Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Issue Date
Deliverable Number
Version
WP Number
Status
TUD
TUD
TUD
UCC
UCC
Dissemination level
X PU = Public
PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)
RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)
CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)
Document history
V
Date
Author
Description
0.0
2009-10-31
Raimar
Scherer
0.1
2009-12-01
Peter
Katranuschkov
0.2
2009-12-23
1.0
2009-12-30
2.0
2010-03-31
All authors
(see title page)
Raimar
Scherer
Peter
Katranuschkov
Raimar
Scherer
Peter
Katranuschkov
Tatiana Suarez
Disclaimer
The information in this document is provided as is. No warranty is given that the information
is fit for any particular purpose. The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and
liability.
The document reflects only the authors views. The Community is not liable for any use that
may be made of the information contained therein.
February, 2010
Page 2
ExecutiveSummary
The present version of the Deliverable Lecture Notes on Energy Efficiency in Building
Construction is the final version of this document, in this new version it is included a new
chapter (Chapter 6: Development of a Specific Lecture) which contains the development of
selected lectures in detail, describing the content material in PPT slides and its corresponding
extended concept explanation.
As specified in the previous version of this document, the modification included a new
distribution of the Modules and the contained Lectures description, as well as the Synopsis
section which synthesizes the evolution and development of the Lecture Notes Deliverable until
this final version.
For this final version it was necessary to select a specific Lecture to be developed and
described, taking into account the REEB outcomes and the objectives of the Project, it is
understandable that its not feasible to develop the whole content of this Deliverable.
The current version of the document contains the following principal parts:
1. Description of the evolution of the Deliverable versions (Synopsis)
2. An introduction, providing a general overview (Chapter 1)
3. The baseline of the e-learning lectures, including a description of the expected audience
(Chapter 2).
4. The framework of the lecture notes (Chapter 3).
5. The overall structuring of the lecture notes (Chapter 4)
6. The structure of the separate lecture modules with detailed outline of all lectures and their
key topics to be addressed (Chapter 5)
7. The development of a selected Lecture with the corresponding description ( Chapter 6)
8. Short conclusions, acknowledgments and references sections (Chapters 79).
February, 2010
Page 3
Synopsis
The Lecture Notes on Energy Efficiency in Building Construction provide the public
document D5.32, delivered in the context of WP5, Task 5.3: Dissemination of REEB
outcomes.
The objectives of task 5.3 are the dissemination of REEB outcomes. This is done through
(1) website and related facilities, (2) newsletters, (3) lecture notes and (4) conferences.
Task 5.3 collects the results of the others WPs and synthesizes them to the Lecture Notes
reported herein.
The first step of this task was to collect this input in a topic list, the Table Of Content (TOC).
Based on the TOC the lecture notes are designed. This includes structuring the results of the
other WPs in adequate lecturing units, modularizing them and finally generalizing them in
order to be customised to different audiences, namely students, architects and engineers but
also building owners, energy suppliers and governmental authorities. Each of these lecture
units (called modules) does have a different background and objectives and hence needs other
lecture contents and/or other presentation forms for one and the same topic. They are
described in the form of Learning Outcomes (LOs).
(This is the specific result presented in D5.32 version 0).
In a third step each module is detailed in individual lecture entities, where each entity is
about equivalent to a lecture hour (90 min) and is described by a list of bullet points, keying
the main learning targets and objectives.
(This is the specific result presented in D5.32 version 1).
In a final step a selected subset of lectures is worked out. To develop the content of all
possible lectures is not feasible for the purpose of REEB and this specific deliverable.
Therefore concentration is on the EE related view of building design and in particular the
BIM, i.e. the model-based working and selected lecture notes in the form of PPT
presentations that are in the focus of the REEB tasks and according to the preferences of the
REEB partners meeting the REEB objectives.
(This is the specific result presented in this final version: D5.32 version 2).
The lectures include new ICT-based concepts, technologies and practices as well as
products and solutions for improving the energy efficiency in Building Design (AEC)
and Operation (FM), aiming to promote and stimulate the innovative use of ICT in EE
to reach the widest audience as a support for future initiatives.
February, 2010
Page 4
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8
2. BASELINE OF THE E-LEARNING LECTURES....................................................... 10
2.1 OBJECTIVES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE E-LEARNING LECTURES ...................................... 10
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE E-LEARNING COMMUNITY......................................................................... 10
2.3 CRITERIA TO CHOSE LEARNING LECTURES ................................................................................ 11
2.4 E-LEARNING PLATFORM................................................................................................................... 11
Page 5
7. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................. 202
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 203
9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 204
February, 2010
Page 6
Abbreviations
AEC
BACS
BAS
BAMS
BEMS
BIM
BMS
CCMS
CHP
DDC
ECTS
EE
Energy Efficiency
EPC
FM
Facilities Management
HVAC
IBAS
ICT
IFC
IES
LCC
Life-Cycle Costs
LCIA
MEP
PLC
REEB
SCADA
STEP
TMB
VAV
WSNs
February, 2010
Page 7
1.
INTRODUCTION
This report contains the organization of the e-learning material from base educational lessons
in ICT applications for Energy Efficient Building Design, incorporating multimedia
techniques to produce an authentic, online course education as a final result. The development
of this course through online lessons is based on modules containing these lectures notes,
targeting a wide audience of educators, students, industry and investors.
These Lecture Notes are based on a shared vision investigation targeting the planning, design
of buildings and the related controlling and monitoring systems concerning the ICT
applications for the improvement of the Energy Efficiency of Buildings.
The design of the lecture notes are based on the results of the others WPs and are based on
the experience of the authors, the institute Construction and Informatics, which is strong in
BIM data structure, product and process modelling and the related institute of Building
Climate which is strong in building energetic analysis and building energetic design.
February, 2010
Page 8
February, 2010
Page 9
2.
These lectures are based on the planning, organization, management and experience of
previous e-learning activities combined with new subjects on the field of ICT for Energy
Efficiency in Building Design.
2.2
The lectures aims at broadening the understanding and hence the application of the use of
ICT in EE of BC in AEC, FM and related communities through e-learning illustrated case
studies and applications.
To extend the application of the ICT in EE of BC communities to the e-learning field
through illustrated case studies and applications.
It is expected the learning public to receive the information knowledge effectively,
promoting engaging investigation of the theory and research of new technologies aspects.
To make the information more accessible to building designer, policy makers, researchers
and others involved in the building life-cycle.
To keep the learning public motivated and encourage them to become more aware of the
potential and benefits of energy efficiency.
To increase technical, economic and environmental interest in energy efficiency and ICT
related applications.
February, 2010
Page 10
2.3
The structure and design of these lectures integrate the main concepts which are included in
the learning material. The subjects included in the learning material are the following:
The learning modules are articulated based on the content management and on learning
experience.
2.4
E-LEARNING PLATFORM
The Web-based system of the e-learning platform aims to establish a rich information
network with comprehensive information made to reach a real broad audience. This platform
should be held in an open system Website and it would be recommended to make a
development work on the national level and language- of each member- to draw a better
public attention. However in the first step English will be chosen.
It is intended that the test platform will be provided and tested, at the beginning of this
program with university students in the universities of the academics REEB members and in
the near future will be open to the public (see 2.4)
It is intended to hold the e-learning programme as a test site in collaboration with the ICT
Euromaster e-learning course. http://euromaster.itcedu.net/.
This platform will be adjusted to easy access and distribution for self directed lessons, and it
is expected to count with a multimedia strategy to expand the public interaction.
February, 2010
Page 11
3.
3.1
After successful completion of this course, participants will acquire awareness and
competence about:
Advanced knowledge about and training in ICT for energy-efficient building design.
Analysing gaps in the energetic behaviour of existing building and developing plans for
improvement.
The e-learning lectures will facilitate knowledge diffusion and a new learning/ teaching
experience approaches that assures
3.2
COURSE PREREQUISITES
Due to the variable targeted public it is expected that the structured modules will include
preliminary introduction to each area of study, although the participants should have basic
knowledge in:
Building elements
Software applications
February, 2010
Page 12
Due to this heterogeneity of the potential audience it was felt that preparatory modules may
be helpful which will offer the basic prerequisite knowledge about energy source, energy
methods, climate, system capturing, system control, life-cycle analysis. However it was
decided, that the development of these modules are not in the focus of this WP.
3.3
COURSE CREDITS
The credit distribution is based on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System
(ECTS) to ensure that the courses are compatible with the academic system and can be
seamlessly merged in academic curricula. Therefore it is based on the principle that 60 credits
measure the workload of a full-time student during one academic year with around 1500
hours per year and one credit stands for around 25 working hours.
The working hours are divided into direct lecture hours and indirect ones, namely pre- and
post-preparation hours, i.e. to self-study the lecture material, to solve lecture-accompanying
tasks and to prepare individual semester project work.
As a whole, the ICT Application in Energy Efficiency Building Design program is a
sequence of six learning modules, included in a standard learning structure for regular
students. The entire programme is planned to cover one full year, divided in two semesters of
30 credits each with 25 hours/credit per semester and 15 weeks per semester ( in the mean).
February, 2010
Page 13
4.
4.1
The extension of the course will depend on the learning options of every participant; the users will
be able to choose the lessons that best suit their learning activities. The modules are accordingly
sub-structured in order of knowledge level, i.e. basic knowledge (modules M1 & M2), main
working knowledge (modules M3, M4 & M5) and advanced analyses and evaluation (M6).
The modules M1 and M2 provide an introduction to the basic aspect of energy efficiency
application in building design and are recommended to non experienced people in the field.
The intermediate modules (M3, M4 & M5) are considered to be the beginning of the learning
modules for experienced public and will thereby include various application technologies of
interest. The final module (M6) is a practice based application.
Each lecture within the modules will include literature recommendations. Reading material
will include a website link to implement the learning process and free or trial software
downloads (sites) for practice application.
4.2
MODULE OVERVIEW
4.2.1
First Semester
Number of modules:
3
Target learning public: No preliminary prerequisites; open to students and professionals
in building construction; ICT or energy efficiency. However, preparatory lectures should
be taken into account.
Learning Objectives: To integrate the pre-design schematics ideas and most suitable
concepts for the pre-design of a new building structure or significant retrofitting facilities.
The principal aim is to prepare the target public to recognize the key issues that should be
addressed in the early pre-design stage for a more energy efficiency integrated building
design. The learning public will acquire the necessary basic introduction to the design
overview application and will have a better level of maturity and perception of sustainable
and green buildings.
