Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
LTD
LDTN Project
Handbook
On
Fibre Optic Cable
Maintenance
Prepared
Colour Scheme
Reviewed
Checked
Approved
SE Engineering Cable
Com Engineer Central
Course Developer
Manager Operation
Project Manager
Revised
SE Engineering Cable
10 October 2007
Christian Menzel
Manager Operation
13 October 2007
Torsten Maass
Manager Engineering
16 October 2007
Juergen Fiebach
Project Manager
18 October 2007
Checked
Approved
Content:
1.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
TERMINATIONS .....................................................................................................8
SPLICING .............................................................................................................10
TEST EQUIPMENT ...............................................................................................10
MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................10
UNITS, POWER PREFIXES ...................................................................................11
3.
3.1
4.
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7.
9.
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COLOUR SCHEME.........................................................................................55
Figures:
Figure 1: Basic construction of optical fibre..................................................................5
Figure 2: Constructional Details of Fibre Optic Cable ..................................................6
Figure 3: Single Ended Loss ........................................................................................17
Figure 4:Double Ended Loss Measurement / FASTEST SETUP ..............................17
Figure 5: Loop Back Method.......................................................................................18
Figure 6: Side by Side Method ....................................................................................19
Figure 7: OTDR Trace Analysis ..................................................................................22
Figure 8: Cable Trench ................................................................................................28
Figure 9: Arrangement for splicing at site ...................................................................29
Figure 10: Arrangement of splice enclosures ..............................................................30
Figure 11: Arrangement of Buried Splice....................................................................30
Figure 12: Information for 1st update of Threatening Trouble Ticket .........................39
Figure 13: Working Area of Third Party .....................................................................40
Figure 14: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity ..............41
Figure 15: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity ..............41
Figure 16: Information for Final update of Threatening Trouble Ticket.....................42
Figure 17: Types of Cable Route Marker Posts...........................................................45
Figure 18: Marker Post Placement...............................................................................45
Figure 19: Relocation Option-1 ...................................................................................46
Figure 20: Relocation Option-2 ...................................................................................46
Figure 21: Cable Locator Direction Connection..........................................................51
Figure 22: Cable Locator Inductive Method................................................................52
Figure 23: Cable Locator Inductive Clamp Method ....................................................53
Tables:
Table 1: List of Tool Kit ..............................................................................................14
Table 2: Attenuation Criteria .......................................................................................21
Table 3: Depth of Buried Fibre Optic Cables ..............................................................28
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Coating
250m
Cladding Core
125m
8.3 ~ 9m
Core
Cross Sectional View of a Single Mode Fibre
Core: The centre of the fibre through which the light is transmitted
Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fibre that traps the light in the core and
guides it along and even through curves
Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fibre
that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.
Fibre optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end
of the cable through to the other end. The core and cladding are manufactured
together as a single piece of silica glass. The core regions refractive index is greater
than the cladding layer. The glass does not have a hole in the core, but is completely
solid throughout. The light is "guided" down through the core. The cladding traps the
light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection. The third
section of an optical fibre is the outer protective coating called the "primary buffer
coating". This coating is typically an ultraviolet (UV) light-cured acrylate applied
during the manufacturing process to provide physical and environmental protection
for the fibre. During the installation process, this coating is stripped away from the
cladding to allow proper termination to an optical transmission system.
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Outer Sheath
(Jacket)
Dielectric Strength
Element (Kevlar)
Optical fibres
Gel Filled
Buffer Tubes
Central Strength
Member
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Connector
Ferrule
FC Connector: The FC stands for "Face Contact" The anti-rotation key prevents
fibre end face damage and rotational sensitivity and the floating ferrule prevents
shock and vibration.
