WORDS OF CONNECTION

(CONECTIVOS)
Ricardo Schtz
Atualizado em 18 de abril de 2006

Words of transition, words of connection, transition devices, linking words ou discourse

markers so conjunes, advrbios, preposies, locues, etc., que servem para
estabelecer uma relao lgica entre frases e idias. Em portugus essas palavras so
chamadas de articuladores ou plavras conectivas. O uso correto destas palavras confere
solidez ao argumento e conseqentemente elegncia ao texto.
Writing clinics ou writing labs so departamentos nas universidades norte-americanas
aos quais os estudantes podem recorrer para obter auxlio e orientao sobre como
redigir corretamente seus trabalhos de pesquisa. Normalmente o primeiro e o mais
freqentemente ponto abordado nessas clnicas de redao o uso correto das palavras
de transio. Words of transition so de fundamental importncia, uma vez que a beleza
do ingls moderno est na clareza e na integridade lgica.
As listas abaixo constituem-se numa ajuda decisiva para quem compe um texto em
ingls, independente do nvel de capacidade do redator.
Os conectivos, mais freqentemente usados, so:
Em primeiro lugar, ... / Para comear, ...

First of all, ... / In the first place, ...

/ To begin with, ...

Com relao a ...

Regarding ... / With regards to ... /

Concerning ...

De acordo com ...

According to ...

Principalmente ...

Especially ... / Mainly ...

A principal razo ... / O principal motivo ...

The main reason ...

A partir de agora ... / De agora em diante ...

From now on ...

Por enquanto (passado) ... / At agora ...

So far ... / Up till now ...

Por enquanto (futuro) ... / At que mude de

idia.

... for some time. / ... for a while. /

For the time being ...

Ainda no ...

... not ... yet.

Nesse meio tempo, ... / Enquanto isso, ...

In the meantime, ... /

Meanwhile, ...

Em meio a ...

In the midst of ...

Via de regra ...

As a rule ...

Sempre que ...

Whenever ...

medida em que o tempo passa, ...

As time goes by, ...

A propsito, por falar nisso, ...

By the way, / Speaking of that,

Pelo que eu sei, / Pelo que me consta, /

Que eu saiba,

As far as I know, / As far as I

can tell, / To the best of my
knowledge,

No que se refere a mim, / No que diz

respeito a mim,

As far as I'm concerned,

Do ponto de vista de

From the standpoint of

Sem dvida

Without a doubt / Of course

Da mesma forma que

In the same way that

De maneira (forma) que

So that / In order that

Desde que

As long as

Em outras palavras, / O que eu quero

dizer ... / Quer dizer, / Ou seja,

In other words, / What I'm

trying to say ... / That is,

... por assim dizer.

... so to speak. / ... if you will.

Por um lado,

On the one hand,

Por sua vez, ...

In his/her/its turn, ...

Por outro lado, / Em compensao,

On the other hand,

Da mesma forma, / Por seu turno

Likewise

Enquanto que / Ao passo que

While / Whereas

Entretanto, / No entanto,

However,

Embora / Mesmo que

Although / Even though /

Even if

Em ltimo caso,

As a last resort,

Mesmo assim,

Nevertheless, / Still,

Apesar de

In spite of / Despite

Alm disto,

Besides that, / In addition to

that,

No apenas , mas tambm

Not only , but also

Afora isso,

Aside from that,

Pelo menos

At least

De qualquer modo, / Seja como for,

Anyway, / At any rate, / In

any case,

Seno / Caso contrrio / Sob pena de ...

Otherwise / Or else ...