Module M1: ICT Applications in EE Building Design
Number of credits:
Lecture hours per week:
Lecture hours in total:
Working load in total:
Level:
6
5
75 h
150 h
Basic knowledge
12
9
135 h
300 h
Basic knowledge
Page 14
12
9
135 h
300 h
Intermediate knowledge
Second Semester
Number of modules:
Target learning public: The modules M1, M2 and M3 are a mandatory prerequisite for
non expert students; the module is open to experts with intermediate knowledge in energy
efficiency building construction design.
Learning Objectives: These modules aim to provide the performance analysis and
development tools to their application on the design process, after the culmination of the
three final modules the learning public will be able to develop a strategy for an optimal
energy efficiency building design from a modelling point of view and their environmental
evaluation and control system.
Module M4: Energy Efficient Design System
Number of credits:
Hours per week:
Lecture hours in total:
Working load in total:
Level:
12
9
135 h
300 h
Intermediate knowledge
11
9
135 h
300 h
Intermediate knowledge
February, 2010
6
5
75 h
150 h
Evaluation and certification.
Page 15
FirstSemester
Basic
Module1
ICTapplicationsinEEBuilding
design
Credits:6
Number of Lect ures:22
Lecture hours perweek:5
Lecture Hours int otal:75
Workingload intotal:150h
Intermediate
Module2
EnergyBasicAspectsin
BuildingDesign
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload int ot al:300h
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanning
System
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hoursintotal:135
Workingload intotal:300h
SecondSemester
Basic
Module4
EnergyEfficientDesignSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lect ures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:300h
Evaluation&Certification
Module5
EnergyEfficientControl
SystemOperation
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lect ure hours perweek:9
Lect ure Hours intotal:135
Workingload int otal:300h
Module6
PerformanceEvaluation
MethodsandBestpract ice
examples
Credits:6
Number of Lectures:22
Lecture hours perweek:5
Lecture Hours intotal:75
Workingload int otal:150h
4.3
For the Last present Version of the following document (V 3.0), it was made a little
adjustment of the superficial global structure of each modules credit; the main observation
concentrates in the large amount of Lectures and the real capacity to cover the number of
teaching hours expected. For these reasons, the applied modification was punctual to the
summary of number of lectures and the consequent number or teaching hours; however the
modules remain the same as the last version structure.
As decided, all modules were conceived in the form of alternating lectures and exercises in
ratio 1:1, suitable for both in-class and guided on-line presentation. Accordingly, the two
modules comprising 68 lecture hours (M1 and M6) will include 17 lectures with
corresponding exercises lectures, and the four modules comprising 124 lecture hours (M2
M5) will include 30 lectures with corresponding exercise lectures as well.
February, 2010
Page 16
February, 2010
Page 17
5.
M1.L2
February, 2010
Page 18
M1.L3
M1.L4
Basic concepts
Overview of design and computational methods
Outline of computational tools for prediction and analysis of a buildings performance
(specifically: lighting performance) with regard to building physics
Review of further building performance aspects
Building Diagnostics
M1.L6
Basic concepts
Overview of design and computational methods
Outline of computational tools for prediction and analysis of a buildings performance
(specifically: thermal performance) with regard to building physics
M1.L5
M1.L9
Process modelling
February, 2010
M1.L10/11
M1.L12
Simulation modelling
M1.L14
Product modelling
M1.L13
Basic concepts of energy simulation what is simulation, why is it important and how
does it help to save energy
Principles of simulation modelling
Types of simulation models
The overall simulation modelling and performance process
Modelling hints and caveats
M1.L15
M1.L16
February, 2010
M1.L17
Ontologies
M1.L18
Software tools and media that are commonly used to support knowledge-based design
decision making, to conduct research, and to disseminate results
o Spreadsheets
o Databases
o Mathematical and statistics packages
o Presentation media and script languages
o Simulation applications
Comparative analysis and synthesis of features
M1.L19
Part I:
Part II:
M1.L20
M1.L21
M1.L22
February, 2010
Page 21
February, 2010
Page 22
M2.L2
Building Climatology
M2.L3
M2.L8
February, 2010
Basic definitions
Minimal thermal protection basic concepts and calculation methods
Condensation water protection basic concepts and calculation methods
Mould protection calculation
Page 23
M2.L9
M2.L10
Sun radiation
M2.L15
M2.L14
Various examples of complex construction parts such as flat roofs, facades etc.
Selected detailed analyses
General construction hints
M2.L13
M2.L12
M2.L11
February, 2010
Page 24
M2.L16
City climate
M2.L17/18
M2.L19
Natural ventilation
Natural air movement and its calculation
Types of natural ventilation joint / window / shaft / roof ventilation
Ventilation shafts and their importance in EE building design
Pollution concentration
Water vapour concentration
Heat transport
Examples: ventilation of an office room, ventilation of a humidor
M2.L20
M2.L21/22
M2.L23
February, 2010
Page 25
M2.L24
M2.L25
M2.L26
M2.L27
M2.L30
M2.L29
Special type secondary systems (dual air stream system, under-floor air distribution,
evaporative cooling system, low temperature system)
Terminal units and terminal systems
Induction units
Fan-coil units
Hints and caveats in HVAC system design
M2.L28
February, 2010
Basic concepts and definitions about primary energy systems (central plants)
Primary energy system components compressors, condensers, evaporators, heat
exchangers, absorption chillers, heaters (boilers, furnaces)
Effects of primary plants on the EE in buildings
Page 26
M2.L31
M2.L32
M2.L33
February, 2010
Page 27
February, 2010
M3.L2
M3.L3
Specific features of the retrofitting of existing buildings in comparison with new design
EE related requirements
Overview of architectural and other design measures
Best practice examples
M3.L7
Heat storage
Glazing
Sun blinds
Other architectural measures
Pros & Cons (comparison of the introduced measures)
M3.L6
Basic strategies for reducing the energy costs of buildings (non-mechanical system
approach, building envelope: insulation and/or isolation, solar strategies, heating),
alternate cooling strategies: air movement, roof cooling, roof radiator), earth coupling
Currently available technology solutions
Green input: trombe walls, movable/transparent insulation, thermal mass etc.
M3.L5
Green goals related to function, security and costs based on the environmental and
EE requirements
Design cooperation with regard to the green planning process
Coordination of the design professionals involved in the building design plan key
green topics, holistic checks and milestones
M3.L4
M3.L8
February, 2010
M3.L9
M3.L10
M3.L14
M3.L13
Smart roofs
M3.L12
M3.L11
February, 2010
Basic concepts
The requirements model
Site BIM, Inventory BIM, Spatial group BIM and Spatial BIM
Preliminary Building Element BIM (PBE BIM)
Detailed Building Element BIM (DBE BIM)
The As-Built BIM
Page 30
M3.L15
M3.L16
Basic concepts
Building elements as boundary of two or more spaces
Virtual space boundaries and openings. curved space boundaries (curved walls, curvebounded slabs) and sloped boundaries
IFC representation and mappings to/from CAAD and energy simulation models
M3.L20
M3.L19
M3.L18
M3.L17
February, 2010
Page 31
M3.L21
M3.L22/23
M3.L24
Interoperability
M3.L25/26
February, 2010
Model filtering
Basic goals, concepts and definitions
The overall filtering process in BIM
Class level (static) vs. instance level (dynamic) filtering
Attribute and relationship filtering
Formal filtering definitions and queries
The GMSD language
Filtering tools
Practical examples and open issues
Page 32
M3.L27/28
M3.L29/30
M3.L31
Model mapping
Basic goals, concepts and definitions
Mapping types and mapping patterns
The overall mapping process
Static schema mapping vs. interactive run-time partial mappings pros, cons, scope of
possible use and challenges
Formal mapping representation mapping languages vs. embedded definitions
Model mapping with the help of the EXPRESS-X language
Model mapping with the help of XSLT
Mapping tools
Practical examples and open issues
BIM tools
M3.L32
Open software tools, free software tools and license tools pros, cons, challenges
Fundamental ICT tools for BIM support (model parsers, model servers,
model viewers, model checkers, general-purpose utilities, import/export
utilities, embedded utilities and plug-ins)
Specialised BIM tools for engineering design
Interoperability of EE related design tools and BIM tools overview, current state and
development trends
M3.L33
February, 2010
Page 33
February, 2010
Page 34
M4.L2
M4.L3
M4.L6
M4.L7
M4.L8
Basic concepts
Defining Sites and Buildings
Site model data structure, objects, principal relationships
Building model data structure, objects, principal relationships
Geometric functions (creating and shaping bodies, geometry manipulation functions,
bookkeeping functions etc.)
Drawing aids
Miscellaneous modelling utilities
February, 2010
Overall principles
Layers, images, input and calculated data
Detailed discussion of component data
(Constructions, Glazing, Materials, Panes, Schedules, Textures,
Window gas, Window blinds, Shading, Vents)
Page 35
M4.L9
M4.L10/11
M4.L12
Basic concepts
Using activity templates
Using construction templates
(using glazing templates, using faade templates, using lighting templates,
using HVAC templates, using location templates, using crack templates,
using energy code templates, using sector templates, using wind pressure
coefficient templates)
Performing Simulations
Types of energy simulations with Design Builder
Overall modelling and reporting principles
Heating design simulation calculation and display options, understanding the results
Cooling design simulation calculation and display options, understanding the results
Simulation using real weather calculation and display options, understanding the
results
Energy performance indicators simulation calculation and display options,
understanding the results
EnergyPlus interoperability current state and future possibilities
Visualisation
M4.L13
Reporting
M4.L14/15
February, 2010
Basic concepts
Exporting data
Compiling reports
Report topics
Hints for using reports to improve EE-related design decisions
Page 36
M4.L16
M4.L17/18
M4.L19
Basic concepts
Key issues of BIM used to improve the MEP design process
Interaction of the HVAC design process with architectural and structural workflows
Interaction of the electrical design process with architectural and structural workflows
Interaction of the water supply and sewage design process with architectural and
structural workflows
M4.L20
M4.L21
M4.L22
February, 2010
M4.L23
M4.L24
Overview of DDS-CAD
M4.L26/27
M4.L28
Basic concepts
Discipline-specific engineering utilities that automate the production and organization
of project documentation features, typical uses and practical hints
Fabrication documentation for contractors
M4.L25
February, 2010
Page 38
M4.L29
M4.L30/31
M4.L32
M4.L33
February, 2010
Page 39
February, 2010
Page 40
M5.L2
M5.L3
M5.L5
M5.L4
M5.L8
February, 2010
M5.L9
M5.L10
M5.L11/12
M5.L13/14
M5.L15
February, 2010
Page 42
M5.L16
M5.L17
M5.L18
Principal concepts and methods for the synthesis of live performance data and their
integration with energy-related BIM data
Synthesising data from sensors and other ICT building control sub-systems, such as
security/surveillance systems, information logistics and management systems, FM
systems etc.
