); akwansiba (P) PI. 148, fig. 4
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars on
young twigs, small; pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long,
brown-puberulous, in fruit slender, ca. 0.9 cm
long; fruits solitary or in pairs; fruiting calyx
lobes 5, acute-ovate, patent, 0.2-0.3 cm long,
brown-puberulous: petals often persistent.
Berry ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 x 1.2 cm (not ripe),
green, apiculate; pulp white, transparant, edi
ble: seeds 1 (sometimes 2-5), to 1.4 x 0.9 x
0.7 cm. dark brown, hilum 1.4 cm long. 0.4 cm
wide, white.
Notes. Tree to 27 m (or more?); fairly com
mon; rain forest, esp. on slopes. Guianas.

1 1.5. Pouteria surinamensis Eyma (acc. to Aubreville probably a Neopometia) kimboto

(S); boesisoke, monkisoki (P) PI. 148. fig.
5
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leafscars; pedi
cels 0.2 cm long, appressed-pilose. in fruit
0.3-0.4(-0.9) cm long; fruits usually solitary;
fruiting calyx lobes 5. ovate, somewhat patent.
0.15 cm long (young fruit) to 0.6 cm long (ripe
fruit). Berry ellipsoid or globose, 2.5 x 1.4 to
4x4 cm, green to light yellow, orange-red
when ripe; pulp light yellow, edible; seeds 1, 2
x 1 x 0.9 cm (in one fruit 2.5 x 1.4 cm), dark
brown, base somewhat tapering, obtuse, hilum
narrow, not continuing the entire length, 1 .6 cm
long, 0.3 cm wide, with a light brown patch (1.7
cm long, 0.2 cm wide), on both sides.
Notes. Tree; fairly common; rain forest, esp.
creek and riverine forests. Surinam, Fr. Guiana.

vM

12.2. Prieurella prieurii (A. DC.) Aubr. (Ecclinusa prieurii) peprebortri (S); kwatabobi.
malobi. pepehoiti (P) PI. 148, fig. 7
Fascicles on old, leafless twigs; pedicels 0.6-1
cm long (in fruit 1-2 cm long), ferrugineous-puberulous: fruiting calyx lobes ca. 0.2 cm long,
rounded, ferrugineous-puberulous. Berry ellip
soid to globose, to 3.5 x 3 cm, yellow to orange.
ferrugineous- or red-tomentose; epicarp hard:

SAPOTACEAE

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12. Prieurella Pierre

Fascicles on old twigs; calyx 4-5-merous.
Berry with hard epicarp; seeds 1-5, depressedellipsoid.
Notes. Trees, buttressed.

12.1. Prieurella cuneifolia (Rudge) Aubr. (Eccuneifolia) kwatabobi (S) PI. 148j
'dinusa
fig. 6
Leaves compact at twig ends. Fascicles on ex
crescences on trunk and old twigs; pedicels
0.8-1.5 cm long (in fruit 1.5-2 cm long); fruiting
calyx lobes 4-5, recurved, 0.3-0.5 cm long, light
brown-sericeous, fierrysubpyriform to globose,
2.8-3.8 x 2.5-3.2 cm (sometimes to 5 x 4 cm),
yellowish or orange, glabrous or with goldenyellow tomentose patches, apiculate; epicarp
fairly hard; pulp edible; seeds (3-)4-5, some
what depressed-ellipsoid, equal in size, brown,
hilum narrowly oblong.
Notes. Tree to 15 (sometimes to 25) m, but
tresses slightly developed; commonbin and sa
vanna forests. Guianas.

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Plate 149. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. I. Pseudoctadia

minutiflora. infruct. 2. P. scytalophora. a. b. different

forms offr.: c. seed. 3. Radlkoferella grandis. 4. R. trigonosperma. 5. R. venosa. 6. Ragala sanguinolenta. infruct.

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SAPOTACEAE, SIMAROUBACEAE

412 SAPOTACEAE
!

pulp white or yellowish, edible, sweet-tasting;

seeds 1(-5), depressed-ellipsoid, brownish.
Notes. Tree to 25 m, buttresses high, flat, fair
ly narrow, bark brown with longitudinal cracks:
fairly common; rain forest Guianas.