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PC Connector
FPC Connector
APC Connector
SPC Connector
UPC Connector
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2.2 Splicing
Splice enclosures
Splice panels
Mechanical Splice
Fusion Splice
Fusion Splicer
2.4 Measurements
Attenuation
Bandwidth
Chromatic Dispersion
Decibels (dB)
dBm
Nanometer (nm)
Optical Loss
Optical Power
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Back Reflection
Power Budget
Polarization Mode
Dispersion
Refractive Index
Scattering
Wavelength
Prefix
Symbol
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
Factor
1012
109
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
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Description
RXS Cleaver
3M 2501 Fiberlok
Assembly Tool
Cable Cutter
Pliers
Picture
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Kevlar Electrician
Scissor
10
11
12
13
No-Nik Stripper
14
Tweezers
15
Cleaning Tape
16
Utility Knife
17
Measuring Tape 3
18
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19
20
Number Markers
21
22
23
Permanent Marker
24
Alcohol Swabs
25
Electrician's Tape
26
Flash Light
27
Kimwipes
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Removal of outer jacket: Remove the fibre optic cable's protective jackets and
buffers to allow access to the optical fibre. Make sure the cutting members are not
damaging the buffer tubes.
Cutting of Kevlar: The Kevlar can be trimmed using scissors or Kevlar cutters.
Cleaning of Buffer Tubes: Clean the jelly on buffer tubes with isopropyl wipes.
Fixing of cable in the enclosure: The cable should be fixed in the enclosure
according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the splice enclosure.
Stripping of Buffer Tubes: The buffer tubes, like the outer jackets, can be
removed by stripping tools. Care must be taken to avoid kink or damage to
internal coated fibres.
3. Cleaving: A good cleave is the key to obtaining a good splice. Use cleaver to cut
the fibre. After cleaving do not touch or clean the fibre.
4. Splicing: The fibre is now ready to be spliced mechanically or Fusion. Insert the
fibre carefully in the mechanical splice or in the fusion splicer for splicing. While
inserting in the mechanical splice make sure that fibre is inserted directly in the
groove and do not touch any other surface. Fusion splicer will automatically align
and fuse the fibre.
5. Protection: In case of fusion splicing cover the splice with heat shrink sleeve and
place it in the heater, for mechanical splice carefully close the mechanical splice.
6. Organizing: Organize the fibre in the enclosure properly Make sure that
organising do not cause Micro-bending.
Testing Loss
Following two methods are used to measure loss. Optical Loss Test Sets contains a
light source and power meter in the same unit. For both methods two units of loss test
sets (one at each end of the fibre under test) are required.
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Test
Patch Cord
Source /
FasTesT
Port
Detector
Port
Detector
Port
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Source /
FasTesT
Port
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Receiver
Measurement SETUP
Test
Patch Cord
Source /
FasTesT
Port
Detector
Port
_______________________________
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Detector
Port
Source /
FasTesT
Port
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Receiver
Transmitter
5.2.3
from the overall loss so the final loss result represents the loss of system under test
alone.
There are two referencing methods in practice for Loss test sets and both results in
accurate loss measurement:
Loop-back Method with only one test jumper
Side-by-Side Method with two test patch cords and a mating adapter
1. Loop back Method
Detector Port,
Disconnect this end and connect
to ODF of FO link under Test
once the reference is set
Optical
Loss
Test Set
The main advantage of the loop back referencing method is that there is no need to
bring both units at same location. This is performed by connecting a single test patch
cord from the units Source Port (FASTTEST Port) to Detector Port.
1. After performing the loop-back reference, simply disconnect the test patch cord
from the Detector Port and connect it to the ODF of Fibre link Under Test.
2. It is very important not to disconnect it from the source port (FASTTEST Port)
because the amount of light coupled or injected into the test patch cord varies
from one connection to another.
3. If the test patch cord is disconnected from the source port, it is required to repeat
the references.
4. The loop-back test is performed individually on each of the two units.
5. An important advantage of the loop-back method is that it automatically takes into
account the loss of the test patch cord and Mating adapters, allowing a true
measurement of the fibre itself.
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2. Side-by-Side Method
To perform the side-by-side reference procedure, two test patch cords are connected
via a Mating adapter and then connect the test patch cord ends to the Source Port
(FASTTEST Port) of both units.
Mating Adapter
Disconnect here to connect to
ODF of FO link Under Test
Detector Port /
Power Meter Port
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Optical
Loss
Test Set
Transmitter
Receiver
1. When using the side-by-side reference method, both units must be brought to a
common site to take the appropriate references.