Information synthesis methods
o Time series and trends
o Derivation of stochastic mean values and schedules
o Aggregated performance indicators etc.
Interoperability approaches (wrap-up of methods from module M3 with discussion
of their applicability for EE building control current state and R&D trends)
M5.L19
M5.L20
M5.L21
Selection of green monitoring and control strategies with the help of BIM
Integration of BIM-based analysis results with EE performance control
Modelling performance between building data and EE BAMS application:
principal concepts, information objects and components
Requirements to BIM
February, 2010
M5.L22/23
M5.L24
M5.L25/26
M5.L27
February, 2010
M5.L28/29
M5.L30
Advanced features
(eventually to be held as invited presentation by an academic / industry expert or a highly
qualified person from a research organisation in the field)
M5.L31
M5.L32
M5.L33
February, 2010
Page 45
M6.L2
February, 2010
M6.L3
M6.L4
General philosophy
Input/output files
Overall file structure
Input object structures and input data dictionaries
Weather files
M6.L7
M6.L6
M6.L5
February, 2010
M6.L10/11
M6.L12
Obtaining heating and cooling load for zones without defining the entire HVAC system
Calculating approximate air flows for zones
Control parameters of the thermal simulation in EnergyPlus
Understanding the solution algorithm (inside convection, outside convection,
convection coefficients, shadowing calculation, airflow)
M6.L15
M6.L14
M6.L13
M6.L16
Modelling ventilation
February, 2010
M6.L17
M6.L18
M6.L19
M6.L20/21
M6.L22
February, 2010
Page 49
Building Climatology
Lecture M3L13
Lecture M3L15
Lecture M3L29/30
Lecture M3L31
BIM tools
Lecture M4L1
Lecture M5L10
February, 2010
Page 50
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
RaimarScherer&TatianaSuarez TUD
Sources
Whole Building DesignbyDonProwler,FAIADonaldProwler &Associates
http://www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.php
Technicalbuilding Systems:HVAC,Lighting &Water Use
Surveyof Energy Resources
http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/coal/627.asp
ThethermCO Project:lowenergycoolingandthermalcomfortbyJensPfafferott,DoreenE.Kalz
CompressedAirStartuptoInflateUtilityPower GenerationbyCraigRubens
http://earth2tech.com/2008/08/26/compressedairstartuptoinflateutilitypowergeneration/
IntroductiontoEnergyEfficientBuildingDesignBySm C.Hui
Indoor andOutdoor Microclimate Analysisof GreenBuildings byR.Rawcliffe andRaySinclair
ITCEuromaster CourseITForEnergyinbuildings_LectureinBuildingInformationModelling by
Dr.DominicOSullivan.
February, 2010
Page 51
D5.32LectureNotesonEEinBC
Module2Lesson1/Lesson2Descriptioncontent
|
M2.L1Introduction
Motivation&Objectives,learninggoals
BasicEEaspectsinbuildingdesign
Energysources&conversions
Climatic Environment&Climatic Design
Stateofart Review
M2.L2BuildingClimatology
Objectiveandpurposeofstudy
Domaintopicsaddressed
Macro,mesaandmicroclimate
BuildingclimatecontrolanditsrelationtooverallEE
buildingdesign
3
BuildingDesign
WholeBuildingDesignisanessentialwayofapproaching
buildingprojectsandtheunderstandingofthewholeBuilding
Designconceptswillenableyoutothinkandpracticeinan
integratedfashiontomeetthedemandsoftoday'saswellas
tomorrow'shighperformancebuildingprojects.
Buildingstodayarelifesupportsystems,communicationand
dataterminals,centersofeducation,justice,andcommunity,
andsomuchmore.Theyareincrediblyexpensivetobuildand
maintainandmustconstantlybeadjustedtofunction
effectivelyovertheirlifecycle.Theeconomicsofbuildinghas
becomeascomplexasitsdesign.
Theknowledge,materials,andsystemsexistandarereadily
availabletomakeapositiveimpactontheenvironmentand
onthequalityoflifeofbuildingoccupants.
February, 2010
Page 52
TheIntegratedDesignApproach
Eachdesignobjectiveissignificantlyimportantinanyproject,yetatrulysuccessful
oneiswhereprojectgoalsareidentifiedearlyonandheldinproperbalanceduring
thedesignprocess;andwheretheirinterrelationshipsandinterdependencieswithall
buildingsystemsareunderstood,evaluated,appropriatelyapplied,andcoordinated
concurrentlyfromtheplanningandprogrammingphase.Ahighperformancebuilding
cannotbeachievedunlesstheintegrateddesignapproachisemployed.
DesignObjectivesofWholeBuildingDesign
Inbuildings,toachieveatrulysuccessfulholisticproject,thesedesignobjectivesmustbe
consideredinconcertwitheachother:
Accessible: Pertainstobuildingelements,heightsandclearancesimplementedtoaddress
thespecificneedsofdisabledpeople.
Aesthetics: Pertainstothephysicalappearanceandimageofbuildingelementsandspaces
aswellastheintegrateddesignprocess.
CostEffective: Pertainstoselectingbuildingelementsonthebasisoflifecyclecosts
(weighingoptions duringconcepts,designdevelopment,andvalueengineering)aswellas
basiccostestimatingandbudgetcontrol.
Functional/Operational: Pertainstofunctionalprogrammingspatialneedsand
requirements,systemperformanceaswellasdurabilityandefficientmaintenanceofbuilding
elements.
HistoricPreservation: Pertainstospecificactionswithinahistoricdistrictoraffectinga
historicbuildingwherebybuildingelementsandstrategiesareclassifiableintooneofthefour
approaches:preservation,rehabilitation,restoration,orreconstruction.
Productive: Pertainstooccupants'wellbeingphysicalandpsychologicalcomfort
includingbuildingelementssuchasairdistribution,lighting,workspaces,systems,and
technology.
Secure/Safe: Pertainstothephysicalprotectionofoccupantsandassetsfrommanmade
andnaturalhazards.
Sustainable: Pertainstoenvironmentalperformanceofbuildingelementsandstrategies.
February, 2010
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PrinciplesofEEBuildingSystem
Twoaspectsmatterfortheecologicalprocurementduringtheplanningoftechnicalservicesand
logisticsforbuildingsystems:
thecreationofcomfortableandhealthyindoorconditions,especiallyintermsofthermal
comfortandindoorairquality.
theprotectionofnonrenewableresources:inhouseburnerscountamongthebiggest
consumersoffossilfuels(crudeoil,natural gasand coal).
Thermalcomfort
SickBuildingSyndrome(SBS)
Visualcomfort
Daylightuse
Integratedplanning
Integrateusersintotheplanningprocess
Contractingofengineers
Requirementguidelinesforthefacility
Lessresourceinputbymeansofintelligentplanningand
implementation:
Localenergybalancing
Energyservices,energycontracting,savingsguarantee,
andfacilitymanagement
PrinciplesofEEBuildingSystem
Thermalcomfort
duringthecoldseasonsandinsummer:fortheheatedperiodairtemperaturesof2022Cin
livingspaces,20Cinofficesand16 inrecreationroomsarerecommended,whereasin
summer2027/28Careadvised.
SickBuildingSyndrome(SBS)
Indoorairpollutionmaycauseskinirritationsandinflammationofmucousmembranes,
headaches,tirednessetc.Sometroublesthataredescribedinmoredetailmightbecaused
bytheHVACsystem.
Visualcomfort
lightplanninginfacilitiesaimsatreaching
visualcomfortwhichnotonlytouches
energyissues(daylightvs.artificiallight)
butalsoeffectsworkefficiency(the
relationshipsbetweenilluminationand
tiredness,performanceandaccidentscan
beshowngraphically).
Daylightuse
Dependingontheglassqualityof
windowpanes,daylightstronglyinfluences
energyconsumptionforheating.
February, 2010
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PrinciplesofEEBuildingSystem
Integratedplanning
Increasingdemandsandcomplexityoftechnicalbuildingsystemsmakeitnecessaryto
proceedwithandintegratedplanningprocessrightfromtheoutsetofplanningthebuilding.
Itisrecommendedtocontractallrelevantmembersofthedesignteamearlyandtomeet
regularly.
Integrateusersintotheplanningprocess
Indoorroomclimatecanbeenhancedifusersaregiventheopportunitytoarticulatetheir
wishesandrequirements.
Contractingofengineers
Engineerstendtoneglectintegratedandadapted
planningfallingbackonschematicsolutions.A
procedureisproposedfortheevaluationofthe
biddingtotakeintoaccountontheonehandthe
competenciesofthebidderinenergyefficientand
greentechnologiesandontheotherhandthe
ecologicalaspectsofhistechnicalsolution.
Requirementguidelinesforthefacility
Fixingtheaimsreferringtothefacilityand
technicalservicesinguidelinesforthedesignteam
canalsoincludeenergyconsumptionandother
environmentalgoals.
PrinciplesofEEBuildingSystem
Lessresourceinputbymeansofintelligentplanningandimplementation:
Coordinationamongcompaniesinthefield oftechnicalbuildingsystemscanbeimproved
andtherebya betterenvironmentalperformanceachieved.
Localenergybalancing:
Theintroductionofenergybalancingbylocalauthoritiesprovidesanoverviewofenergy
consumptioninfacilitiesrunbythelocalauthority.Variousenergyindexesaredescribedand
preconditionsofsuccessfulimplementationarelisted.
Energyservices,energycontracting,savingsguarantee,andfacilitymanagement
Anumberofenergyservicescanbeoutsourced anddemandscanbefulfilledby
contractors
who committhemselvestoreducingenergycosts.Examplequestions thatshouldbe
discussedwiththecontractoraregivenaswell asalistofpossiblecontractors.
February, 2010
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InvestorProjectTeam
ProjectManager
EngineeringGroup
UserGroup
EED
Owner
Investor
Engineering
Contractor
Eng.ContractorDesignTeam
ProjectManager
DisciplineEngineers
EED
Expert
Reporting
CommunicationLines
February, 2010
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Energy
Services
EEDHelpto understand&Improve
BasicProcess needs
Uniquefor EED
addressed inoperation
EED
February, 2010
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Sun
Dependingonthebuildingorientationthere
arevariousaspectsthatshould
be considered:
Daylight
wintertimesolargains
summer solargains
Shading
Computermodelling techniques allow
tracingthepathofthesunthrough
theskyforeachdayoftheyear
February, 2010
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Wind
enhance natural ventilation
coolingbreezeduringsummermonths
crossventilation
taller buildings more affected
energy generation
increase infiltration
Thelocalweatherdatafiles
used indynamic modelling
includewinddataforeach
specified location.
