1984 - A Study of The Cross Flow Fan

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University
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M azur, Jo se p h Stanley
A STUDY OF THE CROSS FLOW FAN
Ph.D,
Wayne State University
University
Microfilms
International
300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 46106
Copyright 1984
by
Mazur, Joseph Stanley
All Rights Reserved
1984
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University
Microfilms
International

by
JOSEPH S. MAZUR
DISSERTATION
Submitted to the Graduate School

of Wayne State University,
Detroit, Michigan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
1984
MAJOR: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Approved by:
Hgptv
Advise
,----
Date
3 - i z--' irtj
O COPYRIGHT BY
JOSEPH S. MAZUR
1984
All Rights Reserved
To Nancy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author
is pleased
to acknowledge with thanks the
help given by many during the research and in preparation

o this dissertation.
The
author
acknowledges
the
supervision and
given by members of my doctoralcommittee,

T. Singh and Dr.
guidance
especially Dr.
D. Lalas.
The author wishes to thank Bob Mueller for his support

and encouragement during this work, and Dan Kimmons, Dave
Preston,
Duane
Drobnich,
and
Barry
assistance in building and running

My
sincere
obtaining
Anderson
thanks
most
of
to
the
Mary
for
for
the experimental
Montgomery
reference
and Edwina Taylor
Robinson
for her
material, and
their help
their
rig.
help
in
to Velma
in typing the
dissertation.
The
author
Corporation
gratefully
facilities
acknowledges
during
the use
theresearch
of Eaton
and
in
preparation of this dissertation.

Finally, the author expresses his sincere appreciation
to his wife, Nancy,
for her encouragement, understanding,
and support during this work.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Dedication
ii
Acknowledgements
iii
List oC Tables
vii
List o Figures
viii
Nomenclature
CHAPTER 1
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Cross Flow Fan - Description
1.2
Historical Development
1.3
Non-dimensional performance Parameters
CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL REVIEW
2.1
Cross Flow Fan Performance
2.2
Effect of Fan Housing Shape and Blade

Parameters on Fan Performance
11
2.3
Cross Flow Fan Analysis
14
2.4
Summary of the previous Analyses
29
2.5
Objectives of the Present Work
30
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
3.1
Wind Tunnel Design
43
3.2
Rotor Construction and Blade Adjustment
45
3.3
Rotor Drive System and Torque Measurements
48
3.4
Fan Housings
51
3.5
Volume Flow, Fan Static and Total

Pressure Measurements and Instrumentation
52
3.6
Fan Flow Field Measurements and Instrumentation
iv
54
Page
CHAPTER 4
PAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
4.1
Performance Measurement Procedure
74
4.2
Performance with Rotors #1 and #2
77
4.3
Effect of Fan Speed on Performance
79
CHAPTER 5
FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS
5.1
Evaluation of the Two-Dimensional Flow

Assumption
101
5.2
Generating Flow Field Maps
105
5.3
Static Pressure Maps
106
5.4
Total Pressure Maps
107
5.5
Velocity Vectors and Mean Velocity Maps
108
5.6
Streamlines
110
5.7
Fluctuating Velocity Components, Turbulence

Intensity, and Cross Correlations
111
5.8
Velocity Calculated From Total and Static

Pressure Difference, Comparison With
Anemometer Measurements
112
5.9
Errors Due to Probe Insertion
113
CHAPTER 6
FLOW FIELD ANALYSIS
6.1
Blade Tip Velocity Triangles
152
6.2
Angular Momentum and Blade Loading
153
6.3
Work-Energy Equation for the Mean Flow
156
6.3a Flux of Kinetic Energy Through the Rotor Surface 160

6.3b Rate at Which Work is Done by the Reynolds
Stresses and Viscous Stresses
162
6.3c Rate at Which Work is Done by the Pressure

Forces at the Rotor Surface
163
6.4
163
Vorticity
v
Page
6.5
6.6
Energy and Power - Gains and Losses

Discussion and Analysis of EnergyFlows
Within the Cross Flow Fan
CHAPTER 7
167
170
FLOW FIELD MODELING
7.1
Required Features of a Model of a

Flow Fan
Cross
193
7.2
Flow Through Rotor Blading
202
7.3
Vortex Region and Rotor Interior
206
7.4
Inlet Region
215
7.5
Fan Outlet Duct
218
7.6
Estimation of Fan Performance
222
7.7
Summary and Evaluation of Present
Model
226
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS
250
APPENDIX
253
REFERENCES
260
ABSTRACT
266
AUTOBIOGRAPHICALSTATEMENT
268
vi
LIST OP TABLES
Table
N u m b er
page
3.1
Error Resulting from Non-Inclusion of the

Fluctuating Torgue-Speed Term
51
5.1
Fan Operating Points for Flow Field

Measurements
101
5.2
TTrr (volts2) - TEST3
143
5.3
(volts2) - TEST3
144
5.4
u* v' (volts2) - TEST3
145
5.5
Turbulence Intensity - TEST3
146
5.6
/ Vm3" TEST1
147
5.7
- TEST3
148
5.8
V^3 / Vm3- - TEST2
149
6.1
Summary of Flow Region Parameters and Blade

Loading
179
6.2
Summary of Work-Energy Termsr Energy Fluxes

and Losses
189
6.3
summary of Total Pressures
192
7.1
Vortex Parameters and Velocities - TEST1
240
7.2
Vortex Interior Region - Parameters and

Estimated Fan Performance
243
vii
LIST OP FIGURES
Figure
Number
Pagi
I I
Flow Path Comparison, Cross Flow Fan and a

Typical Centrifugal Fan
1.2
Cross Flow Fan Streamlines
2.1
Mortier Fan
33
2.2
Ackeret and Sprenger Fans
33
2.3
Eck Fans
34
2.4
Laakso Fan
35
2.5
Coester Fans
36
2.6
Tramposch Fans
37
2.7
Ilberg and Sadeh Fans
38
2.8
Porter Fans
39
2.9
Simple Fan Design
40
2.10
Performance Curves
41
2.11
Ikegami and Murata Fan
42
2.12
Ikegami and Murata Fan - Theoretical Performance
42
3.1
Wind Tunnel Used in Present work
58
3.2
Wind Tunnel Schematic
59
3.3
Cone Valve Installed on Boost Blower
60
3.4
Rotor #1
61
3.5
Rotor #2
62
3.6
Rotor Blades - Geometry
63
3.7
Rotor Blades - End View
63
3.8
Rotor Blade Holding Fixture with Blade in Place
64
V iii
Figure
Number
Page
3.9
Blades For Rotor #1 and Rotor #2
64
3.10
Blade Setting Jig - Rear View
65
3.11
Blade Setting Jig in Place on Rotor #1
65
3.12
Blade - Rotor Geometry
66
3.13
Rotor Drive System
67
3.14
Torque Meter Details
68
3.15
View o Test Fan Outlet
69
3.16
Probe Traversing Fixture - Mounted
70
3.17
Probe Traversing Fixture
71
3.18
Probe Traversing Fixture - Rotor Side
71
3.19
Flow Field Pressure Measurement Grid
72
3.20
Instrumentation and Hind Tunnel
73
4.1
Program FLOW - Sample Output
81
4.2
Program PERFPLOT - Sample Performance Plot
82
4.3
Performance Test T35 and porter Data
83
4.4
Performance Test T46 and Porter Data
84
4.5
Performance Test T36, Rotor #2 with Bands
85
4.6
Performance Test T47, Rotor #2/ Widened Outlet
86
4.7
Performance Test T46, Rotor #2, Wider Outlet
87
4.8
Performance Tests T46, T47, and T48
88
4.9
Performance Test T49, Bulge in Outlet Housing
89
4.10
Performance Test T50, Shortened Vortex Wall
90
4.11
Performance Test T51, Shorter Vortex Wall
91
4.12
Performance Test T52, Shorter Vortex Wall,

and Wider Outlet
92
ix
Figure
Number
page
4.13
Performance Test T53, Shorter Vortex Hall,

and Wider Outlet Duct
93
4.14
Performance Tests T50, T51, T52, and T53
94
4.15
Effect of Fan Speed on Fan Performance
95
4.16
Performance Test T39 - 2000 rpm
96
4.17
97
4.18
98
4.19
99
4.20
5.1
Fan Operating points For Flow Field

Measurements
100
115
5.2
Total Pressure versus Axial Depth - TESTl
116
5.3
Total Pressure versus Axial Depth - TEST3
117
5.4
Mean Velocity versus Axial Depth - TEST2
118
5.5
Locations of Probe Traversing Lines
119
5.6
Outlet Duct Total Pressure Distribution
120
5.7
Rotor and Digitized Housing
121
5.8
Static Pressure Distribution - TESTl
122
5.9
Static Pressure Distribution - TEST3
123
5.10
124
5.11
Total Pressure Distribution - TESTl
125
5.12
Total Pressure Distribution - TEST3
126
5.13
127
5.14
Mean Velocity Vectors - TESTl
128
5.15
Mean Velocity Vectors - TEST3
129
5.16
Mean velocity Vectors - TEST2
130
Figure
Number
Page
5.17
Mean Velocity Distribution -TESTl
131
5.18
Mean Velocity Distribution -TEST3
132
5.19
Mean Velocity Distribution -TEST2
133
5.20
Radial Velocity Distribution - TESTl
134
5.21
Radial velocity Distribution- TEST3
135
5.22
Radial Velocity Distribution - TEST2
136
5.23
Tangential velocity Distribution - TESTl
137
5.24
Tangential Velocity Distribution - TESTS
138
5.25
Tangential Velocity Distribution - TEST2
139
5.26
Streamlines - TESTl
140
5.27
Streamlines - TESTS
141
5.28
Streamlines - TEST2
142
5.29
Effect of Probe Insertion Depth on Flow
150
5.30
Effect of Probe Insertion Depth on Torque
150
5.31
Effect of Probe Insertion Location on Flow
151
6.1
Mean Absolute and Relative Velocity Vectors

- TESTl
173
6.2
Mean Absolute and Relative Velocity Vectors

- TEST3
174
6.3
Mean Absolute and Relative Velocity vectors

- TEST2
175
6.4
Control VolumeB, Total Pressure Lines,

Streamlines, and Moments - TESTl
176
6.5
Control Volumes, Total Pressure Lines,

Streamlines, and Moments - TEST3
177
6.6
Control Volumes, Total Pressure Lines,

178
xi
Figure
Humber
Page
6.7
Integrand of Term I - TESTl
180
6.8
Integrand of Term I - TEST3
181
6.9
182
6.10
vorticity Map - TESTl
183
6.11
Vorticity Map - TEST3
184
6.12
1B5
6.13
Vorticity versus Streamfunction - TESTl
186
6.14
Vorticity versuB Streamfunction - TEST3
187
6.15
Vorticity versus Streamfunction - TEST2
188
6.16
Total Pressure Energy Flux at R=R2
190
6.17
Distribution of Power - TESTl, TEST3,

TEST2
191
7.1
Cross Flow Fan Flow Field Regions
229
7.2
"Log-Spiral" Housing - Streamlines, Free

Blowing: From Porter (27)
230
7.3
"Log-Spiral" Housing - Streamlines, Lightly

Throttled: From Porter (27)
230
7.4
"Log-Spiral" Housing - Streamlines, Severely

Throttled: From Porter (27)
231
7.5
"Log-Spiral" Housing - Streamlines, Zero

Flow: From Porter (27)
231
7.6
Vorticity versus Distance from Vortex

Center - TESTl
232
7.7
Vorticity versus Distance from Vortex

Center - TEST3
232
7.8
Vorticity versus Distance from vortex

Center - TEST2
233
7.9
Vorticity versus Distance from vortex Center

TESTl, TEST3, TEST2
233
xii
Figure
Number
7.10
Rotor Blade Geometry
7.11
Streamline Angular change - Outward Flow
7.12
Streamline Angular Change - Inward Flow
7.13
Tangential Velocity Component at Rj_

TESTl, TEST3, TEST2
7.14
Rotor - Vortex Geometry
7.15
Velocity versus Distance from vortex Center
7.16
Maximum Velocity versus Vortex Eccentricity
7.17
Vorticity versus Distance from Vortex Center

for Different vortex Eccentricities
7.18
Vorticity at the Vortex Center versus Vortex

Eccentricity
7.19
Comparison of Velocity Distribution from

Yamafuji's Actuator Model with Experimental
Results, From Yamafuji (35)
7.20
Velocity versus Distance from Vortex Center

- TESTl
7.21

- TEST3
7.22

- TEST2
7.23

- TESTl, TEST3, TEST2
7.24
Static pressure versus Distance from.Vortex

Center - TESTl
7.25
Static Pressure versus Distance from Vortex

Center - TEST3
7.26
Static Pressure versus Distance from Vortex

Center - TEST2
7.27
Static Pressure versus Distance from vortex

Center - TESTl, TEST3, TEST2
7.28
Total Pressure versus Distance from Vortex

Center - TESTl
Figure
Number
Page
7.29

Center - TEST3
246
7.30

Center - TEST2
247
7.31

Center - TESTl, TESTS, TEST2
247
7.32
Throughflow - Streamline Distribution in Fan

Outlet Duct - TESTl, TEST3, TEST2
248
7.33
Ikegami and Murata (15) Fan and Performance

Curves
249
7.34
Yamafuji (35) Fan and Performance Curves
xiv
249
NOMENCLATURE
In the following list, L refers to length dimension,
refers to time, M refers to mass, and P refers to force.
bar over the symbol indicates a time averaged quantity.
Symbol
t
A
Dimensions
Acv
Surface area of control volume
L2
An
Flow nozzle throat area
L2
Anm
Constant used in series representation
Vortex way declination
Bnm
Constant used in series representation
Rotor blade chord
vortex
Er
Rear wall clearance
Outlet
duct dimension
Outlet
duct height at exit
Velocity distribution model - parameter
Velocity distribution model - parameter
Fan blade length
Series count index
Moment exerted on control volume
Series count index, or normal direction

coordinate
fi
Unit vector
Nfc
Number of rotor blades
pressure (static)
F/L2
Pi,s
Static pressure at test fan inlet
F/L2
pj~t
Total pressure at test fan inlet
F/L2
P0 ,s
Static pressure at test fan outlet
F/L2
wall clearance
xv
FL
Symbol
Dimensions
Po,t
Total pressure at test an outlet
F/L2
PO fV
Velocity pressure at test fan outlet
F/L2
Pi
Static pressure in flowfield (nondimensional)
psd
Static pressure in flowfield (dimensional)
pso
Static pressure at vortex center
Pt
Total pressure in flowfield (nondimensional)
Ptd
Total pressure in flowfield (dimensional)
pto
Total pressure at vortex center
AP
ar
Flow nozzle static pressure drop
F/L2
Mean velocity vector magnitude
L/t
Volume flow rate
L 2/t
Qd
Volume flow rate (disturbed flow)
L 3/t
Qn
Volume flow rate at flow nozzle exit
L s/t
Nondimensional radius from rotor axis
r*
Linear dimension
*i
Nondimensional rotor inside radius
Nondimensional rotor outside radius
Vector to a point in the flowfield
Rec
Reynolds number of rotor (based in blade chord)
Ri
Rotor inside radius
Ro
Rotor outside radius
RV
Radius to vortex center
Rotor solidity
Mean strain rate
Time
Rotor drive torque
F/L2
F/L2
-
l/t
t
LF
xv i
Symbol
Dimensions
Mean
Rotor
drive torque (time average)
LF
T'
Rotor
drive torque (fluctuation)
LF
Rotor
drive torque (disturbed flow)
LF
Tt
Vortex wall thickness
Local x, velocity component
Local x velocity component (time average)
u'
Local x velocity component (fluctuation)
=1
stress tensor
F/L2
Mean Velocity vector
L/t
Ubiade Rotor blade velocity
L/t
Urel
Velocity relative to the rotor blade
L/t
Utip
Blade velocity
L/t
U*
Non-dimensional velocity component
Local y velocity component
Local y velocity component
vr
Local y velocity component (fluctuation)
Velocity vector
V*
Non-dimensional velocity (time average)
Vcv
Volume of control volume
La
vjj
Dimensional velocity (time average)
L/t
Power required
to drive rotor
Power required
to drive rotor (time average)
Wcs
at rotor outside diameter
(timeaverage)
L/t
Energy flux through a control surface
FL/t
FL/t
FL/t
Wp
Complex potential function
Time averaged quantity
Distance from vortex center
xvii
Symbol
Dimensions
Yn
Flow nozzle expansion factor
Axial depth from probe side
Greek Symbols
0
Rotor blade angle
0i
Rotor blade inside angle
0o
Rotor blade outside angle
A6in
Streamline angular
change for inwardflow
A0out
Streamline angular
change for outward flow
Vortex eccentricity
rv
Vortex strength
Flow coefficient
ns
Fan static efficiency
nt
Fan total efficiency
pi
Density at test fan inlet
Angle to point in flowfield
yi
Absolute viscosity at test fan inlet
tu
Rotor rotational speed
l/t
uT
Rotor rotational speed (time average)
l/t
id 1
Rotor rotational speed (fluctuation)
l/t
t|i
Streamfunction
t|io
Streamfunction value on streamlinebetween

throughflow and inlet recirculating zone
i)ii
Streamfunction value on streamlinebetween

vortex and inlet recirculating zone
Vs
Fan static pressure coefficient
yt
Fan total pressure coefficient
M/D*
Ft/IA
xviii
Symbol
Dimensions
Turbulence intensity
Kinematic viscosity
Vorticity
l/t
ftA
Average Vorticity over an area
l/t
n*
Vorticity
l/t
L2/t
Subscripts
i
At rotor outside diameter
At rotor outside diameter, or vortex center
Tangential or angular component
Radial component
xix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Cross Flow Fan - Description
The cross flow fan Is a turbomachine consisting of a

cylindrical rotor with forward curved blades and a curved
housing.
The flow enters and exits through the full length
of the rotor, perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

flow
path
different
through
flow fan
is
than that of other centrifugal
seen from Figure 1.1.

plates
cross
and,
separators,
significantly
fans as can be
The blades are supported by the end
depending on
a
The
overall
length,
intermediate
shaft through the center of the rotor is not
usually present since it reduces performance.

The cross flow fan housing is shaped in a way which
promotes flow through the rotating blades into the interior
of the rotor and then through the blades again into the fan
outlet duct.
The rotation of the rotor also generates a
vortex which lies in a region between the fan inlet and

outlet;
Figure
1.2
shows
streamlines
through
typical
cross flow fan.

The shape of the fan housing, and the
strength of the vortex
which forms near the
position and
periphery of
the rotor have a decisive effect on the performance of the

fan.
The shape of the blades and their inlet and outlet
angles, within limits, have only a secondary effect on fan
performance.
housing
The great differences between cross flow fan
shapes
performance
gives
rise
characteristics
to
of
the
great
these
diversity
of
Because
of
fans.
their geometry and the fact that the flow passes

the blades twice,
through
these fans can generate higher pressure
coefficients than typical centrifugal fans or axial fans of

the same diameter running at the same speed.
are
sometimes
referred
to
as
"two
stage"
These fans
fans.
Their
geometry also makes them attractive where a compact design

is required.
An
acceptable cross
not currently exist.
flow fan design procedure does
Many of the cross flow fans that are
in use today are based on patented designs, like those of

Eck (10), (61) or Laakso (17) (Figures 2.3 and 2.4),
which
were developed through a more or less "trial and error"

procedure, or sometimes through "luck".
possible
to
empirically
predict
the
It is still not
performance
of
an
arbitrary cross flow fan, although the performance of other

fan types can be predicted.
Recent
industrial
and
commercial
interest
in
the
cross flow fan has led to increased efforts to develop an

accurate model of these fans.
Various investigators have
attempted to develop models but their success was limited.

These
models
generally
require
significant
amount
of
experimental data from actual fan tests as inputs. These

models cannot be used to accurately predict the performance
of a fan with an arbitrary housing.
A basic theoretical understanding o the aerodynamics

of cross flow fans needs to be developed so that a design
procedure can be defined.
that
The energy transfer processes
take place in these fans need to be understood,
and
the limits of operation need to be assessed.
1.2
Historical Development
The cross
flow
blower,
flow fan is also referred

a tangential fan or blower,
to as a cross
or as a vortex
fan.
Cross
flow fans have existed since about the early
1890's when a French engineer Paul Mortier first patented

the
idea.
Mortier
saw
the potential of using a paddle
wheel type fan for mine ventilation.
The early cross flow
fans were nearly three meters in diameter and two meters in

length;
while
turning
revolutions per
of approximately
at
speeds
around
minute these fans produced
200
to
300
air flow rates
3000 to 6000 cubic meters per minute.
During the first part of this century others invented

various types of cross flow fans for applications such as
grain
drying,
entrained
industrial
pulverized
coal
air
heaters,
into
furnaces,
draughts in furnaces.
Porter
of
These
the early
patents.
injecting
and
air
generating
(27) has a good description

early cross
flow
fans
were
never widely accepted; this was probably because they were

less efficient, less stable, noisier, and more difficult to
design
than other
Can
types
that were
prevalent
at
the
time.
By the 1950's various experimenters, including Laing,
Datwyler, Coester, and the well known German aerodynamicist
Eck,
had made significant improvements in the performance
of cross flow fans.
By the 1960's more of these fans were
finding their way into various applications; these included

hand-held hair dryers, and fan heaters (like those found in
many hotel rooms).
used
At
the present
in
hair
business
dryers,
machines
curtains.
and
time
in
cross
fan
flow fans are primarily

heaters,
electronic
for
circuitry,
cooling
and
for
of
air
There are very few cross flow fan manufacturers.
Rotor sizes that are available range between 2 cm and 20 cm

in diameter and up to 80 cm in length.
1.3
Non-dimensional Performance Parameters
The performance of a cross flow fan is measured by

the
volume
flow rate
produced
by
the
fan,
the pressure
rise, and by the amount of power required to drive the fan

at a steady speed.
The nondimensional flow coefficient $ is defined by:
(1 .1)
2 Ro L tip
where Q is the volume flow rate at the fan inlet, R0 is the
radius to the outer blade tips, L is the axial length of

the blades, and Uîp is the velocity of the blades at the
outer blade tip.
The pressure rise across the fan is given by two nondimensional pressure coefficients. The fan static pressure
coefficient is a measure of the static pressure rise and is
defined by:
and the fan total pressure coefficient is a measure of the

total pressure rise and is defined by:
Yt = ^
The density of
*. - Pi
--- r1* 2 pi Utip
d-3)
the gas at the
fan inlet is
p. For the
present work the dimensional pressure rise across the fan,

while
blowing
air,
was
less
than
kPa
(100 mm
therefore the density change across the fan is less than

1%.
pi,s an^ Pi,t are
time averaged static and total
pressure, respectively, measured at the inlet to

Pq ts
and
p0ft
are
the
time
averaged
static
the
and
fan.
total
pressure, respectively, measured at the outlet of the fan.

The total pressures are time averaged total pressures; they
are
evaluated
by
adding
the
static pressure
and
the
"average" velocity pressure at the plane of interest. The
H20);
"average" velocity pressure at the fan outlet is defined

by j
<1.4)
o.v
where H
is the height of
the fan outlet and
pQ is the
density of the gas at the outlet.

The
efficiency
of
the
fan
is
given
by
two
expressions. The fan static efficiency is defined by:
( Po s " Pi s )Q
n_ = ----2*5---- ^ ----3
w
(1.5)
and the fan total efficiency is defined by:
=
T
t f0lt - Pi.t )-Q
(1.6)
where W is the time averaged power required to drive the

rotor.
A nondimensional measure of the fan speed is given by
the Reynolds
number,
blade chord.
Rec is defined by:
Ree = 1
Rec , based
Where C is the blade chord and

fan inlet.
on
blade
tip
speed
and
(1.7)
vtL Is the viscosity at the
Figure 1.1 Flow Path Comparison - Cross Flow Fan

and a Typical Centrifugal Fan.
VORTEX
VORTEX WALL
REAR WALL
Figure 1.2
Cross Flow Fan Streamlines
CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL REVIEW
2.1
Cross Flow Fan Performance
Some or the literature which gives performance data

for cross flow fans does not give detailed descriptions of
the
fan
construction
performance
was
nor
of
measured,
the
(no
standard
standard wind tunnel were used).

the clearances
sides,
and
"similar"
were
where
fans
Because
of
housing
shapes,
and
can
this,
between
how
give
and
it
the
of
how
the
procedures
nor
Depending on how large
the
rotor
and
pressures
different
because
is
details
of
the
were
measured
the
difficult
wide
to make
housing
measured,
performance.
variation
in
a meaningful
comparison of the performance of the various fans.
It is
important to keep this in mind when comparing the following

published data.
Mortier's
(27) cross flow fans were physically very
large and contained a streamlined body inside of the rotor,

Figure
2.1
shows
cross
sectional
view
of
his
fan.
Mortier recognized that his fans produced head mainly in

the form of velocity head,
and he also was aware of the
need to convert some of the velocity head into static head

so that it would not be dissipated in random flow at the
fan exit.
efficiency
Coester
data
for
(9)
and
Porter
Mortier's
fan;
(27)
quote
flow
flow
and
coefficients
between 0.4 and 0.52 and efficiencies of 54% to 76% were

given.
There were a few cross flow fan inventors during the
early
1900*s.
descriptions
The
of
literature
their
fans
gives
and
some
some
physical
qualitative
descriptions of the performance of some of these fans, but

useful quantitative performance data is lacking.
Porter (27) reported that Ackeret and Sprenger worked
with
the
cross
flow
fans
shown
in
Figure
2.2.
They
suggested using these fans for boundary layer control over

airfoils.
They reported peak pressure coefficients of 2.4
and a peak efficiency near 60% at flow coefficients over

0 .6 .
Gck
(10),
an
authority
on
turbomachinery, started
working with cross flow fans during the late
1940's and
made significant progress during the 1950's.
Some of Ecks
designs
others
used
internal
guide
vanes,
while
used
various other means, such as pockets, cavities, or cascades

in the housing, to control the naturally occurring internal
vortex.
Eck claims to have achieved peak total pressure
coefficients of 3.6 at a flow coefficient of 1.5,

peak
efficiency of over
60%.
Figure
and a
2.3 shows some of
Eck's designs.
Laakso
(17)
reported
peak
total
pressure
coefficient of over 4 at a flow coefficient around 1.5 for

the
fan
shown
in
Figure
2.4.
His
efficiency value of 83% is questionable,
claimed
overall
since it is far
10
above the typical peak efficiencies of 40% to 60% reported

bythe other
investigators,
and Laakso's design
is
very
similar to the designs of these investigators.

Coester (9) worked with cross flow fans that produced
high pressure
coefficients and relatively low flow rates.
Some of Coester's fans are shown in Figure 2.5.
Coester
achieved peak total pressure coefficients as high as 3.2 at

flow coefficients less than 0.2, and efficiencies near 60%.
In the
Sadeh
(32), and, Ilberg
and
(16) published performance data on cross flow fans.
Tramposch
moving
early 1960's Tramposch
experimented
devices
for
shown in Figure 2.6.
with
these
computers.
fans
as potential
Tramposch's
designs
air
are
Ilberg and Sadeh worked with the fan
designs shown in Figure 2.7.
They achieved peak pressure
coefficients of over 2.0 at low flow, and a peak efficiency

of around 40%.
Porter
late I960s.
2.8.
(27) worked with cross flow fans during
the
Some of Porter's designs are shown in Figure
Porter achieved peak pressure coefficients of 3.2 at
a flow coefficient of 1.1 and a peak efficiency of about

50%.
Yamafuji
(35) , Murata
(33), Holgate and Haines
and
Nishnihara
(14), and Allen
(24),
Tuckey
(1) worked with
cross flow fans that were very similar in design to the fan
shown in Figure 2.9.
They all achieved peak total pressure
coefficients of over 3.0, at a flow coefficient of around

1.0, and peak efficiencies of approximately 50%.
Figure 2.10 shows cross flow fan performance curves

from some of
the above
investigators.
Typically, these
fans have around 20 to 30 forward curved blades, with some

sort of a.wall separating the inlet from the outlet, and an
outlet duct to diffuse the flow and convert some of the
velocity head into pressure head.
2.2
Effect of Fan Housing Shape and Rotor Parameters

on Fan Performance
A study of the literature pertaining
to cross flow
fan performance gives a reasonable picture of the effects

of the fan parameters on fan performance. However, as was
stated
in
especially
the previous
the early
section, much of
literature,
does
the literature,
not
give
detailed
descriptions of the fan construction nor details of how the

performance was measured; therefore it may be difficult to
obtain the same performance data that was reported by the
various investigators.
Cross flow fan performance depends on housing shape
and rotor design. Housing shape is the primary determinant
of performance,
and rotor design,
within certain limits,
has only a secondary effect on performance.

Eck (10) was one of the first to publish usable data
on the effects of blade geometry on fan performance.
thehousing
shapes
that Eck experimented with,
that the inner and outer blade angles,

2 .9,
should
be within
certain
For
he found
and 0O in Figure
range
for
optimum
12
performance.
be
He stated that the outer blade angle should
determined
visualization;
through
experimentation
and
flow
flow visualization helps in obtaining flow
through the blade passages without
separation,
since
the
flow passes through the blades in both directions, it seems

reasonable that the blade shape should be symmetrical.
The
advantage of blades with a contoured profile, over simple

blades formed from sheet stock,
is probably
minimal
for
cross flow fans, as long as compressibility effect are not

important.
The effect of the ratio of rotor inside radius
to rotor outside radius seems to have a strong effect on

cross flow fan performance.
The rotor length to diameter
ratio also has some efect on performance.
Shorter fans
tend to have comparatively lower performance

fans.
than longer
Increasing the number of blades tends to steepen the
pressure
versus
blowing flow.
dimensional
accuracy,
flow
curve,
resulting
in
lower
free
Holgate and Haines (14) found that the nonperformance
for
similar
curves
fans
of
hold,
different
with
sufficient
sizes
up
to
length scale of 4:1.

Because of the wide variation in fan housing Bhapes
it is difficult to classify the various fans into simple
shape classes.
housing
shapes
Some of
that
did
the early
not
appear
patented
to
designs
resemble
had
housing
shapes of other designs. The most recent investigators have

experimented with housing
shapes
that were very
similar,
and could be described by only a few geometric dimensions
13
or parameters. Allen
(1) gives an excellent discussion of
the effects of housing and rotor parameters on croBs flow

fan performance.
He described his fan designs by using a
very small number of geometric variables.

The following is asummary of
Allen's commentary on
the effect of the fan geometric variables, see Figure 2.9,

on performance.
important
vortex way declination,
geometrical
parameter;
the
, is the most
ratio
of
to
the
outside rotor radius should be kept between 0.2 and 0.3 for
optimum performance.
An
ideal rotor
radius ratio, R j/Rq ,
should be about 0.73, but a radius ratio in the range of

0.7
to
0.8
is
acceptable.
The
vortex
wall
clearance
should be of the order of 3% of the rotor outside diameter.