2. Once the side-by-side reference is performed, disconnect the test jumpers at the
Mating Adopter and connect both test jumpers to the ODF of Fibre Link Under
Test.
3.
Much like the loop back reference, it is very important not to disconnect the test
jumper from the source port as the amount of light coupled or injected into the test
patch cord will vary from one connection to another. If the test patch cord is
disconnected from the source port (FASTTEST Port), it is required to repeat the
reference
5.2.4
i. Attenuation
All fibre has losses from absorption and back reflection of the light caused by
impurities in the glass. Attenuation is a function of wavelength and needs to be
specified or measured at the wavelength in use.
ii. Modal Dispersion
The higher the data rate, the shorter the distance the signal can travel before modal
dispersion creates an inability to accurately detect the signal (i.e. a "1" from a
"0").
iii. Chromatic Dispersion
Another dispersion effect, which causes pulse spreading, and limits distance is
chromatic dispersion, where the broader spectrum of light can result in varying
travel times for different parts of a light pulse.
iv. Splices
Although small and often insignificant, there is no perfect loss-less splice. Many
errors in loss calculations are made due to a failure to include splices. Average
splice loss is usually less than 0.1 dB.
v. Connectors
Like splices, there is no perfect loss-less connector. It is important to note that
even the highest quality connectors can get dirty. Dirt and dust can completely
obscure a fibre light wave and create huge losses. A 0.5 dB loss per connector is
commonly the worst-case scenario assuming a cleaned and polished connector is
used. There will always be a minimum of two connectors per fibre segment, so
remember to multiply connector loss by two.
vi. Safety Buffer
It is common to add a loss as a design margin. Allowing 2 - 3 dB of loss can take
fibre aging, poor splices, maintenance margin, temperature and humidity, etc.,
into account and ensures a solid system.
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5.2.5
Losses occur at many points in a fibre optic system. We have to ensure that the light
source launches enough power into the fibre to provide enough power at the receiver.
The receiver has limited sensitivity.
Transmitter output - Receiver input = Losses + Margin (All calculations are done in
dB)
For single mode fibre cable with two most commonly used wavelengths 1310 nm
and 1550 nmThe attenuation measurement will vary depending upon which
wavelength is in use. Attenuation is measured in dB and is quoted as attenuation in
dB/km.
Under mentioned is the most commonly used method to determine the maximum
signal loss across a piece of pre-existing fibre (Link Loss)
Optical
Fibre Type
Single Mode
Loss/Km
in dB
1310nm
1550nm
0.35
0.23
Loss
Connector
Splice
In dB
0.50
0.09
The measured value of attenuation of a FO link should not exceed the sum of
allowable attenuation of each component.
These components are:
The Fibre Optic cable
The FO connectors
The Splices
Cable Loss
Connector Loss
Splice Loss
(Safety Margin /
Maintenance Margin ) = 2 ~ 3 dB depending upon the length of link
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Dynamic Range
In-Put EndFace Reflection
dB
Reflective Event
(Connector, Mechanical Splice, crack)
End-to-End Loss
Non-Reflective Event
(Fusion Splice, Bend)
Non-Reflective Event
(Macro Bend)
Noise
0M
Distance (M)
Launch
Level
Reflective
Event Loss
Dead Zone
Reflective Event
Dead Zone
NonReflective
Event Loss
Non-Reflective
Event Loss
caused by
Macro-Bending
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Wavelength
Index Of Refraction
The index of refraction sets the OTDR to the proper speed of light for a particular
fibre link being tested.
Changing the IOR value will change the distances to events on the OTDR trace,
and also the overall length of the fibre.
The IOR of a particular fibre is usually provided by the manufacturer
6.1.3
This is another setting that must be selected to receive the clearest information from
the OTDR trace. The length of time that the OTDR's laser is turned on is called the
"pulse width". As the OTDR turns the laser on and off, the duration of the laser being
on results in a pulse of a certain length.
Shorter pulse widths provide better traces of events that are close together, as the
shorter pulse widths will have shorter dead zones after reflective events.
However, short pulse widths will result in a noisy, hard to interpret trace for long
distance fibre link, as the OTDR process weaker returned signals.