SiteandBuildingorientation
Building Shapeconsiderations:
minimizeheatlossesandgainsthroughexternal
constructions highvolumeoffloorspaceto
externalsurfaces(deepplanbuildings)
maximizedaylightviaincreasedglazingareas
andminimizeddepthofthebuildings
spaceforrenewables (windturbines,solar
panels,etc)
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SiteandBuildingorientation
Summary
EnvelopeandFaadeDesign
Testingvariousscenariosofbuildingconstructions and materials used
Uvalues optimisation ofinsulation
Heatandmoisturemovementwithinthe building fabric
Airtightness
Thermalmass effectiveness
February, 2010
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EnvelopeandFaadeDesign
Glazing areaandglassperformance
Shading solarcontrol performance
Doubleand triple faades
Operablewindows location,size,
Obstructions
HVACSystemPerformance
Fuel gas/oil/electricity,CHPor
District heating/coolingVentilation system
Naturalventilation
Mixedmode
Mechanical(CAV,VAV,single/doubleduct,heat
recovery)
Heatingsystem radiators,underfloor heating,
radiantheating
A/Csystem chilledbeams,fancoils,ventilation
Chilled water production
Electricityuseinofficebuildings
Other
Space
heating
8%
3%
Lighting
Cooling
14%
43%
Ventilation 8%
24%
Office
equipment
February, 2010
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Daylight&Lightinganalysis
Daylight analysis
Electrical lighting design
Overshadowingoftheexistingbuildings
Righttolight
Daylight access Planning Issue!!!
SiteLayoutPlanningforDaylightandSunlightBRE
designguide
25 rule theangledrawnontheverticalplanefrom
thecentreofthelowestexistingwindow
Verticalskycomponent(VSC) measurementofthe
amountofskyvisibleuponthefaceofanexisting
window/ratioofunobstructedhemisphereofthesky
February, 2010
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ThermalComfortcrosscheck
ThermalComfort crosscheck
Allowcheckingonaroombyroombasisifthermalcomfortismaintained,
ifdesignedsystemandcontrolstrategymeetstheheatingandcooling
needs.
Calculatenumberofhourswhenthedesigncriteriaarenotmet,e.g.if
temperatureexceeds25Cformorethan5%oftheoccupiedhours.
EnergySources&conversions
Renewable Sources
Local generation &energy storage
Ground heat,heat recovery
Geothermal&solarenergy use
Rainwatercollection
Energy generation &transmission
February, 2010
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Energysources
Renewable energy :energy generated from natural resources:
EnergyContentofNaturallyOccurringEnergyFlows
Theidealrenewableenergysourcesarenaturallyoccurringenergyflows.Theenergyisfree,but
harvestingitcouldbeverycostly.Thefollowingtableindicatessomeofthepossibilities.
Source$
NaturalEnergyFlowsProviding1kWofAvailablePower
Windspeed12.5m/s
Turbinesweptarea0.85m2
Windspeed4m/s
Turbinesweptarea31.84m2
WindTurbine
Waterflow1m3/s
Headofwater0.1metres
Waterflow100litres/sec
Headofwater1.0metres
Surfaceperpendiculartothesun'sraysatnoonwithsun
directlyoverhead
Surfacearea1m2
Foranhourlyaverageof1kWtakenoveraday
(Ocean)Temperaturedifference20C
Waterflowrate10.8litres/min*
HydroTurbine
SolarPV
(Electromagnetic
Radiation)
(Hotrocks)Temperaturegradient40C/km,Area1km2,
Depth3.5km
Geothermal
(Aquifers)Temperaturegradient30C/km,Area1km2,
Depth3.0km
Waterflowrate0.2litres/min*
Waterflowrate0.24litres/min*
*AfterGarnishJ.D.(1976) GeothermalEnergy(HMSO)
February, 2010
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Reserves
Thefactthatglobalcoalreservesatend2005were,at847.5billiontonnes,some61.5billion
tonnesor6.8%lowerthanthecorrespondingtotalatend2002representsmoreofarefinement
thanarevision.Aftercenturiesofmineralexploration,thelocation,sizeandcharacteristicsof
mostcountriescoalresourcesarequitewellknown.Whattendstovarymuchmorethanthe
assessedleveloftheresource(inotherwords,thepotentially
accessiblecoalintheground)isthelevelclassifiedasprovedrecoverablereserves(thatis,the
tonnageofcoalthathasbeenprovedbydrillingetc.andiseconomicallyandtechnically
extractable).
Provedrecoverablecoalreserves:thetoptencountries
EnergyDemand&Energysecurity
Fossilfuelswillcontinuetoprovidemorethan80%ofthetotalenergydemandwellintothe
future,and
accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency coalwillseethelargestdemandincreasein
absoluteterms,fromsome2772mtoein2004to4441mtoein2030.Thegreatestincreasein
thedemandforcoalwillbeinthedevelopingcountries,with86%indevelopingAsia,where
reservesarelargeandlowcost.Indiascoaluseisexpectedtogrowbysome3.3%perannumto
2030,morethandoublinginabsoluteterms.OECDcoaluseislikelytogrowmodestly.
Afurtherkeyfactoriscoalsrelativeaffordability
andlackofpricevolatility.Coalhasconsistently
outperformedoilandgasonanequivalentenergy
basis,anddespiteapotentialcostofcarbon,coal
islikelytoremainthemostaffordablefuelfor
powergenerationinmanydevelopingand
industrialisedcountriesforseveraldecades.
Eventsin2006ledtooilpricesrisingtoaround
US$80/bblandgaspricesspikingtonewhighs,
underliningcoalskeyroleinpowergeneration
worldwide.
February, 2010
Costofelectricitycomparison
Page 65
NaturalVentilation
Therearethreebasicnaturalventilationstrategiesthatcaneitherbeusedexclusively,in
combinationwitheachother,orincombinationwithmechanicalventilation(ahybridsystem).
Thethreebasicnaturalventilationstrategiesare[Emmerichetal.(2001)]:
1.Winddrivencrossventilation ventilationopenings,typicallywindows,onoppositesidesof
anenclosedspace.Requiresasignificantdifferenceinwindpressurebetweentheinletand
outletopeningsandaminimalinternalresistancetoflow.Aswell,McCreary(2001)
recommendslocatingnaturallyventilatedkitchens,laundriesandbathroomsontheleewardside
ofthebuildingtoaverthothumidairfrombeingreentrainedintootherspaces.
2.Buoyancydrivenstackventilation reliesondensitydifferencestodrawcool,outdoorairin
atlowventilationopeningsandexhaustwarm,indoorairathighventilationopenings.
Typicallyuseschimneysoratriatogeneratesufficientbuoyancyforcestoachievetherequired
flow.Windwillalsoinducepressuredistributionsonthebuildingenvelopethatwillalsoact
todriveairflowandmaywellbemoreimportantthanbuoyancyeffects.Successfuldesigns
willseekwaystotakefulladvantageofboth.
3.Singlesidedventilation ventilationairflowisdrivenbyroomscalebuoyancyeffects,small
differencesinenvelopewindpressures,and/orturbulence.Consequently,drivingforcesfor
singlesidedventilationtendtoberelativelysmallandhighlyvariable.Thisistheleast
attractivesolutionbutcanservesingleoffices.
$
Energystorageisexpectedtoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheevolutionofthe
powergridparticularlytoaccommodateincreasingpenetrationofintermittentrenewable
energyresourcesandtoimproveelectricalpowersystem(EPS)performance.Coordinated,
consistent,interconnectionstandards,communicationstandards,andimplementation
guidelinesarerequiredforenergystoragedevices(ES),powerelectronicsconnected
distributedenergyresources(DER),hybridgenerationstoragesystems(ESDER),andplugin
electricvehicles(PEV).
February, 2010
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Theideaofcompressedairenergystorageisntnew,butcheapandplentifulenergyhas
precludedmuchresearch.Thelowtechexplanationgoeslikethis:excessenergyfromapower
plantisusedtorunaircompressors,whichpumpairintoanundergroundcave,whereitis
storedunderpressure.Whenreleased,theairpowersaturbine,creatingelectricity.Theinitial
energyusedtoforcetheairundergroundcancomefromwind,solar,nuclearoranysource.
EnergyStorageandPowerplanstomarketandlicenseitstechnologytoelectricutility
companies,independentpowerproducers,winddevelopersandtransmissionowners.The
companyhopestostartdeployingitstechnologywithin5to10years.
AnearlierversionofNakhamkinsdesignisalreadyinuseata110megawattnaturalgaspower
plantinAlabama,showingthatthetechnologyisviable.AndEnergyStorageandPowerisnt
alone.TheDepartmentofEnergy,SandiaNationalLabs,andseveralMidwesternutilitiesare
alreadyatworkdesigningacompressedairstoragesystemforaplantinIowascheduledfor
completionby2012.
Gridenergystorage
Gridenergystorage(alsocalledlargescaleenergystorage)referstothemethodsusedtolarge
scalestoreelectricitywithinanelectricalpowergrid.Electricalenergyisstoredduringtimes
whenproduction(frompowerplants)exceedsconsumptionandthestoresareutilizedattimes
whenconsumptionexceedsproduction.Inthisway,electricityproductionmustnotbeso
drasticallyscaledupanddowntomeetmomentaryconsumption instead,productionis
maintainedatamoreconstantlevel.Thishastheadvantagethatfuelbasedpowerplants(i.e.
coal,oil,gas)canbemoreefficientlyandeasilyoperatedatconstantproductionlevels.
Inparticular,theuseofgridconnectedintermittentenergysourcessuchasphotovoltaicsand
windturbinescanbenefitfromgridenergystorage.Intermittentenergysourcesarebynature
unpredictable theamountofelectricalenergytheyproducevariesovertimeanddepends
heavilyonrandomfactorssuchastheweather.Inanelectricalpowergridwithoutenergy
storage,energysourcesthatrelyonenergystoredwithinfuels(coal,oil,gas)mustbescaledup
anddowntomatchtheriseandfallofenergyproductionfromintermittentenergysources(see
loadfollowingpowerplant).
Thus,gridenergystorageisonemethodthattheoperatorofanelectricalpowergridcanuseto
adaptenergyproductiontoenergyconsumption,bothofwhichcanvaryrandomlyovertime.
Thisisdonetoincreaseefficiencyandlowerthecostofenergyproduction,and/ortofacilitate
theuseofintermittentenergysources.