The rear wall angle <5 should be approximately 20 degrees,
although angles up to 40 degrees are acceptable.
height to rotor outside diameter
0.70 and 0.85.
The duct
ratio should be between
The rear wall clearance Er is a function of
other parameters, but should be between 9% and 12.5% of the

rotor
outside
diameter.
A flat
vortex wall
with
thickness between 0.8% and 4% of the rotor outside diameter

should be used.
Irregular blade spacing reduces fan noise
and the pressure developed by the fan.
Slotted end plates
reduce the pressure rise and efficiency.
Radially sloping
the vortex wall reduces fan noise and also significantly

reduces the pressure developed by the fan.
using a wedge
shaped vortex wall, with the apex near the rotor, generally
blocks
the
throughflow
and reduces
fan
performance.
14
Perforating
the
vortex
reduces fan stability.

velocity
profile
(at
successful diffusion,
irregular
and
wall
Allen
the
noise
and
slightly
(1) states that "a uniform
rotor
outlet)
is
required
for
with cross flow fans this profile is
a diffuser
ineffective".
reduces
placed
close
to
the
outlet
is
The outlet blade angle 0O should be between
25 and 35 degrees and the inner blade angle 0i should be

near 90 degrees.
and 36.
The number of blades should be between 24
With respect to solid bodies placed inside of the
rotor, Allen (1) stated that "The optimum location of such

elaborations
is a function of flowrate of the basic fan
design. There is little evidence to suggest that internal

bodies
guide
do
locate
vanes
stability.
are
or
stabilize
of
some
the vortex...".
benefit
with
respect
Internal
to
fan
The best vortex wall shape is a flat plate.
2.3
Cross Flow Fan Analysis

Coester Analysis
The
first,
most
notable,
analytical
work
on
cross
flow fans was done around 1959 by Coester (9) in his Ph.D.
Thesis.
Prom his measurements of the flow field inside and
outside of the rotor, Coester concluded that the flow field

consisted
of
two
regions.
The
first
region,
the
throughflow region, had a relatively constant pressure; the

second
region,
the
vortex
random flow of low energy.
region,
was
characterized
by
He stated that the two regions
were separated by a well defined boundary, and his analysis
15
reflected this.
Coester
(9) developed a two-dimensional,
incompressible, inviscid flow model of the flow field.

resulting
Laplace
equation,
in
terms
of
the
The
velocity
potential, with assumed boundary conditions, was solved by

assuming a product solution.
The solution given by Coester
in terms of the streamfunction
is:
rn(Bnmcos ne + Bm>sln
1 1
(2 .1)
n0J
where r is the nondimensional radius to a point in the flow

field,
6 is polar
angle,
and Anm and Bnm are constants
determined by the boundary conditions.
For m=l the first
term of the above solution is:
In {(1 + r cos 0 )2 + r2sin20}
v|i^ =
This
represents
inside
radius
a potential
of
the
vortex
rotor.
(2 .2)
centered
Coester
at
Rj_, the
also expanded
his
potential flow solution to include more than one vortex,

with their centers located on the inner periphery of the
rotor.
proper
Coester
could
match
the measured
placement of these additional
streamlines by
vortices.
For
his
analysis, he assumed that the relative tangential velocity

vector
on
constant.
the
He
whole
also
inner
said
that
periphery
a
radial
of
the
rotor
relative
was
velocity
vector at the inside radius was optimal for obtaining the

maximum flow and pressure rise from the fan.
16
Coester analyzed the flow~through the blade passages

by using the Euler turbine work equation in terms of the
absolute and relative flow angles in the inside and outside
periphery of the rotor.
Coester's
rotor-housing
model
is
not
sufficient
to
explain
the
interaction, nor to predict the performance
of the fan.
Ilberg and Sadeh Anlaysis
During
the
1960's,
Ilberg
and
Sadeh
(16)
made
velocity measurements of the cross flow fan flow field with

a three-hole yaw probe.
estimate
They used the velocity data to
the streamlines.
Prom
their measurements,
determined that the center of the vortex
they
did not coincide
with the inner perimeter of the rotor, but rather it lies

more toward the center of the rotor.
They
stated
that
the
cross
flow
fan
can
be
best
understood by first considering
the flow in the interior
region
relating
of
the
rotor,
and
then
it
to
the
flow
through the blading and the regions outside of the rotor,

particularly
the
inlet
region.
two-dimensional,
incompressible, inviscid flow model was developed which was

similar
to
irrotational
the
model
flow
developed
region
inside
by
Coester
of
the
(9).
The
rotor
was
characterized by a potential vortex which was concentric

with a forced vortex, ie. a Rankine type vortex.
A forced
vortex was assumed to model the vortex which forms inside

of the rotor.
Ilberg and Sadeh (16) concluded that a model
17
based on the assumption of a constant relative tangential

velocity on the inner periphery of the rotor did not agree
with their test results.
The relative tangential velocity
component varied considerably

contradictory
boundary
to
the
condition
integrating
their
around
statements
that
they
measured
therotor.
This is
of
Coester
(9).
used
was
obtained
by
obtain
the
velocity
data
to
The
potential function at the inner periphery of the rotor. The

periodic
solution converged
rapidly and agreed well with
the measured flow field.

Ilberg
pressure
and
Sadeh
distribution
(16)
also
inside
measured
of
the
the
static
rotor. These
measurements showed a strong gradient toward the
vortex,
with the minimum at the vortex center.

Their
measurements
also
showed
the
existence of a
secondary flow field which was perpendicular to

flow field.
was the
the main
They theorized that this secondary flow field
result of the interaction of the rotating
rotor
disk and the main flow.

Although
between their
easy
to
requires
Ilberg
and
Sadeh
(16)
theory and analysis;
extend
boundary
to
other
fan
conditions
had
agreement
their analysis is not
housing
that
good
shapes
are
since
obtained
it
from
experimental data.
Ikegami and Murata Analysis
Ikegami and Mutata (15) did their analytical work on cross
flow fans during the mid I9601s.
They analyzed a simple
18
fan
with a linear
two, co-planar,
housing, ie.
flat,
Figure 2.11).
the housing consisted of
infinitely thin, radial plates
(see
The inner edge of the plates coincided with
the outer radius of the rotor.
They considered the flow
field as composed of three regions: 1) the inlet region, 2)

the
rotor interior,
and 3) the
fan outlet region.
They
assumed that the flow was incompressible and inviscid in

all
three regions,
and also; the
was
irrotatlonal.
The flow in the rotor interior and the
fan outlet
region was
assumed
flow in the inlet region
to be
rotational
and
the
impeller had an infinite number of blades.

An
blades
expression
in terms of
for
the
head
rise
across
the
the upstream static pressure and the
radial and tangential components of the velocity

surfaces of
rotor
the rotor was written.
at the
This expression was
differentiated with respect to the angular coordinate, and

the result was combined with the equation of motion in the
angular coordinate.
They obtained two partial differential
equations in terms of the stream function and the angular

derivative of
rotor
They
interior
used
The
used
the
to
the
and
total
the
Laplace
conservation
obtain
an
head,
fan
which were
outlet
equation
of
for
angular
expression
region
for
the
momentum
the
valid
for
the
respectively.
inlet
region.
equation
angular
was
velocity
component along the streamlines inside of the rotor. They

then assumed shockless flow through the rotor blades and
concluded that the tangential component of velocity at the
19
inner radius of the rotor was constant and equal to the

rotor
velocity.
The
inner
and
outer
radii
were
then
assumed to be equal.
The solution for the streamfunction in the interior
of the rotor was obtained first.
Ikegami and Murata
(15)
assumed that the difference between the Bernoulli constants

for the streamlines inside of the rotor was negligible and
therefore the flow in the interior region was governed by
Laplaces equation.
A free vortex flow which satisfied the
assumption of constant angular
velocity component at the
inside of the rotor was obtained.

strength was
rotor.
assumed
A vortex with a given
to lie on the
inner radius of
the
Their solution for the streamfunction in the rotor
interior is:
r
<t> ---5^- In (r2 + rJ - 2 *r *R.cos 0) + c
(2.3)
where Tv is the vortex strength, c is a constant, and 3 is

the angular
coordinate shown
expression gives
an
infinite
in Figure
flow,
2.11.
The
consequently,
above
Ikegami
and Murata (15) modified their model. By assuming that the

vortex center does not lie on the rotor inner periphery but
rather the center of the vortex resides at a distance a R,
where a<l, from the center of the rotor along the line 6=0,
they
obtained
the
following
function inside of the rotor.
expression
for
the
stream
20
$ *
g In ( (r2 + a 2R - 2 r Rj.a cose)
Rjr2
n
(r2 + _ j
2rR
alaj
g - COS0)
(2.4)
) + c
The streamfunction versus angle at the periphery of

the
rotor
from
equation
(2.4)
was
used
as
boundary
condition for the fan inlet region, since Ri was assumed to

be equal to R0 .
The assumption that the streamlines were
radial at infinity and that the linear housing plates were

streamlines
was
also
used.
The
solution
for
the
streamfunction in the inlet region is:
(2.5)
<|> = k*fl + I -jj sin(ne) + c

n r
where the kn are given by:
l-2acos6+a2
+
(1-a)2
Ikegami and Murata
In-jrf) sinne de
(2.6)
(15) determined the shape of the
streamlines through the blading at the fan outlet through

geometric
and continuity
relations.
then sketched in the outlet region.
The
streamlines
were
They did not obtain a
solution for the outlet region.

Using the above expressions, Ikegami and Murata then
obtained expressions
for
the velocity distribution.
The
21
expression
for
the
theoretical
non-dimensional'
total
pressure rise across the rotor is:
w - 2 a
*
, l+a
lDI=a
fi...rî > ( 2a sin8

(r J (l-a-2a cose
0
.
8
IA1
2 | n knsin ne)
de
(2.7)
This equation was evaluated and the theoretical performance

curves shown in Figure
2.12 were obtained.
These
total
pressure curves are totally unrealistic and are far from

the
performance
that
can
actually
be
achieved.
The
analysis was modified to include movement of the vortex/

but,
the
resulting
unrealistic.
performance
Ikegami
and
Murata
curves
then
are
corrected
still
their
analysis to include the irrotationality of the flow in the

interior region.
They used a finite difference techinque
to solve the governing equation in the inlet region. They

concluded that the effect of assuming rotational flow was
small.
The
analysis
of
Ikegami
and
Murata
(15)
was
comprehensive but some of their assumptions are not valid.

The
performance
predicted
unrealistically high,
by
their
analysis
is
it is also difficult to extend their
analysis technique to other fan housing shapes.
22
i
Porter Analysis
Porter
(27)
did
an excellent
job in obtaining flow
field measurements, with a hot-wire anemometer.

was positioned with a servo mechanism,
cross
flow
fan designs.
Porter
The probe
inside of various
examined the flow field
inside of the rotor by relating the measured velocity to

the distance from the vortex center. The location of the
vortex center was obtained from water table visualization
studies.
By examining the data in this way he came to the
conclusion
the
flow
that the assumptions of

field
in
the
interior
considered as a combined or
be fully justified.
region
inside of
Porter
the rotor
of
Coester
the
and Eck, that
rotor
Rankine type
stated that
could
be
vortex, could not

a portionof the
can be considered
as a
free
vortex, and that possibly a portion of the core region, the

vortex, might be considered as a forced vortex.
Porter plotted his flow field data in various ways in
an attempt to improve
the understanding of
the fan.
tried
relationship
velocity and
to
find
some
between
He
distance from the vortex center, but was unsuccessful.

Moore Analysis
Moore
(22) examined the flow field in a cross flow
fan by using the momentum equation and studying the angular

momentum change between the
of the fan.
suction and discharge
sectors
He described the importance of the vortex in
controlling the flow through the impeller.
Moore equated
the strength of the vortex to the circulation around the
23
rotor periphery
and
defined
"circulation
coefficient";
the circulation coefficient was a function of the fan flow

coefficient.
the
vortex
The induced velocity at any point outside of

core
coefficient.
could
Moore
be
related
stated
to
that
the
the
circulation
optimum
flow
coefficient and the peak tangential velocity of the flow

field are closely related.
Moore arrived at a fan design method which expressed
the pressure rise across the inlet and exit segments of the
rotor
in terms of
the flow coefficient,
the rotor blade
angles, the ratios for the velocities across the blading,

and a correction factor for a finite number of blades.
He
claimed that his theory fit experimental data very well.

The
problem
with
Moored
analysis
is
that
it
requires
estimates of the model parameters from experimental data.

Lajos and Prezler Analysis
Lajos and Preszler (20) developed a model of the flow
pattern
in
dimensional,
of
cross
flow
fan
in
1972.
Their
two-
incompressible, inviscid flow model consisted
superposition
of
potential
flow,
line
vortex
distribution representing the blades, and a velocity field

induced by the shed vortices
circulation around
(a result of the change in
the rotor). They
did
not publish
any
results of their model.

In a later paper Lajos
(19) used porter's
(27) data
to show that a large variation in vorticity existed inside

of the rotor.
They also established a relation between the
24
blade circulation and the streamfunction distribution.

The
model
empirical
of
Preszler
constants
experiments.
that
and
must
Lajos
be.
(20)
require
determined
from
They indicated that further experimentation
and analysis is required to arrive at a better model.

Yamafuji Analysis
Yamafuji (35) did some theoretical work on cross flow
fans in addition to his excellent experimental work.
He
determined a critical Reynolds number for stability of the

vortex with respect to the radial direction. He found that
the
resulting
eccentricity
asymmetrical
of
the
linear housings.
vortex.
flow
is
Yamufuji
function
only
of
the
considered
His analysis is extended in the present
work.
Murata and Nishihara Work
Murata and Nishihara published two papers (24 and 25
on
cross
flow
experimental work.
fans
dealt
mainly
with
their
They used a three hole yaw probe to
determine
the
field
a hot wire
and
which
velocity
distribution
inside
anemometer mounted
of
the
to one
of
flow
the
blades to determine determine the position and movement of

the vortex.
They made plots of the streamlines, the static
pressure distribution, and the total pressure distribution.

Murata and Nishihara (25) modeled the flow inside of
the rotor as three separate zones: a potential flow zone
with nearly constant total pressure,
a forced vortex zone
with very low values of total pressure, and an intermediate
25
zone connecting the other two zones.
They calculated the
angular velocity oC the the forced vortex and the total

pressure at its center using measurements of velocity and
static pressure within the flow field. They then calculated
the velocity at the periphery of the forced vortex from the
difference in total pressure between the free vortex region
and the forced vortex region. The radius and strength of
the forced vortex is based on this velociy and the angular
velocity of the forced vortex.
Murata and Nishihara (25) did not use their model to
predict the shape of the streamlines in the flow field nor
did they use it to predict the performance of the fan.
Murata, Ogawa, Shimizu, Nishihara and Kinoshita Work
Murata, Ogawa, Shimizu, Nishnihara and Kinoshita (23)
published
paper
concerning
their
theoretical
and
experimental study of a cross flow fan with an inner guide

apparatus.
They
assumed
that
shockless
flow
in
the
inner
periphery of the rotor could be achieved with a suitable

inner guide apparatus, and their whole analysis is based on
this
assumption.
analysis
for
incompressible
Their
two-dimensional,
the
rotor
flow.
The
interior
rotor
was
potential
assumed
assumed
flow
inviscid,
to have
an
infinite number of blades.

The flow field inside of the rotor was represented by
a complex potential Wp.
Where Wp is a sum of the complex
potentials of a flow caused by: 1)
a vortex of strength F,
26
located at a radius a'Ri, and 2) an additional potential,

without
satisfies
singularity,
the
shockless
in
the
flow
interior
region
assumption.
The
which
resulting
expression represented a flow which has a vortex inside of

the rotor at R=a*Ri, and a vortex and a source outside of
the rotor at RsR^/a.
Murata,
Ogawa,
Shimizu,
Nishnihara
and
Kinoshita
obtained an expression for the streamfunction inside of the

rotor.
Using this expression and assuming that R i= R 0 they
obtained
streamfunction
conditions
for
the
values
fan
inlet
region.
The streamfunction
obtained
by
linear
solving
housing.
to
be
used
region,
and
in the fan
Laplace's
as
boundary
the discharge
inlet region was
equation
and
assuming
The resulting expression was similar to
the expression obtained by Ikegami and Murata
(15).
They
did not obtain a solution for the fan outlet region.

Harloff Analysis
Harloff
had
high
(12) experimented with cross flow fans that
pressure
ratios,
1.2
to
1.9
between
discharge and inlet, during the late 1970's.

the
velocity
automatically,
within
a
the
pressure
flow
field
sensing
probe
by
the
fan
He measured
traversing,
with
servo
mechanism.
Harloff
(12)
developed
one
dimensional,
compressible flow, finite-element model of the throughflow

region, which included wall shear, area change, and lumped
blade force.
The boundaries of the throughflow region were
27
determined
from
the
flow
field
measurements.
The
work
input to the fan was determined from a knowledge of the

absolute
flow
angles
at
the
rotor
sectors;
the heat input was determined from the measured
adiabatic compression efficiency.

obtained
good
agreement
in
inlet
and
discharge
Not suprisingly, Harloff
overall
performance
between
theory and experiment.

Harloff
(12)
also
developed
two
dimensional,
incompressible, inviscid flow, finite-element model of the

throughflow region.
The vortex region was not analyzed.
The model reguired that the boundaries of the throughflow

region be known from test data.
He assumed that the flow
was irrotational with respect to the blades in the rotor

interior,
ie.
rotational
the vorticity was equal to twice the rotor
speed.
He
carried
out
the
analysis
for
the
inlet region by specifying a linear variation of the stream

function
far
upstream of the rotor
inlet
arc.
For the
rotor interior region Harloff assumed a linear variation of

streamfunction versus inlet arc angle.
Harloff varied the shape of the streamfunction versus
inlet arc angle in order
that the computed streamlines fit
the measured
streamlinesmore closely; he
shape
boundary
of
the
of
the
separating
also varied the

streamlines
in
order to improve the agreement between model and test data.

The analysis technique used by Harloff (12) is not directly
usable
as
cross
flow fan design
precedure.
Harloff
stated that the model could be improved if the shape of the
28
separating streamlines could be predicted empirically.

Tuckey, Holgate, and Clayton Work
Most recently, Tuckey, Holgate, and Clayton
(33) did
some experimental and analytical work on cross flow fans.

At this writing, the Ph.D. Thesis of Tuckey and Clayton is
not yet published.
They experimented with
a relatively
large fan, 1.0 m in length and 0.625 m in diameter.
They
made measurements with a three hole yaw probe within the

fan flow field at the fan mid-span.
total pressure
inside
remains constant.
inside
of
the
of
the rotor,
They also stated
rotor
can
be
They stated that the

along
that
considered
a streamline,
the flow field
as
a combined,
Rankine type, vortex.

They expanded the theory of Ikegami and Murata
(15)
by considering an additional vortex of equal strength and

direction as the vortex located inside of the rotor, but
the second vortex is located opposite the first vortex and
outside of the rotor.
They assumed that the flow velocity
at the rotor periphery is equal to the rotor velocity, and

the value of the streamfunction is increased by a constant
amount along a streamline which passes
sector
of the
rotor.
through the inlet
They expressed the total pressure
rise across the fan in terms of the location of the vortex,

the rotor radius ratio, and the blade inlet angle.
They
included factors which account for the number of blades and

the blade thickness to chord ratio.
The model of Tuckey, Holgate, and Clayton (33) seems
29
to
predict
the
streamlines
reasonably
well
but
the
estimates of total pressure coefficient are unrealistically

high.
2.4
Summary
of the previous Analyses
A review of the literature on cross flow fans shows

that
these
fans are not
fully
understood.
An
accurate
model of the flow field that can be used for cross flow fan
design purposes does not exist.
All of the investigators do not agree on the nature
of the flow field. Some claim that the flow inside of the
rotor can be adequately modeled as a Rankine type vortex
while others say that it cannot be modeled this way.
flow
field
place
within
and
the
the energy
flow
transfer
field
have
processes that
not
been
The
take
studied
in
sufficient detail.
Many of the assumptions that were made to arrive at
the
various
satisfactorily
models of
the
validated
cross
by
the
flow
fan were
investigators.
not
The
assumption of whether or not the flow field can be treated

as two-dimensional has not been proven.
The assumptions of
zero, or non-zero rotationality of the flow inside of the

rotor, except for the work of Prezler and Lajos
not been adequately treated in the previous
the
part
investigators assumed
of
the
an irrotational
region inside
of
therotor,
work.
(29) , has
Some of
flow field for

while
others,
30
Harloff
rotor
(12),
assumed
speed.
The
a constant
assumption
of
rotation
a
of
twice
constant
the
tangential
velocity component on the inner periphery of the
rotor has
been
used by some of the investigators; this assumption has
been
shown to be grosslyin error by others.
2.5
Objectives of the Present Work
In
view
of
the
shortcomings
of
the
previous
experimental and analytical work on cross flow fans and the

lack
of
understanding
of
the
energy
flows
within
these
fans, the following are the objectives of the present work.
1.
Accurately measure the performance of one particular

type of cross flow fan, the fan is almost identical
to Porter's (27) fan with log-spiral housing.
2.
Using
this
performance
test
as
baseline,
make
relatively minor modifications to the fan housing to

obtain a qualitative measure of the effect of these
changes on the fan performance.
These
tests
also
give a measure of the repeatability and accuracy of

the performance measurements.
3.
For
the
effect
of
baseline
fan
performance.
4.
For
the
fan
speed,
configuration,
or
Reynolds
measure
number,
the
on
the
Very little has been published on this.
baseline
representative
fan
operating
configuration,
points,
measure
at
three
enough
of
31
the flow field details, such as mean and fluctuating

velocity
and
components,
total
validate
pressure
or
static
ditribution,
invalidate
assumption.
pressure
the
to
distribution,
be
able
two-dimensional
to
flow
This assumption has been made but it has
not been verified in any of the previous published

works (that are referenced by the author).
5.
Use
the
evaluate
measured
the
calculate
energy
other
vorticity, etc.
a.
flow
field
flows
data
within
parameters
such
to analyze
and
and
the
fan
to
as
streamlines,
This analysis is also useful in:
Determining what is important and what needs to

be included in any model used to predict cross
flow fan performance.
b.
Determining where and what improvements can be

made in the fan housing configuration.
c.
Evaluating
the validity
assumptions that
investigators
flow
were
of
made
the other
by the
previous
to arrive at models of the fan
field, such as a
rotor
some of
constant angle
on
the
inner periphery between the rotor blade
and the relative velocity vector.

6.
Determine
the
effects
on
fan
performance
insertion of measurement probes into the
of
the
flow field.
Because of the existence of a relatively large vortex

within a cross flow fan, the insertion of a measuring
probe could significantly alter
the flow field and
32
performance
insertion
of
the
effects
fan.
has
No
been
mention
found
by
of
the
probe
present
author in the published literature.

7.
Using
all
of
the
information
steps
and
the published
gained
information
in
on
the
above
cross
flow
fans, develop an improved model and understanding of

the cross flow fan.
This model might be used as a
design tool to predict the performance of a given fan

based
on
the
within the fan.
location
and
strength
of
the
vortex
33
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Mortier Fan
Ackeret and Sprenger Fan
Figure 2.3
Eck Fans
35
Figure 2.4
Laakso Fan
36
Figure 2.5
Coester Fans
37
Figure 2.6 Tramposch Fans
36
Figure 2.7
IXberg and Sadeh Fans
39
Figure 2.8
Porter Fans
40
VORTEX
WALL
REAR WALL
Figure 2.9
Simple Fan Design
41
5
4
3
2
1
0
4>
a.
Mortier
b.
Sprenger and Ackeret
c.
Coester
d.
Laakso
e.
Eck
f.
I l b e r g and Sadeh
g.
Porter
h.
Allen
Figure 2.10
Performance Curves
42
Figure 2.11
Ikegami and Murata Fan
25
20
15
10
0
0
Figure 2.12
Ikegami and Murata Fan - Theoretical Performance
43
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
3.1
Wind Tunnel Design
wind
Standard
tunnel
210-74,
was
designed
according
to
A.M.C.A.
"Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for
Rating Purposes".
Figure
3.1 shows a photograph of
the
wind tunnel and Figure 3.2 is a scaled drawing showing the

air flow path through the wind tunnel.
A Greenheck 12 SWB, backward curved blade, centrifu
gal
blower
tunnel.
speed,
was
used
as
booster
blower
for
the
wind
This blower was belt driven by a Dayton variable

0.76 kw,
1.5 m3/s
DC motor
(3200 cfm)
1 kpa (100 mmH20).
and could
produce
flows
up
to
and a static pressure rise of up to

A cone valve was installed at the inlet
of the blower, see Figure 3*3.
The cone was driven in and
out of the blower inlet nozzle by a Warner Electric 12 volt

DC, linear actuator; the actuator has a total stroke of 100
mm.
By varying the booster blower speed and/or the cone
valve opening, the operating point of the test fan could be

varied.
The outlet from the booster blower flowed through a
sheet
metal
joint,
standard
mounted
then
diffuser,
through
then
another
20 X 20 X 1,
between
the
end
through
sheet
fiberglass,
of
the
fabric
metal
furnace
expansion
diffuser.
filter
was
second diffuser
and
the
44
tunnel measuring section inlet.

The
measuring
section
was
made
from
19 mm
thick,
marine grade plywood which was sanded smooth and varnished.

The
joints
between
the
top,
sides,
sections were sealed with foam tape.
and
bottom
plywood
The measuring section
was 1.9 m <75 in) in length and the inside cross sectional
dimensions
were
0.51 m
(20 in)
by
0.51 m.
The
cross
sectional area was large enough so that at the maximum flow

conditions of the test fan the average velocity head in the
measuring section was less than 1 Pa
settling
with
screens
the
first
were mounted
screen
at
downstream of the filter.

wire
diameters
generated
before
by
apart
one
entering
so
screen
the
next
in
(0.1 mmH20).
the measuring
a distance
of
Three
section
0.36 m
(14 in)
The screens were mounted

that
the
would
turbulence
dissipate
screen.
The
that
200
was
substantially
three
settling
screens had open areas of roughly 40%, 50%, and 60%.
The
mesh size was chosen so that the flow Reynolds number based
on
the
screen
wire
diameter
maximum flow condition;
was
less
than
40
for
the
this would reduce the tendency to
develop a vortex street from the screen wire.

A
Helander
Metal
Spinning
Company
flow nozzle was
mounted in the measuring section at a distance of 0.89 m

(35 in) downstream of the filter.
Depending on the flow
rate, a 102 mm
(5 in)
was used.
(4 in) or a 127 mm
diameter nozzle
The flow nozzles were made according to A.S.M.E.
standards; the roundness and diameter were checked and were
45
ound
to be within
the A.S.M.E.
specifications.
static
pressure ports were made in the four sides of the measuring

section 39 mm upstream and 39 mm (1*5 in) downstream of the
inlet plane of the flow nozzle.
The upstream ports were
connected together, and the downstream ports were connected

together
to get
"mean"
inlet and outlet
static pressure
readings.
A second set of three settling screens
in
the
measuring
section
with
the
was mounted
first
screen
at
distance of 1.45 m (57 in) downstrean of the nozzle; these

screens
provided
diffused
a
the
jet
issuing
from
relatively
low
turbulence
the
level
nozzle
flow
at
and
the
inlet of the test fan.

At the test end of the measuring section,
was
channeled
clear,
between
Lexan
plates
two
that
flat,
were
13 mm
spaced
the flow
(0.5 in)
146 mm
thick,
(5.75 in)
apart.
The test fan rotor was centered at a distance of
0.25 m
(10 in)
section.
downstream
of
the
end
of
the
measuring
The rotor end plates were recessed into the Lexan
side plates so that the rotor blade ends were flush with
the inside surfaces of the side plates. The fan housing was
sandwiched between the side plates.
3.2
Rotor Construction and Blade Adjustment
The two rotors that were used for the present exper
imental
work
are
shown
in Figures
3.4
and
3.5.
The
46
geometry of
the
rotors, except
for
length,
identical to the geometry of Porter's
(27)
is virtually
rotors.
Both
rotors had curved blades 146 mm long mounted between a disk

at the drive side and a support ring of the measuring side;
rotor #1 had 23 blades and rotor #2 had 24 blades.
The
rotor drive disk and support ring were made from 6.35 mm
(0.25 in) thick clear Lexan for rotor #1 and from aluminum
for rotor 2.
When the rotor was mounted, the radial and
end clearances between

side
plates
were
the disk and ring, and the Lexan
less
than
1.2 mm
(0.050 in).
This
clearance was needed because of the rotor runout.

Figure
rotors
#1
constructed
arc.
3.6
and
shows
#2
the dimensions
respectively.
to form the blades
The formed blades were
of
A
to
the
the
blades
for
forming
jig
required
circular
then mounted
was
in a holding
fixture for welding or soldering of mounting pieces to the

ends.
The
blades
for
rotor
#1
were
made
of
1.59 mm
(0.063 in) thick sheet aluminum with an internally threaded

mounting
stub welded at each end.
filed smooth and polished.
filing.
the
then
Figure 3.7 shows an end view of
the blades for both rotors.

aluminum blade with
The welds were
The blade on the
stub welded
left is the
in place,
prior
to
The blade stubs fit into holes in the drive disk
and support ring, and the blade assembly was secured with
flat head socket head screws.
Figure 3.4.
This can be seen clearly in
A second rotor was built after rotor #1 was
found to give poor performance.
The blades for rotor #2
47
were
made
rom
0.76 mm thick sheet steel.
Tabs at
blade ends were soft soldered into short steel tubeB.
the
The
blade on the right hand side of Figure 3.7 is the steel

blade prior to soldering.
The end tubes fit into holes in
the drive disk and support ring and were secured by set
screws
which were
supports.
screwed
into
radial
holes
in the
This can be seen clearly in Figure 3.5.
end
The
blade holding fixture shown in Figure 3.8 was used to hold

the blades
welding
or
and mounting
soldering
stubs or
tubes in alignment for
respectively.
Figure
3.9
shows
another view of the blades, the blade on the left is for

rotor #2 and the blade on the right is for rotor #1.
It is important to note that the mounting stubs of
rotor #1 reduced the area of the flow passage between two
adjacent blades compared
to the flow area for rotor #2.
See the lower photograph of Figures 3.4 and 3.5.