Ao contrrio de

Unlike

Em vez de / Ao invs de

Instead of / In place of

A no ser que

Unless

A no ser por / Com exceo de

Except for

Uma vez que / J que

Since

Afinal

After all

Por exemplo,

For example, / For instance,

Em funo de / Devido a

In face of / Due to

Por esta razo, / Neste sentido / Desta

forma, / Diante do exposto, / Levando
isto em considerao,

For this reason, / With this in

mind,

Portanto,

Therefore, / So,

Finalmente, / Por fim,

Finally, / At last,

Levando tudo isso em considerao, / Em

resumo,

All things considered, / Finally,

/ In summary,

Abaixo segue uma lista abrangente de palavras e locues conectivas, agrupadas por
tipo de ligao que estabelecem. Esta lista de utilidade especialmente para alunos
avanados que possuem boa familiaridade com redao em ingls:
INTRODUCTION

as referred to
(at) first
by the way
changing the subject
AGREEMENT

according to
as per

regarding
speaking of
to begin with
to start with

in accordance
in agreement
in conformity

CONTRAST

after (all)
alternatively
although
as opposed to
at the same time
but

concerning
first of all
in the first place
initially
on the one hand

by the same token

conversely
despite
even though
for all that
for (my, his, ...) part
however
in contrast

in (the) face of
on the other hand
in (the) light of
in spite of (that)
still
then again
meanwhile
though
nevertheless
unlike
nonetheless
whereas
notwithstanding
while
yet
on the contrary

COMPARISON

comparing
likewise

in comparison (with)
in the same way
similarly

EMPHASIS

even more
in any event
above all
indeed
a key feature
in fact
a major concern
in particular
definitely
least of all
especially not
let alone
especially significant more important(ly)
ADDITION

again
also
and (then)
as well as
at the same time
besides

both ... and

either ... or
equally important
further
furthermore
in addition (to)
indeed
jointly

TIME RELATIONSHIP

after a while
afterward(s)
as time goes by
at last
at present
at this point
currently

here
immediately
in the meantime
lately
later
meanwhile
now

most important(ly)
most of all
naturally
particularly
positively
primarily
principally
specifically

last but not least

likewise
moreover
neither ... nor
next
not only ... but also
not to mention
not to speak of

nowadays
presently
shortly (after)
simultaneously
since
so far
soon
temporarily

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

first
second
third

following
then
next

later
after that
finally

EXPLANATION OF CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE

as
because
due to
for

in order that
now that
since

so (that)
that is because
that is why

the basic cause

the chief factor
the key point
the main reason
unquestionably
valuable to note
without a doubt

on top of that
or
plus
similarly
together with
what's more

then
thereafter
throughout
thereupon
until
up until now
while
yet at the same time

RESULT

hence
in short
accordingly
so much (so) that
as a consequence
so ... that
as a result
such ... that
consequently
for this reason
CIRCUMSTANCES

in my opinion
in terms of
in the midst of
on the part of

as a last resort
as a rule
from the standpoint of
ESTABLISHING A LIMIT

as far as I can tell

as far as I know
as far as I'm concerned
CONDITION

as far as I understand
as well as I know
for the time being
so far

if not
in case of
in case (that)
in the event of

as long as
even if
if

then
thereby
therefore
thus
truly

in the event (that)

only if
or (else)
otherwise

provided (that)
providing (that)
whether or not

DISMISSAL

anyway
at any rate

in any case
whatever the case may be

EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION

aside from
except for
EXAMPLE

not ... yet

unless

including
in particular
for example
in this case
for instance
in another case in this manner
PURPOSE

for this reason

the following example

namely
to illustrate
such as
take the case of
that is

in order to
in return for

to this end
with this in mind

for your information

in an effort to

to the purpose of

with this purpose

SUBSTITUTION

in place of or rather
instead of in exchange for
REITERATION / REFORMULATION

as I have said rather

in other words that is
more simply
to put it another way
INTERMEDIATING

by
by means of

in doing so
this way
through (which)

CONCESSION

at the same time

granted that
I admit

after all
although it is true that
although this may be true
EVIDENCE

as you (anyone) can see

certainly
evidently

indeed
it's no wonder
naturally
needless to say

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY

after all
all in all
all things considered
as I have said

it may appear that

naturally
of course

obviously
of course
without question
without a doubt

in conclusion
as we have seen in short
in summary
at last
last(ly)
finally
on the whole
in brief

overall
thus
to conclude
to summarize
to sum up