Long pulse widths means more light energy is injected in the fibre. The more light
injected means the more light is reflected back from the fibre to OTDR. It causes
longer dead zones, and reduces resolution of events that are close to each other.
Long Pulse width is therefore used to see long-distance down a cable.
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Range or Distance
The range on an OTDR is the maximum distance that OTDR will acquire data
samples. This parameter is generally set at twice the distance of the end of the fibre
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7. Cleaning of Connectors
CAUTION:Lasers used in telecommunication systems are powerful enough to burn contaminants
into the fibre end face. Always ensure the laser is turned off while performing the
cleaning procedure.
Warnings: Do not look into a fibre while the system laser is on.
Do not connect a fiberscope while the system laser is on.
Do not use alcohol or other wet cleaner without a way to ensure that all
residues are removed.
Do not touch the end face of the fibre connector.
Install dust caps on unplugged connectors
Store unused dust caps in a container to prevent dust on the caps from being
transferred to the fibre end.
Do not re-use swabs or cleaning tissues.
Proper cleaning of connectors is very important. The core diameter of a single-mode
fibre is only about 9um. This generally means you cannot see streaks or scratches on
the surface.
There are three critical steps to ensure high quality optical connections.
1. Inspection
2. Cleaning
3. Re-inspection
3. Do not re-use the same section of cleaning cloth once a fibre end has
been cleaned. To expose a new section of cleaning cloth, release the
thumb lever, then actuate the lever again.
4. Inspect with fiberscope.
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Depth
80 ~ 130 cm
Minimum 80 cm
Minimum 110 cm
Under mentioned diagram shows the typical layout of Direct Buried cable.
Back
filling
Back filling
40 ~90 cm
80 ~130 Cm
Warning
Tape
Soft Sand
Soft Sand
20 cm
Soft Sand
20 cm
Fibre Optic
Cable
Soft Sand
Front View
Legend
Back filling
Soft Sand
Undisturbed
Earth
Figure 8: Cable Trench
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In certain installation areas, for example, rights-of-way with limited access (public
highways, private property boundaries, water ways, Culverts and under the bridges,
cable must be buried in a duct and if such constructions are done after the installation
of cable, Fibre Optic cable must be protected in the affected area with PVC pipe, iron
barring and concrete.
Cable must be protected at all locations such as unimproved roads, streets and alleys
that may later be paved or asphalted.
CAUTION:
Depths less than those specified may expose the cable to erosion or excavation
damage
In conditions where these depths are not feasible or permitted lesser depth is
permissible provided additional protection in the form of concrete casements or
sub duct is provided.
Splicing Van
10~15M slack
80~120 cm
Warning Tape
20 Cm
Splice Pit
2 x 2 Meter
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Hand Hole
Man Hole
Back
filling
20 ~70 cm
80 ~130 Cm
Warning
Tape
Soft
Sand
Tiles
20cm
Direct Buried
Splice
Buried Joint
Top View
20cm
Soft Sand
20 cm
Min 2Meter
Front View
Figure 11: Arrangement of Buried Splice
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9. Points To Remember
9.1 Safety First!
Small scraps of glass i.e. cleaved-off ends of the fibres being terminated or spliced is
very dangerous! They are extremely sharp and are basically glass needles that will
easily penetrate flesh then break off and become nearly impossible to remove. Once in
the body it will likely become infected. If they get into the eyes, they are very hard to
flush out. Don't even think about what happens if you eat one. Always follow these
rules when working with fibre.
& Find and dispose-off all cut fibre fragments immediately after cutting.
& Dispose-off all scraps properly
& Handle cut fibre fragments with tweezers only
& Do not drop them on the floor where they will stick in carpets or shoes and be
carried elsewhere.
& It is your responsibility to ensure that no fibre fragments escape and injure
someone. If you lose a fibre fragment you must look until you find it.
& If you cant find your fragment, get more light on the subject and work area.
& Do not move the cleaver until the fragment has been found.
& Use a magnifying glass if you need to but FIND THAT FRAGMENT.
& Do not eat or drink anywhere near the work area.