Each blade could be rotated about its mounting axis
and set at a particular angle by tightening either the end
screw for rotor #1 or the side set screw for rotor #2.
blade
setting
blades.
jig was
used
for
accurate
setting
of
A
the
Figure 3.10 is a rear view of the setting jig and
Figure 3.11 shows the setting jig in place on rotor
#1.
For a given radius to the blade axis, blade curvature, and

blade angle, the blade inlet and outlet angles were fixed;
Figure 3.12 shows the geometry and blade details of both
rotors used in this experimental work.
The
inner
blade
angle, 3^, was 70 and the outer blade angle, 30 , was 38.
48
The radius to the inside blade tip
was 60*4 mm (2.4 in)
and the radius to the outside blade
tip R0 was
76.2 mm
(3.0 in); this gave a radius ratio of inside to outside of

0.79.
The rotor solidity is a measure of the blade spacing
and is defined by:

N. C
R
**o
5 s 25
t3*1}
Where Mb is the number of blades.
For rotors #1 and #2 the
rotor solidity was approximately 0.8.
3.3
Rotor Drive System and Torque Measurements
A General Electric 0.76 lew, variable speed, DC motor

was
used
to
drive
the
revolutions per minute.
rotor
A
to
speeds
up
to
3000
torque meter was designed
to
measure only the torque required to turn the impeller; the

maximum
torque
was
approximately
1.2
N*m
(11 in-lbf).
Figure 3.13 shows a photograph of the rotor drive system,

and Figure 3.14 is a detailed drawing of the torque meter.
The hollow drive shaft was supported by two pillow block
bearings and was driven with pulleys and a "V" belt.
The
rotor was mounted to a drive hub, which was free to rotate,

at the end of the drive shaft
about the drive shaft.
pulley
to
the
drive
with negligible friction
The drive action went through the

shaft
then
through
bending
beam
torque arm to the drive hub. A four-arm strain gauge bridge
49
was mounted to the bending beam;
the lead wires from the
strain gages went through the center of the drive shaft to

a
Michigan
Scientific
Corporation,
Series
slip
ring
assembly which was mounted at the end of the shaft.
An
Ellis model BAM-1 bridge amplifier meter provided a voltage

reading
proportional
stiffness
inertia
of
of
frequency
the
the
of
amplitide.
to
torque.
bending
rotor,
around
beam
the
24
Because
and
rotor
hertz
the
the
relatively
vibrated
with
of
at
low
high
natural
relatively
large
A low pass filter was used to average the rotor
torque signal.
A
thirty tooth gear, magnetic pickup, counting cir
cuit, and low pass filter were used to measure the average
rotor speed.
A measure of the average power used to drive the rotor
is required in order to determine the fan efficiency from
equations 1.6 and 1.7.
The instantaneous drive power Pw is
given by:
Pw = T - tu
(3.2)
Where T is the instantaneous torque and to is the instan

taneous rotor speed.
It is assumed that the instantaneous
torque and speed can be defined respectively by:
T = T + T'
and
(3.3)
50
u) (D + oj1
(3.4)
In these expressions, T and t 1 are the time averaged and

fluctuating components of the
torque
respectively,
and u
and Co1 are the time averaged and fluctuating components of

the rotor speed respectively.
The average power is determined by substituting the
expressions
for
torque
and
taking the time average.
speed
into
equation
3.1
and
The resulting expression for the
average power is:
pw = T to +
' id*
(3.5)
This equation states that average fan drive power is equal

to the product of the average torque and the average speed
plus the average of
fluctuations.
the product of the torque and speed
For most torque measuring systems, the mag
nitude of the second term on the right of equation (3.5) is

much smaller than the magnitude of the first term on the
right, and can be neglected.
Initial
observations
with
an
oscilloscope
of
the
torque and speed traces indicated that the magnitude of the

fluctuating
product
term
of
equation
negligible at certain operating points.
(3.5)
was
Because
of
not
the
difficulty of measuring true instantaneous speed, the true

average power given by equation
(3.5) was not determined.
The product of the average torque times average speed was
51
used as the "estimated" average power.
Table 3.1 shows the
relative error of the "estimated" average power, pwe , as a

function of the ratio of the average torgue-speed product
to the average of the torgue-speed fluctuation product.
Table 3.1
Error Resulting from Non-Inclusion of the Fluctuating
Torgue-Speed Term
PW - Pw
T (i)
T' (O'
Pw
-100
-10
-5
-1
1
5
10
50
100
-0.01
-0.11
-0.25
00
0.50
0.17
0.09
0.02
0.01
3.4
Fan Housings
In
order
to
assess
the
effect
of
cross
flow
fan
housing shape on fan performance, the fan housings needed

to be easily modified.
The fan housings were made
from
thin strips of 146 mm wide soft aluminum which were easily

formed by hand and checked with templates.
Thicker sheet
aluminum templates were made for each general fan housing

shape.
The housing strips were sandwiched between the two
Lexan side plates and were held in place and sealed with
duct tape and soft caulking rope.
fan
fousing
strips
sandwiched
Figure 3.15 shows the

between
the
Lexan
side
52
plates.
Wood - was
boundaries
of
also
the
used
to form some of
housings.
After
the
the solid
housings
were
installed between the side plates, their shape was checked

again with the templates.
Tufts were taped to the inside
of the housings for flow visualization.
3.5
Volume Flow, Fan Static and Total Pressure

Measurements, and instrumentation
The A.M.C.A.
calculate the
Standard
210-74 procedure was used
flow through the nozzle.
to
The volume flow
rate through the nozzle is given by:
An cdn ' &
/ L
<3-6)
where Qn is the volume flow rate at the nozzle exit, Yn is

the nozzle expansion factor, An is the nozzle throat area,
Cn
the
measured,
discharge
time averaged,
nozzle, and
the
nozzle
nozzle.
coefficients
coefficient,
AP
is
static pressure drop across
the
the
is the density of the air at the inlet to

The
were
nozzle
expansion
obtained
nozzle dimensions, the
from
factor
equations
and
discharge
based
on
the
ratio of specific heats of the air
at the nozzle inlet, and the Reynolds number of the flow at

the nozzle throat.
since C$n is a function of the flow
rate Qn , which can be written
in terms of
the Reynolds
number at the throat, a non-linear equation in terms of the
53
nozzle throat Reynolds number is obtained.
This equation
was solved, using Newton's method, for the Reynolds number,

and the volume flow rate Qn was then calculated.
The volume flow rate at the test fan inlet, Q,
is
corrected for the pressure drop and density change between

the nozzle exit and the test fan inlet.
The
test
fan
total pressure
inlet static pressure
Pi t were obtained
Pi^s and
from readings
of
interconnected pitot-static tubes that were mounted

upstream of the measuring section end plate.
inlet
four
0.2 m
Figure 3.2
shows the pressure measuring locations.

The
various
were connected
pressure
ports
and
pitot-static
tubes
to three Scanivalve, Type W1260, manually
operated fluid wafer switches with sections of 3 mm inside

diameter clear plastic tubing,
The fluid wafer switches
were then connected to either of two Setra Systems Model

239,
capacitance
type,
differential pressure
transducers.
The ranges of the two pressure transducers were +0.69 Pa

(+70 mmH20)
and +0.069 Pa.
fullscale output' of
+2.5 volts DC, with a nonlinearity of
than 0.1%, and had a response time of less than 1 ms.
less
The
These transducers produced a
transducers were calibrated with a Meriam Instrument
Model
34FB2TM
transducers were
micromanometer.
connected
The
outputs
to an active
of
low pass
the
filter
with averaging times of 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 seconds.
suitable averaging time, typically 1, 3, or 10 seconds, was

used
to obtain
average
readings
of
the pressures.
The
54
output of the low pass filter was connected to a digital

readout.
3.6
Fan Flow Field Measurements and Instrumentation
A probe traversing fixture was installed on the Lexan

plate on the measuring side of the test fan.
Figure 3.16
shows a photograph of the fixture in place and Figures 3.17

and 3.16 show the fixture itself. This fixture was used to
position various measuring probes in the flow field, inside
and
outside
positioned
of
at
the
any
rotor.
axial
probe
depth,
could
radius,
be
and
accurately
angle
with
respect to the wind tunnel centerline. At the set location

the probe could be rotated about its axis, and its rotational angle measured with a protractor and rotary vernier.
The probe traversing unit was attached to a rotating
window which could be rotated to any angle 6 , see Figure
3.19, with respect to the test fan axis.
The window
was
held against the side plate by a ring, whichwas graduated

in
increments.
A radial slot was milled through the
window to allow radial movement of the traversing probe.

The probe was inserted through a hole
which was made
rubber;
the
from a strip of
seal
slid
in
in a sliding seal
1.5 mm
clearance
(0.063 in)
slot
which
thick
was
machined in the outside surface of the rotating window. The

probe was traversed in the slot by rotating a lead screw
which
moved
the
traversing
fixture.
Figure
3.18
55
shows the rotor side of the window

The
radial
position
with
was measured with
graduated dial which was mounted on
probe inplace.
a pointer and
the lead screw
(see
Figure 3.17).
Twelve static pressure ports were machined into the
rotating window; eight ports on the inside of the rotor and
four ports
3.18.
25.4,
on the outside.
These can be seen
in
Figure
These ports were located at radii of 12.7,

31.8,
44.5,
50*8,
82.8,
88.9,
95.3,
Figure 3.19 shows the measurement grid.
and
19.1,
101.6 mm,
Pressure readings
were taken at the intersections of the rays and circles.

The
ports
were
connected
to
the fluid wafer switches.
Instantaneous and average static pressure readings could be

obtained
at
the
above
radii
at
any
angular
position
by
rotating the window.

Twenty
machined
"fixed*1
four
static
pressure
taps
into the Lexan plate on the drive side
were
of
the
rotor at a radius of 82.6 mm and at 15 degree increments.

These
ports were
also
connected
through wafer switches.
to
pressure
transducers
These ports can be seen in Figures
3.15, 3.16, 3.17, and 3.18.

The total pressure at any angular position inside or
outside of the rotor, up to a maximum radius of 102 mm, was
measured with United Sensor Corporation Kiel probes;
type of probe is very insensitive to yaw angle.
with
body
diameters
(0.125 in) were used.
of
1.59 mm
(0.063 in)
and
this
probes
3.18 mm
The Kiel probes were also used to
56
measure
the
total pressure
distribution at
the test fan
exit.
A TSI Incorporated Model 1051-2D4, dual channel anemometer
system
was
used
for
the
flow
field
velocity
measurements.
ihe anemometer system was equipped with a 4H
digit
power
readout
Research
supply,
Anemometers,
two
two Model
Model
1054A
1056
Linearized
Variable
Decade
Modules, two Model 1047 Averaging Modules, and a Model 1063

Sum and Difference Module.
TSI Model 1240-20, hot film,
cross flow, "X" probes were used; these probes were mounted
in a Model 1155-12 probe support which was held in a collet
in the traversing unit.
with
calibration
The hot film probes were provided
curves
by
TSI.
This
setup
allowed
measurement of the mean velocity magnitude and direction,

and the local fluctuating velocity components u1 and v'.
multiplier circuit and an averager were used to obtain the

turbulence parameters u' i and v",z and the cross correlation
coefficient u'v *.
Figure
3.20
shows
the instrumentation
and the wind tunnel.

The following procedure was used to obtain the mean
and
flow
fluctuating
field.
velocity components
The
"X" probe was
at a
"point"
rotated about
in
the
it's axis
until the average difference between the two sensor signals

was zero.
The probe angle was then recorded along with the
average of the sum of the two sensor signals. This average

sum was proportional to the magnitude of the mean velocity
vector at the measuring
location.
The
high pass filter
57
switch on the sum and difference module was then switched

from
the
DC
position
to
the
filtering
the low frequency,
the
sensor
two
signals.
0.1 hz
below
The
position
0.1 hz,
thereby
components of
resulting
signals
were
proportional to the fluctuating velocity components u1 and

v* , and
were
multiplier
and
observed
on
storage
averaging circuit
oscilloscope.
was used
to obtain
The
the
components u12 , v'2 , and u'v'.

The flow field static pressure,
velocity readings were
computer for processing.
total pressure, and
recorded manually on a VAX 11/780

A program, FLOW, was written to
process the wind tunnel data and produce a file containing

the
dimensional
parameters.
and
non-dimensional
fan
performance
58
Figure 3.1
Wind Tunnel Used in Present Work
MEASURING SECTION
Figure
3.2
FLOW
NOZZLE
Wind Tunnel
PITOT
TUBES
TEST
FAN
SETTLING
SCREENS
STATIC
PRESSURE
PORTS
CONE VALVE
EXPANSION
JOINT
FILTER
SETTLING
SCREENS
DIFFUSER
DIFFUSER
Schematic
BOOST
BLOWER
60
Figure 3.3
Cone Valve Installed on Boost Blower
61
Figure 3.4
Rotor #1
62
X' *f"V
Figure 3.5
Rotor #2
63
13mm R
0.76mm
1 6 .0 mm
1 6 .0 mm
BLADE
BLADE
ROTOR #1
ROTOR #2
Figure 3.6
Rotor Blades - Geometry
Figure 3.7
Rotor Blade - End View
64
Figure 3.8
Blade Holding Fixture with Blade in Place
CSV.* .<
Figure 3.9
Blades for Rotor #1 and Rotor #2
65
Rear view
Figure 3.11
Blade Setting Jig in Place on Rotor #1
66
Rht-76.2 mm
Figure 3.12
Blade - Rotor Geometry
67
m m
Figure 3.13
Rotor Drive System
BENDING
BEAM
PILLOW
BLOCK
TIMING
Figure
DRIVE
PINS
SPEED
GEAR
3.14
Torque
STRAIN
GAUGES
j p
a\
CD
Meter Details
OVERLOAD
MAGNETIC
PICKUPS
PULLEY
DRIVE
SHAFT
ROTOR
DRIVE
HUB
A-A
PIBS
69
Figure 3.15
View of Test Fan Outlet
70
Figure 3.16
Probe Traversing Fixture - Mounted
71
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.18
Probe Traversing Fixture
Probe Traversing Fixture - Rotor Side
72
Figure 3.19
Flow Field Pressure Measurement Grid
73
Figure 3.20
Instrumentation and Wind Tunnel
74
CHAPTER 4
FAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
4.1
Performance Measurement Procedure
In this work,
the following
procedure
was
used
to
measure the performance of the cross flow fan.
A.
The ambient temperature, pressure and humidity were

measured.
B.
The test fan was run at a fixed speed; either 500,

1000,
1500,
or
2000 rpm.
The
test fan speed was
monitored and continually adjusted, during a test, to

within +10 rpm of the desired speed.
C.
The boost
blower
cone
valve
was
closed
to obtain
minimum flow, zero flow could not be obtained because

of
small
leaks
in
the
ducting
upstream
of
the
measuring section.
D.
The flow nozzle
upstream pressure
and
temperature,
nozzle pressure drop, test fan inlet total pressure,

and the test fan speed and torque were measured and
recorded on a data sheet.
E.
The boost blower cone valve was opened slightly or

the boost blower speed was increased.
F.
Steps D and E were repeated until the test fan inlet

total pressure was greater than ambient pressure
(at
this condition the boost blower was actually blowing
75
air
through
the
test
fan,
and
there was
a static
pressure drop across the test fan).

G.
The
measured data was
input into a file on a VAX
11/780 computer.
H.
The program FLOW was run using the measured data and
a
performance listing, as shown in
Figure 4.1, was
produced.
The data in Figure 4.1 is in English units.
The flow
is
in cubic feet per minute. The pressureP3T corresponds
to
the test fan inlet total pressure,
in
inches of water
gauge.
The torque, TORQ, is the measured,
mean, test fan
torque,
in
inch pounds.
defined in
equation
PHI is the flow coefficient, as
(1.1).
PSIS andPSIT are the
and total pressure coefficients,
as defined
(1.2)
EFFS
and
static
and
(1.5) and
(1.3),
respectively.
total
efficiencies,
as
and
static
in equations
EFFT
defined
by
are
the
equations
(1.6), respectively. The speed is in revolutions
per minute.
The
BPSIS,
"POLYNOMIAL
and BETAS,
squares"
FIT
shown
polynominal
in
COEFFICIENTS",
Figure
coefficients
1.4
for
BPSIT,
are
the
BETAT,
the
"least
curves
which
approximate the total pressure coefficient data, the total

efficiency data, the static pressure coefficient data, and
the static
efficiency data respectively.
In this
case a
fourth order polynomial was used.

The last line of Figure 4.1 is condensed summary data
of
the performance
test that was written into a summary
76
file TEST.SUM.
The summary data contained the date, a test
identifier,
a fan housing identifier, a rotor descriptor,
peak
pressure
total
coefficient
and
flow coefficient at
which it occurs, peak total efficiency and flow coefficient

at which occurs, peak static pressure coefficient and flow
coefficient at which it occurs, peak static efficiency and
flow
coefficient
number
at
(as defined
which
it
occurs,
in equation
(1.7)),
and
the
Reynolds
respectively.
The
"peak" data was obtained from the polynomial approximations

by setting the derivative of the polynomial, with respect
to the flow coefficient, equal to zero, and then solving
for the flow coefficient using Newton's method.
A program, PERFPLOT, was written to produce a plot of
fan performance,
see Figure
4.2.
PERFPLOT
read
the fan
performance data, that was produced by program FLOW, along

with
the
fan
housing
shape
digitized and stored in a file.
data
that
was
previously
The measured performance
pressure coefficient and efficiency points are shown by the

symbols
4*
and
n*
respectively.
The
polynomial
approximations, that were described above were used to draw

the curves through the points.
curves
At the right end of the
the letter S or T indicates that the given curve
represents either static or total data respectively.
The
data written in the lower left corner is self-explanatory.

The cross-sectional drawing of the test fan, on the plot,
is to scale.
Performance data sheets and plots like those shown in
77
Figures 4.1 and 4.2 were produced for each fan test.
total of fifty nine performance tests were run.
4.2
Perforoance with Rotors #1 and #2
A series of performance tests were run with rotor #1

and fan housings of various shapes.
Figure 4.3 shows a
performance plot for a fan with a housing that is almost

identical
to
Porter's
(27)
log-spiral
housing;
the
performance curves obtained by Porter are also shown on the

plot.
Porter's pressure and efficiency data is much higher
than that measured by this author.
The main differences
between Porter's test fan and the author's fan are:
A.
Porter's
rotor was
229 mm in length, compared to the
author's fan which was 146 mm in length.

B.
The
flow
path
between Porter's
fan blades did
not
have the "bumps" that rotor #1 had.

C.
Porter's
fan probably
had
different end
clearances
than those of the author's fan.
Because
between
built;
of
the
large
difference
the author's fan and Porter's
fan,
performance
rotor
#2 was
rotor #2 did not have the "bumps" obstructing the
flow passing between the blades.

Figure
in
4.4 was obtained
The performance shown in
with rotor
#2.
The differences
between the author's total and static pressure curves and
78
Porter's are small.

The difference between porter's efficiency data and
the
author's
is
near
20%
at
the
low
diminishes at the higher flow rates.

probably
clearances
attributable
and
to
errors
flow
rates,
and
The differences are
differences
in
in both Porter's
rotor-end
and
wall
the author's
torque readings at the lower flow coefficients.

From tests T35 and T46 it appeared
on
the ends
of the blades
on
the fan performance.
that the "bumps"
of rotor #1 hada profound effect
Another performance test was run
with rotor #2 and the same housing.
For this test,
8mm
wide tape bands were wrapped around the blade ends of rotor
#2; these
tape
bands would,
more
or
less,
effects of the blade "bumps" of rotor #1.

shown in Figure 4.5 was obtained.
simulate
the
The performance
It can be seen that the
fan performance with the bands is reduced considerably. The

performance curves that were obtained with rotor #2, with
the
tape
bands,
and
rotor
#1,
with
the
"bumps"
are
reasonably close.
From these tests it was concluded that the blade end
conditions had
a major
difference
blade
in
effect on
length
and
fan
blade
performance.
thickness
The
between
rotor #1 and rotor #2 probably had a much smaller effect on

performance. No additional tests were run to determine the
magnitude of the effect of blade length and blade thickness
on the performance.
Tests T46 through T53 were run with rotor #2 and with
79
various modifications to shroud S18; these tests were all

run at a test fan speed of 1000 rpm.
Tests T46, T47, and
T48, Figures 4.4, 4.6, and 4.7 respectively, show that the
total pressure performance and the fan efficiency decreases
as the fan outlet height was increased; Figure 4.8 shows a
composite
of
these
tests.
This
decreased
velocity head at the
result
test fan outlet,
relatively wide diffusion angle of

increased.
is
the outlet
of
the
and the
as
it was
The static pressure performance remained nearly
constant as the outlet duct dimension was increased.

Using T46
bulge
in
the
performance.
see
Figure
as
a baseline,
fan outlet
Figure
4.9
shows
that
near
the
rotor
reduces
housing
Cutting down the length of the vortex wall,

4.10,
reduces
fan
performance
significantly.
Reducing the length of the vortex wall and bending it away

from the rotor,
shown
to make a short and wide outlet duct as
in Figures
performance.
reduces
the
4.11,
The
4.12,
shorter,
diffusion
and
4.13,
wide
efficiency
also reduces fan
outlet
of
duct
the
probably
outlet
duct.
Figure 4.14 is a composite of tests T50, T51, T52, and T53.
4.3
Effect of Fan Speed on Performance
Very little has been published on the effect of cross

flow fan speed on fan performance.
Figure 4.15,
from Harloff,
speed on performance.
shows
the effect of fan
80
Rotor
#2 was run at four different speeds;
Figures
4.16, 4.17, 4.18, and 4.19 show the performance curves for
these tests.
Figure 4.20 is a composite of these tests.
As the rotor speed decreases so does the fan performance.
81
CROSS FLOW FAN PERFORMANCE

DATE
25-JUL-B3
TIME -- 20(19)46
FILE i T46
LOG SPIRAL, ROT0R#2, TRAVERSING UNIT INSTALLED, 5In NOZZLE
SHROUD FILE NAME
Fan outlet height
Blade type
NUMBER OF BLADES
Rlnslde
Routslde
Rlnslde/Routslde
CHORD
BETA Inside
BETA outside
Hheel tip speed
Reynolds number Utip*2*CH0RD/vis
SOLIDITY
Barometric pressure
Dry bulb temperature
Het bulb temperature
POINT
FLOW
1
110.4
2
149.9
3
18B.2
4
18B.2
5
247.0
6
252.3
7
262.6
B
299.3
9
336.3
10
34B.4
378.1
11
12
395.6
13
399.8
14
418.3
15
435.4
16
449.9
17
468.2
18
483.1
P3T
-0.321
-0.345
-0.353
-0.357
-0.313
-0.308
-0.301
-0.256
-0.215
-0.197
-0.153
-0.120
-0.110
-0.07B
-0.044
-0.003
0.032
0.073
TORO
1.70
2.10
2.48
2.49
3.10
3.20
3.35
3.80
4.40
4.60
5.20
5.50
5.50
6.00
6.40
6.70
7.20
7.60
PHI
0.2932
0.3981
0.4998
0.499B
0.6558
0.6699
0.6973
0.7946
0.8930
0.9251
1.0038
1.0503
1.0614
1.1107
1.1559
1.1945
1.2432
1.2827
PSIT
2.2832
2.5703
2.7794
2.B015
2.8253
2.8207
2.8412
2.7896
2.8037
2.7868
2.7543
2.6987
2.6727
2.6445
2.6008
2.4853
2.4549
2.3554
318
4.55
C
24
2.3765
3.0012
0.7919
0.6308
69.64
37.76
1571.
B146.
0.B02B
29.90
78.
61.
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
degrees
degrees
ft/mln
In. Hg
deg F
deg F
EFF3
QTT
PSIS
0.2213 2.1356 0.2070
0.2737 2.2982 0.2447
0.3147 2.3505 0.2661
0.3159 2.3726 0.2675
0.335B 2.0866 0.2480
0.331B 2.0499 0.2411
0.3323 2.0059 0.2346
0.3278 1.7050 0.2003
0.3198 1.4338 0.1635
0.3150 1.3164 0.14B8
0.2989 1.0230 0.1110
0.2897 0.8029 0.0862
0.2899 0.7368 0.0799
0.2752 0.5242 0.0546
0.2641 0.3042 0.0309
0.2492 0.0327 0.0033
0.2384 -0.2018 -0.0196
0.2236 -0.4731 -0.0449
speed
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
POLYNOMIAL FIT COEFFICIENTS

BPSIT
BEXAT
BPSIS
BETAS
-0.1705530E+00 -0.12909B0E+00 -0.1708360E+00 -0.14B6072E+00
0.1390562E+02 0.179B5B2E+01 0.1390739E+02 0.1958135E+01
-0.237955BE+02 -0.2470742E+01 -0.2551713E+02 -0.3029505E+01
0.101OO49E+O2 0.1461557E+01 0.1810553E+02 0.1724601E+01
-0.5307580E+01 -0.359B143E+00 -0.5310817E+01 -0.3928210E+00
DATA IN
25-JUL-B3 T46
318
24C1B.0
Figure 4.1
"TEST. SUM
2.84/0.67 0.33/0.69 2.35/0.45 0.26/0.51
Program FLOW - Sample Output
B146.
82
CROSS FLOW FAN PERFORM ANCE
10
lO,
ffwr
o.
T 46
Ri /Ro
SOLIDITY
Re c
Figure 4.2
0- 7 9 2
0.803
69.6
37.8
8341 .
Program PERFPLOT - Sample Performance Plot
83
to
CROSS FLOW FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
PORTER
DATA
T35
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
Re c
Figure 4.3
0.792
0.769
69.6
37.8
16362.
Performance Test T35 and Porter Data
84
V)
CROSS F L O W FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
to
r?
PORTER
DATA
fflfr
nw
0.5
0-0
T46
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
Figure 4.4
0.792
0.803
69.6
37 . 8
8341 .
Performance Test T46 and porter Data
85
in
CROSS F LO W FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
r>
ev
to,
0*0
T36
Ri / R o
SOLIDITY
0.792
0.803
69.6
37 . 8
Re c
Figure 4.5
Performance Test T36, Rotor #2 with Bands
86
C ROSS FLOW FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
to
o
n
ir>
t
n
to,
0.0
0-5
t .0
1 .5
T 47
Ri / Rc
SOLIDITY
Re c
Figure 4.6
0.792
0.803
69. 6
3 7. 8
8341 .
Performance Test T47, Rotor #2, Widened Outlet
87
C R O S S F L O W FA N P E R F O R M A N C E
r>
n
o
in,
0*5
0.0
T48
Rotor 2
Rl /Ro
SOLIDITY
Si
So
Re c
Figure 4.7
0.792
0.803
69.6
37.8
8353.
Performance Test T48, Rotor #2, Wider Outlet
88
o
r>
T46
m
T47
l^jj
CM
T48
T46
T48
a
0.5
0.0
T47
T48
T 46.
T47
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
Figure 4 . 8
T46
0-792
0.803
69.6
37.8
8341 .
Performance Tests T 4 6 , T 4 7 r and T48
89
C R O S S F L O W FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
n
r>
o. o
149
Rotor #2
R(/Ro
SOLIDITY
fli
Bo
Re c
Figure 4.9
0.792
0-803
69 . 6
37 . 8
8353.
Performance Test T49, Bulge in Outlet Housing
90
lrt,
0.0
4>
T50
Rotor ft 2
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
Si
Bo
Rc c
Figure 4.10
0.792
0.803
69. 6
37.8
8341
Performance Test T50, Shortened Vortex Wall
91
TO
in
in,
0.0
4>
T51
Rotor f t 2
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
6i
6o
Re c
Figure 4.11
0.792
0-803
69.6
37. 8
8341 .
Performance Test T51, Shorter Vortex Wall
92
CROSS FLOW FAN P ER F O R M A N C E
in
0.0
T52
Ro tor 2
Rl / R o
SOLIDITY
fll
flo
Re c
Figure 4.12
0.792
0.803
69. 6
37. 8
8349.
Performance Teat T52, Shorter Vortex Wall,

and Wider Outlet
93
\r
ro
+---
...
n
x
Y "N"
^
i
W
o.o
0.5
1.0
..
.
1.5
<l>
T53
Rotor *2
Ri /Ro
SOLIDITY
Si
So
Re c
Figure 4.13
0. 7 9 2
0. 8 0 3
69 . 6
37.8
8347.
Performance Test T53, Shorter Vortex Wall,

and Wider Outlet Duct
94
C R O S S F L O W FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
CT
tO
OJ
T51
T52
J53
T53
T5T
T50
IT)
0.0
T50. T 5 1 . T52, T53

Rotor t t 2
R i/ Ro
0. 7 9 2
SOLIDITY
0.803
6i
69.6
Bo
37.8
Re c
834
Figure 4.14
95
0
0.8
0.4
<J>
Figure 4.15
0.8
0.4
$>
Effect of Fan Speed on Fan Performance
96
(f!
O
rj
in
(V
ui.
0.0
0-5
1 .0
T39
Ri /Ro
SOLIDITY
Figure 4.16
0-792
0-803
69.6
37. 8
97

r>
1.5
T 42
Rotor m
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
61
60
Re c
Figure 4.17
0.792
0.803
69.6
37.8
12546.
98
in
to
in
CM
in
0-0
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
R c
Figure 4.18
0.792
0.803
69 .6
37.8
8376.
Performance Teat T41 - 1000 rpm
99
v>
r>
to
in,
0*0
T 40
Ri/ Ro
SOLIDITY
Figure 4.19
0.792
0.803
69.6
37 .8
4188.
100
in
12546
,e =16711
J37&
CM
4188
rv
4188
in.
0*5
T 3 9 , T 42.
Ri/Ro
SOLIDITY
T 41 . T40
0.792
0.803
69.6
37.8
12546.
8376.
4188.
Figure 4.20
Performance Tests T39, T42, T41f and T40
101
CHAPTER 5
FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS
5.1
Evaluation of the Two-Dimensional Flow Assumption
None
of
experimental
assumption.
the
data
previous
to
Only
investigators
validate
Ilberg
and
the
Sadeh
published
two-dimensional
(16)
mentioned
any
flow
the
existence of a secondary flow field, perpendicular to the

main flow field.
traverses
of
totalpressure
The present author has made several axial
the cross flow fan flow field with a Kiel

probe
and
the
"X" configuration
hot
film
anemometer probe.
All of the flow field measurements were made at three
specific
operating points.
These three operating points,
shown
in Figure5.1, correspond to tests TEST1, TEST2, and
TEST3
of Table 5.1. The rotor and housing that were used
were similar to porter's (27) log-spiral housing. The flow

field measurements were made at the R-6 locations shown in
Figure 3.19, with rotor #2.
Table 5.1
Fan Operating Points For Flow Field Measurements
Test
*t
nt
^s
ns
Rec
TEST1
0.57
2.65
0.34
2.30
0.28
12500
TEST 2
0.69
2.74
0.33
1.38
0.17
8340
TEST 3
1.19
2.46
0.26
0.01
0.00
8340
102
These tests are subsequently be referred to as the

low-flow high
pressure operating
point,
the
medium
flow
point, and the high-flow low static pressure point.