February, 2010
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Electricalinterconnectionguidelines
Electricalinterconnectionguidelinesandstandardsforenergystorage,hybridgenerationstorage,
andotherpowerelectronicsbasedESDERequipmentneedtobedevelopedalongwiththeES
DERobjectmodelsforpowersystemoperationalrequirements.
Objectives:
InvolveabroadsetofstakeholderstoaddressESDERelectricinterconnectionissues,including
utilitiesfromdifferentregions,theinternationalcommunity,groupsaddressingsimilarissues
(suchaswindturbineinterconnection),vendors,researchers,andothers.
DevelopScopingDocumenttoidentifytheESDERinterconnectionandoperationalinterface
requirementsforthefullspectrumofapplicationissues:highpenetrationofESDER,ridethrough
ofpowersystemanomalies,pluginelectricvehicles,andallsizesofESDERsystems,including
thoseatcustomersites,withindistributionsystems,andattransmissionlevel.Thesemayendup
withmultipleprojects,someofwhichmaybedoneinparallel,andmayleadtoaplanning
guideline.
DevelopUseCasestoidentifyinterconnectionandobjectmodelingrequirementsforESDER
beforeelectricalconnectivitystandardsaredeveloped.TheseUseCaseswouldinclude
coordinationwithPEVandWindUseCases.
UpdateoraugmenttheIEEE1547distributionlevelstandardsseriesasappropriateto
accommodatethewiderangeofESDERsystemrequirements.
ES(energystorage)systems
VarioustypesofESDERsystemsareemerging.Eachtypewillhavedifferentrangesofabilitiesto
respondtopowergridmanagementrequests,andwillusedifferentsystemparametersand
technologyspecificconstraintsforforecastingtheiravailability.Furthermore,thestorageneeds
(power,energy,dutycycle,andfunctionality)willalsodependonthegriddomainwherethe
storageisused(e.g.,transmission,distribution,consumer,etc.).Theseconsiderationsshouldbe
includedinthestorageandhybridgenerationstorageinterconnectionandinformationmodel
standards.
Examplesofthedifferentstoragerequirementsforgridservicesinclude:
AncillaryServices includingloadfollowing,operationalreserve,frequencyregulation,and15
minutesfastresponse.
Peakshaving
Blackstart,islanding
Renewables integration:rampratecontrol,solarcloudridethru
Managingdiurnalcyclesforwind/solar:largeenergycapacity,peakshift
Relievingcongestionandconstraints:shortduration(powerapplication,stability)andlong
duration(energyapplication,relievethermalloading).
Aspartofamicrogrid.
February, 2010
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Storage technologies
Examplesofstoragetechnologies:
Pumped Hydro
CompressedAirEnergyStorage(CAES)
Flywheels
Batteries,mobileand stationary
SuperCapacitors (SuperCaps)
Superconducting Magnetics
ThermalStorage
FuelCells(reversible)
HydrogenStorage
CoolRoofmaterialsreflectthesunsheatbeforeitenterstheinteriorofthebuilding.This
willlowercoolingcosts.
InsulationUpgradescanincreaseefficiencyandhelptomaintaintheinteriortemperature
withoutadditionalheatingorcoolingcosts.
WindowFilmorSolarAwningscanreducetheamountofsunlightenteringthebuilding
reducingtheamountofheatgain.Thiscanprotectinteriorfinishes,furnitureand
equipment.IfaSolarAwningisused,notonlycanitshadetheinterior,itwillalsoproduce
freeelectricity.
GreenRoofmaterials(plants,waterproofmembranesandgrowingmedium)canalsohelp
tokeeptheroofcoolerandabsorblessheat.Thegreenroofwillalsohelpwithrainwater
runoffandgivetenantsoremployeesandoutdoorspaceinanurbanenvironment.
February, 2010
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PassiveCoolingandSunControl
Passivesystems internalconditionsaremodifiedasaresultofthebehaviour ofthebuilding
formandfabric.
Generalstrategiesforpassiveheatingandcooling:
Coldwinters maximise solargainandreduceheatloss.
Hotsummers minimise solargainandmaximise heatremoval.
Correctorientationanduseofwindows.
Appropriateamountsofthermalmassandinsulation.
Provisionforventilation(natural).
Strategiesforshadingandsuncontrol:
Externalprojection (overhangsandsidefins).
Externalsystems integralwiththewindowframeorattachedtothebuildingface,
suchaslourves andscreens.
Speciallytreatedwindowglass,suchasheatabsorbingandreflectingglass.
Internaltreatments eitheropaqueorsemiopaque,suchascurtainsandblinds.
ForhotandhumidclimatelikeHongKong,extensiveshadingwithoutaffectingventilationis
usuallyrequiredallyearround.Shadingoftheeastandwestfacadesismoreimportant.
Daylighting
Daylightcanbeusedtoaugmentorreplaceelectriclighting.Efficientdaylighting designshould
consider:
Skyconditions
Siteenvironment
Buildingspaceandform
Glazingsystems
Artificiallightingsystems
Airconditioningsystems
Thecomplexinteractionbetweendaylight,electriclightsandHVACshouldbestudiedcarefully
inordertoachieveadesirablesolution.
Advancedwindowtechnologieshavebeendevelopedtochange/switchtheoptical
propertiesofwindowglasssoastocontroltheamountofdaylight.Therearealsoinnovative
daylighting technologiesnowbeinginvestigated:
Lightpipesystems
Lightshelves
Mirrorsystems
Prismaticglazing
Holographicdiffractingsystems
February, 2010
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HVACSystems
EnergyefficiencyofmanyHVACsubsystemsandequipmenthasbeenimprovedgraduallyoverthe
years,suchasinairsystems,watersystems,centralcoolingandheatingplants.
EnergyefficientHVACdesignnowbeingusedorstudiedinclude:
Variableairvolume(VAV)systemstoreducefanenergyuse
Outsideaircontrolbytemperature/enthalpylevel.
Heatpumpandheatrecoverysystem
Buildingenergymanagementandcontrolsystems.
Naturalventilationandnaturalcoolingstrategies.
Thermalstoragesystems(suchasicethermal
storage)arealsobeingstudiedtoachieve
energycostsaving.Althoughinprinciplethey
willnotincreaseenergyefficiency,theyare
usefulfordemandsidemanagement.
ActiveSolarandPhotovoltaics
Solarthermalsystems (activesolar)provideusefulheatatalowtemperature.This
technologyismatureandcanbeappliedtohotwater,spaceheating,swimmingpool
heatingandspaceabsorptioncooling.
Thesystemconsistsofsolarcollectors,aheatstoragetankandwaterdistribution
mains.Anintegratedcollectorstoragesystemhasalsobeendevelopedrecentlyto
eliminatetheneedforaseparatestoragetank.
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Photovoltaic(PV)systems convertsunlightintoelectricityusingasemiconductor
device.ThemainadvantagesofPVsystemsinclude:
Reasonableconversionefficiencies(618%).
PVmodulescanbeefficientlyintegratedinbuildings,minimising visualintrusion.
Theirmodularityandstaticcharacter.
Highreliabilityandlonglifetime.
Lowmaintenancecost.
Inpractice,PVtechnologycanbeusedforcentralgenerationorbuildingintegrated
systems(BIPV).Thesystemscanbeofthestandalonetype,hybridtypeorgrid
connectedtype.AlthoughthecostofPVisstillhighatpresent,itmaybecomecost
effectiveinthehearfuture.
Gridconnectedsolarphotovoltaicsystem
ClassificationofClimates
Manydifferentsystemsofclimateclassificationareinusefordifferentpurposes.Climaticzones
suchastropical,arid,temperatureandcoolarecommonlyfoundforrepresentingclimatic
conditions.Forthepurposesofbuildingdesignasimplesystembasedonthenatureofthe
thermalproblemintheparticularlocationisoftenused.
Coldclimates,wherethemainproblemisthelackofheat(underheating),oranexcessiveheat
dissipationforallormostpartsoftheyear.
Temperateclimates,wherethereisaseasonalvariationbetweenunderheating and
overheating,butneitherisverysevere.
Hotdry(arid)climates,wherethemainproblemisoverheating,buttheairisdry,sothe
evaporativecoolingmechanismofthebodyisnotrestricted.Thereisusuallyalargediurnal(day
night)temperaturevariation.
Warmhumidclimates,wheretheoverheatingisnotasgreatasinhotdryareas,butitis
aggravatedbyveryhighhumidities,restrictingtheevaporationpotential.Thediurnal
temperaturevariationissmall.
Thegeneralclimate(macroclimate)is
influencedbythetopographty,the
vegetationandthenatureofthe
environmentonaregionalscale
(mesoclimate)oratalocallevelwithinthe
siteitself(microclimate).
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ImportanceofClimaticDesign
Climatehasamajoreffectonbuildingperformanceandenergyconsumption.Theprocessof
identifying,understandingandcontrollingclimaticinfluencesatthebuildingsiteisperhaps
themostcriticalpartofbuildingdesign.Thekeyobjectivesofclimaticdesigninclude:To
reduceenergycostofabuilding
Touse"naturalenergy"insteadofmechanicalsystemandpower
Toprovidecomfortableandhealthyenvironmentforpeople
ClimaticElements
Themainclimaticelements,regularlymeasuredbymeteorologicalstations,andpublishedin
summaryformare:
Temperature drybulbtemperature.
Humidity expressedasrelativehumidityorabsolutehumidity,orthewebbulb
temperatureordewpointtemperaturemaybestated,fromwhichthehumiditycanbe
deduced.
Airmovement bothwindspeedanddirectionareindicated.
Precipitation thetotalamountofrain,hail,snow,dew,measuredinraingaugesand
expressedinmmperunittime(day,month,year).
Cloudcover basedonvisualobservationandexpressedasafractionofthesky
hemisphere(tenths,or'octas'=eights)coveredbyclouds.
Sunshineduration theperiodofclearsunshine(whenasharpshadowiscast),measured
byasunshinerecorderwhichburnsatraceonapaperstrip,expressedashoursperdayor
month.
Solarradiation measuredbyapyranometer,onanunobstructedhorizontalsurfaceand
recordedeitherasthecontinuouslyvaryingirradiance(W/m2),orthroughanelectronic
integratorasirradianceoverthehourorday.
February, 2010
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FactorsAffectingClimaticDesign
Thelocalmicroclimateandsitefactorswillaffecttheactualenvironmentalconditionsof
thebuilding.Theimportantsiterelatedfactorsshouldbeconsideredwhenmakingthe
climateanalysis:
Topography elevation,slopes,hillsandvalleys,groundsurfaceconditions.
Vegetation height,mass,silhouette,texture,location,growthpatterns.