& The light in Transmission system is infrared and you can't see it therefore
always be careful with your eyes.
& When using a fibre optic microscope. NEVER look into a fibre unless you
personally confirm no light is present. Use a power meter to check it.
& Always keep dust caps on connectors & patch panels when not in use. Keep
them covered to keep them clean.
& Use lint free pads and isopropyl alcohol to clean the connectors.
& After cleaning with isopropyl alcohol swab do not forget to clean it with the
Cleaning Tape
& Make sure to have the proper tools for the job.
& Confirm that all tools are in good shape before you head out for the job. This
includes all the cable tools and test equipment.
& Make sure that your test cables are good? Without that, good terminations are
tested as bad every time.
& Make sure that your test equipment is fully charged and you have spare battery
backup.
9.4
It is very hard to troubleshoot cables when you don't know how long they are, where
is the route or how they were tested originally! So keep good records. It is
recommended that the following records be maintained and kept current always:
& Schematic drawings to include "as-built" information for street maps records
& Splice loss data
& End-to-end optical loss measurements
& End-to-end OTDR traces
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Marking of cutting point for existing cable, keeping in mind the maintenance
loop of 15 meter each side.
6.
Assure site accessibility and secure work site with safety signs. (i.e. traffic signs,
road cones, warning tape)
7.
Fibre utilization Form must be filled correctly for both sites of the section
involved
2.
All working and spare fibres at both sites (ODFs) must be clearly identified
and labelled.
3.
4.
5.
MDT request
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2.
Satellite Phone
3.
OTDR
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mobile Generators
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Fibre Optic Cleaning and Preparation Tools (Please refer to toolkit details on
page 12)
14.
Splicing Machines
15.
16.
17.
18.
Splicing Cars
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21. In case of Manholes, secue the splice on the brackets in the Manhole.
22. Installation of Marker Posts.
23. Update the drawing and submit updated drawing and test results to LDN HQ.
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Once the trouble ticket is opened and referred to the MC, MC must regularly update
the trouble ticket regarding on going activities of the third party until the work of third
party is completed.
Following guidelines for updating the threatening trouble ticket must be
followed.
1. First update must include the following:
1.1. Name of third party
1.2. Contact Number of third party
1.3. Nature of work
1.4. Date of warning letter
1.5. Date of physical cable location
1.6. Exact location of third parties work with reference to land marks and
kilometers readings from the FON sites.
a. Distance from Site-A
b. Distance from Site-B
c. Length of working area
d. Between Marker Post No. XXX & Marker Post No. YYY
e. XXX-meters from MP-XXX and YYY-meters from MP-YYY
(Please see Fig-12 below for reference)
Distance from
nearest Marker Post YYY
Marker Post No. YYY
Site A
Site B
KM from site B
KM from site A
Length of working area
on or along the cable route.
2. Cable technician / Cable Patrol Technician must visit the sites of third parties
work regularly (at least every alternate day / every day for critical sites) and
progress of wok must be reflected in the threatening trouble ticket clearly with
reference land marks and kilometers readings. Remarks usually seen in the trouble
ticket work in progress is not enough.
3. All updates following the first update must reflect the progress of third party work
with reference to the start location. Always nearest Marker Post Numbers on left
and right side of the working area must be mentioned as reference.
Examples:
i.
LEGEND:
Total working area of third party
Distance from
nearest Marker Post YYY
Marker Post No. YYY
Site A
Site B
KM from site B
KM from site A
Length of working area
on or along the cable route.
ii.
Figure 14: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity
4. Updating of trouble ticket must also include the statement regarding status of
Marker Posts if these are damaged, broken, removed or missing during the activity
of third party. Affected Marker Post must be clearly identified in the update with
Marker Post No. and section (i.e. Site A and Site B).
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5. If the damage to Marker Post during the activity is observed warning letter
regarding damage to marker Post must be issued to the third party and an update
regarding issuance of warning letter must be included in the update of the ticket
with date, time, Name of person to whom the warning letter is issued and contact
number.