The non-dimensional total pressure at a point in the
flow field is given by:
= _
ftd
{51)
2 piUtip2
where Ptd
the dimensional, gauge pressure at the point.
Figures 5.2 and

mean
total
pressure
5.3 show graphs of non-dimensional

versus
axial
depth,
z,
at
various
R, and angles, 6 ; these measurements were made at
radii,
the operating points TEST1 and TEST3, respectively.
All of
the curves show a drop in total pressure at either end of

the rotor. This is due to the boundary layer which forms at
the side plates.
Note that the end disk at the drive side
of the rotor is rotating while the the disk at the probe

end of the rotor is stationary.
The total pressure is relatively constant across the
fan axial length at the R~9 locations a, b, c, d, i, j, k,
h, p, and q.
These locations are in the throughflow region
of the interior of the rotor and the outlet housing.

At the locations e, f, and o, which are in the vortex
region
very
near
to
the
streamline
which
separates
the
vortex from the throughflow, there is a distinct depression

of total pressure in the center section of the rotor.
Also
103
the
total
pressure
peaks,
for
these locations,
near
the
probe side are greater than the peaks near the drive side.
Figure
5.4
shows
graph
of
mean
velocity
versus
axial depth at various radii and angles in the interior of

the rotor.
Figure
traversing lines.
axial
distance
however,
there
5.5 shows the locations of the probe

The deviation of the mean velocity with
is very
is
small in the throughflow region,
relatively
velocity in the vortex region,

The
"bumps"
in
the
large
deviation
of
mean
(see curve g).
total
pressure
and
traverse curves e, f, o, and g, respectively,
velocity
are due to
end effects and one other factor which is discussed below.

Note
that
the
wall
at
the
probe
side
of
the
rotor
is
stationary while the wall at the drive side of the rotor is

stationary.
of
the
Note also that all of these points lie inside
vortex
region very near
to
the
streamline
separates the throughflow from the vortex,

in
the
following
pronounced
effects
velocity
at
sections).
points
within
at points outside
is
highest
and
of
the
The
the
end
(this is shown
effects
vortex
the vortex
which
are
compared
since
total presure
to
more
the
the mean
is lowest at
points within the vortex.

It is expected that the total pressure and velocity
traverse curves e, f, o, and g would be symmetrical about a
plane midway between the probe side wall and the drive side
wall except for the minor effect of the rotating drive side
wall and stationary probe side wall, and variations in the
104
fan
housing
with
axial
depth.
However,
an
additional
factor accounts for this lack of symmetry of each curve.

As
measuring
probe
was
inserted
into
the
flow
field, it had an effect on the flow field and on the fan

operating point;
the throughflow and pressure rise acroBB
the fan would decrease.

at
certain
locations
The effects were more pronounced
and
increased
with probe
insertion
depth (probe insertion effects are discussed in more detail

below). The measuring probes had the greatest effects on
the fan operating point at locations within the vortex; in
particular
vortex
close
and
the
to
the
streamline
throughflow.
This
which
is
separates
precisely
the
where
measuring locations e, f, g, and o are. As the probe was

inserted to a greater and greater depth of each of these
locations, the total pressure depression increased and the
velocity
decreased.
traverse curves.
This
is
reflected
in
the
axial
So in effect, as the probe was inserted,
the fan operating point shifted towards a lower flow.
flow
Based on these axial traverses,
the two-dimensional
assumption
in
is
reasonably
valid
the
throughflow
region for the given operating points, while the validity

of the two-dimensional flow assumption in the vortex region
of the rotor interior is not quite as strong.
Figure 5.6 shows a graph of the mean total pressure
distribution at the outlet duct exit plane for the three
tests; the distance, h, is measured from the rear wall, as
shown
in Figure
5.5.
The
shape of
the
total pressure
105
curves reflects the shape of the velocity distribution at

the outlet duct exit; the velocity is proportional to the
square root of the total pressure P f
exit plane,
The velocity at the
for all three operating points is largest in
the vicinity of the rear wall.
5.2
Generating Flow Field Maps
The
chapter,
data
was
for
the
generated
flow
field
maps
by the following
shown
in
this
procedure. First
the test fan speed, the tunnel boost blower speed, and the
boost blower inlet valve were adjusted so that the test fan
was
operating
Figure 5.1.
at one
of
the
operating
points
shown
in
The flow field data was then measured at the
r-0 locations shown in Figure 3.19, and recorded in a file

on
the
computer.
The
operating
point
was
monitored and adjusted aB the data was taken.

probe insertion was 44.5 mm (1.75 in).
field
axial
measurements
traverses,
that
this
were
depth
was
representitive
continually
The depth of
Based on the flow

found
of
to
give
the
axial
"average".
A
program,
ISOPLOTC,
was
written
to
use
the
flow
field data, for a given variable, and generate a flow field

map like that shown in Figure 5.8; the plots were drawn by
a Calcomp Plotter.
A first order equation in R-6 , and the
isoline value was used to approximate the flow field within

a region
bounded by two radii and two arcs
(see Figure
106
5.7); the measured data at the four vertices of the region

were used in the approximation. The coordinates along an
isoline in a given region were determined by solving the
above equation. To determine if a given point on an isoline
is within the boundary, this determines whether or not the
isoline should be drawn to that point, the line integral,
around the housing, of the angle between a ray from the
point
of
interest
to
point
on
the
housing
arbitrary baseline, was computed (see Figure 5.7).

line
integral
of
the
angle was near
2^,
and
an
If the
the point was
contained by the housing and the pen was lowered;
if the
line integral was near zero, the point was outside of the
housing and the pen was raised.
The position and shape of
the isolines near the housing are not very accurate since
there was no flow field data to be measured outside of the
housing, and the isoline had to be extrapolated up to the
boundary.
Also the probe diameter prevented readings close
to the housing.
The data at the lower left hand corner of the flow
field maps shows the test fan operating point for the map.
The value A, listed on the map, is the increment between
the isolines, in the units of the given variable.
5.3
Static Pressure Maps
The non-dimensional static pressure at a point in the

flow field is given by:
107
eB =
Psd
(5.2)
1 piutip
Where PS{j is the dimensional, gauge static pressure at a

point on the traversing disk.
The mean static pressure at
a radius of 82.6 mm and at 15 increments was measured at

both ends of
the rotor;
the
corresponding
readings
were
found to be equal.
The
non-dimensional
mean
static
pressure
maps
for
TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2, are shown in Figures 5.8, 5.9, and
5.10, respectively.
The structure of the static isobars is
evidence of a vortical flow. The cylindrical isobars in the

vicinity of the fan outlet have a strong negative gradient;
while the gradient of the isobars in the other regions is
low.
The static pressure within the rotor interior and in
the rotor outlet region is generally below atmospheric for

all three tests, but there is a region along the rear wall
for
TEST2
operating
(the
point)
high-flow,
that
is
low
static
slightly
pressure
above
rise
atmospheric
pressure.
5.4
Total Pressure Maps
The
non-dimensional mean
total pressure within
the
flow field, as defined by equation (5.1), was measured with

a Kiel probe.
Figures 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13 show the total
pressure distribution
for
tests TEST1,
TEST3, and TEST2,
108
respectively.
The structure o the total isobars is also evidence
of a strong vortical flow.
The approximate location of the
center of the vortex, for each operating point, can be seen

easily.
The center of the vortex lies either within the
blading,
or slightly inside of
the
positive 3
direction
as
and shifts slightly in

the
fan
is
throttled;
the
structure and location of the vortex is discussed in detail

below.
There is a strong gradient of total pressure in the
vortex, a shallower gradient through the inlet blading, and

a near constant total pressure in the rest of the region
inside of the rotor.
5.5
Velocity Vectors and Mean velocity Maps
The velocity distribution within the fan flow field

was measured with an "XM configuration, hot film probe and
anemometer.
With
the
test
fan
operating
at
given
operating point, the probe was manually positioned to the

desired
this
-8 - z
location
location,
the
with
mean
the
velocity
direction were measured.
traversing
vector
fixture.
magnitude
shown
in
magnitude
Figure
and
3.19,
and
The data was recorded and then
the probe was positioned to a new R-6 -z location.

velocity
At
direction
except
for
those
all
of
points
The mean
the
which
points
were
outside of the housing were measured this way.

Figures
5.14,
5.15,
and
5.16
show
the
velocity
109
vectors,
to
scale,
respectively.
for
tests
TEST1,
TEST3,
The magnitude of the vector
and
TEST2,
in the lower-
center of the figures is equal to the blade tip speed Utip.

Figures
5.17,
5.18,
distributions
respectively.
the
rotor
and
for
5.19
tests
show
TEST1,
the
mean
TESTS,
velocity
and
TEST2,
The flow is accelerated at it passes through
blades
on
the
inlet
side
of
the
fan.
The
throughflow then accelerates again, slightly, as it passes

through
the
rotor
interior.
decelerates as it passes
The
throughflow
then
through the outlet blading
into
the fan outlet duct.

The
flow
in
the
vortex
region
accelerates
as
it
passes from the rotor interior region, through the blading,

to the outlet region.
duct
before
it
It then decelerates in the outlet
enters
the
blading
again.
It
then
accelerates again as it passes through the blading to the

rotor
interior.
Before
it
passes
through
the
blading
again, to the outlet region, the flow again decelerates.

For all three operating points, the maximum velocity
occurs just outside of the rotor exit, approximately at the
boundary
between
the
throughflow
and
the
vortex.
The
minimum velocity, for all three operating points, occurs at

points just outside the rotor,
in the fan inlet region,
diametrically opposite the vortex.
For all three operating
points, a very weak vortical flow was observed in the inlet

region,
centered
about
point
that
diametrically opposite of the "main" vortex.
was
almost
110
Figures 5.20 and 5.23, 5.21 and 5.24, and 5.22 and
5.25, show the radial and tangential velocity distributions
for
tests
TEST1,
TEST3,
and
TEST2,
respectively*
clockwise direction for these plots is negative.
the
The plots
are referred to below.
5.6
Streamlines
The
time
streamline distributions
averaged
velocity
were
derived
measurements.
The
from
R
the
and
components of the time averaged velocity vector at a point

in the flow field, in terms of the streamfunction, $, are
given by:
Vr 4 - -If-
(53>
and
Ve - - -|i-
The
streamfunction
center.
By
(5.4)
was
assumed
integrating
to be
equation
zero at
(5.4),
the
rotor
streamfunction
values between the flow field grid points were determined.

Figures 5.26, 5.27, and 5.28 show the mean streamline
distribution for the three operating points TEST1, TEST3,
and TEST2, respectively.
except
for
some
dimensionalized
so
of
that
The streamlines on these plots,

the
10%
"bold
of
the
lines,
were
throughflow
nonpasses
Ill
between
two adjacent streamlines.
The bold streamlines,
are the separating streamlines, separating the throughflow

from the vortex
and
the
inlet
recirculating
zone.
vortex and throughflow regions are clearly defined

the
accuracy
procedure).
of
the
The
measurements
inlet
and
recirculating
the
zone
The
(within
integration
in
the
inlet
region of the fan can be seen reasonably well for the lower
flow operating points, but it is not as evident for the
high flow operating point.
5.7
Fluctuating Velocity Components,

Turbulence Intensity,and Cross Correlations.
For test TEST3, the fluctuating velocity components,
turbulence
at
intensity,
selected
R-B
and cross correlation were measured
locations.
Table
5.2
lists
the
uTT
component, Table 5.3 the v1"2" component, Table 5.4 the cross
correlation,
uTvT ,
and
Table
5.5
lists
the
turbulence
intensity, given by:
In these tables:
1 volt = 4.31 m/s
Utip 7*9? m/s (1572 ft/min) 1.85 volt
Utip2 = 63.5m2/sz = 3.42voltz
Within the vortex in the inlet region of the fan, the
highest turbulence intensity occured.
The main vortex had
112
a peak
turbulence
Intensity o approximately
0.21.
The
throughflow region had an average turbulence intensity of

approximately 0.12.
The turbulence data in these tables is
referred to below.
5.8
Velocity Calculated From

Total and Static Pressure Difference.
Comparison With Anemometer Measurements
In the various regions of the flow field, especially
the
vortex
region
and
very
close
to
streamline curvature is very sharp.

the
finite
size
of
the
Kiel,
the
blading,
the
Because of this and
total pressure
probe,
the
measurements of total pressure could have relatively large

errors.
In order to obtain a feel for the total pressure
measurement
error,
the
velocity
at
the
flow
field
grid
locations was calculated from the measured total and static

pressures by:
(5.6)
and compared to the anemometer measurements.

which was read with the anemometer is V.
The velocity
The ratio of Vc
to V* for tests TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2 is shown in tables

5.6,
5.7,
and
5.8,
respectively.
These
tables
indicate
that the flow field measurements have a reasonable accuracy

throughout most of the flow field region with the largest
error in the vicinity of the vortices.
113
5.9
Errors Due to Probe Insertion
Any time a measuring probe is inserted into a flow

field, the flow field is changed.
Depending on the nature
of the flow field and the size of the probe, the effect on
the flow field can be quite large (38).
into
vortical
flow
field
can
A probe inserted
sometimes
destroy
the
vortex.
While the axial mean total pressure and mean velocity
traverses were being made, it was observed that in certain
locations
the probe had a significant effect on the fan
operating point.
The
probe
had
the
greatest
effect
in
the
vortex
region, adjacent to the blading, at 6 between 140 and 180

degrees.
region
As the probe axial depth was increased,

for
TEST3,
the
fan
flow
and
torque
in this
decreased.
Figure 5.29 shows a graph of the ratio of the flow with the
probe inserted, Qa, to the undisturbed flow.
Figure 5.30 shows a graph of the ratio of the rotor
torque with the probe inserted, T<a, to the rotor torque for
the undisturbed flow.
Figure
5.31
shows
the
effect
on
flow
of
a probe
inserted to the full depth of the blades, at various angles

and radii.
With the probe inseted the full depth, just outside
of the rotor in the vortex
dropped approximately 20%;
region,
the flow coefficient
this was the maximum reduction
114
for all probe locations.
All of the measurements with a
probe
flow
inserted
insertion
into
depth of
the
44.5mm.
At
field
were
this depth
reduced by a maximum of less than 5%.
with
probe
the flow was
115
C R O SS F L O W FAN P E R F O R M A N C E
CO
I/)
m
lu
0*0
T46
Ri/ Ro
SOLIDITY
Figure 5.1
0. 7 9 2
0.803
69-6
37 . 8
8341
if",
Fan Operating points for Flow Field Measurements
116
TOTAL PRESSURE versus
AXIAL DEPTH - TEST1
PROBE
SIDE
SIDE
2-
-3-
-4J
Key
Figure 5.2
Radius (mm)
Angle (deg)
50.8
210
50.8
24.5
45
44.5
105
44.5
180
117
TOTAL PRESSURE versus AXIAL DEPTH - TEST3

PROBE
DRIVE
SIDE
4
Key
Figure 5.3
Radius (mm)
Angle (deg)
38.1
165
102
180
102
210
118
MEAN VELOCITY
versus
AXIAL DEPTH - TEST2

DRIVE
SIDE
PROBE
SIDE
Key
Radius (mm)
Angle (deg)
50.8
105
50,8
60
50.8
210
50.8
30
50.8
255
Figure 5.4
Mean Velocity versus Axial Depth - TEST2
119
Figure 5.5
Locations o Probe Traversing Lines
120
OUTLET DUCT TOTAL PRESSURE DISTR IBUT ION
TEST2
TEST3
TEST!
100
h (mm
Symbol
Figure 5.6
Depth z (mm)
44.5
72.0
102.
Outlet Duct Total Pressure Distribution
121
ANGLE
BASELINE
REGION
outside
d ANGLE
2 tc i n s i d e
Figure 5.7
Rotor and Digitized Housing
122
STATIC
PRESSURE
PRS1
a = 0.500
=0.567
i=2.902
ni=-0.348
b s 2 .351
na 0 282
Figure 5.8
Static pressure Distribution - TEST1
123
STATIC
PRESSURE
PRS3
a
t>\ . 0 0 0
t 0.8B9
i-2-737
nt-0.328
b M .380
nb0165
Figure 5.9
Static Pressure Distribution - TESTS
124
1 , 0 = 3 7 . 6 Pa
STATIC
PRESSURE
PRS2
A
1 000
189
+t2 438
rri=0 252
#0 01 I
na "0
001
Figure 5.10
125
1 . 0 = 8 4 . 5 Pa
TOTAL
PRESSURE
PRT1
a =0*500
=0.563
tt =2 847
*1=0.339
#=2.303
* 8= 0.275
Figure 5.11
Total Pressure Distribution - TESTl
126
1 . 0 = 3 7 . 6 Pa
TOTAL
PRESSURE
PRT3
*0.500
"0.889
tB2738
ota0.328
tt>1381
n0.165
Figure 5.12
127
TOTAL
PRESSURE
PRT2
a
I .000
Figure 5.13
Total pressure Distribution - TEST2
128
^
-
si
t1
'
/ V
*-
m * u
iiiiu
-n . t.
12.0 m/s
VEL1
*0.559
+ i *27 90
*s 2 .254
Figure 5.14
129
Figure 5.15
130
u vv
m/s
VEL2
+t=2.460
a 0.011
Figure 5.16
131
1.0
VELOCITY
VEL1
Figure 5.17
Mean Velocity Distribution - TEST1
132
m/s
VELOCITY
VEL3
Figure 5.18
133
VELOCITY
s*0 *01 I
na"0.00)
Figure 5.19
134
RADIAL
VELOCITY
VELR1
*
0.200
+ =0.559
+1=2.790
1 nt0.330
+=2.254
us =0.267
Figure 5.20
135
-+
*^
RADIAL
VELOCITY
VELR3
a
0.200
=0.889
11 = 2 . 7 3 8
n t 0 . 32 8
n a =0 1 6 5
Figure 5.21
136
1.0
m/s
RADIAL
VELOCITY
VELR2
* 0*200
Figure 5.22
137
H),
V
T ANGFNTA1
VELOCITY
VELA1
i -0.200
-0.559
ti-2.790
rri-0.330
s*2.254
267
Figure 5.23
138
1.0 7.99 m/s
TANGENTAIL
VELOCITY
VELA3
& 0.200
=0-889
+t=2.738
nt=0328
+a=l.381
na=0165
Figure 5.24
139
1.0
1.0 = 7.99 m/s
TANGENTAIL
VELOCITY
VELA2
* 0-200
Figure 5.25
STREAMLINES
STRM1
a =0.I00
=0.559
tt=2.790
ntB0.330
+#2-254
u#0.267
Figure 5.26
Streamlines - TEST1
141
5 Tf i t AML I NE.S
STRM3
t
+ = I .381
r> c 0 . I 6 5
Figure 5.27
Streamlines - TEST3
142
STREAMLINED
STRM2
Figure 5.28
streamlines-- TEST2
143
Table 5.2
u^2 (volts?) - TEST3
Radius
!.7
0^
0
R (mm)
25.4
30.1
44.5
50.8
82.6
88.9
95.3
102.
0.18
0.41
0.51
0.04
0.03
0.51
0.05
0.01
15
30
0.30
0.40
0.05
0.01
45
04
0.01
0.29
0.04
0.01
60
0.11
0.03
0.00
75
0.03
0.06
0.00
90
0.20
0.27
105
0.29
0.08
0.09
0.22
0.07
120
0.25
0.47
0.23
0.33
0.45
0.15
135
16
0.16
0.26
0.48
0.49
0.33
0.37
150
0.26
0.39
0.62
0.35
0.28
0.28
165
0.10
0.62
0.33
0.23
0.26
180
0.12
0.13
0.11
10.67 0.31
0.15
0.17
195
0.05
0.45
0.21
0.11
0.09
210
0.26
0.14
0.10
225
04
0.05
0.16
240
255
270
0.09
285
300
315
08
0.30
330
345
0.17
-
0.04
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.15
0.32
0.17
0.26
0.08
0.33
0.36
0.06
0.02
0.44
0.04
0.23
0.02
144
Table 5.3
v'2 (volts2) - TEST3
Radius
R (mm)
12.7
25.4
38.1
44.5
50.8
82.6
88.9
95.3
102.
01
o
0.17
0.35
0.43
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
15
0.41
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.03
30
0.24
0.31
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.01
45
0.04
0.09
0.17
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
60
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
75
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
90
0.12
0.11
105
0.26
0.13
0.11
0.35
0.07
120
0.20
0.29
0.32
0.36
0.21
0.31
135
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.23
150
0.22
0.23
0.20
0.16
0.16
0.18
165
0.12
0.29
0.20
0.18
0.17
180
0.09
0.14
0.13
0.22
0.17
0.16
0.18
195
0.05
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.16
210
0.18
0.17
0.13
225
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.19
0.05
240
0.18
255
0.09
0.13
270
0.11
285
0.13
300
0.08
0.13
315
0.09
0.19
0.07
0.02
330
0.27
0.28
0.02
0.01
345
0.36
0.02
0.01
o .ie
145
Table 5.4
(volts2) - TEST3
Radius
12.7
0
0
R (mm)
25.4
38.1
44.5
50.8
82.6
88.9
95.3
0.04
0.11
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.01
102.
15
30
0.06
0.07
-.01
0.00
45
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
60
-.02
0.00
0.00
90
0.01
0.00
105
120
135
-.04
-.06
-.03
0.00
0.18
0.01
0.00
-.01
0.14
0.23
0.14
0.12
0.01
0.00
-.04
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.15
-.06
-.06
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.08
150
165
0.00
0.12
0.06
0.09
0.10
180
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.09
0.08
0.10
195
0.01
0.13
0.11
0.07
0.06
210
0.12
0.09
0.03
225
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.01
240
0.07
255
0.02
270
0.03
285
0.06
300
0.03
-.02
315
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.01
330
0.07
0.06
-.01
.01
0.08
0.00
0.00
345
0.00
0.04
146
Table 5.5
Turbulence Intensity
Radius
- TEST3
R (mm)
.2.7
25.4
38.1
44.5
50.8
82.6
88.9
95.3
"5
0.18
0.31
0.37
0.23
0.23
15
0.33
0.20
0.15
30
0.22
0.26
0.16
0.08
45
.07
0.19
0.11
0.07
60
0.10
0.08
0.00
75
0.13
0.07
0.10
0.04
90
0.12
105
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.31
0.18
120
0.12
0.17
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.18
135
.11
0.16
0.19
0.14
0.13
0.15
150
0.13
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.12
165
0.08
0.16
0.13
0.12
0.13
180
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.14
195
0.07
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.15
210
0.25
0.19
0.17
225
'.07
0.25
0.19
240
0.22
255
0.20
0.24
270
0.15
285
300
0.70
1.30
315
.12
0.26
1.17
0.70
330
0.31
0.36
0.47
0.27
345
0.37
0.26
0.19
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.29
102.
147
Table 5.6
Vc5 /
Radius
TEST1
R fmm)
12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 44.5 50.8 82.6 88.9 95.3 102.
11
0
1.12 1.10 1.09 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.36 1.48 1.44 1.39
15
1.07 1.08 1.08 1.05 1.08 1.04 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.36 1.29
30
1.06 1.09 1.09 1.07 0.98 1.00 1.05 0.87 0.93 0.92 0.89
45
1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.03
60
1.07 1.08 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.05 0.92 1.02 1.08 1.02
75
1.02 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.98 1.07 0.91 1.06 1.19 1.33
90
0.99 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.96 0.99 1.05
105
0.95 0.89 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.91 1.02 1.20 1.24 1.23 0.89
120
0.84 0.81 0.86 0.95 0.91 1.07 1.37 1.17 1.26 1.38 1.23
135
0.81 0.77 0.90 0.95 0.86 0.58
150
0.80 0.78 0.87 0.92 0.76 0.42 0.00 1.10 1.12 1.01 0.93
165
0.64 0.77 0.85 0.91 0.80 0.73 0.74 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.09
180
0.89 0.82 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.01 1.05 1.08
195
0.90 0.88 0.91 0.90 0.97 1.12 1.18 0.95 1.03 1.09 1.07
210
1.04 1.03 1.10 1.14 1.15 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.01
225
1.15 1.17 1.13 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.05 1.06 0.95 1.12 1.00
240
1.17 1.11 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.07 1.13 1.09 0.95 1.09
255
1.14 1.11 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.17 1.09
270
1.14 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.17
285
1.14 1.13 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.07 0.87 0.85 0.84 1.01
300
1.18 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.04 1.31 1.08 0.31 0.14
315
1.17 1.14 1.18 1.09 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.76 0.13 1.15 1.09
330
1.14 1.14 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.56 2.24 1.97 1.97
345
1.11 1.12 1.14 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.54 1.99 1.91 1.70
1.25 1.15 1.13 0.99
148
Table 5.7
Vc2 / Vm2 - TEST3
Radius
R (mm)
12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 44.5 50.8 82.6 88.9 95.3 102.
0
1.22 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.16 1.20 1.22 1.16 0.98 1.15 0.90
15
1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.18 1.22 1.23 1.16
30
1.22 1.22 1.20 1.17 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.18
45
1.24 1.23 1.21 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.23 1.16 1.21 1.19 1.15
1.24 1.23 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.12 1.04 1.13 1.14 1.12
75
1.21 1.19 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.13 0.97 1.14 1.16 1.14
90
1.17 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.07 1.11 1.13
105
1.16 1.08 1.09 1.00 0.96 1.04 1.13 1.27 1.45 1.21 1.12
120
1.09 1.02 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.12 1.52 1.41 1.35 1.10 1.33
135
1.03 0.89 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.59 0.88 1.96 1.23 1.09 1.23
150
1.02 0.95 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.89 0.41 0.94 1.03 1.04 1.06
165
1.09 1.00 1.05 0.93 0.80 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.15 1.09 1.08
180
1.12 1.08 1.14 1.02 0.99 0.98 0.94 1.23 1.23 1.10 1.11
195
1.23 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.22 1.24 1.21 1.20 1.26 1.17 1.21
210
1.29 1.29 1.30 1.25 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.23 1.23 1.22
225
1.34 1.31 1.21 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.23 1.17 1.20
240
1.39 1.25 1.23 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.24 1.26
255
1.34 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.21 1.25
270
1.33 1.26 1.26 1.23 1.23 1.28 1.27
285
1.23 1.23 1.23 1.18 1.16 1.22 1,21 1.12 0.25 0.35 0.53
300
1.25 1.21 1.22 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.77-1.44-3.00-3.46
315
1.22 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.11 1.14 1.08-1.26-1.2010.87-0.63
330
1.19 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.19 1.16 0.91 0.67 0.50 0.85
345
1.20 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.17 1.22 1.20-5.17 1.48 1.24 1.23
149
Table 5.8
Vc2 / Vn? TEST2
Radius
R (mm)
12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 44.5 50.8 82.6 88.9 95.3 102.
*1
0
1.06 1.07 1.04 1.08 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.11 1.09 1.03 0.98
15
1.08 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.12 1.07
30
1.10 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.04 1,01 1.05 0.99
45
1.10 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.09 1.01 0.99 1.00 0.94
60
1.11 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.91 0.95 1.01 0.97
75
1.08 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 0.96 0.89 0.97 0.97 0.92
90
1.03 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.90
105
0.99 1.00 0.93 0.92 0.96 0.97 1.04 1.17 1.29 1.09 1.07
120
0.95 0.94 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 1.28 1.19 1.27 1.03 1.16
135
0.90 0.88 0.81 0.82 0.71 0.53 0.01 0.38 1.14 0.95 0.94
150
0.91 0.90 0.80 0.84 0.74 0.62 0.26 0.84 0.96 1.03 1.13
165
0.94 0.94 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.97 1.09 1.03 0.97 0.97
180
0.99 0.97 0.93 0.94 0.88 0.90 0.93 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.00
195
1.06 1.05 1.07 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.02
210
1.22 1.20 1.11 1.07 1.04 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.01 0.99
225
1.26 1.13 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.05 0.99
240
1.23 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.08 1.13 1.09
255
1.19 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.26
270
1.16 1.09 1.06 1.06 1.01 1.06 1.15
285
1.13 1.06 1.03 1.07 1.05 0.99 1.01 1.64 0.11 0.37 0.79
300
1.09 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.02 0.99 1.07 0.22 1.22 0.82 0.59
315
1.07 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.97 1.04 2.26 2.33 0.94 1.47
330
1.04 1.04 1.02 1.05 1.00 0.97 1.05 1.22 1.81 1.38 1.38
345
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.44 1.31 1.12 1.04
150
Qd / Q
versus
TEST3
PROBE
SIDE
DRIVE
SIDE
& = 146
e
0. 8 -
= iso
R = 102 mm
Kiel probe diameter = 1.59 mm
Figure 5.29
Effect of Probe Insertion Depth on Flow
Td / T
versus
PROBE
SIDE
TEST3
DRIVE
SIDE
* 150
R = 102 mm
Kiel probe diameter = 1,59 mm
Figure 5.30
Effect of Probe Insertion Depth on Torque
151
Qd / Q v e rs u s
TEST3
e
100
1.00
R = 8 2 . 6 mm
R = 50.8 mm
0.95-
102 mm
0.85-
K1e1 probe diameter = 1.59 mm
Figure 5.31
Effect of Probe Location on Flow
152
CHAPTER 6
FLOW FIELD ANALYSIS
6.1
Blade Tip Velocity Triangles
The mean velocity vector data was used to determine

the angle
between the
rotor blade and the mean relative
velocity vectors at the blade tips.
Figures 6.1, 6.2, and
6.3 show the mean velocity vectors at radii Ri50.8mm and

R2=82.6mm, for tests TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2, respectively.
The "bold vectors are the mean velocity vectors relative
to
the
blades,
while
the
"faint"
vectors
are
the
mean
absolute velocity vectors.

For all
three tests,
in the throughflow region,
the flow enters the rotor

angle
with
respect
to
as
it makes a relatively shallow
the
blades.
As
the
throughflow
enters the rotor from the inlet region, the angle is near
zero
at
the
vortex
wall
and
increases
near
the
inlet
recirculating zone. At R=R2 near the separating streamline

between the throughflow and the inlet recirculating region
the angle approaches the stall angle.
enters
the
relative
increases
rotor
flow
near
from
angle
the
the
is
rotor
smallest
inlet
as
the throughflow
interior
near
recirculating
the
region,
the
vortex
and
region.
This
indicates that internal flow guides would probably be most

benificial
near
the
R<Ri and 27O<0< 360 .
inlet
recirculating
region,
ie.
for
153
Because of the sharp curvature of the streamlines in

the vortex region and the relatively large distance between
the measuring points and the blade tips, it is difficult to
make a meaningful extrapolation of the flow angles to the
blade tips in this region; a linear extrapolation to the
blading indicates large angles betweeen the blade and the
inlet relative velocity vectors.
6.2
Angular Momentum and Blade Loading
By analyzing the flow field in terms of the moment

exerted on the flow by the blades, the regions of maximum
energy transfer
between the blades and
the fluid can be
determined.
Since the flow field velocity, adjacent to the rotor,
on the inside and outside of the rotor was measured,
and
the location of
the
the separating streamlines is known;
blade loading can be determined from the conservation of

angular
momentum.
The
conservation
of
angular
momentum
equation for a control volume is given by (51):
M =
J R X V p
cv
dVcv + ; R X V . p(V.n) dAcv

cs
(6.1)
Where M is the moment exerted on the control volume, v Cy is

the volume of the control volume, ACv is the surface area
of the control volume, R is the radius vector to a point in
the control volume, v is the velocity vector, t is time and
154
n is
a unit vector on the surface of the control
pointing outward.
volume
The velocity V can be written as:
V V + V'
where
*3
V is
(6.2)
the
"mean"
velocity
vector,
and
*
v'
is
the
velocity vector fluctuation.