Builtforms nearbybuildings,surfaceconditions.
Majorthermaldesignfactorstobestudiedinclude:solarheatgain,conductionheat
flowandventilationheatflow.
Thedesignvariablesinarchitecturalexpressionthatareimportantwillinclude:
Shape surfacetovolumeratio;orientation;buildingheight.
Buildingfabric materialsandconstruction;thermalinsulation;surfacequalities;
shadingandsuncontrol.
Fenestration thesize,positionandorientationofwindows;windowglassmaterials;
externalandinternalshadingdevices.
Ventilation airtightness;outdoorfreshair;crossventilationandnaturalventiation.
CLIMATEANALYSIS
Differentdesignsituationswillrequiredifferentweatherdataforthestudy.Climate
analysiscarriedoutatinitialdesignstagemaybeusedfor:
developdesignstrategies
checkcondensationproblemsinsomecases
optimizationofinsulation
Loadandenergycalculationcarriedoutatoutlineanddetaildesignstageswillrequire
weatherdatafor:
calculationofcoolingandheatingrequirements
designofheating,ventilatingandairconditioning(HVAC)systems
energyestimationofbuildings
February, 2010
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Microclimate
Eachspecificsitehasitsownuniqueclimaticcharacteristicsthatneedtobeanalyzed.
Theclimaticaspectsofthespecificsiteorareasonthesitearecalledthemicroclimate.
Thespecificcharacteristicsofthesiteareanalyzedonlyafteronehasagood
understandingofthemacroclimateandgeneralclimaticcharacteristicswhichgivean
overviewoftheclimateforyourregion.Themicroclimatemustbestudiednotonlyfor
thenaturalelements,butforhowanymanmadeelements,suchasbuildingsand
landscapingareaffectingand/orwillaffectthesite.
Theintentionofsustainabledesignistocreatehigherperformancebuildingsthatareintegrated
withtheenvironment.Boththeoutdoorandindoormicroclimateplayasignificantroleina
buildingsabilitytoachievetheseobjectives,whetheritberelatedtosafetyissuessuchaswind
andsnowloads,energyissuessuchassolargainsandventilation;orcomfortissuessuchas
temperatureandairquality.
Althoughtherearevaluablebenefitsforbuildingownersandtenantstobederivedfrom
theinclusionofsustainableconceptsinabuildingsdesign,therecanberisksifmicroclimateissues
arenoteffectivelyaddressed.Theriskscanrangefromoccupantdiscomforttohealthandsafety
concernsand,almostalways,resultinincreasedcosts operating,retrofitand/orrepair.
Designreviewsanddetailedengineeringstudiescarriedoutbymicroclimatespecialistsofferan
approachthatistailoredtothedesignandsitingofthespecificbuilding,therebyrefiningthe
designandincreasingthepotentialforachievingtheprojectobjectives.Physicalscalemodeltests
inaboundarylayerwindtunnelandCFDcomputersimulationsaretwoeffectivetoolsthatcan
predictmanyimportantmicroclimateimpactsandprovethebuildingperformanceundernormal
oremergencyconditions.
February, 2010
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KEYISSUES
Anumberoftheissuesrelatedtotheoutdoorandindoormicroclimateareoutlinedbelow.
AlthoughnotalloftheissuesarespecifictoGreenBuildings,theyarerelevanttothe
creationofhigherperformancebuildings,whichistheintentionofsustainabledesign:
1.Wind Claddingandstructuralloads,pedestrianlevelcomfort,naturalventilation,energy
production.
2.Solar Daylighting,solarheating,coolingloadreduction,energyproductionand
conservation.
3.TemperatureandHumidity Naturalventilation,thermalcomfort.
4.Noise,Vibration&Acoustics Soundandvibrationisolation(externalandinternal),
performanceofacousticallysensitivespaces.
5.AirQuality Exhaustreentrainment,ambientpollutionlevels.
6.AirDistribution Thermalcomfort,indoorairquality,condensationcontrol,smoke
management.
7.Snow Structuralloads,slidingiceandsnow.
THERISKSANDBENEFITSOFMICROCLIMATEISSUES
Someofthepotentialrisksthatmicroclimateissuespresenttobuildingdesignersareoutlinedin
the
followingtable.Thetablealsoincludessomeofthepotentialbenefitsassociatedwithaddressing
theseissuesearlyinthebuildingdesign:
February, 2010
Page 76
MICROCLIMATEASPECTS
AirDistribution
Theeffectivedistributionofairinsidebuildingsundernormalandemergencyoperatingconditions
isessentialtoachievingoccupanthealth,comfortandsafetyaswellasmanagingbuilding
deteriorationfromcondensation,moldandmildew.Buildingcodesprovideminimumratesforthe
supplyofoutsideairundernormaloperatingconditionsbutdonottypicallyprovideanyguidance
onthedistributionofsupplyair.
Underfireconditionstheyaremore
specificinthattheylimitmakeup
airvelocitiesforsmokemanagement
systemsto200fpmbutagainprovidelittle
ornoguidanceonwheremakeupair
intakesshouldbelocated.
CFDmodelingcanpredicttheperformance
oftheproposedventilationsystem.The
outputfromtheCFDmodelingincludesair
speedandtemperature.Thisinformation
canillustratethelevelofthermal
stratification,draft,condensationpotential,
thermalcomfortofoccupantsand
distributionofsolarloads.
AtriumSmokeCFDSimulation
February, 2010
Page 77
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
KarstenMenzel UCC
Sources
KarstenMenzel LecturesITCEuromaster Course
EnergyAnalysisToolsbyRichardParadis StevenWinterAssociates
Energy PerformanceEvaluationofanEducationalFacility:TheAdamJosephLewisCenterfor
EnvironmentalStudies,Oberlin College,Oberlin,Ohioby S.D.Pless andP.A.Torcellini
February, 2010
Page 78
Module3Lesson13descriptioncontent
FirstSemester
Intermediate
|
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanningSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:337h
February, 2010
Page 79
February, 2010
Page 80
BuildingLife
Cycle
Design
Construction
Operation
February, 2010
Page 81
10
February, 2010
Page 82
This file can then be used to import design data into the
database ready for operation.
ISO-10303-21;
HEADER;
FILE_DESCRIPTION (('ArchiCAD generated IFC file.'),
'2;1');
FILE_NAME ('RoomandSensor.IFC', '2002-07-15T11:03:14',
('Architect'), ENDSEC;
DATA;
#6 = IFCPERSON ('FamilyName', $, $, $, $, (), ());
#7 = IFCORGANIZATION ('OrganizationName', (), (), $);
#8 = IFCORGANIZATION ('Graphisoft', (), (), $);
#9 = IFCAPPLICATION ('ArchiCAD', 'ArchiCAD 7.0
(Graphisoft)', '7.0', #8);
#10 = IFCPERSONANDORGANIZATION (#6, #7, ());
#11 = IFCTRANSACTION (1026727393, #10, #9);
#12 = IFCAUDITTRAIL (1026727393, $, #10, $, #9, $,
(#11));
#14 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .LENGTHUNIT., .MILLI., .METRE.);
#15 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .AREAUNIT., $, .SQUARE_METRE.);
#16 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .VOLUMEUNIT., $, .CUBIC_METRE.);
Database
BuildingProductModel
11
Module3Lesson13description
FirstSemester
|
Intermediate
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanningSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:337h
12
February, 2010
Page 83
Benchmarkhistoricalandcurrentperformance
Oncebaselinemeasureshavebeenestablished,itisimportanttonextdevelopandevaluatethe
baselinedatarelativetotherelevantperformancebenchmarks.Benchmarksprovideintuitive
insightintothecomparativeperformanceofafacilityoracomponentwithinthatfacility.
Benchmarkscanbebasedonindustrystandardsasidentifiedbyahostofcredibleindustry
associationsandresearchorganizations,suchastheUptimeInstitute,LawrenceBerkleyNational
Labs(LBNL),andthenewlycreatedGreenGridconsortium.Inadditiontothesewholefacility
metrics,organizationsliketheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencysEnergyStarorganizationand
theAmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigerationandAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE)offer
componentlevelefficiencyratings.
13
14
February, 2010
Page 84
Topologicalrelationsbetweenroomsandelements
Roomsdefinedbysurfacesofconstruction
elements&containtechnicalsystem
elements.
Technicalsystemshavetheirown
compositionalstructure(generally
hierarchical).
Thereferenceunitsareinterrelatedthrough
thecompositionofthebuilding.Theycan
generallyberecomposedbygeneralization
fromthe"buildingasbuilt"toearlierstages.
The"buildingasbuilt"canbeconsideredas
themostcompleterepresentationofa
building.
BuildingRepresentationbasedonelements&specifications
15
SystemArchitecture
Thisarchitecturerepresentsanewand
affordableICTforenergyintensivesystems
for:
(1)designandsimulationofenergyuse
profilescoveringtheentirelifecycleof
energyintensive
products(manufacturing,useanddisposal),
servicesandprocesses;
(2)intelligentandinteractivemonitoringof
energyproduction,distribution,tradingand
use,e.g.intelligentmetering,network
management,inhouseconsumption
management;and
(3)innovativetools,businessmodelsand
platformsforenergyefficiencyservice
provisionprovidingcontinuous
andaccurateinformationtodecisionmakers,
inindustryandpolicymaking
16
February, 2010
Page 85
SystemIntegration
TheSystemprovidershallfurnishandinstallafullyintegratedBuildingManagementSystem(BMS),
incorporatingdistributedcontroltechniquesandstandardopencommunicationnetworks.Thesystem
shallbeimplementedasanintegrated,opensolution,whichenablesServiceCenterconnectivitythrough
standardBuildingOperatingSystem(BOS)interface.
Theintegratedsystemsshallincludecontrolsandmonitoringofthewholebuilding(BMSandSecurity)
andeachroom/apartmentwheneverapplicable.
IntegratedBuildingManagementandSecuritySystemsshallincludethefollowingsubsystems:
BMS/Buildingautomation(cooling/heatingcontrol,ventilationcontrol,pumps,etc.)
Lightingcontrolofcommonareas
Consumptionmeasurementsofwater,electricityandcooling(heating)energy
Accesscontrolsystemforcommonareas
Intruderalarmsystemforcommonareas
Videomonitoringsystemforcommonareas
Firealarmsystem
Centralbatterysystem
17
LectureNotesstructureV2.0(D5.32)
Module3Lesson13description
FirstSemester
|
Intermediate
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanningSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:337h
18
February, 2010
Page 86
ModellingtheBuilding
TheBIMsoftwaredrawingsareusedtocreate,usedandobtainconcretebuilding
informationthatcanbeeasilyuse.