6. Once the work of the third party is completed. Ticket must be updated with
closing remarks which must include the complete status of cable route within the
working area of third party. For example not backfilled properly, debris and
construction material not removed from the cable route, No of missing, broken,
tilted or removed Marker Posts etc. (Please see Fig-16: below for reference)
Broken
Down
Tilted
Missing
Area not backfilled properly
Riyadh under study for implementation. Until this process is implemented under
mentioned guidelines must be followed to control the activities of these third parties
in order to avoid penalty discussion due to deficiencies as a result of these projects.
Under mentioned are the important points to be recorded in this regard.
1.
2.
During routine cable route patrolling cable technician must observe the
following during the process of cable relocation.
OTDR and Section loss measurements were carried out for dark
fibres.
3.
One day after the execution of MDT by the third party MC technician must
perform and record OTDR and Section Loss measurements for the
relocated section in order to verify the quality of work done by the third
party.
4.
All deficiencies found must be recorded and pictures must be taken for the
deficiencies if any and complete report of these deficiencies observed during the
whole process together with the OTDR and Section Loss measurements must be
sent to LDN HQ within three days of the completion of MDT for further
escalation to STC Transmission Operation Riyadh.
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Fibers at ODF of both sites were not disconnected by the third party in
coordination with TNOC prior to start MDT.
OTDR and Section Loss measurements were not carried out for working
fibers prior to reconnection at ODF.
Supervisor of the MC is prime in this regard, he must make sure that trouble ticket is
properly updated according to these guidelines reflecting all events during the MDT.
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Site B
Site A
Site B
Diversion
Site A
Site B
Protection
Splice Point
Site A
Site B
Relocated Area
All MCs must strictly follow these guidelines. Region must ensure the
implementation through the under mentioned process.
1. Cable patrol Technician / Cable Technician must submit Daily Cable Route
Patrolling Report Form to the Supervisors with details of third parties working
on the cable as well as Marker Post status (i.e. tilted, broken, down and missing).
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2. Supervisor of the MC must ensure that these reports are reviewed on weekly basis
and a weekly status report is prepared.
3. Based on the weekly status report corrective action must be carried out on weekly
basis for the Marker Posts not related to Third party activities.
4. Warning letter to the third party must be issued regarding damage of marker posts.
5. A monthly status report must be sent to LDN HQ.
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4. Very High (100 kHz and higher): These frequencies attenuate rapidly with
distance and so are intended for shorter runs. They couple strongly to other
nearby conductors and will couple across non-conductive gaps such as cable
breaks. They work best with Inductive clamp and induction methods. Very
high frequencies are best for sweeping a large area to locate all buried cables
and pipes.
The three most common methods of sending signals are direct connect, general
induction, and inductive coupling. In the inductive coupling method, the cable must
be grounded to form a complete circuit path.
15.3.1 Conductive / Direct Connection method
Connecting a signal directly to the cable is the most accurate method of cable
locating. The direct-connect method allows to physically attach transmitter to the
cable to be located by gaining access to the shield that surrounds the cable. That
means to connect it at a terminal site or cabinet by gaining access to the cable shield
which is usually grounded at this point.
Disconnect the shield from frame or rack ground point and connect one end of the
transmitter to the shield and other end to the ground bar so that the transmitter is
connected in series between the cable shield and ground bar. Do not disconnect the
far-end shield from ground bar since this supplies a far end ground.
When tracing a cable over a long distance, the signal strength decreases gradually as
the receiver moves along the cable. Missing splice point ground connection causes an
abrupt or distinct drop in signal. Therefore missing ground connection at splice points
ground connection can severely limit the tracing distance.
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maximum as the receiver crosses the cable. It diminishes as the receiver moves away
from the cable path. The numeric strength indicator also increases to a maximum.
Consequently in Null mode the receiver will diminish at the top of the cable. It will
exhibit increased response as it moves away from the cable path. On the display of the
receiver arrows are indicating the cable path as described below.
Right Arrow: Move Receiver to the right to get closer to cable
path.
Left Arrow: Move Receiver to the left to get closer to cable
path.
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Colour
Fibre No.
BLUE
ORANGE
GREEN
BROWN
SLATE
WHITE
RED
BLACK
YELLOW
PURPLE
10
ROSE
11
AQUA
12
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