The flow is assumed to be two-dimensional, therefore
the moment vector
is in the rotor axial direction.
The
control volume of interest consist of a tube of length L,

inside
radius
rotor blading.
R^,
and
outside
Using equations
radius R2, enclosing

(6.1) and
(6.2)
the
for this
control volume, and taking the time average, the following

expression for the mean total moment exerted on the control
volume is obtained.
M
2T T ______________________________________
* / L [R2V (R )*V (R ) - R 2V (R ) *V (R ))
p
0
2 6 2
r 2
16 1
r 1
where
271
____________
____________
+ / L CR2V e(R2} *Vr tR2} " R1V 0<R1> *vr 1Rl) J de
(6,3)
M is the mean total moment, p is the density,
V 0 is
the tangential component of the velocity vector, and Vr is

the radial component of
integral
on
the
right
the velocity vector.

hand side
of
The first
equation
represents the contribution by the mean flow to the

moment.
(6.3)
total
The second integral represents the contribution by
155
the fluctuating velocity components
to the total moment;
this teem is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than

the mean
flow
term
and was
not
included
in the moment
calculations.
The
blading
shown
cylindrical
is
control
separated
enclosing
into
separate
control
6.5,
and 6.6.
These
in Figures 6.4,
show the streamlines,
volume
the
separates
streamline.
two
Equation
regions
(6.3)
was
and an
The boundary
is
used
as
figures also
separating streamlines,
adjacent
rotor
volumes,
overlay of the total pressure distribution.

that
the
to
separating
evaluate
the
contribution to the total moment by each separate region or

control
volume;
appropriately.
evaluated
TEST 2
for
by
the
The
each
plotting
integration
mean
flow
region,
the
limits
term of
for
were
equation
tests TEST1,
integrand
changed
and
6.3
was
TEST3,
and
using
polar
planimeter to obtain the integral; the results are shown in

Figures
6.4,
6.5,
and
6.6,
respectively.
The
moment
exerted on the rotor by the fluid, and the percentage of

the total moment, for each region are shown in the figures;
the calculated
also shown
total moment
in the figures.
and
the measured moment are
Surprisingly
good
agreement
between the measured moment and the moment calculated from

the conservation of angular momentum equation was obtained.
Table
6.1
shows
summary
of
the
flow
region
parameters, relative size and location of the main vortex,

and
blade
loading
for
the
three
tests.
This
data
is
156
discussed in detail below.
6.3
Work-Energy Equation for the Mean Flow
Very little data and analysis

within
a cross
literature.
fan
flow fan was
of
the energy
found by the author in the
Clayton (8) stated that; "A prediction of the
performance
requires
an
estimate
of
energy
incurred by the fluid throughout the machine.

is
topic
absent."
within
flows
on
which
reliable
data
is
losses
Here again
almost
totally
The magnitude and direction of the energy flows
a cross
flow fan are
evidenced by the folowing:
not clearly
Porter
understood, as
(27) stated that "Thus
it may be said that the vortex core exists because of the

throughflow
core
and not conversely. Energy diffuses into the
region
maintaining
rotation."
contradiction with the statements
This
of other
is
in
investigators
and with the findings of the present author.

The flow field data, described in Chapter 5, was used
to quantitatively determine
the energy
transfers
between
the rotor and the fluid and between each region of the flow
field.
A
mean
work-energy
flow
assuming
was
equation,
or
derived
from
the
incompressible
flow
with
energy
budget,
Navier-StokeB
no
body
Navier-Stokes equation for the mean flow is:
for
the
equation
forces.
The
X57
U VU = V )
(6.5)
where U is the mean velocity vector, T is the mean stress

tensor given by:
T = -P I + 2 p S - p T
(6.6)
S is the mean strain rate given by :
S = ~ [ UV + VU )
(6.7)
and "t is the Reynolds stress, given in component orm by:
Tij = p uiuj
(6.8)
By taking the inner product of the mean velocity vector and

eguation 6.5 the
work-energy equation in differential form
results:
U ( U * VO ) = U 7 ()
(6.9)
Using the symmetric property of the stress tensor and the

equation of
continuity the following equation results:
P V*(fiu) = V* (U*T) - T:S
(6.10)
158
Where
q2
is
magnitude.
equation
the
The
(6.10)
square
first
of
term
represents
the
on
the
mean
the
left
change
transport of the kinetic energy per
velocity
hand
in the
unit mass
vector
side
of
convective
and
The first term on the right hand side of equation
time.
(6.10)
represents the transport of mean flow energy by the stress

^T, and the last term represents the deformation work, or
the kinetic energy, of the mean flow that is lost to or
retrieved from the agency
that generates the stress.
The
terms on the right hand side can be expanded by using the

constitutive equation for the stress (equation (6.6)).
The
resulting expression is:
V'Cfz U) = V*( p
+ 2vU-S - U-t ) - 2vS:S + r:S
(6.11)
The first three terms on the right side of equation (6.10)

represent pressure work, transport of mean flow energy by
viscous stresses, and transport of the mean flow energy by
the
Reynolds stresses, respectively.
represent the viscous
The last two terms
dissipation and the turbulent energy
production.
Integrating equation (6.11) over
using the Divergence Theorem,
the region VCVf and
the work-energy equation for
the mean flow for the control volume with boundary Acv is
obtained:
159
/ p^- Un dcs + J pU*T*n dcs - / px:Y dev = - / P U*n dcs

cs
cs
cv
cs
I
XI
III
IV
+ J \i
cs
U*S*n dcs - / y S:Y dev
(6.12)
cv
VI
where Y is the sum of the mean strain rate tensor and the
vorticity tensor.
It
The terms I through VI represent:
Net flux of kinetic energy of the mean motion out of

the control volume (ie.
the rate of increase in kin
etic energy as the fluid passes through the region).

II:
Hate at
which work is done by the Reynolds stresses
over the surface of the control volume.

Ill: Rate at
which work is done by
throughout the
IV:
Rate at
the Reynolds stresses
region.
which work
is done by the pressure forces
over the surface (flow work).

V:
Rate at which work is done by the viscous stresses of

the mean flow
VI:
over the surface.
Rate at which work is done by the viscous stresses of

the mean flow
work-energy
throughout the interior of the region.
equation
for the secondary
or
fluctuating motion, that is similar to equation (6.12), can

be
written
(53).
The magnitudes
of the
terms
of
this
160
equation,
for the regions of interest,
are much lower in
magnitude than those for the mean motion and therefore are
not considered here.
The
terms
cylindrical
evaluated
TEST1,
of
equation
coordinates.
from
TEST 3,
the
and
(6.12)
Terms
I,
measured flow
TEST2.
were
IV,
V,
field
Terms II
expanded
and
data
and
VI
for
III
in
were
tests
were
not
evaluated because of the difficulty involved and because of

the
lack
Stresses.
of
complete
set
of
data
for
the
Reynolds
Estimates of the order of magnitude of terms II
and III were made and are discussed below.
6.3a Flux of Kinetic Energy Through the Rotor Surface
The
evaluated
integrand
of
term
of
equation
along the cylinders R=Ri/ and
(6.12}
was
R=R2* just inside
and outside of the rotor blading, for tests TEST1, TEST3,

and TEST2.
three
Plots of the integrand versus angle 6 for the
tests
are
respectively.
the angles
the
areas
through
in
Figures
6.7,
6.8,
and
6.9
Vertical lines were drawn on the plots at
at which
cylinders
curves
shown
R=Ri
the separating streamlines

and
R=R2f
these
the plotted data
(shown crosshatched
in
vertical
and
the
intersect
lines,
the abscissa
figures).
the
define
By defining
control volumes bounded by the cylinders and the separating

streamlines, as shown in Figures 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6, the net
flux
of
kinetic
energy
through
each
region
can
be
161
determined from
the "areas under
the curves",
6.7, 6.8, and 6.9, for each region.
of Figures
For example; the areas
A, B, C, and D of Figures 6.7, 6.8, and 6.9 represent:
A:
The
the
flux of
kinetic energy of the
rotor blading into
mean
motion from
the fan inlet region by
the
throughflow.
B:
The
the
flux of
rotor blading into
mean
motion from
the rotor interior region
by
the throughflow.
C:
The
the
flux of
rotor blading into
mean
motion from
the rotor interior region
by
the throughflow.
D:
The
flux of
mean
motion from
the rotor blading into the fan outlet region by the

throughflow.
The algebraic sum of areas A and B represents the net

flux
of
kinetic
energy
of
the
mean
motion
out
of
the
Throughflow-Inlet Arc control volume, see Figures 6.4, 6.5,

and 6.6.
The algebraic sum of areas C and D represents the
net flux of kinetic energy of the mean motion out of the

Throughflow-Outlet Arc control volume.
For all three tests
there was an increase of kinetic energy as the throughflow

passed
through the rotor
blading.
The
algebraic sum of
areas A, B, C, and D represents the net flux of kinetic

energy of the mean motion of
the throughflow out of the
162
rotor.
Table
6.2 summarizes the results.
This data
is
discussed below.
6.3b
Rate at which Work is Done by the

Reynolds Stresses and viscous Stresses
An estimate of the upper bounds of the magnitudes of
terms II and III of equation
(6.12),
the rates at which
work is done by the Reynolds stresses over the surface and

throughout
the
region
of
interest,
was
made
using
the
estimated maximum values of the integrands of both terms.

Using the measured flow field data, the values of the
integrands of terms II and III were calculated at selected
measurement grid points,
see Figure
3.19.
Even
if
the
maximum calculated values were assumed to exist along the

cylinders R=Ri, R-R2i and throughout the interior of the
inner cylinder,
terms II and III are insignificant,
less
than three orders of magnitude smaller, compared to term I

of the work-energy equation.
1.
This is expected since:
Points within these regions are relatively far away

from any solid boundaries.
2.
The
magnitudes
gradient
of
of
the
the
Reynolds
mean
stresses
velocity
and
the
vectors
are
and
fan
insignificant.
In
the
immediate
vicinity
of
the
blades
the
housing, terms I and III are much larger in magnitude.
163
The integrands of terms v and VI, the rates at which

work is done by the viscous stresses of the mean motion
over
the
surfaces
were calculated
Figure 3.19.
at
equation
throughout
the region of
the measurement
grid points
interest
shown
in
Using these calculated values, terms V and VI
were evaluated.
of
and
Like the Reynolds stress terms, II and III
(6.12),
the
viscous
terms are
insignificant
compared to the kinetic energy flux term for the regions

descibed above for the same reasons as described above.
6.3c
Rate at which work is Done

By the Pressure Forces at the Rotor Surface
The
integrand
of
term IV,
the
flow work
term,
of
equation (6.12) was evaluated along the cylinders R=Ri, and

R=R2, for
plotting
tests
TESTl,
TESTS,
and
TEST2.
Instead
of
these integrands and integrating the areas under
the curves, as was done for the kinetic energy flux term,
more
information
energy
flux"
can
is
be
gained
evaluated
and
if
the
"total
integrated.
pressure
This
is
discussed below.
6.4
Vorticlty
Any analysis of
the
flow
evaluation
field.
field
and
of
the energy flows and losses within

cross
discussion
of
flow
the
fan
should
vorticity
include
of
the
an
flow
in addition, this information is needed in order to
164
arrive
at a valid model of
the cross flow fan,
that is
whether or not the viscous terms are important and should

be included in the model.
Since
the
flow
through
the
test
fan
originates
essentially from rest, from the room surrounding the wind

tunnel, the fluid which enters the test fan has near zero
vorticity (41).
The boundary layers along the inlet walls
of the test fan are vortical, but their size and importance
with respect to the total test fan inlet area is small.
As
the fluid passes over the blades, and particularly if the

relative inlet angle is large, a boundary layer is formed
and
grows
along
the
blade
length.
The
fluid
in
boundary layer has a high concentration of vorticity.

vorticity
diffuses
outwardly
and
is
convected
the
This
in
the
downstream direction by the flow; this contamination of the

flow is governed by the vorticity transport equation {51} .
The
boundary
immediately
layers
and
the
resulting
of
the
blading
downstream
turbulent
accounts
for
flow
the
blade loss.
The unsteadyness of the flow, caused by the finite
number of blades and the turbulent boundary layers on the
blades, diffuses quickly downstream of the blades and the
flow
becomes
relatively
steady.
This
was
observed
in
oscilloscope traces of the "X" probe anemometer signals for

various probe locations downstream of the inlet blading.
The
importance
of
vorticity
and
the
need
for
inclusion of viscous effects in a model of the cross flow
165
an can be assessed from the following.

Vorticity fi is defined by:
n = V X V
(6.13)
Using this defintion and Stokes Theorem, the circulation T

over an area A bounded by the closed curve C is given by:
r = J V*n ds = J VxV'n dA = J H n dA
C
A
A
(6.14)
where s is the length coordinate along the curve C and n is

the outward normal. The vorticity
the
average
rotational
vorticity
speed.
at
The
is normalizedby dividing
given
average
point
by
the
nondimensional
rotor
vorticity
over an area A, is given by:

r
dA
"ft = "5S
Vft
<6-151
The average vorticity over the circular segments, "REGION"

in
Figure
5.7,
equation (6.15).
of
the
flow
field
waB
evaluated
from
Using the ISOPLOT program, plots of mean
vorticity isolines over the flow field were generated for

TEST1,
TEST3,
and
respectively.
relatively
accurate
far
values
TEST2,
Since
from
of
Figures
6.10,
6.11,
and
6.12
the velocity measurements were made

the
blades
vorticity
in
and
the
the
blade
fan
housing,
region
and
X66
adjacent
to
vorticity
the
housing
isolines
were
shown
in
not
the
available.
figures
in
The
the
mean
blading
region were interpolated from values just inside and just

outside
of
the
rotor.
In
actuality
there
is
high
absolute value of vorticity inthe blade region; Figures

6.10, 6.11, and 6.12 do not reflect this.
The
vorticity maps
vorticity
in the
show
vortex
the
high
region.
concentration
of
The vorticity
is
relatively constant, compared to the changes in the vortex

region, for the throughflow in the fan inlet region, in the
rotor interior, and in the outlet duct.
the
rotor
the
separating
vorticity
streamline
throughflow and
is
In the interior of
approximately
between
the
rises to a value
zero
vortex
on
and
approximately equal
the
the
to
twice the rotor rotational speed along the streamline which

separates
zone.
the throughflow
The
mean
from
vorticity
the
of
inlet recirculating
the
throughflow
interior of the rotor is approximately 1.0.
in
the
The lines of
constant vorticity roughly coincide with the streamlines.

Figures
6.13,
6.14,
and
6.15,
show
plots
calculated mean vorticity, as defined by equation
of
(6.15),
at points in the flow field versus streamfunction for tests

TEST1, TE5T3, and TEST2 respectively.
data,
about some "best fit line",
inaccuracy
of probe
is due in part to the
positioning and
velocity vector measurements.
The
The scatter in the
errors in
inlet
region
the mean
for
the
streamfunction versus vorticity plots includes part of the
167
inlet recirculating zone; the interior region includes part

of the vortex; and the outlet region also includes part of
the vortex.
An
overlay
of
streamfunction
map
over
the
corresponding vorticity map shows that the streamlines and

the constant vorticity lines are congruent.
evident
in
the
vorticity
versus
This is also
streamfunction
plots.
Lajos (19) used Porter's (27) data and also made a plot of
vorticity
versus
streamfunction.
His
plot
also
indicates
the congruency of the streamlines and vorticity isolines.

This
observation
is
discussed
and
used
below
in
the
(6.12)
are
modeling of the flow field.
6.5
Energy and Power - Gains and Losses
The
fluxes
of
integrands of the terms of eguation

energy.
If
eguation are combined/
terms
and
the resulting
IV
of
work-energy
term represents
the
"net flux of total pressure energy of the mean motion out

of the given control volume.
Hinze
(46)
refers
to this
combined term as the flux of the total dynamic prest^ .

The
total
pressure
energy
luxr or
power,
of
the
mean
motion through a control surface is given by:
W cs - j pt 0
cs
n dcs
(6.13)
168
The
total
pressure
energy
flux
was
evaluated
cylinder R=R2 for TEST1, TEST3, and TEST2.

total pressure
tests
at
energy flux versus
R=R2
are
shown
in
angle
Figure
along
the
Plots of the
0 for the three
6.16.
Since
the
magnitude of terms XX, III/ V, and VI of the work-energy

eguation are negligible,
an estimate of the magnitude of
flow work term, for the throughflow region, is obtained by

subtracting
the
kinetic
pressure energy flux".

to
the
energy
flux
from
the
"total
Also, the value of the power input
throughflow,
in
the
form
of
rise
in
total
pressure, can be obtained from the difference between the

total pressure
energy
flux
at
the
rotor
outlet
total pressure energy flux at the rotor inlet.

are no blade losses,
the
power
input
and
the
If there
this power input should be equal to
from
the
blading,
calculated
from
the
product of the moment contribution from the blading in the

throughflow region, and the rotor speed.
In other words,
all of the power input to the throughflow from the blades

should
show
throughflow.
the
blading
up
as
rise
in
total
pressure
The difference between the power

to
the
throughflow
and
the
of
the
input from
power
of
the
throughflow in terms of total pressure, is the blade loss.

Table 6.2 lists the values of the terms of the work-energy
equation,
the power input
throughflow,
from the rotor
the main vortex,
blading to the
and the inlet recirculating
zone, and the power losses for the three operating points
TEST1, TEST3, and TEST2.
Figure 6.17 shows pictorially how
169
the
power
input
to
the
rotor
gets
distributed
between
useful work and losses for the three operating points.

The power loss of the throughflow beween the rotor
exit and the fan exit plane was determined in the following
manner.
The mean total pressure over a surface is equal to
the total pressure flux over that surface divided by the
volume flux through that surface.
Pt
= J P.U*n dcs
cs
The mean
rotor inlet,
fan
was
That is:
/ U*n dcs
cs
total pressure of
the
(6.14)
throughflow
at
the
the rotor outlet, and the exit plane of the
evaluated
from
the
measured
total
pressure
and
velocity data for TEST1, TEST3, and TEST2.

The mean total pressure loss in the fan outlet duct
is equal to the difference between the mean total pressure
at the rotor outlet and the mean total pressure at the fan
exit plane.
The calculated total pressure rise across the
fan is equal to the total pressure rise across the rotor

minus
the
calculated
total pressure loss of

total
pressure
rise
measured total pressure rise.

data.
the outlet duct.
agrees
Table
closely
with
6.3 summarizes
The
the
this
170
6.6
Discussion and Analysis of Energy Flows

Within the Cross Flow Fan
Based
on
the
above
analysis, the
following
is
discussion of the energy flows within the cross flow fan.

For all three operating points, the throughflow loads
the rotor blading by nearly the same amount, roughly two
thirds of the total moment; while the main vortex accounts
for most of the remainder of the total input torque.
Even
though the vortex grows as the throughflow increases,
(see
Figures 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6 respectively)
the vortex still
accounts for approximately one third of the input torque.

This relatively large amount partly explains the relatively
low
efficiency
of
the
cross
flow
fan.
As
the
vortex
streamlines pass outward through the blading they exert a

large retarding moment on the blades.
The relative entry
angle with respect to the blades is large and so are the

losses.
As these streamlines enter the outlet region and
then pass back through the blading into the interior of the
rotor they exert a driving moment on the rotor; here too,
the relative entry angles are large.
The net result of the
vortex is that it requires energy from the rotor.

The recirculating zone in the inlet region of the fan
adds a very small contribution to the total moment.
This
recirculating zone is relatively large at the low flow high

static pressure rise operating point, TESTl,
for
about
increases,
5%
the
of
the
input
torque.
inlet recirculating
As
the
zone gets
and accounts
throughflow
smaller
and
171
the input torque required to drive this recirculating flow

diminishes.
As the throughflow passes through the inlet blading,
it has a larger change in total pressure compared to the
passage
through the outlet blading.
the rotor inlet blading accounts

increase of the throughflow.
The passage through
for most of
the energy
The mean kinetic energy of
the fluid increases as it passes through the rotor.
The
change in static pressure of the throughflow is near zero

at low flow and is slightly higher at greater flow rates.
As the throughflow passes through the outlet blading
to the fan outlet region, the blades mainly turn the flow
and add a relatively small amount to the total energy.
On
both
passages
through
the
rotor
blading,
the
blades exert a force on the fluid and the angular momentum

of
the
fluid
experiences
is
net
changed.
gain
in
Although
total
the
pressure
as
throughflow
it
passes
through the blading, there is still a significant loss of

energy.
This
energy
loss,
which
approaches
nearly
one
third of the total input power at the high flow operating

point,
is due
to the near stalling entry angles of the
flow.
The angles are large particularly
in the regions
close to the inlet recirculating zone.

The vorticity maps clearly show that the vorticity,
aside from the vorticity in the blading region which is not
shown
accurately
on
these maps,
is
vortex region as might be expected.
concentrated
in
the
The vorticity of the
172
throughflow
is not
constant
and not
zero
inside of
the
rotor but varies between zero and two.

Each of the three flow regions of the crossflow fan,
the throughflow, vortex, and inlet recirculating zone,
driven
by
or
obtains
its
energy
from
the
rotor.
is
The
diffusion and convection of energy across the boundaries

separating these regions is negligible.
173
Mean V elocity Vector

-Relative To Blade
.-.Mean Absolute
V elocity Vector
Figure 6.1
Mean Absolute and Relative Velocity

Vectors - TEST1
174
Figure 6.2

Vectors - TEST3
175
VEL2
=1.194
t B2 46 0
n t0.256
+ <, = 0 . 0 1 I
>
0. 001
Figure 6.3

Vectors - TEST2
THROUGHFLOW - OUTLET ARC

1 8 . 4 mNm
28 %
TOTAL
PRESSURE
PRT1
a =0-500
t =0-563
+1=2 *847
. nta0-339
. +#=2-303
n *0275
STREAMLINES
STRM1
a
0-200
+ =0-559
+1=2 -790
nic0-330
+9=2-254
j)s=0.267
Figure 6.4 Control Volumes, Total Pressure Lines,

177
VORTEX - INFLOW
-8.1 mNm
-17 %
VORTEX
OUTFLOW
23.6 mNm
49 %
THROUGHFLOW - INLET ARC

2 0 . 9 mNm
43 %
'T
SEPARATING
STREAMLINE
RECIRCULATING ZONE
INLET
2 . 0 mNm
4 %

1 0 . 2 mNm
21 %
TOTAL MOMENT mNm

MEASURED
47.5
CALCULATED 4 8 . 6
TOTAL
PRESSURE
PRT3
a "0.500
"0.889
tt 2 .7 3 8
n i a O . 32 8
t a = 1 .381
tjs s 0 . 165
STRLAMLINES
STRM3
>
0.200
*=0.889
t t 2.738
n i B0 . 3 2 8
+ a 1 381
=0.165
Figure 6.5 Control Volumes, Total Pressure Lines,


25.5 mNm
35 %
TOTAL
STREAMLINES
PRESSURE
PRT2
STRM2
a = 0.200
1, 0 0 0
=1.194
11=2 459
' t=0 -256
t o =0.011
n s =0001
=1-194
+1=2.460
t7 1 = 0 - 2 5 6
=0
.011
rja = 0 * 0 0 1
Figure 6.6 Control Volumes, Total Pressure Lines

179
TABLE 6.1
Summary of Flow Region Parameters and Blade Loading
$
*s
Is
*lt
Rotor speed (rpm)
Angles 9 Defining Regions (deg)
Throughflow inlet arc R2
Throughflow inlet arc @ Rx
Throughflow outlet arc @ R2
Throughflow outlet arc @ Rx
Main vortex arc @ R2
Main vortex arc @ Rx
Inlet recirculating zone @ R2
Inlet recirculating zone @ Rx
TEST1
0.56
2.25
0.27
2.79
0.33
1500
TEST3
0.89
1.38
0.17
2.74
0.33
1000
TEST2
1.19
0.01
0.01
2.46
0.26
1000
26,89
11,81
190,270
210,309
89,190
81,210
270,309
309,11
0,90
343,90
172,274
180,309
90,172
90,180
274,0
309,343
340,89
314,94
164,270
170,314
89,164
94,170
270,340
314,314
90,107
102,129
82,90
86,51
109,140
106,144
73,76
70,0
in
CM
Region Angular Spans (deg)

63,70
Inlet arc span @ R2*R1
Outlet arc span @ R2 frX
80,99
101,129
Vortex arc span @ r 2 fr1
116,62
Inlet recrc. arc span @ R2R1
Average speed on vortex periphery /
2.0
Utip
3.5
Approximate Vortex size and Location

Vortex area/(Tt'Ro'')
0.66
0.84
Vortex radius/Rj;
Radius to vortex center/Rx
0.93
Angle 9 to vortex center (deg)
143
0.42
0.72
1.01
136
0.35
0.72
1.13
134
Calculated Mean moment (mNm)

Inlet arc - throughflow
Outlet arc - throughflow
Inlet recirculation zone
Vortex region - outflow
Vortex region - inflow
Calculated Moment Sum
Measured total moment
22.2
18.4
3.4
40.3
-17.6
66.7
67.8
20.9
10.2
2.0
23.6
-8.1
48.6
47.5
24.2
25.5
0.1
40.0
-16.4
73.6
73.5
Calculated Moment Fractions

Inlet arc - throughflow
Outlet arc - throughflow
Throughflow Moment Sum
Inlet recirculation zone
Vortex region - outflow
Vortex region - inflow
Vortex Moment Sum
0.33
0.28
0.61
0.05
0.61
-0.27
0.34
0.43
0.21
0.64
0.04
0.49
-0.17
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.68
0.00
0.54
-0.22
0.32
180
TEST1: FLUX OF KINETIC ENERGY

OF THE MEAN MOTION OUT OF THE
REGION
deg
200
100
THROUGHFLOW
THROUGHFLOW - INLBT
VORTEX
2-
Figure 6.7
- OUTLET
181

REGION.
deg
THROUGHFLOW - OUTLET
THROUGHFLOW - INLET
VORTEX
Figure 6.8
182

REGION.
3-1
deg
deg
THROUGHFLOW - OUTLET
THROUGHFLOW - INLET
VORTEX
-2 J
Figure 6.9
183
vc
VORTICITY
VORT1
= 2.000
=0.55 9
+i=2.790
jj i 0 *330
+ a= 2- 254
u s 0267
Figure 6.10
Vorticity Map - TESTl
184
VORTICITY
V0RT3
a 2.000
=0.889
+ i = 2 .7 3 8
n t = 0 .3 2 8
+ = 1 .381
jjs = 0. 1 65
Figure 6.11
V0RTIC1TY
V0RT2
a
* 2 . 0 0 0
=1.194
1 = 2. 460
rt I B0 256
s s 0 011
naa0 .001
Figure 6.12
Vorticity Hap - TEST2
186
TEST 1
Q
Y
INLET
5.
Y
INTERIOR
OUTLET
v r
* Yv
Y
Y
* o
fYl *W
-
1.0
O.
P <*%
tv-j
o * as
^ +o + +
a
o flio
o
+
- 5.
vY
.. *
f*V.'
+
9* +
I.0
10.
A O
- 15.
20.
Figure 6.13
Vorticity versus StreamEunction - TEST1
187
TEST3
Q
t -5.
INLET
INTERIOR
Y
OUTLET
ta
B&,
+*^
O i At*
+
o
g S f (0 <
+ %
A .+ a
I.0
w TV
5-
ft
10.
15.
20.
Figure 6.14
1 .0
188
TEST 2
Q
t 5
INLET
INTERIOR
OUTLET
+,v
+
J +
0%
4 n <
*T I
! /Y
-I .0
>
%o *0
* * +
W* *^/ T
y ji
,\|/
l.o
a a
1
+ o a^
. .*
---5
- io *
15.
20
Figure 6.15
189
TABLE 6.2
Stitmarv of Work-Energy Terms
Energy Fluxes and Losses
TEST3
0.89
1.38
0.17
2.74
0.33
1000
49.7
TEST2
1.19
0.01
0.01
2.46
0.26
1000
76.9
Work Energy Terms for the Throughflow Region (w)

Kinetic energy flux Term I
45.4
16.2
J'0
J'O
Reynolds stresses Terms II,III
v*0
Viscous stresses Terms V,VI
J'O
5.2
0.7
Flow work flux Term IV
23.7
J'O
J'Q
4.5
Net energy flux in terms of

total pressure rise across rotor
21.7
28.2
Power Input From Rotor Blading to Flow (W)

64.7
Throughflow region
36.0
Main vortex
5.3
Inlet recirculating zone
31.8
16.4
1.5
52.3
24.6
0
Flow power (GVt)
35.0
16.4
20.0
36.0
18.6
6.9
5.3
16.4
10.5
5.5
1.5
24.6
24.1
7.9
0
Vs
Us
vt
nt
Rotor speed (rpro)

Measured input power (W)
(W)
Power Losses (W)

Main Vortex
Throughflow region blade losses
Loss in fan outlet duct
Inlet recirculating zone
Power Fractions (Fraction of total
Delivered to throughflow in the
form of total pressure rise
Main vortex losses
Throughflow region blading loss
Fan outlet duct loss
Inlet recirculating zone loss
TEST1
0.56
2.25
0.27
2.79
0.33
1500
106.
46.1
input power)
0.33
0.34
0.19
0.08
0.06
0.33
0.33
0.21
0.10
0.03
0.26
0.32
0.31
0.11
0
190
TOTAL
PRESSURE
FLUX
U
Beg
TEST1
TEST2
TEST2
270
180
TEST3
TEST3
TEST1
-50'
Figure 6.16
Total Pressure Energy Flux at R=R2
191
TEST1
33%
Power delivered to flow

o f tot al pressure r i s e .
POWER
INPUT
34% Vortex l o s s .
ROTOR
19%
TEST3
33%

o f tot al pressure r i s e .
POWER
INPUT
ROTOR
21% Throughflow blading l o s s .
in form
10%
O
3%
TEST2
o f to t al pressure r i s e .
POWER
INPUT
in form
ROTOR
31% Throughflow blading l o s s .
11%
1 1 % Outlet duct l o s s .
Figure 6.17
Distribution of Power - TESTl, TEST2, TEST3
TABLE 6.3
Summary of Total Pressures
TEST1
0.56
2.79
0.33
1500
TEST 3
0.89
2.74
0.33
1000
TEST 2
1.19
2.46
0.26
1000
Mean Total Pressures in the Throughflow Region

At rotor inlet
-2.13
-1.35
At rotor outlet
1.15
2.30
Rise across rotor
3.26
3.65
At fan exit plane
0.60
1.37
0.00
3.47
3.47
2.47
Total Pressure Losses

Loss in fan outlet duct
4
t (measured)
nt (measured)
Rotor speed (rpm)
0.55
0.93
1.00
Loss in output duct / total pressure

rise across the rotor
0.17
0.26
0.29
Calculated pressure rise
2.72
2.47
2.73
193
CHAPTER 7
FLOW FIELD MODELING
7.1
Required Features of a Model o a Cross Flow Fan
A model of a croBS flow fan must include certain features

and enough detail if it is to be valid and useful as an
analysis or design tool.
The assumptions that are used in
the model must be stated and they must be validated through

experiments and analysis of those experiments.
Because of the complex nature of the flow field in a
cross flow fan and the movement of the fluid through the
rotating blades, a single model of the entire flow field is
not presently practical.
All
of
the
cross
reviewed considered
two-dimensional,
flow
the cross
fan
references
flow fan
that
were
flow field to be
although sufficient experimental data was
not previously presented to validate this assumption.

work of the present author
The
indicates that for the useful
range of operating conditions, for a rotor and housing that

is similar to that studied by this author, see Figure 2.9,
and several others
(33),
(1) , (8) , (9) , (14) , (15) , (23) , (27) ,
and
(35),
the
two-dimensional
reasonably
valid
for
the
recirculating
effects"
zone,
observed
minor importance.
in
and
the
throughflow
the
vortex
vortex
flow
assumption
region,
region.
region
are
the
The
is
inlet
"end
probably
of
194
Several
of
(15) , (33) , (35)
the
previous
investigators
have separated
inlet
within
or
the
suction
interior
discharge region,
and
region, 2)
of
4)
the
the
rotor, 3)
the
study
or
(25)
the vortex with
(20),
zones for the blade passages. Harloff
region
outlet
vortex. Another
other investigators
into
These are: 1}
the throughflow
included an intermediate zone connecting

the throughflow.
(16),
the fan flow field
four separate regions for analysis purposes.

the
(9),
(22)
included
(12) considered the
union of all of the above regions, except for the vortex,

as a single region and performed a two-dimensional finite
element
analysis
for
the combined
region.
None
of
the
previous investigators, except for Harloff (12), obtained a

solution
for
the
flow field
in the outlet
or
discharge
region.
The present
work considers the cross flow fan
field as composed of seven separate regions,

Figure
7.1
for
high
operating point, TEST2.
A.
flow,
low
static
flow
as shown in
pressure
rise
These zones are:
Throughflow - Inlet Region : Consisting of the inlet

region of the fan bounded
by the vortex wall,
the
separating streamline between the throughflow and the

inlet recirculating zone, and an arc at R = R0 .
B.
Throughflow - Rotor Interior Region : Consisting of

the region
streamlines
inside of the rotor bounded by the

which separate
the throughflow from
mean
the
195
vortex
and
the
throughflow
from
the
inlet
recirculating zone, and arcs at R = R^.