RevitArchitectureModelandsection
20
February, 2010
Page 87
Separateroomspaces/volumesneedtobeidentifiedonthe
modelforIEStorecognizethem
Thisprocedureisdonegraphicallyusingsidebysideviewsof
planandsection.Oncecreated,eachindividualvolumecanbe
renamedforlocationandtypeofuse.
21
OptionsforConstructionandPlaceandLocationopensseparate
windowsasshown
22
February, 2010
Page 88
23
Module3Lesson13description
FirstSemester
|
Intermediate
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanningSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:337h
24
February, 2010
Page 89
February, 2010
Page 90
FEDS(ThefacilityEnergyDecisionSystem)
Providesacomprehensivemethodforquicklyandobjectivelyidentifyingenergyimprovementsthatoffer
maximumsavings.Itisaneasytousetoolforidentifyingretrofits,selectingminimumlifecyclecosts,
determiningpayback,andenablinguserstoprioritizeoptions.TheFEDSsystemallowsdatainputtorangefrom
minimaltoextremelydetailed.
Key Strengths
Key Weaknesses
Peak Tracking
27
Hour-by-hour simulation
Everything is editable
Climate Specific
Key Weaknesses
28
February, 2010
Page 91
BuildingDesignAdvisor
TheBDAisacomputerprogramthatsupportstheconcurrent,integrateduseofmultiplesimulationtoolsand
databases,throughasingle,objectbasedrepresentationofbuildingcomponentsandsystems.BDA(BuildingDesign
Advisor)actsasadatamanagerandprocesscontroller,allowingbuildingdesignerstobenefitfromthecapabilitiesof
multipleanalysisandvisualizationtoolsthroughoutthebuildingdesignprocess.BDAisimplementedasaWindows
basedapplicationandislinkedtoaSchematicGraphicEditorandtwosimplifiedsimulationtools,onefordaylightand
oneforenergyanalyses.
Key Strengths
Key Weaknesses
Graphic input
29
Module3Lesson13description
FirstSemester
|
Intermediate
Module3
EnergyEfficientPlanningSystem
Credits:12
Number of Lectures:33
Lecture hours perweek:9
Lecture Hours intotal:135
Workingload intotal:337h
30
February, 2010
Page 92
31
32
February, 2010
Page 93
LightingandDaylighting
Theindoorlightingzonesincludemechanicalrooms,
bathrooms,kitchen,corridorzones,classrooms,
offices,atrium,andauditorium.Figure47and
Figure48showthetypeandlocationofeach
luminaire.Table43describeseachluminaire;
lightingcontrolsaredescribedinTable44.The
highlyoccupied
classroomlightingzonesarelocatedonthesouth
sideofthebuildingtomaximizethedaylighting
potential.Theminimallyoccupiedspaces,suchas
themechanicalrooms,arelocatedonthenorthside
ofthebuildingpartiallybelowgrade.Anorthfacing
clerestoryallowsdiffusedaylighttoassistin
illuminatingthesecondfloorcorridor,northfacing
offices,andsouthfacingclassrooms.The
auditorium
hasnowindowsorclerestory,asdefinedbythe
originalprogramforthebuilding.
33
PVPanelLayout
34
February, 2010
Page 94
Schematicoftheconsoleheatpumps&howtheyoperate
35
EvaluationTimeline
36
February, 2010
Page 95
Whole buildingevaluationflowchart
37
SinglelineBuildingelectricalsystemplan&DASmeterLocations
38
February, 2010
Page 96
39
ERV2airtemperaturemeasurements
40
February, 2010
Page 97
Monthlysiteenergyconsumption&production,January2000 February2003
41
Powerpoint Outline
February, 2010
Page 98
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
RaimarScherer TUD
Content
BasicstructureoftheIFCmodel
OverviewandprincipalarchitectureoftheIFCmodel
Modellingparadigm differenceswithregardtoSTEP/EXPRESS
Maincomponentsofthekernelmodel
Theproductextensionandtheprocessextensionlayers
Resources,relationshipsandpropertyobjects
Domainmodelextensions concept,modellingapproach,currentstateand
developmentplans
February, 2010
Page 99
IFCstructure
Domain
Layer
Interoperability
Layer
Kernel
Layer
Resource
Layer
IFC Structure
Kernel
(ABS)
IfcRoot
(ABS)
IfcObjectDefinition
Newabstract
entity inIFC2X3
(ABS)
IfcObject
IfcProduct
3new inverse
relationships in
IFC2X4
Actor
Group
Process
4
February, 2010
Control
Resource
Page 100
IFC Structure
(ABS)IfcProduct
ProductExtension
Newentity
inIFC2X4
(ABS)
IfcSpatialElementType
Newentity
inIFC2X4
IfcGeographicElementType
IfcElementAssemblyType
Newentity
inIFC2X4
IFC Structure
SharedBuilding
Elements
(ABS)IfcProduct
February, 2010
Page 101
IFC Structure
(ABS)IfcProduct
StructuralAnalysis
Domain
Newin
IFC2X4
Newin
IFC2X4
7
Inheritance of Attributes
Name
Kernel
February, 2010
Page 102
Inheritance of Attributes
(ABS)IfcProduct
SharedBuilding
Elements
Product data
Quantities
Quality
Specification
Filter
Prozesse
Events
Task
Use
Functions
Result
Achievements
10
February, 2010
Page 103
ObjectView
ClassView
SelectedObjectSets S [1:?]
DefinesFeatureSubset S[1:?]
QuerySetSelect
ViewDefinitionSelect
...
all-embracing
product data
model
selected
data objects
with references
to unneeded
data objects
...
Adjust the
data content of the
selected objects
1
2
reduced
content with all
necessary data
11
Classviews:
based onBIMdefinition,e.g.IFC
(differention based onclass and attribute level
as wellas reference paths)
definition of designdata belonging to selectable objects
(evaluation of referenced objects by using the concept of subviews)
addedbygenericview
IfcSpace
selected object
IfcBuildingStorey
addedbygenericview
(INV)
IfcRelAggregates
IfcColumn
IfcBeam
removedbygenericview
12
February, 2010
Page 104
Toplevelentitiesfordefinitionofpredefinedviews(EXPRESSG)
13
result of an
object
selection
= object set
14
February, 2010
Page 105
BasedOn S [1:?]
SecondOperand
FirstOperand
SetOperation
ModelID
Select
Matches S[1:?]
SetOperation
SetOperationTypeEnum
SelectTypeSelect
...
15
Implementation
ViewEdit
Definitionand maintenance of predefined views
ViewClient +Server
Adaptionto specific needs
schema overview
selected
classes
selected objects
16
February, 2010
Page 106
GAEB
1) BasisClasses
2) Object(IfcObject):fundamentalobject types
1) Product (IfcProduct)
2) Proxy(IfcProxy)
3) Process (IfcProcess)
4) Actor (IfcActor)
5) Project(IfcProject)
3) Units(IfcUnit)
4) Principleoftheobjectrelations
5) Fundamentalrelations types
1) Assignment
2) Grouping
3) Decomposition
4) Projectand building structure
5) Association
6) Definition
7) Connection
8) Geometry concept
9) Representation concept
1) GeneralInformation
1) Organisation
2) Tasks
2) Dataexchange
1) Informationstructure
2) Activity structure
3) Process steps exchange
phases
4) Dataexchange scenario
5) AVASoftwaresystem
Architectur
6) Standarddescription
7) GAEBXMLSchema
BasisClasses
RootClass
allClasses inIFC(except RessourcesClasses)
are Subclasses of IfcRoot
IfcObject is the
Superclassofall
things(and/or
objects)
February, 2010
IfcPropertyDefinition
Isthe SuperClass
Of allthe Objects
characteristics that
can be assigned
IfcRelationship is the
SuperClass of all
relationships between objects
Page 107
Object
TheIFCpatterncontains7fundamentalobjecttypes:
Product:are materialObjects
Processes:areactivities(e.g.advertisement,
executionofconstruction,FM)
Control:Conceptsthattheotherobjectssteer
orlimit(e.g.standards,Regulations)
Product
IfcProduct covers allmaterials that are part of aproject (by supply,production or from
several products that the production is been developed)
ObjectPlacement can:
be absolute(relativeto the absolutecartesian coordinate system)
be relative(relativeto local coordinatesystems from some other products),or
take place based onascanning system (relativeto scanning axles)
Representationisthecontainerforallgeometricalrepresentationsofaproduct
allgeometric representations are referred to the object placement that defines the local
coordinate system
February, 2010
Page 108
Proxy
IfcProxy is aspecial SubClass of IfcProduct,where new objects can indivdually be
defined which are notcontained inthe IFCmodel
A ProxyObject can possess ageometrical representation and aplacement
ProxyObjectscanbefurtherspecifiedbymeansofPropertyDefinitions
Process
IfcProcess covers activities
Work/achievementisimplemented/furnishedinacertaintime
Processescanbedesignatedanddescribed
Processescancontainameasureforproductivity
IfcProcess connectsobjects,onwhichtheprocessworksas
inputoroutput
Predecessorsandsuccessorsdefinearelationship,which
describestheremarksequence(IfcRelSequence)
February, 2010
Page 109
Actor
IfcActor describespersonsororganizationswhoareactiveinaproject
Coversinformation about :
Participation onaProject
Futureusers (inFMcontext)
Project
IfcProject isthecontainerforallinformationwhichcanbeexchanged
Ineach IFC file (or Database)only one object of the IfcProject class can be contained
IfcProject specifiestheglobalinformationaboutaproject(that only once can be
declare):
Used standard units
AbsoluteCartesian coordinate system
Coordinate dimensions
Usedaccuracyofthegeometricalrepresentations
Anorderrelated to the absoluteCartesian coordinate system
February, 2010
Page 110
Units
Unitsderived from
basic units
Monetary is aspecial
unit
SIunits,nationalunits (e.g.inches),
context depending units (e.g.truck
load)
Principleoftheobjectrelations
>Relationsbetweenclassesasobjectsshown objective Relations
February, 2010
Page 111
Objectrelations
TheIFCpatterncontains5fundamentalrelationstypes:
Make possible that aClientObject
use the services of other objects.