13. Pseudocladia Pierre

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars; calyx
4-merous. Berry with hard epicarp; seeds 1.
Notes. Trees.
13.1. Pseudocladia minutifTora (Britton) Aubr.
(Pouteria minutiflora) moraballi (A) PI.
149, fig. 1
Fruiting pedicels sometimes slender, 0.9-1.4
cm long; fruits solitary or in small fascicles;
fruiting calyx lobes patent, broadly obtuse, 0.2

)
)

cm long, 0.3 cm wide. Berry ellipsoid or ovoid,

2.1 x 1.3 to 2.4 x 1.7 cm, green to orange-yel
low, apex abruptly acuminate (over ca. 0.1 cm)
or obtusely acuminate (over 0.3-0.4 cm), apiculate.
Notes. Tree to 1 5 m (or more?); not common;
rain and savanna forests. Guianas.

13.2. Pseudocladia scytalophora (Eyma) Aubr.

(Pouteria scytalophora) PI. 149, fig. 2
Pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long, in fruit to 0.7(1.5)
cm long; fruiting calyx lobes broadly ovate,
0.15-0.2 cm long. Berry ellipsoid, 2.5 x 1.5 to
3 x 1.7 cm, green, apex sometimes obtusely
acuminate over 0.2-0.4 cm, apiculate; seed ca.
2 x 1.3 x 0.9 cm, testa thickly veined, some
what ribbed, darker than hilum, hilum shorter
than seed, to 1.7 cm long, wider near base (to
0.3 cm wide).
Notes. Fairly large tree; fairly common; rain
forest, esp. on slopes. Surinam, Fr. Guiana.

1 5. 1. Radlkoferella grandis (Eyma) Aubr. (Pouteria grandis) PI. 149, fig. 3.

Leaves large, petioles to 7 cm long. Fascicles
small; pedicels stout, ca. 1.75 cm long, in fruit
stout, thick, ca. 2.3 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes
recurved, 0.60.7( 1 .5) cm long. Berry globose
to broadly ellipsoid, (not ripe) to 5 x 5 cm; seeds
to 6.
Notes. Large tree; endozoochorous (spider
monkeys); young seeds heavily predated upon
by saki monkeys (Chiropotes); rare; rain forest
on bauxite plateaux and slopes. Guianas.

Notes. Tree to 20(25) m, buttressed; not

common; rain and marsh forests. Guianas.

15.2. Radlkoferella trigonosperma (Eyma)

Aubr. (Pouteria trigonosperma) kamahora (A); mabi-jari, sabana-djoebortri (S)
PI. 149, fig. 4
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,
3-4-flowered; pedicels 1.2-2 cm long, in fruit to
2.5 cm long, apically thickened; fruiting calyx
lobes 4, outer two 1 . 1-1 .3 cm long, dark brownpilose, inner two somewhat longer, light brownpilose. Berry somewhat depressed-globose, 4.5
x 6 cm (to 7 cm in diam.), apex sometimes ob
tuse-acuminate; pulp soft, pale yellow, with ap
ple fragrance; seeds (5-)7-8, flattened, trigo
nous, dark brown, testa thick, on hilum vttY
thin.
Notes. Tree; common; savanna forest and
sometimes on dry savannas. Guianas.

Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets entire, exstipulate. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose;

flowers usually unisexual, regular, (3-)4-5(-6)-merous, small (except Quassia); sepals free or basally
connate; petals free; ovary superior, 2-5-locular or 2-5, free, 1-locular ovaries. Fruit a berry (Picramnia) or a drupe (Quassia) consisting of 1-6 mericarps on a gynophore; seeds 1-2 per locule,
ovoid.
Notes. Trees or shrubs with bitter-tasting bark; endozoochorous.

15.3. Radlkoferella venosa (Mart.) Aubr. (Pou

teria venosa) kamahora (A) PI. 149, fig. 5
Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars; fruit
ing pedicels thick, 0.5 1(3) cm long; fruiting
calyx subpatent, lobes 0.3-0.4 cm long. Berry
subglobose, fleshy, 2.7 x 2.5 cm (to 6 cm in
diam.), green, prickle stout, 0.1 cm long; seeds
1.

14. Pseudolabatia Aubr. et Pellegr.

14.1. Pseudolabatia filipes (Eyma) Aubr. (Pou
teria filipes) kamahora (A)
Fascicles on young twigs, ca. 7-flowered; pe
dicels filiform, ca. 0.7 cm long, appressed-pilose;
calyx lobes 4, narrowly ovate, ca. 0.3 cm long,
densely gray-pilose. Fruit not seen.
Notes. Tree with slender, ferrugineous-puberulous twigs; rare; upland rain forest on bauxite.
Guyana. Surinam (Brownsberg).