C.
Throughflow
Outlet
Region
discharge region bounded by
Consisting
the vortex,
of
the
the vortex
wall, the fan exit plane, the rear wall, and the arc
at R = Rq >
0.
Throughflow - Inlet Blade Region : Consisting of
the
volume enclosing the blade region through which the

throughflow first passes.
The region is bounded by
arcs
= Rq
at
streamlines
vortex
and
Rj
and
between
the
the
and the
throughflow
throughflow
separating
region
region and
and
the
the
inlet
recirculating zone.
E.
Throughflow - Outlet Blade Region : Consisting of
the
volume enclosing the blade region through which the

throughflow last passes.
arcs
at
streamlines
vortex
and
Ri
and
between
the
the
The region is bounded by

R
- Ro
and the
throughflow
throughflow
separating
region
region and
and
the
the
inlet
recirculating zone.
F.
Vortex Region : This region coincides with the vortex

and is bounded by a mean streamline which separates
the vortex from
the
throughflow.
The vortex region
should be considered in more detail, ie.
composed of
several regions, if a model which predicts losses or

efficiency is desired.
G.
inlet Recirculating
Zone
This region consists of
196
the
volume
almost
situated
diametrically
primarily
in
the
opposite
the
fan
inlet,
vortex.
This
region is bounded by the streamline which separates

it from the throughflow and the fan inlet wall which
intersects the rear wall.
Figures
7.2
through
7.5,
taken
from
Porter's
(27)
water table studies, show the streamlines for four opera

ting
conditions
for
the
rotor and housing are
"Log-Spiral"
almost
housing.
identical
to
This
fan
the rotor
and
housing used by the present author for the flow field meas
urements.
Porter's operating points "severely throttled",
"lightly throttled", and "free blowing", correspond to this

authors operating points, TEST1, TEST3, and TEST2, respec
tively.
These figures are referenced below.
Based on the flow field measurements and analysis of

the flow field, as described in the previous chapters, the
following is a description of the required features for a
model of a cross flow fan.
Because of the relatively low velocities and pressure
differences within the authors fan,
the entire flow field
is assumed to be incompressible for the present model.

The Throughflow in the Inlet Region can be considered
to be two-dimensional, inviscid, and irrotational.
The Throughflow in the Rotor Interior Region can be
considered
to
be
two-dimensional
non-constant vorticity.
and
inviscid,
but
with
The vorticity in this region is
generated and shed by the rotor blades (19) and is essen
197
tially dependent on the streamfunction.

Figures 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8 are plots of the calculated
vorticity from the authors data versus distance from the
vortex center for the vortex region and the rotor interior
region for operating points TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2,
spectively.
re
Figure 7.9 is a composite plot for the three
operating points.
Some of the previous investigators
(16),
(22),
(25) ,
and (33) assumed that the vortex and the rotor interior re
gion could be represented by a forced vortex and a free
vortex, respectively, that is a Rankine combined vortex.
forced vortex has a constant vorticity, while a free vortex

has zero vorticity.
Figures 7.6 through 7.9 and the vorti
city contour maps, Figures 6.10 through 6.12, show that the
assumption of a Rankine combined vortex does not accurately
represent the actual flow situation of the authors fan for
the given operating points.
The congruency of the streamlines and the lines of con
stant vorticity was mentioned in a previous chapter.
An
examination and simplification of the Vorticity Transport

Equation which agrees with this observation follows.
The Vorticity Transport Equation is given by (51):
rkO
^ ^
j~ o (fl*V)V + V
(7.1)
where D/Dt is the substantial or total derivative.

the mean
flow can be
assumed
to be
Since
two dimensional
and
steady for the regions of interest, the Vorticity Transport
198
Equation can be simplified :
V * Vn = 0
(7.2)
That is, the vocticity remains constant along a given

streamline.
stated
another
way,
the
lines
of
constant
vorticity are congruent with the streamlines.

The velocity components,
in cylindrical coordinates,
in terms of the streamfunction are given by equations (5.3)

and
(5.4). Using these definitions and the definition of
vorticity
from
equation
(6.13)
the
following
equation
relating the streamfunction and the vorticity is obtained.
V2^ = - n
That
is,
(7.3)
the
streamf unction
divergence
at
point
of
in
the
the
gradient
flow
is equal
of
the
to the
negative of the vorticity at the point.

The
Throughflow
in
the
Outlet
considered to be two-dimensional,
zero vorticity,
Region
can
be
inviscid, and with near
except very close to the bounding walls;
Figures 6.10 through 6.15 confirm this.

The flow in the Throughflow Inlet and Outlet Blade
Regions can be considered to be two-dimensional,
the
flow
rotational.
in
these
regions
If a model
is
not
is required
however,
inviscid
and
is
to predict
the
fan
efficiency or blade losses, then the viscous effects need
199
to be included.
not
required,
If an estimate of the fan efficiency is

then
velocity vector
exiting
model
which
determines
the
flow
the blades as a function of the
blade inlet velocity vector, blade angles, and blade Bpeed

is sufficient.
Modeling or assuming that the blade inner radius is
equal to the blade outer
(15),
(23), and
radius,
as was done previously
(35), can lead to significant errors.
By
assuming that RiR0 s the previous authors did not properly

model
the
flow
through
the
rotor.
An
examination
of
Figures 7.2 through 7.5 shows that the streamlines do not

pass through the blades in a purely radial direction.
model
of
account
the
flow
through
the
blading
must
take
A
into
the fact that Ri^R0 and a streamline that enters
the rotor blading at some angle 0, see Figure 3.19, does

not necessarily exit the rotor at the same angle.
The
tangential
velocity of
the fluid at
the rotor
inside radius should not be considered to be constant, as

was done by some of the previous authors
(25);
rather,
the
tangential
rotor inside radius.
velocity
(15) , (23), and
varies
around
the
This is shown in Figures 5.23, 5.24,
and 5.25 and is discussed in greater detail below.

The flow in the Vortex Region can be considered to be
two-dimensional, and viscous.
This region is characterized
by steep gradients of the flow properties, static and total

pressure, velocity, and vorticity.
blade
regions,
if
model
is
As with the flow in the

required
to
predict
200
efficiency, then the viscous effects need to be considered.

The
location
and
size
of
the
vortex
has
significant
effect on the remainder of the flow field and on the fan

performance;
any model used for the analysis of a cross
flow fan requires accurate estimates of these parameters.

Many of the previous investigators,
(14),
(15),
(23),
(1),
(8),
(9),
(33), and (35), assumed that the center
of the vortex lies at a radius Rv where Rv<Ri.
A study of
the water table photographs made by Porter (27) of the flow

field of
several
cross
flow fan configurations,
and
the
present work, shows that this is not necessarily the case

in
many
of
the
situations.
in
general,
Porter's
photographs show that when the flow through cross flow fans
is
severely
toward
the
throttled,
rotor
the
center;
approaches "free blowing",
center
and
of
the
conversely,
fans
that
as
moves
the
flow
zero static pressure rise, the
vortex moves away from the rotor center.

flow
vortex
have
relatively
For those cross

low
performance
characteristics, the vortex center is inside of the rotor

inner periphery for severely throttled operating points and
is within the blading region, Ri<Rv<Ro, for moderately and
lightly throttled
relatively
high
conditions.
performance
For
those
fans
characteristics,
that have
the
vortex
center is generally within the blading region or very near

to the rotor inner periphery for most operating conditions,
except those very near to zero flow.
Porter's
(27) photographs. Figures 7.2 through 7.5,
201
and the present authors measurements clearly show that the

vortex center lies within the blading,
ie. Ri<Rv<R0 , for
the higher flow operating points, and very near to R* for

the lower flow operating points.
A model of the flow field of a cross flow fan should
allow
for
center
a radius from the rotor
to be greater
than R^.
center
to the vortex
The vortex model
should
include the features of the vorticity distribution within

the vortex.
Many of the previous investigators did not consider
the
inlet
Harloff
their
recirculating
(12) and Tuckey
models.
The
zone
in
their
analyses.
Only
(33) accounted for this region in
existence
of
evident from the streamline plots,
this
region
Figures 6.4,
6.6, and from an examination of Porter's
is
quite
6.5, and
(27) water table
photographs.
The inlet recirculating zone contains fluid that has
a
relatively
high
level
of
turbulence
intensity
and
positive value of vorticity, however, the magnitude of the

velocity and the energy terms in this region are very small
compared to the rest of the flow field.
The intersection of the inlet recirculating zone, or
region, and the region enclosed by the rotor increases as
the flow is throttled.
For the "free blowing"
operating
condition, see Figure 7.1, the inlet recirculating zone is

smaller and is almost totally outside of the rotor.
The total arc of the rotor at Rc that is exposed to
202
the inlet is not totally used for the throughflow; Figure

6.4
shows
operating
that
for
point,
the
less
low
than
flow
half
high
of
actually used by the throughflow.

recirculating
zone
"blocks"
static
this
inlet
In effect,
part of
the
pressure
arc
is
the inlet
inlet to usable
throughflow.
A model of
"blocking"
the cross
effect of
the
flow
inlet
fan should
include
recirculating
zone
the
since
this zone substantially reduces the effective inlet arc.

Considering the cross flow fan flow field to be made
up of
these
separate
regions
and
analyzing
the
regions
separately and collectively comprises an adequate model of

the
cross
flow
fan
flow
field
for
estimating
fan
performance.
7.2
Flow Through Rotor Blading
The following model of

blading assumes:
blades,
the
flow
through
the
rotor
1} an infinite number of zero thickness
and therefore the flow follows the blade contour
and does not separate, and 2) the blades are circular arcs.
The path of a given particle,
rotor blading,
as
as a function of
it passes
through
the
the blade geometry,
the
velocity vector entering the blades, and the blade speed is

determined.
Figure
representative
7.10
shows
streamline,
the
and
rotor
blade
geometry,
the
velocity
vectors
u,
203
ublade and Urei*
U is the absolute velocity o the flow
at a point at a radius R and angle 0, Ubiade

velocity
at
the
point,
and
Urei
is
relative to the blade at the point.
the
the blade
fluid
velocity
The entry angle 0O and
the exit angle j, at which the streamline intersects the

rotor outside
and inside radii for
inflow,
respectively,
are determined from the geometry the inlet velocity vector,

and the blade speed.
The
angular
and
radial
components of
the
absolute
velocity vector are:
u0 ^biade + urel cosB
(7.4)
Uj a
(7.5)
and
The
Uj;ai sinfi
absolute
streamline,
velocity
therefore,
vector
iB
tangent
to
the
the slope of the streamline can be
given by:
dR
Rdtf
u + urelcoIff
(7.6)
The continuity equation for a streamtube is given by:
R d9 U
(7.7)
204
Using the assumption of an infinite number of blades, this

can be simplified to:
Ur = R^2 u ro
Substituting
this
(7.8)
expression
into
equation
(7.6)
and
simplifying results in the following:
dR
ae "
I o I fro)
This expression,
,n
- *a
written in terms of
the non-dimensional
radius r, where r = R/R0 , and the non-dimensional radial

it
it
velocity UE where UE - Ur/Utip is:
Hr
U*
cotp
r
/7 in)
(7.1 0 /
This equation is used to determine the path of the fluid

particles as a function of the rotor blade geometry,
the
blade speed, and the radial component of the inlet velocity

vector.
(7.10)
The first term on the right hand side of equation

is the contribution to the angular change d6 of a
fluid particle, as it passes through the rotor blading to

the rotor interior, due to the blade movement.
The second
term is the contribution to the angular change due to the

curvature of the blade.
205
Equation
(7.10)
angular change AO
is integrated to determine the total
that a fluid particle undergoes as it
passes through the blading; see Figure 7.10.
The following
equation gives the change in angle 9 for a particle on a

given streamline at a given radius r:
A0 3 0 - 81 - ----------- /
r
1
dr
(7.11)
For the blade geometry used in the present work, the total
angular change for flow inward through the rotor is:
(r, - 1)
A0.
0.07
in
(7.12)
2 U*
A similar expression for flow outward through the rotor is:
" W
(1 - r.)
Rt
2(r t 3u Ji
- -07
<7-13
where ui is the non-dimensional radial component of
the
absolute velocity vector at R^.

Figures 7.11 and 7.12 show the total angular change
that a fluid particle
streamline,
passing
undergoes
through
the
as
it travels
rotor
along
blading,
as
a
a
function of the blade inlet radial velocity component for

flow outward through the rotor and flow inward through the
rotor, respectively.
The assumption of radial flow through
206
the blades is only valid for Ufi=-1.95 for flow outward and
u=-1.58
for inward flow.
Depending on the magnitude of
the radial velocity component, the angular change 49 can be

quite substantial.
An examination of the magnitudes of the
radial velocity from Figures 5.20, 5.21, and 5.22 and the
graphs in Figures 7.11 and
table
photographs
shows
7.12 and Porter's
that
the
angular
(27)
change
water
that
fluid particle undergoes as it passes through the blading

can be quite large and cannot be neglected.
The angular
change is in the direction of rotation on the rotor.

Equations
(7.12)
and
(7.13)
are used below
in the
analysis of the entire flow field.
7.3
vortex Region and Rotor Interior
Yamafuji
(35)
used an actuator
model
to derive
an
expression for the velocity distribution within the rotor

interior.
He
then
determined
an
expression
distribution.
The
integrated
model
for
assumes
this
expression
the
that
and
streamfunction
the
tangential
velocity of the fluid at Rf is symmetric about the plane

which passes through the vortex center and the rotor axis.
Also,
the velocity at a point in the rotor
interior and
vortex is only a function of the radius from the vortex

center to the point.
or
actuator
disks
Horlock (47) defines actuator models

as
hypothetical
mathematical
devices
which simulate the introduction of a physical disturbance
207
from outside into the flow.
In the case of the cross flow
fan, Yamafuji used an actuator model in place of the vortex

to
simulate
Yamafuji
center
a vortical
assumed
of
the
flow
within
Ri=R0 r shockless
vortex
is
the
rotor
flow,
located
1=90, and
inside
interior, not within the rotor blading.
interior.
of
the
the
rotor
These assumptions
are restrictive and certainly do not allow the tangential

velocity component of the fluid at Ri to vary.
For those
cross flow fans or operating points for which the vortex

center
is
velocity
within
the
component along
rotor
the
vary but does not change
interior,
rotor
sign.
the
inner
tangential
periphery
does
For cross flow fans or
operating points for which the vortex center is within the

rotor blading, the tangential velocity component along the
inner periphery does vary and does change sign.
Figure
7.13 shows the tangential velocity at R=50.8mm, very close

to
the
rotor
inner
periphery,
versus
angle
for
the
author's fan. A plot of the tangential velocity versus at

RRj. would be very similar.
7.13 clearly
show
Figures 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, and
that the tangential velocity component
for these particular fans and operating points does vary

and does change sign along the rotor inner periphery.
A summary of Yamafuji1s (35) model is presented here.
This model is extended below.
Consider
7.14
the
rotor-vortex geometry
shown
in Figure
For shockless flow and (Ji=90, the magnitude of the
fluid velocity on the rotor inner periphery is given by:
208
v i - ost-Yy
where
the
angles
velocity of
(7-14)
4> and
the blade
are
inner
as
tip.
shown
and
Ui
is
From the geometry
the
of
Figure 7.14 and equation (7.14), the velocity of the fluid

within the rotor in terms of the vortex eccentricity e is
given by:
v *i =
r * ' V V a - ci)
<7 -15'
This is rewritten in non-dimensional form:
Vi
Uj_
where y = r*/Ri*
y * + U-e*)
(7-16)
Equation (7.16) gives the fluid velocity
as a function of the distance from the vortex center.
The
maximum velocity is:
V*
i,max
--/irT
(7.17)
which occurs at a distance yy,max ôm the center of the

vortex, where:
y
= / 1 e7
^V/max
(7.18)
209
For
large
y,
the
asymptotic
to
2/y,
velocity
ie.
given
it
by
equation
approximates
(7.16)
free
is
vortex.
Figure 7.15 shows a plot of velocity versus distance from

the
vortex
Figure
center
7.16 shows
for
various
a plot of
vortex eccentricity.
vortex
eccentricities.
the maximum velocity versus
Integrating equation (7.16) and using
geometric considerations, the streamfunction inside of the

rotor in terms of r* is given by:
\|i = - Uj R a ln[ r*
+ R| (1 - e2) ) + const
(7.19)
and in terms of polar coordinates about the center of the

rotor:
i|i = -
where
the
R^ ln[ R2 + R^ - 2eRRicos) + const
angle
is
as
shown
expression for
the streamfunction
that developed
by
Ikegami
in
Figure
is almost
and Murata
(15),
(7.20)
7.14.
This
identical
see
to
equation
(2.3).
Using the expression for vorticity,
and
the
relation
between
the
equation (7.19),
streamfuncion
and
the
vorticity, equation (7.3), the non-dimensional vorticity as

a function of r* is determined:
210
ft
ft
WjRj
to
Rj d-e2)
Since Ui = -2Rioj, this equation can be rewritten:
n* = " 8 Ri t
R2 (1-e2)
(r*4nf (l-e2))2
t7,22)
The vorticity in terms of the coordinate y is;
ft = " 8
(y2+(l-e*))*
(7.23)
At the center of the vortex, the vorticity is:
pp-
(.24,
Figure 7.17 shows a plot of the non-dimensional vorticity

versus distance y for various
equation
(7.23)
and
Figure
vortex eccentricities from
7.16
shows
plot
of
the
vorticity at the vortex center versus vortex eccentricity

from equation (7.24).
Yamafuji
(35)
compared
the
velocity
distribution
obtained by means of polystyrene particles in a water table

with
that
obtained
eccentricity
of
from
0.59,
equation
see
Figure
(7.16)
7.19.
with
There
vortex
is
relatively large scatter of the measured velocities and a

small number of measurements.
211
For the author's fan, based on Yamafuji*s model, the

vortex eccentricities are 0.91, 1.01, and 1.13 for TEST1,
TEST3,
and TEST2, respectively.
equations
7.17),
(7.18),
Yamafuji*s model, namely
(7.23),
and
(7.24)
give
the
parameters shown in Table 7.1 for TEST1.

Yamafuji's model is not applicable for the operating
points TEST3 and TEST2 since vortex eccentricities greater
than unity give meaningless results.
Figures
7.20,
7.21,
and
7.22
show
plots
of
the
author's non-dimensional mean velocity data versus distance

y from the vortex center for measurement points that lie
inside
of
the
respectively.
rotor
Figure
for
7.23
TEST1,
TEST3
is a composite
and
plot
TEST2,
for
all
three operating points.

The lower curve drawn on Figure 7.20 is a plot of the
velocity obtained from Yamafuji*s model, modified for Utip
instead of Uj,.
to
have
the
The dashed curve and the data points appear

same
general
considerable difference
shape,
however,
there
is
in magnitude between the authors
velocity data and the curve drawn from Yamafuji*s model.

Although
equation
7.16)
does
not
accurately model
the velocity distribution of the author's fan at the low

static
pressure
meaningless
for
operating
point
eccentricities
and
equation
greater
than
(7.16)
unity,
is
the
general form of equation (7.16) is useful for modeling the

velocity distribution inside of the rotor.
Assume that the non-dimensional velocity within the
212
vortex and inside o the rotor is given by:
(7.25)
where v*=V/Utip,
and k and
are constants which are a
function of the size, strength, and position of the vortex.

Table 7.2 lists the values of
test fan for
k and i for the author's
the three operatingpoints TEST1, TEST3, and
TEST2.
The solid lines drawn on the velocity plots, Figures
7.20,
(7.25)
7.21,
7.22,
with
were obtained
from
equation
the values of and kfrom Table 7.2.
appears that
equation
and 7.23
It
the form of the velocitydistribution given by
(7.25)
represents
the
measured
velocity
distribution reasonably well.

Based
onthe
distribution
in
region, equation
assumed
the
vortex
model
and
for
in
the
the
velocity
rotor interior
(7.25), the following expression for the
streamfunction distribution as a function of the distance

from the vortex center results:
<|> =
In
terms
k U
*^2
of
polar
In (y2+i) + const
coordinates
about
rotor, the streamfunction is given by:
(7.26)
the
center
of
the
213
= - Ufclp * L \ lnCR2+Rj(l+e2)-2eRRicos(5))+conBt
(7.27)
Since it is assumed that the velocity at points within

the
vortex
function
and
of
within
the
the
distance
rotor
from
interior
the
region
vortex
is
center,
a
an
estimate of the pressure distribution within these regions

can be obtained.
The
Euler-n
equation
(51)
is
an
expression
for
the
momentum normal to a streamline.
Where
Ps^
is
the
static
pressure,
is
the
coordinate
normal to the streamline and r* is the radius of curvature

of
the streamline.
Substituting
the expression
for
the
velocity from equation (7.25) into (7.28) yields:
(7.29)
this is written in dimensionless form as:
(7.30)
Integrating this expression between y=0 where Ps=Pso and a

point at a distance y
from the vortex center
gives
the
214
static pressure:
ps pso +
Where
Pso
isthe
My^)2
static pressure
at
the
center
of the
plots
of the
vortex.
Figures
7.24,
7.25,
and 7.27,
are
measured static pressure versus distance

center
for
operating
respectively.
points
Figure
7.27

drawn
on the
plots.
TEST1,
from the vortex
TEST3,
is a composite
and
plot
The locus of equation
There is
TEST2,
for all
(7.31)
is
good agreement between the
static pressure distribution from equation
(7.31) and the
measured static pressure data.

The total pressure at
equal
point in the flow field is
to the static pressure plus the velocity head at that
point.
Using the equations
(7.25) and (7.31) this can be
written as:
= o
Figures
measured
center
respectively.
k J
7.2B,
total
for
< 7
7.29,
on the
7.30,
are
pressure versus distance
operating
points
Figure

drawn
and
plots.
7.31
TEST1,
plots
from
TEST3,
is a composite
of
>
the
the
vortex
and
TEST2,
plot
The locus of equation

There is
- 3
for all
(7.32)
is
good agreement between the
215
total
pressure distribution given
by equation
(7.32) and
the measured total pressure data.

The
expressions
or
the
velocity,
static
pressure,
and total pressure distributions, equations (7.25) , (7.31),

and
(7.32),
respectively,
thesefluid properties
rotor
represent
within
the
the
distributions of
vortex
region and the
interior region and are used below to estimate
the
performance of the cross flow fan.

From the
rotor,
equation
expression for the

(7.25),
velocity inside of the
and the geometry of Figure
7.14,
the following expression for the velocity in terms of the

radius R and angle 0 results:
kR./Rz+RZ-2RR cos (0-y )
V* = --R2+R^-2RR cos (0-y )+1R2
(7.33)
Given the position of the vortex and equation (7.33),

the radial and tangential components of the velocity at the
rotor inner periphery at any angle 0 , with respect to the
rotor axis, can be determined.
7.4
Inlet Region
The Throughflow in the Inlet Region can be considered

to
be
two-dimensional,
inviscid,
and
irrotational.
The
Laplace equation is used in this region to model the flow,

with the following boundary conditions.
216
The
vortex
wall
is
therefore the streamfunction
separating
is constant
streamline
along
it.
and
The
assumed vortex wall intersects the rotor outer periphery at

the point where the vortex boundary
vortex
wall
is
assumed
to be
intersects
radial.
This
it.
The
assumption
introduces some error, however, it facilitates a relatively

simple analytical solution
inlet region.
for
the streamfunction
in the
The boundary condition along the vortex wall
is:
(R>Ri, 0=0.^ = ^
The
(7.34)
streamline which
separates
the
throughflow and
the inlet recirculating zone,
in the inlet region, has a
constant streamfunction value.
The absolute velocity along
this separating streamline is relatively small and the net

increase of energy of the throughflow fluid which passes
through the rotor near this streamline is also small.
For
this reason and in order to obtain an analytical solution

for the streamfunction in the inlet region, it is assumed
that this streamline
flat, radial plane.
can be adequately represented by a

This plane intersects the rotor outer
periphery at the same point that the separating streamline

intersects it.
The boundary condition along this surface
is:
t
e=e0) - <|>0
(7.35)
217
The boundary condition at infinity is given by:

e -e 0
lim \|>(R,0) *
R >
The
(7.36)
+ (Yj-vM 6
u
x u
el e0
streamfunction distribution on
the
rotor
inner
periphery is obtained from equation (7.27)/ with =0v-0i
iMRê) = tipR i 1 ln[l+l+e2-2ecos(0v-9)] + 'Const
The
streamfunction distribution
on
the
(7.37)
rotor
outer
periphery, which is in the current boundary of interest for

the
Throughflow-Inlet
(7.37)
Region,
is
obtained
from
equation
with the angle 0 modified for the angular change
that the streamlines make as they pass through the rotor

blading:
*(Ro /0 )i
The
equation
-U. . R,k
ln[l+t+e2-2ecos(0v-0+A0in))+const (7.38)
= ---2
streamline
(7.12).
angular
Laplaces
change
equation,
A6in
with
*s
the
given
by
boundary
conditions given by equations (7.34), (7.35), and (7.36) is

solved using
the method of
separation of
variables;
the
solution is:
(7.39)
218
where
the constants
an are determined
from the boundary
condition eguation (7.38) :

0
0 -0
1+1+2-2e
c o s
(0 - 6 . + A 0 ,
an=D sin(mT^^_y^)lnC i+j+ex-2ecos (0V~0 +ê inJ^ ^
and the constant

n _ 0,-0n
1 0
D
2
D is given by:
1+1+e2-2ecos(0 -0n+A0 . n)
. r_____
._______ v 0
inr[r^
*l+l-w1 -2e cos ^ - 0 ^ 0 in*xr
tn ...
(7*41)
The above solution for the streamline distribution in

the Throughflow-Inlet Region is used below to estimate the
fan performance.
7.5
Fan Outlet Duct
The throughflow in the outlet duct is considered to

be two dimensional, inviscid, and irrotational. The Laplace
eguation in terms of
the streamfunction is used to model
the throughflow in this region.

The
following
are
the
boundary
conditions
for
the
therefore
the
throughflow- outlet region.

The
rear
streamfunction
wall
is
is
streamline
constant
along
and
this
wall.
For
219
simplicity,
it is assumed
that
between the throughflow and
the
separating streamline
the Inlet recirculating
zone
intersects the rotor outer periphery at the location where

the housing
rear wall
authors fan 027O*
is closest
to the rotor;
at this point.
for
the
The part of the rear
wall that is on one side on this point defines one boundary

on the outlet duct.
The part on the rear wall that is on
the other side of this point defines one boundary of the

fan inlet region.
The vortex boundary and the vortex wall is also a
streamline and
boundary.
the streamfunction
is constant along
this
The vortex is assumed to be a circular cylinder
with a location defined above in Section 7.3.

The
exit plane
boundary.
along
of
the outlet duct defines
another
It is assumed that the streamlines are parallel
this
boundary,
ie.
3ty/3n=0
Velocity measurements using an

and flow visualization using
"X"
along
this
surface.
wire anemometer probe
"tufts'' indicated
that this
assumption is valid.
The arc at R=R0 between the rear wall and the vortex
defines the
Region.
remaining boundary of the Throughflow Outlet
The distribution of the streamfunction along this
arc is determined as follows.

The separating streamline between the throughflow and
the
vortex
and
recirculating
Throughflow
between
zone
Rotor
the
defines
Interior
throughflow
the
Region.
and
boundaries
The
the
of
inlet
the
streamfunction
220
distribution
at
R^
eguation (7.27).
velocity
in
this
region
was
determined
from
Eguation (7.33) was used to determine the
distribution
along
rotor, see Figure 7.1.
the
inner
periphery
of
the
using the radial component of the
velocity at Ri, where the throughflow passes through the

rotor, the angular change that each streamline undergoes as
it passes outward
eguation
(7.13).
streamfunction
through
The
the rotor
resulting
distribution
along
was determined
expression
the
boundary
from
for
the
of
the
Throughflow-Outlet Region at R0 is:

- U. j
Rj k
4'(Ro 0)i = ---^ --- In[l+l+ea-2ecos (0v-etAeout) )+const (7.42)
Because of the irregular shape of the outlet duct,

the streamline distribution in this region was determined
using
finite
elements.
The
Swanson
Analysis
Systems
Incorporated program "ANSYS" was used since it was readily

available.
The Isoparametric Thermal Solid Option was used
since lines of constant temperature are analagous to the

streamlines.
The streamfunction values, or temperatures,
were specified along the rear wall,

the vortex.
the vortex wall,
and
The normal derivative of the streamfunction,
or the heat flux, along the exit plane was set egual to
zero.
The
streamfunction,
or
temperature,
distribution
along the arc Ro was also specified as described above.

Figure
7.32
shows
the
obtained from the ANSYSM program,
streamline
distribution,
in the outlet duct

for
*
221
the operating points TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2.
A comparison
of the streamlines in these figures, except near the outlet

duct exit plane, compare reasonably well with Porter's (27)
water
table
photographs,
respectively.
They
also
measured/calculated
rotor,
Figures
Figures
compare
streamline
5.26,
5.27,
7.4,
well
7.3,
with
and
the
distribution,
and
5.28,
7.2,
authors
near
the
respectively.
The velocity distribution at the fan outlet duct exit

plane was calculated
from the "ANSYS" output.
All three
runs gave a near uniform velocity distribution along this

plane.
This
distribution
is
at
in
the
contrast
exit
to
plane.
themeasured
Figure
Outlet Duct Total pressure distribution.
velocity
5.6
shows
the
The sguare root
of the total pressure at the exit plane is proportional to

the velocity at the exit plane.
Figure 5.6 shows that the
velocity at the exit plane is highest near the rear wall,

and decreases towards the vortex wall.
As the throughflow exits
the rotor intothe outlet
duct, it flows in a curving path around the vortex.
This
path tends to force the streamlines outward toward the rear

wall.
Using Laplace's eguation to model the flow includes
these
centrifugal
eguation
and
effects.
specifying
However,
using
Laplace's
constant
value
for
the
streamfunction along the vortex and the rear wall does not
allow
separation
boundary.
Figures
of
the
7.32,
streamlines
7.33,
and
from
7.34
the
show
vortex
that
the
effective width of the outlet duct is nearly constant for
222
some distance along
the flow path from the rotor outlet,
and then the duct diverges rather rapidly as it rounds the

vortex towards the duct exit plane.
The static pressure of
the flow in the outlet duct, just before the ducts starts
to diverge rapidly, is very low compared to the pressure at
the outlet duct exit plane, see Figures 5.8, 5.9, and 5.10;
the static
pressure
rises
toward
the
exit plane,
This
adverse pressure gradient along with the decelerating flow

velocity as the fluid travels toward the outlet duct exit
tends to induce separation away from the vortex boundary
and
the
vortex
wall.
Separation of
the
vortex would give a velocity distribution
flow
at
from
the
the outlet
duct exit plane that is skewed toward the rear wall.
7.6
Estimation of Fan Performance
Ikegami and Murata (15) developed expressions for the

flow
and pressure
which
the
rotor,
or
vortex
on
coefficients
is located
the
rotor
a cross
within
inside
consisted of two co-planar,

plates.
for
the
interior
surface.
flat,
flow
Their
fan
of
in
the
housing
infinitely thin radial
Their analysis is described in Chapter 2.
Figure
7.33 shows Ikegami and Murata's fan and performance curves

for various vortex locations.
The coordinate "a in Figure
7.33 corresponds to s in the present work.

Yamafuji's
and Murata's
(35) analysis is very similar to Ikegami
(15)
analysis.
Yamafuji
used
the actuator
223
model, as described in Section 7.3, to develop
expressions
for the flow coefficient and the total pressure coefficient

of
the
cross
flow
fanshown
in
Figure 7.14.
The
coefficients are functions of the rotor radii, the vortex

eccentricity, and the vortex angle 6V .
These expressions
are
which
restricted
to cross
flow
fans
in
the
vortex
center is within the interior of the rotor, and a housing

consisting of two planar walls such that planes coincident
with
these
walls
intersect
therotor
axis.
Yamafuji
assumed that Laplaces eguation was valid for the fan inlet
region
stream
and
that
function
condition
for
Ri=Ro
and
from
eguation
(7.19)
inlet region
at
rotor
outer
taken from
Yamafuji (35),
shows
the
used
the
expression
as
the
for
the
boundary
periphery.
Figure
calculated
7.34,
versus * for Ri/Ro=0,8, Po=30 and Ri/Ro=0.9,
0o=3O, for various vortex eccentricities and angles 6.

Based on the authors models of
regions,
the
following
the cross
is a derivation of
the
flow fan
flow
and
through
the
pressure coefficients.
The
volume
flow
rate
per
unit
rotor is given by:
Using equation (7.38), this becomes:
length
224
l+l+ea-2ecos ( 9 0 n + A 0 j
n)
L UtipRl 1 lnCl+l+el-2eoos(6v-61+A6in^1J 3
(7*44)
The non-dimensional flow coefficient is given by eguation

(1.1).
Substituting
the expression
(7.44)
into equation
(1.1), the result is:

.
7
R.
^
l+l+e2-2ecos(0 -Bn+A0j n)
ln
<7- 45)
This expression determines the flow coefficient in terms of

the
rotor inside and outside radii/the vortex parameters 1
and
k, and the vortex eccentricity
e, the angles from the
vortex to the separating streamlines at the rotor inlet,

and the angular changes that these streamlines undergo as
they pass through the rotor.
The total pressure coefficient is obtained by taking
the
mean
value
of
the
total
pressure
streamlines in the throughflow region.
rise
for
the
The total pressure
rise for each streamline is given by:
pt - 0 t i p < o,e - i , e >
<7 - 46>
where Uife is the tangential component on the velocity at

the
inlet
at RQf and U0fe is the tangential component on
the velocity at the outlet at RoThemean
total
pressure
rise
across
the
rotor
obtained by integrating equation (7.46) for the entire
is
225
throughflow:
6
f ' 1 cUtip(o,a-i,e)R00 ,rde
v,0
~t 5
<7-47>
The component Uj.fe is determined using equation

taking
the
derivative
of
the
streamfunction,
(7.39), with respect to the angle 0 at the
(5.4) and
equation
rotor inlet.
That is:
kR
i,8 " "tip 25;
0 g
co
I " an
l7-48>
The component UOf0 is given by:
uo,0 - "tip + "o,c cot BO
since
it
is
assumed
that
the
<7-49>
rotor
is composed
of
an
infinite number of blades and the fluid leaves the rotor

tangent
to
the
blades.
streamfunction and equation
Using
equation
(5.3),
(7.41)
for
the
the velocity component
U0fr is given by;

kR.
2e sin (0 -0-A0 ..)
Uo,r -Utip 2R^ ^l+l+e- 2 e c o b (9v-0-A0out)^
Using
coefficient,
the
definition
equation
of
the
(1.3), and equations
(7-50)
total
pressure
(7.44),
7.45),
226
and
(7.47) , the total pressure coefficient of the fan is
given by:
1
esin (
Tt ' * i ' 0
^but^
U f a * - * ^ . . ( a , - r faut) dfl
<7-51'
where F is given by:
Rlf
i(ev-e-Aeout)cotB0
F - kl ^ (1+ 1+ c
Using
operating
^ e
2 CQ3 (0V- e- i0out)+^ f an a ln (n
the
points
equations,
L.
the
angles
and
TEST1,
TEST3,
calculated
vortex
flow
and
parameters
TEST2
in
and pressure
for
the
the
above
coefficients
are as shown in Table 7.2.
7.6
Summary and Evaluation of Present Model
The model of the cross flow fan presented above
is
summarized as follows.
Given
parameters
the
location
and
k,
of
the
the
vortex
and
for
the
model
distribution inside of the rotor, equation

used along
with
the
streamline
angular
the
vortex
streamline
(7.27), can be
changes
given
by
equations (7.12) and (7.13) to determine the streamfunction

distribution on
the
outside of
the
rotor.
Next,
these
distributions are used as boundary conditions to solve for

the
streamfunction
distribution
in
the
fan
Throughflow-
227
Inlet Region and the Throughflow-Outlet Region.

and
outlet
distributions
are
then
used
The inlet
to determine
an
estimate of the flow and pressure coefficients for the fan.

The expressions for the flow coefficient and pressure
coefficient
that
were
derived
above
are
essentially
extensions of those given by Ikegami and Murata

Yamafuji (35).
1.
(15)
and
The extensions include the following:
Theblade inner angle,
fjj., is not necessarily
equal
be located within the
rotor
to 90.
2.
The
vortex center can
blading, as well as in the rotor interior.

3
An improved model
of the flow field withn the
rotor
interior and the vortex.

4.
The
effect
of the
angular
changes
that
the
streamlines undergo as they pass through the rotor is

taken
into
account:
ie.
the
rotor
inside/outside
radius difference is included in the model.
The
velocity
interior.
present
and
model
pressure
can
be
used
distributions
to
determine
within
the
the
rotor
The model of the flow field in the fan inlet
region gives a reasonable estimate of the flow field there.

The model of the flow field in the outlet region is a rough
approximation
since
the
separation
effects
as
the
calculated
from
throughflow rounds the vortex are not included.

The
flow and Pressure
coefficients
228
the
present
model
coefficients.
are
reasonably
Improved
close
estimates
of
to
the
the
measured
fan
pressure
coefficient require inclusion of the terms that account for

losses
in
the
blade
passages,
recirculating zone, and the vortex.
the
vortex,
the
inlet
229
REAR
WALL
THROUGHFLOW
OUTLET REGION
VORTEX WALL
THROUGHFLOW
INLET REGION
VORTEX
REGION]
THROUGHFLOW
INLET BLADE
REGION
THROUGHFLOW
ROTOR INTERIOR
, REGION
THROUGHFLOW OUTLET
BLADE REGION
INLET
RECIRCULATING
ZONE
Figure 7.1 Cross Flow Fan Flow Field Regions
230
Figure 7.2 "Log-Spiral" Housing - Streamlines

Free blowing: From Porter (27)

Lightly Throttled: From Porter (27)
231

Severely Throttled: From Porter (27)

Zero Flow: From Porter (27)
232

t
It v.f
#
&
-10
v4:
a r>
-20
-25
1.0
Distance from Vortex Center /
0.0
2.0
Figure 7.6 Vorticity versus Distance

from Vortex Center - TEST1
o-
4
4
**
yn
X9
V- l***
*
10
'
20-
-25'
0.0
1. 0
Distance from Vortrtex Center /

2.0
233
5*
nr Vf 1*
I*
7*
t*
i
Lr
*
I
5r
0.0
1. 0
Distance from Vortex Center /

-20
-25
D i s t a n c e from V o r t e x C e n t e r / Ri

from Vortex Center - TEST1,TEST3,TEST2
2.0
234
streamline
bl ade
re
WIND TUNNEL
CENTERLI NE
Figure 7.10
Rotor Blade Geometry
235
-u*
Figure 7.11
streamline Angular Change - Outward Flow
U*
Figure 7.12
Streamline Angular Change - Inward Flow
236
co
LO
>h*o
_l
Ul
csj
*I
t
z
UJ
C9
1/1
co
t-
z
<c
CM
Figure 7.13
Tangential velocity Component at Ri

TEST1, TEST3, TEST2
237
Figure 7.14
Rotor - Vortex Geometry
238
.5
2/y
f.96
max
0
0
Figure 7.15. velocity versus Distance from

Vortex Center
1 ,max
Figure 7.16
Maximum Velocity versus vortex

Eccentricity
2.5
239
. 96,
- 20.
Figure 7.17
Vorticity versus Distance from Vortex Center

for Different Vortex Eccentricities
max
-100
Figure 7.18
Vorticity at the Vortex Center versus

Vortex Eccentricity
240
Measured
2*
UV - K '
as
1*0
1*5
20
2*5
Figure 7.19 Comparison of Velocity Distribution from

Yamafuji's Actuator Model with Experimental Results
From Yamafuji (35)
TABLE 7.1
Vortex Parameters and Velocities - TEST1
$
e
yvrmax
V*i,max
j v ^max
0.56
0.91
0.42
2.41
-46.5
11.6
241
,V
tip
Yama
Mode
1.0
0. 0
2.0
Figure 7.20 Velocity versus Distance

*im
tip
0. 0
1.0
y

2.0
242
tip

0. 0
y

243
TABLE 7.2
Vortex Interior Region - Parameters and
Estimated Fan Performance
TESTl
0.56
2.25
0.27
2.79
0.33
1500
TEST 3
0.89
1.38
0.17
2.74
0.33
1000
TEST 2
1.19
0.01
0.01
2.46
0.26
1000
Vortex Location
Radius to vortex center/R^
Radius to vortex center/R0
Angle 0 to vortex center (deg)
0.93
0.73
143
1.01
0.80
136
1.13
0.90
134
Vortex Parameters
Vortex radius/Rj,
Vortex radius/R0 => rv
Velocity on vortex boundary
Vortex strength
0.84
0.79
2.0
9.93
0.72
0.80
2.5
12.6
0.72
0.90
3.5
19.8
0.40
2.5
-24.0
-24.0
0.16
2.00
0.40
3.0
-34.0
-34.0
0.16
2.40
0.40
3.8
-53.5
-53.5
0.16
3.02
0.49
3.4
0.74
3.7
1.03
3.8
$
*8
%
Rotor speed (rpm)
3fv fmax
V*max
Pso
Pto
1
k
Calculated Fan Performance
?------------------------
244
-10
-20
-3 0
y
Figure 7.24 Static pressure versus Distance

ET* 1 *;>:
i.
/
/
0.0
1.0
y
Figure 7.25 Static Pressure versus Distance

2.0
245
-10
-20
-30
0.0
y
-20
-40
-60
0. 0
y

from Vortex Center - TESTlfTEST3 fTEST2
246
5
0
-10
-20
-3 0
0.0
1. 0
2. 0
Figure 7.26 Total Pressure versus Distance

-10
-20
-3 0
0.0
1. 0
y

2. 0
247
nr e:
t
-10
-20
-30
y

from vortex Center - TEST2
Pt
-20
-40
-60
0.0
y

248
Figure 7.32 Throughflow - Streamline Distribution

in Fan Outlet Duct - TEST1,TEST3,TEST2.
249
OS
1.0
is
20
Figure 7.33 Ikegami and Murata (15)

Fan and Performance Curves
A.B Boundary
conditions
OiS
o oi 04 of oejo i-i
Figure 7.34 Yamafuji (35)

Fan and Performance Curves
ou
250
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Detailed
measurements
of
characteristics of a cross flow fan
the
performance
have been made.
The
quantitative effects of changes in the shape of the cross

flow fan housing on performance have been described.
The
performance tests show that the manner in which the rotor

blades are mounted, or the
blade end conditions, can have
a significant effect on the performance of the cross flow

fan.
Any blockage of the flow through the blades near the
blade ends
speed
or
significantly reduces performance.

blade
Reynolds
number
effect on the fan performance.
also
has
The
rotor
a measurable
Generally, the cross
flow
fan performance improves with increasing rotor speed.

The
detailed
flow
field
measurements
presented above and the analysis

given valuable
insight
into
that
were
of the flow field have
the energy
flows
and
losses
within a cross flow fan.

It has been shown that insertion of even relatively
small measurement probe
into the cross flow fan flow field
has a significant effect on the fan

measurement probe
streamline,
is
between
flow through the fan
inserted near
the
vortex
and
performance.
or on
the
the
If a
separating
throughflow,
the
can be reduced by as much as 20%.
The flow field of the cross flow fan is essentially

two dimensional.
The turbulence levels within the cross
251
flow
fan,
except
very close
to the
Inside of the vortex, are very low.

not
rotor
blades,
and
The turbulence need
be considered in a model of these regions since the
energy transfer and losses due to the turbulence effects

have
been
shown
to
be
small
transfers of the mean motion.
compared
to
the
energy
If accurate estimates of fan
losses and efficiency are needed, then turbulence effects

need to be considered within the blade passages, within the
interior of the vortex, and in the outlet of the duct near
the vortex.
It has
been shown that the
throughflow of a cross
flow fan gains most of its energy as it passes from the fan
inlet, through the rotor, and into the rotor interior.
the throughflow passes
duct,
the
passage
energy
mainly
through the rotor
gains
guides
are
and
small;
turns
the
As
into the outlet
this
second
blade
flow.
The
energy
transferred between the throughflow and the vortex and the

throughflow
negligible.
and
the
inlet
recirculating
In essence, the rotor drives
zone
is
the throughflow,
the vortex, and the inlet recirculating zone.

The vortex in the cross flow fan accounts for roughly
one half of the energy
range
of
operating
losses of the fan for the practical
conditions.
Blade
passage
losses
account for the next largest fraction of the losses, while

the
for
outlet duct and the inlet recirculating zone account

the
next
respectively.
largest
If
some
fractions
of
method
could
the
be
energy
derived
losses,
for
252
eliminating or blocking the vortex low,

fan performance
could be greatly
improved.
vanes, used to decrease the tendency

to
stall
would
provide
smaller
then cross flow

Flow guide
for the rotor blades

but
still
significant
performance improvement in cross flow fans.

While energy losses in the outlet duct are a small
portion of the total losses, the total pressure rise that
is produced by the cross flow fan could
be improved by
nearly 30% if the conversion from kinetic to pressure head

were improved in the outlet duct.
An
improved model
developed.
This
model
of
can
the cross
be
flow
used
to
fan has
estimate
been
the
velocity and pressure within the flow field; the flow and
pressure coefficients can also be estimated with the model.
The model
requires a knowledge of the position and size of
the vortex.
The ability to predict the performance of cross flow
fans could be greatly improved if an experimental program
which involved detailed measurements of vortex parameters
for
a wide
undertaken.
variety
of
housing
and
rotor
designs
were
253
APPENDIX
The following Tables list the measured flowfield data for
operating points TESTl, TEST3, and TEST2, respectively.
254
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
TEBI1 ~ STATIC PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - HONDIHEHSIONAL

RADIUS (in)
0.000 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3.250 3.500
-4.060 -3.393 -3.123 -2.895 -2.6B7 -2.476 -2.310 -2.235 -2.B21 -2.755
-4.060 -3.523 -3.312 -3.091 -2.869 -2,655 -2.485 -2.385 -3.133 -3.035
-4.060 -3.666 -3.520 -3.338 -3.126 -2.655 -2.485 -2.385 -3.133 -3.035
-4.060 -3.923 -3.780 -3.644 -3.478 -3.270 -3.042 -2.879 -3.705 -3.4B7
-4.060 -4.245 -4.158 -4.067 ^.BBA -3.718 -3.579 -3,286 -3.751 -3.611
-4.060 -4.555 -4.603 -4*616 -4.532 -4.372 -4.187 -4.080 -3.936 -3.891
-4.060 -4.795 -5.043 -5.300 -5.456 -5.514 -5.462 -5.498 -3.579 -0.934
-4.060 -5.000 -5,570 -6.227 -6.783 -7.180 -7.369 -7.726 -4.343 -3.364
-4.060 -5.007 -5.905 -6.9BB -8.130 -9.379 -10.704 -12.997 -7.94B -6.620
-4.060 -4.971 -6.045 -7.466 -9.203 -11.461 -13.045 -13.019 -13.062 -10,947
-4.CiO -4.883 -5.91B -7.294 -9.077-11.310 -13.058 -13.032 -13.050 -11.175
-4.060 -4.812 -5.612 -6.585 -7.759 -9.031 -10.296 -11.100 -9.597 -8.257
-4.060 -4.597 -5.095 -5.589 -6.000 -6.529 -6.887 -7.043 -6.171 -5.400
-4.060 -4.213 -4.392 -4.717 -4.779 -5.059 -5.397 -5.439 -3.774 -3.253
-4.060 -4.122 -4.109 -4.210 -4.245 -4.041 -3.653 -3.247 -2.316 -1.975
-4.060 -4.180 -3.946 -3.5B5 -3.130 -2.729 -2.463 -2.271 -1.402 -1.113
-4.060 -3.982 -3.426 -2.889 -2.4B9 -2.183 -1.945 -1.737 -0.B13 -0.547
-4.060 -3.663 -3.035 -2.567 -2.202 -1.880 -1.575 -1.321 -0.36B -0.007
-4.060 -3.504 -2.915 -2.485 -2.092 -1.721 -1.353 -1.035 0.013 0.000
-4.060 -3.34B -2,830 -2.424 -2.043 -1.721 -1.435 -1.197 -0.09B -0.215
-4.060 -3.289 -2.B24 -2.437 -2.137 -1.916 -1.744 -1,633 -2,271 -2.128
-4.060 -3.279 -2.837 -2.528 -2.281 -2.108 -1.994 -1.936 -2.375 -2.310
-4.060 -3.230 -2.B95 -2.612 -2.401 -2.241 -2.150 -2.090 -2.355 -2.365
-4.060 -3.250 -2.960 -2.726 -2.520 -2.375 -2.254 -2.196 -2.538 -2.551
3.750
-2.674
-2.892
-2.892
-3.260
-3.406
-3.836
-0.927
-2.362
-5.459
-8.816
-9.223
-7.134
-4.740
-2.863
-1.653
-0.862
-0.299
0.000
0.000
-0.521
-2.12B
-2.300
-2.301
-2.538
4.000 4.250
-2.630 -2.599
-2.B11 -2.752
-2.811 -2.752
-3.104 -2.986
-3.253 -3.136
-3.B6B -3.803
-0.927 -0.911
-1.601 -1.139
-4.415 -3.562
-7.261 -6.136
-7.743 -6.575
-6.165 -5.355
-4.203 -3.735
-2.515 -2.193
-1.366 -1.041
-0.5B2 -0.485
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
-0.901 -1.204
-2.106 -2.222
-2.310 -2.316
-2.394 -2.390
-2.508 -2.495
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
19570
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
IEST1 - TOTAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - NDHDIHENSIDNAL

RADIUS (in)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3,250
0.247 0.293 0.351 0.439 0.674 0.784 0.846 -2.242
0.166 0.230 0.312 0.400 0.677 0.713 0,941 -2.236
0.199 0.241 0.247 0.335 0.456 0.615 0.017 -2.236
0.059 0.102 0.247 0.277 0.309 0.407 0.602 -2.249
-0.049 0.09B 0.091 0.192 0.260 0.316 0.364 -2.236
-0.472 -0.579 -0.550 -0.495 -0.423 -0.277 0.114 -2.252
-0.765 -0.921 -0.960 -0.918 -0.937 -0.914 -0.895 -3.645
-0.944 -1.217 -1.562 -1.578 -1.572 -1.676 -1.536 -0.993
-1.220 -1.627 -1.575 -2.102 -3.319 -4.035 -4.956 -4.348
-1.269 -1.699 -1.839 -3.080 -6.314 -10.824 -13.034 -B.585
-1.172 -1.458 -1.744 -3.147 -7.088 -11.599 -13.034 -5.923
-1.214 -1.614 -1.725 -2.496 -4.247 -6.463 -7.811 -1.673
-1.113 -1.578 -1.725 -2.041 -2.460 -2.613 -2.499 -0.319
-0.944 -1.172 -1.308 -1.523 -1.614 -1.578 -1.507 0.503
-0.664 -0.827 -0.866 -0.924 -0.820 -0.762 -0.530 1.093
-0.387 -0.307 -0.391 -0.364 -0.143 -0.072 0.003 1.106
-0.163 0.104 -0.075 0.062 0.137 0.163 0.186 1.015
0.010 0.146 0.137 0.1B9 0.212 0.231 0.267 1.985
0.124 0.179 0.238 0.247 0.293 0.319 0.381 1.505
0.172 0.205 0.247 0.319 0.378 0.391 0.472 1.181
0.225 0.247 0.303 0.374 0.488 0.530 0.506 -1.041
0.247 0.260 0.355 0.436 0.573 0.602 0.563 -2.106
0.254 0.316 0.374 0.495 0.667 0.693 0.527 -2,246
0.254 0.316 0.374 0.521 0.696 0.781 0.651 -2.246
3.500
-2.223
-2.216
-2.229
-2.229
-2.223
-2.229
-1.204
-0.739
-2.620
-5.344
-2.874
-1.168
0.111
1.009
1.246
0.989
1.803
1.940
3.196
0.846
-1.709
-2.288
-2.220
-2.223
3.750
-2.239
-2.236
-2.242
-2.233
-2.226
-2.252
-1.211
-0.540
-1.276
-2.548
-1.813
-0.599
0.550
1.180
1.149
1.412
1.790
1.068
1.949
0.807
-2.076
-2,265
-2.242
-2.239
0.000
-0.228
-0.228
-0.220
-0.228
-0.220
-0.22B
-0,228
-0*228
0.228
-0.228
-0.22B
-0.228
-0.228
-0.22B
-0.22B
-0.228
-0.220
-0.228
-0.228
-0.228
-0.228
-0.228
-0.220
-0.22B
0.250
0.133
0.091
0.039
-0.013
-0.234
-0.456
-0.521
-0.6B3
-0.775
-0.B46
-0.794
-0.791
-0.703
-0.579
t0.462
-0.322
-0.254
-0.065
0.070
0.008
0.098
0.143
0.189
0.156
4.000
-2.249
-2.246
-2.249
-2.246
-2.229
-2.239
-1.185
-0.420
-1.100
-2.027
-1.513
-0.199
0.677
1.295
1.028
1.725
1.839
1.878
1.940
0.937
-2.200
-2.278
-2.255
-2.252
255
T L s n - V E io c irr d i s i r i b u i i q n - k o h d ih e h s io h a l
RADIUS (in)
1.000 1.250 1.500
1.728 1.721 1.714
1.775 1.764 1.753
1.814 1.796 1.782
1.908 1.872 1.832
1.987 1.962 1.937
2.027 2.020 2.016
2.131 2.156 2.182
2.351 2.452 2.549
2.509 2.516 2.577
2.498 2.531 2.452
2.523 2.531 2.35B
2.390 2.398 2.444
2.192 2.192 2.192
1.930 1.901 1.679
1.742 1.710 1.674
1.678 1.631 1.584
1.649 1.573 1.498
1.591 1.483 1.379
1.541 1.444 1.346
1.534 1.462 1.393
1.534 1.512 1.494
1.562 1.577 1.591
1.609 1.631 1.649
1.649 1.667 1.688
1.750
1.699
1.750
1.764
1.825
1.901
1.998
2.138
2.502
2.513
1.958
1.861
2.297
2.192
1.847
1.627
1.530
1.400
1.271
1.224
1.321
1.476
1.573
1.613
1.656
2.000
1,685
1.746
1.746
1.822
1.865
1.976
2.095
2.459
2.419
1.786
1.768
2.131
2.210
1.825
1.584
1.472
1.307
1.163
1.098
1.249
1.462
1.555
1.577
1.624
3.250
0.652
0.846
1.015
1.159
1.285
1.357
0.4B2
1.670
1.757
1.890
2.549
2.779
2.423
2.138
1.778
1.541
1.296
1.469
1.415
1.213
0.968
0.392
0.266
0.436
3.500
0.601
0.763
0.929
1.058
1.166
1.253
1.350
1.454
1.786
2.207
2.718
2.646
2.340
2.038
1.721
1.483
1.573
1.422
1.267
1.116
0.623
0.414
0.256
0.407
3.750
0,551
0.695
0.839
0.954
1.048
1.152
1.184
1.217
1.739
2.354
2.711
2.531
2.239
1.926
1.616
1.426
1.382
1.339
1.303
1.253
0.410
0.176
0.266
0.396
4.000
0.529
0.662
0.796
0.911
1.001
1.109
1.127
1.148
1.642
2.297
2.581
2.340
2.120
1.886
1.541
1.519
1.476
1.433
1.390
1.346
0.310
0.173
0.266
0.389
IEST1 - VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ANGLES (des)

RADIUS (in)
ANGLE 0.000 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750
77.
76.
74.
68. 71.
57.
62.
66.
0.
6
2
.
6
3.
5
9
.
6
1
.
52.
55.
57.
47.
15.
5
0
.
5
3.
4
5
.
4
8
.
38.
41.
57.
32.
30.
3
7
.
4
0
.
3
2
.
3
5
.
2
5
.
2
8
.
5
7
.
1
9
.
45.
27.
IB.
20. 23.
11.
14.
57.
4.
60.
12.
15.
5.
8.
0.
57. 349. 356.
75.
0.
5.
57. 334. 340. 344. 349. 353.
90.
57. 317. 322. 327. 333. 338. 345. 352.
105.
120. 57. 301. 305. 307. 315. 319. 325. 334.
57. 285. 287. 287. 292. 293. 295. 304.
135.
57. 268. 269. 267. 269. 264. 260. 252.
150.
5
7. 251. 251. 247. 244. 240. 228. 217.
165.
57. 235. 233. 228. 222. 217. 206. 196.
180.
57. 220. 217. 211. 205. 199. 190. 179.
195.
210. 57. 204. 200. 194. 188. 182. 176. 168.
57. 190. 187. 181. 175. 167. 164. 158.
225.
57. 176. 174. 169. 164. 160. 156. 152.
240.
57. 161. 161. 157. 154. 151. 148. 145.
255.
57. 147. 147. 145. 143. 142. 141. 141.
270.
57. 133. 134. 133. 132. 133. 135. 137.
285.
57. 119. 120. 126. 133. 128. 123. 125.
300.
57. 104. 106. 111. 121. 117. 112. 113.
315.
92. 100. 109. 104. 100. 100.
57.
89.
330.
88. 88.
96.
92.
87.
79.
57.
75.
345.
2.000
76.
65.
57.
43.
31.
19.
9.
359.
347.
316.
236.
202.
183.
171.
161.
152.
147.
142.
140.
140.
127.
114.
99.
88.
3.250
312.
314.
31B.
324.
327.
330.
44.
26.
42.
79.
104.
124.
128.
126.
124.
120.
116.
112.
128.
144.
124.
119.
143.
309.
3.500
31B.
319.
321.
325.
328.
330.
0.
30.
55.
86.
110.
119.
120.
122.
120.
116.
128.
140.
152.
164.
132.
13B.
147.
318.
3.750
323.
323.
324.
327.
330.
330.
2.
35.
64.
90.
108.
114.
116.
119.
118.
113.
131.
148.
142.
1B3.
144.
350.
338.
327.
4.000
326.
324.
324.
328.
330.
328.
42.
51.
51.
90.
104.
108.
112.
116.
115.
no.
129.
149.
168.
187.
146.
353.
341.
329.
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
160.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
0.000
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
1.901
0.250
1.654
1.G79
1.901
1.919
1.937
1.94B
1.962
1.984
2.009
2.016
2.027
1.984
1.937
1.901
1.661
1.858
1.854
1.847
1.B40
1.625
1,811
i.eie
1.825
1.836
0.500
1.804
1.854
1.904
1.940
1.976
MSB
2.020
2.070
2.117
2.135
2.156
2.066
1.976
1.901
1.825
1.814
1.B07
1.793
1.782
1.753
1,724
1.735
1.750
1.775
0.750
1.764
1.814
1.B58
1.922
1.980
2.012
2.059
2.210
2.297
2.369
2.390
2.275
2.070
1.915
1.782
1.746
1.728
1.692
1.663
1.642
1.627
1.649
1.681
1.714
256
ANGLE 0.000
0.0 -4,017
15.0 -4.017
30.0 -4.017
45.0 -4.017
60.0 -4.017
75.0 -4.017
90.0 -4.017
105.0 -4.017
120.0 -4.017
135.0 -4.017
150.0 -4.017
165.0 -4.017
180.0 -4.017
195.0 -4.017
210.0 -4.017
225.0 -4.017
240.0 -4.017
255.0 -4.017
270.0 -4.017
285.0 -4.017
300.0 -4.017
315.0 -4.017
330.0 -4.017
345.0 -4.017
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
IESI3 - STATIC PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 100- NQNDIHENSIQNAL