15. Radlkoferella Pierre

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars; fruits
usually solitary; calyx 4-merous. Berry with 5-8
seeds.
Notes. Trees.

41 3

Notes. Tree to 35 m; not common; rain forest.

Guyana, Surinam.

16. Ragala Pierre

ft
16.1. Ragala sanguinolenta (PierYe) Aubr. (Ecclinusa sanguinolenta) barataballi (A);
swit'anini (S); switi-amini (P) PI. 149, fig.
6

Pedicels on old, leafless twigs. 00.2(0.3) cm

long, in fruit to 0.5 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes
rounded, to 1 cm long. Berry globose or ovoid.
4 x 5 to 6' x 7 cm, castaneous. brown-senceous;
epicarp hard (finally 5-valved dehiscent): pulp
edible, sweet-tasting; seeds 4 5(10), ca. 1.8 x
1 x 0.7 cm.

17. Sandwithiodoxa Aubr. et Pellegr.

17.1. Sandwithiodoxa egregia (Sandw.) Aubr.
et Pellegr. (Pouteria egregia) kokoritiballi
(A)

Flowers in leaf axils or on short leafless twigs

(sometimes with few leaves at tip): pedicels

0.2-0.4 cm long, brown-sericeous; fruiting se
pals 4, broadly ovate to deltoid, brown-seri
ceous. Berry depressed-globose, to 2.5 x 3 cm.
tomentellous, base abruptly tapering; seeds
l(-2).
Notes. Large trees; rare; rain forest, esp. on
bauxite. Guianas.

SIMAROUBACEAE

1. Picramnia Sw.
Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets alternate, chartaceous. Inflorescences paniculate-racemose,
dioecious, glomerules ca. 4-fiowered; flowers
small. 3-5-merous; sepals imbricate, somewhat
basally connate; style short, sometimes absent;
stigmas 2(3). Fruit a berry, crowned by stig
mas; seeds max. 6.
Notes. Shrubs or small trees; endozoochorous
(birds, monkeys).
1.1. Picramnia guianensis (Aubl.) Gadella (P.
tariri) PI. 150, fig. 1
Leaflets 9-19, 2-6 cm long. Panicles axillary,
pendent near twig ends, densely appressed-puberulous; fruiting pedicels 0.2-0.3 cm long;
fruiting calyx lobes narrowly triangular, ca. 0. 1
cm long. Berry somewhat pyriform, to 1.5 x
1.2 cm, yellowish-green to orange, densely puberulous, apex with 2 or 3 stigmas.
Notes. Shrub or tree to 5 m; rare; rain forest
on bauxite. Guyana. Surinam.

1.2. Picramnia macrostachya Klotzsch ex Engl.

PI. 150, fig. 2
Leaflets (5 )79( 1 1), 5-20 cm long. Panicles
axillary, to 35 cm long, sparsely appressed-pilose; fruiting pedicels (0.2 )0.3 cm long, basally
articulate; fruiting calyx lobes narrowly trian
gular, acute, recurved, 0.05-0.1 cm long. Berry
narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, to 1.2 x 0.8 cm,
green to orange, finally red. subglabrous, with

2 stigmas; seed with purple testa.

Notes. Tree to 8 m; fairly rare; creek forest
in hill and mountainous region. Guyana. Suri
nam.

1.3. Picramnia spruceana Engl. PI. 150, fig. 3

Leaflets (5)79(15), 416 cm long. Panicles

axillary, to 35 cm long, densely appressed-pi
lose, with few, erect, racemose rachillae; fruiting
pedicels 0.4-0.5(-0.8) cm long, basally articu
late; fruiting calyx lobes narrowly triangular,
acute, patent, ca. 0.2 cm long. Berry (narrowly)
ellipsoid or (narrowly) ovoid, 1.3 x 0.6-0.8cm.
red, glabrous, apex with 2 stigmas.
Notes. Shrub or small tree; not common;
along creeks and rivers in rain forest. Guyana.
Surinam.
2. Quassia L.
Leaves pari- or imparipinnate, or simple, leaf
lets opposite or alternate. Inflorescences race
mose or paniculate; flowers 4-6-merous; calyx
more or less lobed; disc cylindrical or suborbicular, varying in size. Fruit a drupe, composed of
1-6 (fairly) free mericarps on gynophore, each
with 1 seed.
Notes. Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees.

2.1. Quassia amara L. kwasibita (S); asoemaripa (P) PI. 150, fig. 4
Leaflets usually 5, sessile, rachis winged. Ra
cemes terminal, 10-25 cm long, minutely puber-