RADIUS (in)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250
-2.872 -2.4B5 -2.120 -1.857 -1.608 -1.476 -1.462 -2.047 -1.959 -1.966 -1.820 -1.813
-3.165 -2.777 -2.412 -2.156 -1.878 -1.681 -1.637 -2.522 -2.339 -2.215 -2.120 -2.047
-3.494 -3.165 -2.821 -2.522 -2.229 -2,025 -1.973 -3.121 -2.807 -2.573 -2.405 -2.266
-3.940 -3.742 -3.457 -3.143 -2.799 -2.536 -2.405 -3.698 -3.311 -2.924 -2.682 -2.456
-4.378 -4.349 -4.247 -4.071 -3.786 -3.435 -2.968 -4.071 -3.706 -3.340 -3.041 -2.821
-4.86B -5.007 -5.102 -5.080 -4.904 -4.641 -4.261 -4.401 -4.283 -3.947 -3.603 -3.216
-5.233 -5.723 -6.198 -6.505 -6.710 -6.710 -6.571 -4.444 -4.590 -3.720 0.146 0.373
-5.548 -6.396 -7.3B2 -0.332 -9.283 -10.014 -10.671 -6.359 -4.897 -3.500 -2.522 -1.944
-5.555 -6.790 -8,259 -10.233 -12.710 -15.708 -19.515 -14.691 -11.475 -8.917 -7.221 -5.957
-5.372 -6.790 -0.552 -10.891 -14.472 -19.150 -24.705 -25.582 -17.469-13.449 -10.818 -8.917
-5.153 -6.520 -8.040 -10.087 -12.864 -16.446 -19.735 -17.103 -14.034 -11.475 -9.640 -8.113
-5.146 -6.184 -7.258 -B.406 -9.502 -10.744 -11.540 -10.B1B -9.136 -7.675 -6.564 -5.533
-4.787 -5.401 -5.906 -6.410 -6.79B -7.017 -7.119 -6.344 -5.197 -4.3B5 -3.720 -3.084
-4.714 -4.627 -4.641 -4.956 -5,263 -5.241 -4.024 -3.179 -2.595 -2.112 -1.681 -1.272
-4.517 -4.444 -4.312 -3.000 -3.289 -2.021 -2.485 -1.418 -1.067 -0.760 -0.439 -0.117
-4.188 -3.655 -2.872 -2.412 -2.010 -1.666 -1.352 -0.439 -0.197 0.073 0.270 -0.278
-3.859 -2.821 -2.215 -1.776 -1.352 -1.009 -0.716 0,095 0.358 0.621 0.015 -0.439
-3.304 -2.412 -1.871 -1.389 -0.965 -0.607 -0.336 0.439 0.117 0.607 -0.249 -0.592
-3.063 -2.222 -1.659 -1.184 -0.B19 -0.497 -0.212 -0.007 -0.117 -0.132 -0.504 -0.753
-2.814 -2.061 -1.571 -1.162 -0.862 -0.672 -0.490 -0.336 -0.35B -0.512 -0.767 -0.914
-2.639 -2.032 -1.630 -1.286 -1.067 -0.092 -0.804 -1.389 -1.272 -1.264 -1.286 -1.330
-2.536 -2.047 -1.666 -1.374 -1.169 -1.089 -1.023 -1.374 -1.330 -1.345 -1.367 -1.367
-2.551 -2.105 -1.769 -1.469 -1.360 -1.221 -1.206 -1.498 -1.469 -1.462 -1.506 -1.498
-2.704 -2.280 -1.937 -1.6B1 -1.476 -1.389 -1.374 0.000 -1.740 -1.666 -1.666 -1.645
0.000 0.250
1.BB7 1.013
1.887 1.835
1.8B7 1.865
1.887 1.894
1.887 1.908
1.BB7 1.923
1.8B7 1.865
1.887 1.879
1.887 1.B50
1.007 1.872
1.807 1.857
1.887 1.894
1.887 1.021
1.887 1.908
1.887 ' 1.908
1.807 1.901
1.8B7 1.887
1.887 1.857
1.887 1.006
1.887 1.791
1.007 1.784
1.887 1.777
1.8B7 1.770
1.007 1.777
IESI3 - TOTAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - NONDIHENSIONflL

RADIUS tin)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3.250
1.740 1.718 1.704 1.653 1.499 1.353 1.009 -1.375
1.784 1.770 1.74B 1.777 1.710 1.645 1.462 -1.375
1.843 1.821 1.799 1.791 1.843 1.094 1.828 -1.330
1.901 1.094 1.887 1.799 1.B57 1.916 1.909 -1.330
1.930 1.938 1.945 1.930 1.916 1.894 1.B57 -1.330
1.960 1.930 1.894 1.865 1.887 1.930 1.938 -1.375
1.850 1.52B 1.141 0.366 -0.219 -0.366 -0.219 -1.094
1.609 0.505 -0.183 -1.353 -2.062 -2.106 -2.040 -2.047
1.133 -0.409 -1.177 -2.559 -4.102 -6.347 -7.67B -9.506
0.870 -0.760 -1.521 -3.239 -6.245 14.259 -20.547 -15.136
1.009 -0.563 -1.082 -2.044 -5.177 -9.067 -17.110 -5.981
1.440 0.058 -0.388 -1.938 -3.049 -4.014 -2.333 -0.329
1.733 0.907 0.746 -0.35B -0.804 -1.111 -1.316 2.091
1.938 1.696 1.704 1.389 1.419 1.440 1.557 2.450
1.938 1.930 1.916 1.916 1.901 1.887 1.894 2.062
1.923 1.901 1.879 1.843 1.770 1.696 1.631 1.960
1.887 1.828 1.762 1.696 1.660 1.623 1.492 1.828
1.B21 1.755 1.696 1.638 1.557 1.455 1.411 2.245
1.733 1.711 1.602 1.594 1.521 1.440 1.265 2.047
1.711 1.667 1.631 1.506 1.375 1.243 1.016 0.380
1.682 1.616 1.557 1.455 1.206 0.965 0.658 -0.973
1.674 1.631 1.579 1.448 1.163 0.870 0.475 -1.462
1.660 1.645 1.623 1.477 1.192 0.907 0.461 -1.404
1.667 1,653 1.630 1.543 1.302 1.060 0.643 -1.382
3.500
-1.477
-1.360
-1.345
-1.338
-1.345
-1.360
0.000
3.750
-1.470
-1.375
-1.360
-1.353
-1.353
-1.367
0.000
-1.484
-3.934
-3.075
-0.71?
0.951
1.974
2.142
-1.536
-5.177
-6.280
-2.194
0.760
2.501
2.413
2.091 2.121
1.960 2.091
2.150 2.194
2.047 2.296
4.000
-1.462
-1.389
-1.375
-1.367
-1.367
-1.375
0.000
-1.141
-I.B72
-1.33B
0.132
1.492
2.01B
2.274
2.142
2.259
2.230
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.219
-1.389
-1.389
-1.389
-1.367
-0.249
-1.419
-1.397
-1.404
-1.375
-0.278
-1.440
-1.404
-1.411
-1.389
257
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
00.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
100.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
0.000
2.117
2,117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
2.117
0.250
2.036
2.068
2.106
2.144
2.187
2.322
2.371
2.425
2.446
2.462
2.446
2.425
2.365
2.306
2.176
2.176
2.079
2.036
2.009
1.993
1.987
1.987
1.993
2.009
IESI3 ~ VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION - NONDIHENSIONAL

RADIUS (in)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000
1.949 1.879 1.798 1.717 1.636 1.534 1,426
2.014 1.944 1.868 1.809 1.750 1.652 1.561
2.090 2.025 1.966 1.917 1.863 1.793 1.723
2.171 2.138 2.101 2.052 1.99B 1.955 1.912
2.257 2.263 2.268 2.225 2.182 2.128 2.079
2.376 2.419 2.468 2.462 2.446 2.398 2.344
2.462 2.522 2.538 2.500 2.462 2.387 2.376
2.484 2.527 2.576 2.640 2.743 2.748 2.759
2.473 2.500 2.662 2.759 2.932 2.905 2.792
2.468 2.603 2.743 2.905 3.062 2.8B9 2.182
2.462 2.500 2.738 2.894 3.110 2.878 2.511
2.462 2.500 2.559 2.635 2.840 2.667 3.110
2.419 2.419 2.414 2.441 2.457 2.457 2.489
2.327 2.349 2.371 2.360 2.338 2.322 2.300
2.236 2.225 2.187 2.13B 2.090 1.993 1.922
2.138 2.063 1.982 1.917 1.793 1.696 1.598
2.036 1.928 1.798 1.706 1.593 1.480 1.372
1.955 1.831 1.701 1.577 1.447 1.323 1.204
1.901 1.766 1.631 1.507 1.382 1.231 1.080
1.922 1.739 1.615 1.507 1.388 1.253 1.118
1.858 1.739 1.620 1.523 1.426 1.296 1.166
1.85B 1.755 1.647 1.544 1.447 1.312 1.177
1.885 1.782 1.679 1.577 1.480 1.339 1.199
1.912 1.820 1.728 1.636 1.544 1.420 1.296
TESI3 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ANGLES (deg)

RADIUS (in)
ANGLE 0.000 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750
60.
60.
58.
56.
48.
53.
51.
0. 45.
50.
49.
45.
42.
39.
45.
37.
15.
33.
41.
37.
34.
30.
22. 26.
18.
45.
30.
29.
20. 24.
17.
13.
10.
5.
45.
45.
6, 10. 15.
2.
45. 350. 354. 358.
60.
1.
45. 334. 338. 342. 346. 351. 356.
75.
45. 317. 320. 325. 330. 336. 340. 347.
90.
105.
45. 301. 302. 306. 311. 317. 323. 331.
120. 45. 284. 285. 288. 291. 295. 304. 310.
45. 268. 268. 268, 269. 270. 272. 273,
135.
45. 254. 250. 247. 245. 242. 239. 232.
150.
165.
45. 236. 232. 229. 224. 218. 212. 204.
45. 220. 214. 211. 207. 199. 191. 1B4,
180.
45. 205. 200. 194. 188. 183. 178. 171.
195.
210. 45. 190. 1B4. 179. 174. 169. 164. 160.
45. -175. 169. 165. 162. 158. 154. 150.
225.
45. 160. 156. 153. 150. 147. 144. 141.
240.
255.
45. 146. 142. 140. 137, 135, 134. 133.
45. 132. 130. 128. 126. 125. 125. 125.
270.
45. 118. 116. 116. 116. 115. 114. 115.
285.
45. 105. 104. 104. 104. 104. 104. 103.
300.
91.
93.
91.
90.
90.
90.
45.
90.
315.
80.
82.
81.
80.
79.
77.
76.
330.
45.
71.
72.
67.
70.
65.
69.
62.
45.
345.
2.000
61.
54.
45.
35.
20.
6.
356.
342.
324.
277.
222.
196.
178.
165.
156.
146.
138.
133.
125.
117.
102.
90.
78.
71.
3.250
0.761
0.988
1.215
1.426
1.625
1.793
0.664
1.847
1.922
2.311
3.434
3.234
2.624
2.171
1.739
1.447
1.231
1.204
0.929
0.799
0.486
0.265
0.324
0.518
3.500
0.702
0.896
1.075
1.280
1.447
1.604
1.966
1.523
2.160
3.013
3.396
2.937
2.516
1.993
1.604
1.323
1.204
1.048
0.891
0.734
0.286
0.221
0.346
0.502
3.750
0.659
0.826
0.98B
1.150
1.323
1.490
1.415
1.296
2,133
2.964
3.213
2.BOB
2.408
1.906
1.534
1.312
1.118
1.031
0.945
0,859
0.227
0.243
0.340
0.486
4.000
0.632
0.794
0.934
1.069
1.226
1.399
0.832
1.112
2.009
2.781
3.040
2.732
2.279
1.809
1.45B
1.285
1.204
1.123
1.037
0.956
0.216
0.243
0.335
0.475
3.250
308.
306.
310.
316.
321.
324.
317.
19.
48.
108.
126.
129.
132.
129.
127.
122.
116.
111.
122.
134.
30.
348.
322.
312.
3.500
314.
310.
313.
318.
324.
321.
356.
30.
69.
106.
123.
128.
128.
125.
124.
118.
114.
130.
148.
162.
2.
356.
331.
319.
3.750
318.
316.
317.
320.
327.
328.
3.
39,
79.
107,
116.
126.
124.
122.
120.
115.
112.
137.
161.
186.
3.
358.
337.
323.
4.000
319.
316.
318.
321.
325.
329.
6.
42.
B4.
106.
114.
123.
123.
121.
119.
112.
133.
155.
177.
197.
20.
3.
341.
326.
256
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135,0
150.0
165.0
1BO.O
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
0.000
-3.781
-3.781
-3.701
-3.781
-3.781
-3.701
-3.781
-3.781
-3.7B1
-3.781
-3.7B1
-3.781
-3.781
-3.781
-3.7B1
-3.781
-3.781
-3.7B1
-3.7B1
-3.781
-3.781
-3.781
-3.7B1
-3.781
0.000
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
3.471
0.500
-2.250
-2.557
-3.032
-3.636
-4.383
-4.960
-5.443
-5.903
-5.910
-5.5B9
-5.391
-5.165
-4.624
-4.383
-4.029
-4.274
-3.492
-2.886
-2.477
-2.162
-1,892
-1.819
-1.768
-1.929
0.250
3.406
3,450
3.493
3.545
3.588
3.654
3.720
3.742
3.749
3.742
3.735
3.735
3.735
3.625
3.523
'3.486
3.450
3.435
3.413
3.398
3.384
3.3B4
3.391
3.393
IESI2 - STATIC PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - NONDIHENSIONAL

RADIUS tin)
0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250
-1.717 -1.220 -0.840 -0.541 -0.358 -0.482 -0.913 -0.767 -0.687 -0.599 -0.548
-2.067 -1,629 -1,227 -0.862 -0.621 -0.782 -1.593 -1.359 -1.205 -1.059 -0.957
-2.550 -2.111 -1.695 -1.337 -1.096 -1.220 -2.455 -2.024 -1.709 -1.446 -1.242
-3.258 -2.B7B -2.469 -2.046 -1.761 -1.870 -3.273 -2.732 -2.250 -1.914 -1.622
-4.237 -4.040 -3.770 -3.390 -2.922 -2.477 -3.960 -3.507 -2.981 -2.520 -2.184
-5.187 -5.406 -5.457 -5.348 -5.004 -4.237 -4.880 -4.493 -3.865 -3.302 -2.776
-6.210 -7.123 -7.773 -8.248 -8.277 -7.817 -5.552 -6.093 -4.566 -3.477 -2,842
-7.378 -9.103-10.754 -12.405 -13.829 -15.122 -9.855 -7.685 -5.267 -3.660 -2.769
-7.992 -10.454-13.099 -16.729 -21.332 -27.615 -24,473-18.994 -14.684 -11.521 -9.4B2
-7.912 -10.637-13.734 -18.191 -25.058 -29.149 -29.222-26.227 -19.871 -15.926-12.865
-7.452 -9.B48-12.565 -15.707 -19.871 -24.254 -23.597-19.359 -15.561 -12.858-10.505
-6.590 -8.233 -9.906 -11.528 -12.996 -14,026 -13.858-11.177 -9.176 -7.744 -6.319
-5.399 -6.195 -6.852 -7.364 -7.744 -8.182 -6.962 -5.516 -4.551 -3.755 -3.054
-4.646 -5.180 -5.625 -5.508 -5.041 -4.3B3 -2.995 -2.287 -1.775 -1.322 -0.906
-4.551 -3.828 -3.192 -2.740 -2.41B -2.024 -0,913 -0.511 -0.219 0.066 0.343
-3.127 -2.411 -1.943 -1.556 -1.162 -0.789 0.146 0.380 0.628 0.804 0.278
-2,367 -1.724 -1.242 -0.782 -0.431 -0.095 0.672 0.884 1.023 0.614 0.212
-1.892 -1.278 -0.782 -0,351 -0.015 0.241 0.942 0.657 0.723 0.424 0.146
-1.565 -0.994 -0.563 -0.197 0.0BB 0.314 1.242 0.424 0.431 0.234 0.080
-1.373 -O.B62 -0.446 -0.153 0.044 0.212 0.212 0.197 0.131 0.044 0.007
-1.300 -0.804 -0.431 -0.190 -0.037 0.066 0.007 -0.044 -0.051 -0.073 -0.073
-1.227 -0.782 -0.446 -0.219 -0.088 -0.051 -0.102 -0.131 -0.124 -0,131 -0.110
-1.315 -C.B40 -0.511 -0.263 -0.139 -0.117 -0.212 -0.263 -0.263 -0.234 -0.124
-1.461 -0.994 -0.650 -0.387 -0.263 -0.300 -0.526 -0.431 -0.394 -0.343 -0.358
IESI2 - TOTAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - NONDIHENSIONAL

RADIUS tin)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 3.250
3.347 3.318 3.289 3.355 2.923 2.624 1.959 -0.022
3.435 3.398 3.362 3.457 3.362 3.252 2.521 -0.037
3.523 3.479 3.435 3.493 3.552 3.676 3.333 -0.029
3.610 3.574 3.537 3.537 3.596 3.661 3.727 -0.022
3.705 3.669 3.632 3.640 3.640 3.669 3.676 -0.015
3.837 3.888 3.939 4.020 3.954 4.049 4.020 -0.015
3.968 4.005 3.757 3.186 2.375 1.060 1.060 -6.504
3.990 3.428 1.681 -0.263 -1.696 -2.397 -2.521 -3.610
4.020 2.339 -0.380 -2.485 -4.422 -8.405 -11.182 -17.832
4.005 1.966 -1.023 -3.143 -7.235 -16.882 -29.307 -25.360
3.983 2.558 -0.2B5 -2.083 -4.707 -9.428 -20.025 -5.993
3.9B3 3.574 1.827 0.263 -1.498 -2.B14 -0.343 2.485
3.983 3.983 3.786 3.588 2.923 2.923 3.033 4.436
3,786 3.B22 3.859 3.917 3.859 3.873 3.749 3.654
3.581 3.559 3.545 3.545 3.450 3.347 3.318 3.208
3.508 3.450 3.391 3.311 3.230 3.194 3.165 2.850
3.435 3.150 3.303 3.252 3.099 2.938 2.945 2.558
3.398 3.303 3.216 3.077 2.945 2.697 2.434 2.412
3.362 3.230 3.106 2.996 2.668 2.339 2.178 1.827
3.333 3.165 2.996 2.850 2.44B 1.973 1.725 0.599
3.303 3.179 3.048 2.814 2.266 1.791 1.520 -0.007
3.303 3.201 3.099 2.697 2.236 1.710 1.381 0.037
3.311 3.216 3.113 2.843 2.302 1.791 1.425 0.044
3.325 3.296 3.274 2.996 2.594 2.083 1.491 0.058
3.500
0.073
0.007
0.015
0.007
0.015
0.007
0.000
-2.543
-9.574
-8.624
-0.351
4.473
4.085
3.545
3.055
2.711
2.499
0.000
0.000
0.175
0.007
0.066
0.066
O.OBO
3.750
0.037
0.029
0.029
0,007
0.029
0.015
0.000
-2.112
-6.139
-4,232
0.292
4.590
3.961
3,391
3.026
2.668
2.339
0.000
0.000
0.219
-0.015
-0.029
0.007
0.029
4.000
0.029
0.007
0.022
0.022
0.037
0.007
0.000
-1.535
-2.733
-1.316
2.923
4.385
3.676
3.274
2.704
2.543
2.324
0.000
0.000
0.322
-0.044
0.022
0.037
0.037
259
ANGLE
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
160.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
315.0
330.0
345.0
0.000
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.527
ANGLE
0.000
0.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
52.
15.
30.
45.
60.
75.
90.
105.
120.
135.
150.
165.
180.
195.
210.
225.
240.
255.
270.
285.
300.
315.
330.
345.
0.250
2.403
2.441
2.489
2.543
2.619
2.694
2.775
2.840
2.802
2.819
2.802
2.754
2.743
2.651
2.576
2.505
2.452
2.414
2.387
2.371
2.354
2.354
2.371
2.381
IEST2 - VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION - NONDIHENSIONAL

RADIUS (in)
0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000
2.279 2.165 2.079 1.971 1.B63 1.696 1*523
2.354 2.268 2.176 2.101 2.020 1.895 1.771
2.446 2.371 2.290 2.230 2.171 2.111 2.052
2.565 2.516 2.462 2.398 2.333 2.300 2.263
2.705 2.705 2.705 2.662 2.619 2.565 2.511
2.862 2.943 3.029 3.035 3.040 2.986 2.932
3.029 3.175 3.321 3.321 3.326 3.191 3.14B
3.159 3.288 3.413 3.375 3.342 3.434 3.483
3.240 3.321 3.396 3.477 3.693 3.769 3.585
3.272 3.359 3.445 3.596 3.931 3.909 3.186
3.218 3.337 3.450 3,531 3.855 4.093 3,996
3.121 3.288 3.450 3.488 3.521 3.629 3.758
2.954 3.116 3.278 3.342 3.413 3.440 3.467
2.775 2.840 2.910 2.921 2.932 2.862 2.797
2.624 2.603 2.576 2.511 2.441 2.327 2.252
2.484 2.414 2.344 2.252 2.155 2.041 1.933
2.376 2.279 2.182 2.063 1.944 1.814 1.685
2.300 2.176 2.057 1.928 1.793 1.636 1.474
2.241 2.106 1.971 1.831 1.685 1.458 1.274
2.209 2.074 1.933 1.755 1.577 1.399 1.226
2.187 2.047 1.912 1,733 1.555 1.361 1.166
2.187 2.052 1.922 1.739 1.555 1.361 1.172
2.209 2.090 1.966 1.787 1.604 1.409 1.215
2.241 2.128 2.014 1.B68 1.723 1.523 1.31B
1EST2 - VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ANGLES (deg)

RADIUS (in)
0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750
64.
64.
62.
63.
57.
59.
55.
54.
54.
49.
51.
43.
46.
40.
4
3
.
4
5.
3
9
.
3
3
.
3
6
.
25.
29.
33.
30.
IB.
22. 26.
15.
11.
18.
21.
9.
14.
356.
0.
5.
4.
4.
340. 344. 349. 354. 358.
325. 329. 332. 338. 344. 350. 356.
308. 310. 315. 320. 325. 333. 342.
292. 292. 296. 301. 306. 315. 323.
275. 275. 276. 277. 280. 2B3. 290.
259. 256. 255. 253. 252. 246. 239.
242. 23B. 234. 230. 226. 219. 211.
226. 221. 216. 209. 204. 195. 186.
210. 205. 199. 192. 187. 179. 173.
196. 190. 186. 178. 172. 167. 163.
181. 176. 171. 166. 163. 157. 154.
167. 162. 158. 155. 152. 14B. 145.
152. 148. 145. 143. 141. 139. 137.
138. 135. 134. 132. 132. 132. 132.
125. 122. 122. 122. 122. 123. 125.
111. 109. ioa. 108. 109. 110. 112.
98. 103. 10B. 103.
96.
97.
96.
86.
66.
86. 86.
84.
B2.
83.
75.
76.
75.
72.
75.
69.
70.
2.000
65.
53.
47.
36.
24.
3.
2.
351.
338.
296.
225.
204.
178.
166.
157.
150.
142.
135.
132.
129.
114.
98.
86.
73.
3.250
0.907
1.220
1.534
1.804
2.084
2.344
0.713
2.311
2.371
3.202
4.574
3.BB2
3.294
2.527
1.982
1.615
1.323
l.OBO
l.OBO
0.486
0.254
0.24B
0.459
0.637
3.500
0.8BO
1.145
1.420
1.663
1.922
2.160
0.000
1.99B
2.727
3.936
4.449
3.904
3.083
2.376
1.868
1.490
1.199
0.945
0.691
0.437
0.205
0.292
0.427
0.626
3.750
0.B37
1.053
1.285
1.507
1.728
2.003
1.890
1.706
2.878
4.066
3.926
3.764
2.910
2.257
1.793
1.393
1.102
0.896
0.691
0.486
0.211
0.319
0.443
0.616
4.000
0.799
0.999
1.220
1.436
1.625
1.901
0.000
1.409
2.759
3.953
3.747
3.537
2.721
2.122
1.636
1.323
1.139
0.961
0.772
0.594
0.221
0.324
0.443
0.605
3.250
312.
314.
314.
318.
323.
327.
347.
24.
43.
94.
122.
130.
130.
129.
124.
119.
115.
3.500
31B.
320.
317.
322.
325.
329.
16.
34.
66.
99.
116.
124.
125.
123.
118.
114.
112.
131.
151.
170.
104.
34B.
333.
320.
3.750
324.
322.
322.
322.
32B.
330.
4.000
328.
324.
326.
325.
327.
330.
no.
125.
140.
116.
326.
319.
313.
0.
42.
73,
98.
113.
121.
124.
120.
117.
113.
111.
136.
162.
187.
102.
357.
342.
328.
0.
50.
77.
97.
112.
120.
121.
117.
114.
109.
130.
152.
173.
194.
148.
8.
344.
329.
260
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CROSS FLOW FANS
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266
ABSTRACT
BY
JOSEPH S. MAZUR
MAY 1984
Adviser: Dr. Trilochan Singh

Major:
Mechanical Engineering
Degree:
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
The cross flow fan has been used for almost a century.
The cross flow fan flow field is fundamentally different
from that of other centrifugal fans.
leaves
the
rotor
along
surfaces
The flow enters and
which
are
essentially
parallel to the rotor axis.

Neither
of
a thorough understanding of the aerodynamics
the fan nor
an adequate
modeling procedure
currently
exists.
Tests on a particular design of cross flow fan show
that the fan housing shape has a decisive effect on fan
performance.
The rotor blade end conditions also have a
significant effect on performance,

and
inlet and outlet angles,
while
the blade shape
within limits,
have only a
secondary effect.
Flow field measurements indicate that the throughflow
267
region
which
the
exists
fan
is
within
two-dimensional,
the
rotor
is
relatively small measurement probes
while
not.
the
vortex
Insertion
of
into the flow field,
particularly along the boundary between the vortex and the

throughflow,
modifies
the
flow
field
and
reduces
fan
performance significantly.
Analysis of the blade loading and evaluation of terms
of
the work-energy
equation for
the
fan
shows
that
the
vortex accounts for roughly one half of the energy losses

on the fan.
Blade passages and the outlet duct account for
the next largest loss fractions, respectively.

An
improved
developed.
pressure
model
of
the
cross
flow
fan
has
been
This model is used to estimate the velocity and

within
the
pressure coefficients.
flow
field
and
the
fan
flow
and
268
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT
Name:
Joseph S. Mazur
Address:
15580 Sussex
Livonia, Michigan 48154
Born:
Height:
Weight:
Marital Status;
October 17, 1949
Education
Ph.D.
6 ' 0*
160 lbs.
Married
Wayne State University

Detroit, Michigan, 1984
Dissertation Title: "A Study
of the Cross Flow Fan"
M.S.
Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan, 1974
B.S.E. (Mech. Eng.)
University of Michigan
Dearborn, Michigan, 1972
A.S.
Henry Ford Community College

Dearborn, Michigan, 1970
Employment
November 1976
- Present
Eaton Corproation
Southfield, Michigan
Senior project Engineer,
April 1975
- October 1976
Sargent & Lundy Engineers

Chicago, Illinois
Mechanical Engineering Analyst
September 1973
- March 1975
Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan
Teaching & Research Assistant
October 1972
- August 1973
Chrysler Corporation
Highland Park, Michigan
product Engineer
October 1970
- June 1972
Eaton Corporation
Southfield, Michigan
Cooperative Engineer Trainee
Registered Professional Engineer ~ Michigan, Illinois

Member A.S.M.E.

1984 - A Study of The Cross Flow Fan

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A STUDY OF THE CROSS FLOW FAN

Wayne State University

300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 46106

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A STUDY OF THE CROSS FLOW FAN

Submitted to the Graduate School

MAJOR: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

to acknowledge with thanks the

help given by many during the research and in preparation

given by members of my doctoralcommittee,

The author wishes to thank Bob Mueller for his support

assistance in building and running

and Edwina Taylor

preparation of this dissertation.

for her encouragement, understanding,

and support during this work.

The Cross Flow Fan - Description

Non-dimensional performance Parameters

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL REVIEW

Cross Flow Fan Performance

Effect of Fan Housing Shape and Blade

Cross Flow Fan Analysis

Summary of the previous Analyses

Objectives of the Present Work

Wind Tunnel Design

Rotor Construction and Blade Adjustment

Rotor Drive System and Torque Measurements

Volume Flow, Fan Static and Total

Fan Flow Field Measurements and Instrumentation

PAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS

Performance Measurement Procedure

Performance with Rotors #1 and #2

Effect of Fan Speed on Performance

FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS

Evaluation of the Two-Dimensional Flow

Generating Flow Field Maps

Static Pressure Maps

Total Pressure Maps

Velocity Vectors and Mean Velocity Maps

Fluctuating Velocity Components, Turbulence

Velocity Calculated From Total and Static

Errors Due to Probe Insertion

FLOW FIELD ANALYSIS

Blade Tip Velocity Triangles

Angular Momentum and Blade Loading

Work-Energy Equation for the Mean Flow

6.3a Flux of Kinetic Energy Through the Rotor Surface 160

6.3c Rate at Which Work is Done by the Pressure

Energy and Power - Gains and Losses

FLOW FIELD MODELING