Definesonepartialof
hierarchyand/orstructure
Applies atypedefinition or a
propertyset definition to anObject
Definesaconnection
betweenobjects
Objectrelations:Assignment
IfcRelAssigns isthemostgeneralformofanobjectrelationshipinIFC
itpermitsrelationsbetweenallobjecttypes,whichareSubClassesofIfcObject
February, 2010
Page 112
Objectrelations:Grouping
IfcGroup unitesseveralobjectstoalogicalunitwithinaproject
AnIndividualobjectcanbepartofseveralgroups
Agroupcanbepartofanothergroup(however notpart of its own )
Objectrelations:Decomposition
IfcRelDecomposes permits partialof relations
Nestingdividesobjectsofthesameclass
E.g..Dismantling of aSystem IfcSystem into SubSystems
Aggregationdividesobjectsofdifferentclasses
February, 2010
Page 113
Objectrelations:Grouping
Objectsrelations
Reinforcement
system
Vertical Carrying
system
Room system
Carrying system
LevelFloor A
Room A1
LevelFloor B
Fire compartment A
Room A2
WallA21
WallA11
February, 2010
Page 114
ObjectRelations:
spatialbuildingstructure
Usual building structure
Project
Building Site
Building
Floor
Floor
Floor
Floor
Floor
Building
Floor
Floor
Building
Floor
Floor
Floor
ObjectRelations:
spatialbuildingstructure
Decompositionhierarchyofthe
projectandbuildingstructure:
February, 2010
Page 115
Objectrelations:Association
IfcRelAssociates permitsrelationsbetweenobjectsand
(external)Documents
asindicatorsonthedocumentascontainers
Objectrelations:Definition
IfcRelDefines isusedforthedescriptionofobjectsbymeansofcharacteristicquantities
orTypedefinitons
February, 2010
Page 116
Objectrelations:Connection
Aconnectingrelationshipcanbephysicalorlogical.
IfcRelVoidsElement:definestheopeningrelationshipbetweenanopeningandaphysicalobject
IfcRelFillsElement:definesthefillingrelationsbetweenanopeningandaphysicalobject
IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure:definesthehierarchicalconnectionbetweendifferentspatial
structures(buildingground,building,floor,area)
IfcRelSpacceBoundary:definestheconnectionbetweenanareaandthecircumscribingphysical
objects
IfcRelConnectsElements:definesthephysicalconnection(as1:1relationship)betweenobjects(e.g.
Walls)
IfcRelConnectsPorts:definesthelogicalconnectionbetweenbuildingserviceelementsand
connectionpoints
Objectrelations:Connectionbetween
Structures
Example:Connection
ofonestairsandtwo
wallstodifferent
Hierarchiclevelsofa
building
February, 2010
Page 117
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
RaimarScherer&PeterKatranuschkov TUD
February, 2010
Page 118
Content
RelevantIFCelementsforEEinbuildingdesignandlifecycleperformance
Theconceptofsharedelements
Relevantsharedbuildingelements description,relationships,EErelated
features
Relevantsharedbuildingserviceselements description,relationships,EE
relatedfeatures
Relevantsharedmanagementandfacilitieselements
Overviewofprincipalmodellingapproachesforenhancementofexisting
elementswithEErelatedfeatures
BIMbasic work
Surface area
nDGUI
Structure components
Room area
Interior
Data Organization
Relation
between
elements
Documented
catalogs
Costs
3
February, 2010
Page 119
Datamodels
Definitions
MetaDatamodel
describestheconstructedconceptualprinciplesuchasobject,relation,attribute,
rules,transmission,etc
Datamodel
describestheconceptualpatternforaproductclass(building,bridges)
Productmodel
describes aconcrete product (and/or building)
Types
Domainmodels
Proprietaryof models
Model view
TheVisionof Interoperability
February, 2010
Page 120
Visionof IAI:Commonseedproject
datamodel
Architect
Civil
Engineer
Architect
Structural
Engineer
Building
Owner
Civil
Engineer
Building
Owner
HVAC
Engineer
Facilities
Manager
Structural
Engineer
Controls
Engineer
HVAC
Engineer
Facilities
Manager
Constr.
Manager
Controls
Engineer
Constr.
Manager
n:mDataintegration
1:nDataintegrationwith
commondatamodel
Normaldatabasesystemsarenotapplicable:
Longtransactionsarenotmanageable
Transactionsare notpredefined e.g.Draftactivitiesarenotformalised oronlyweakly
formalised .Thetreatmenttakesplacemuchmoreadhocdependinguponneeds.
February, 2010
Page 121
coordination
pointi
designsession
designer 1,:Architecture
coordination
designer 2:structural engineering
persistent
common
data modelj
persistent
common
data modeli
checkout
temporary
info
checkin
HKL,alternative1
HKL,alternative2
local
consolidated
design
8
Partial Model
(View) sn
Partial Model
(View) sn+1
2
Planning conditions tn
Daysor weeks
Solutionsearched for:
1 Identificationofthedraftchanges(Comparisonof sn and sn+1)
2 Producenewconsistentplanningconditionstn+1
9
February, 2010
Page 122
Methodsoftheproductdatamanagement
PDMmethodsforthegeneralcooperativescenario
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Extractionofthemodelview(filters)
ModelTransformation
Consistency control (knowledgebased)
ModelComparison
ModelReintegration
ModelUnification
10
Problem
Generateadataviewthroughfiltering
11
February, 2010
Page 123
UseoffiltermethodstoIFCfiles
Complete model
Partialmodelwithoutwalls
Note:
IFCis the Data
structure of the
building industry
12
1thTaskintheinformationprocess
reintegrate
individualView
Mi
Mi+1
produce
individualview
Ma,i User
Modification
Ma,i+1
13
February, 2010
Page 124
Extractionofthemodelview(filters)
produce subset
Mi
Ma,i
Mi produce subset
Ma,i
14
Modeltransformation
map
Ma,i
Ai
Mi
produce subset
Ma,i
map
Ai
15
February, 2010
Page 125
Adaptationthroughusers
Usermodification
Ai
Mi
Ai+1
produce subset
Ma,i
map Usermodification
Ai
Ai+1
Consistency check
Consistency check
Ai+1
Mi
Ai+1
knowledgebased
each Domainneeds its own
knowledge base
produce subset
Ma,i
Consistency check
map
Ai
Ai+1
Ai+1
17
February, 2010
Page 126
InverseModelTransformation
map-out
Ai+1
Mi
Ma,i+1
produce subset
Ma,i+1
Ma,i
map
Ai
Usermodif.
Ai+1
18
2nd TaskintheInformationprocess
reintegrate
individualview
Mi
Produce
Individualview
Mi+1
Ma,i+1,i'
comparison
Ma,i User
Modification
Ma,i+1 map
Ma,i+1'
19
February, 2010
Page 127
2nd TaskintheInformationprocess
Mi+1
reintegrate
individualview
Mi
Produce
Individualview
Ma,i+1,i'
comparison
Ma,i Usermodification
Ma,i+1 map
Ma,i+1'
Normalization
Normalizationmustminimizeand/oridentifytheoccurrenceofunintentional,
apparentchanges.Apparent changes develop through:
Differentqualityoftheprograminterfaces
RepresentationandmodelingvarietyintheIFCmodel
Differentplanning parameters (e.g.kart. Cylinder coord.,differentcoord.
reference systems,units m mm)
20
Modelcomparison
2
Ma,i
compare
Srelatei+1
map
Ma,i+1
identifyMs
M
changes i+1 a,i+1,i
Ma,i+1,i
relate- compare.
Mi produce subset
UserModification
S/WModification
Ma,i+1
Ma,i
map
Ai
User Modif.
map
Ai+1
21
February, 2010
Page 128
2.TaskintheInformationprocess
Mi+1
reintegrate
individualview
Mi
Produce
Individualview
Ma,i+1,i'
comparison
Ma,i User
modification
Ma,i+1 map
Ma,i+1'
Listof changes:
X
X
X
Mustbe
approvedbyall.
22
ModelReintegration
Mi
relate -reintegrate
Ma,i+1,i
Mi+1
relate - reintegrate
Ma,i+1,i
Mi produce subset
Mi+1
relate- compare
Ma,i+1
Ma,i
map
Ai
User Modif.
Ai+1
map
Informationlossdueto
modelgenerationrecord
formationistobeadjustedby
meansofReintegration
23
February, 2010
Page 129
3rd TaskintheInformationprocess
Re integrate
Individual
view
Mi
Produce
IndividualView
Mi+1
compare
Ma,i User
Modification
Ma,i+1 map
joine
Ma,i+1,i'
Mi+c
...
Ma,i+1'
Mi+k
24
3rd TaskintheInformationprocess
Allmodification lists have to be compared mutually
Mi
reintegrated
individualview
Produce
Individualview
Mi+1
joine
Ma,i+1,i'
compare
Ma,i User
Modification
Ma,i+1 map
...
Ma,i+1'
Mi+k
Mi+c
Modification List
Modification list
i+1:
i+1:
X Modification Listk:
X
X X
X
X X
XX
2)Recognize inconsistencies
pursuechangesofdraft,i.e.capturedraftchanges
3)Synchronize particular,overlapping transactions,i.e. bringtogetherallthe
parallelgenerateddesignchanges
25
February, 2010
Page 130
ModelUnification
joine
Ma,i+1
MMMb,i+1
i+2
i+2
Mi+1
assign. - reintegrate joine
Ma,i+1
Mi
assign. - compare
produce subset
Mb,i+1
...
Mk,i+1
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ModelUnification
2
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joine
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ModelUnification
Ma,i+1
joine
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b,i+1
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Mi+1
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assign. - compare
produce subset
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28
Model view
Problem:
Whichwallsareneededandwhen?
1)
2)
Whichwallsformanarea?
necessarily for:
a)
b)
Energycomputation
Whichwallsareacarryingelement
Forwingunitcomputationtheentirewallisneededd.h.individualwallsareto
becombinedtoawallscreen
Differentperspectives(views)inmodeldata,e.g.:duetomoredifferently
workingonsystems,systemintegrationmustbeconsidered.
29
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Areaand wallallocation
30
ExampleforModelbasedDesign
Intergration of the Transrapidinthe main station of Mnchen.
Backgroundmaterialfor the bit of the designtask
31
February, 2010
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ApplicationuseofIFC
32
ApplicationuseofIFC
MainTrainStationWalls,gray asset
February, 2010
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ApplicationuseofIFC
WiredmodelMainTrainStation
34
ApplicationuseofIFC
Overheadcrossing U4/U5
35
February, 2010
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ApplicationuseofIFC
Stairways
West
Express
Elevators
Starways
Center
Overhead
crossing
U1/U2
Stairway East
36
Powerpoint Outline
February, 2010
Page 136
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
KarstenMenzel UCC
Sources
InformationTechnologyinArchitecture,Engineeringand Construction
DynamicBuildingModellingLecture 1andLecture 2 ICTEuromasterLectures
Autor:AnaKosiel,KarstenMenzel
Remark
This lecture is very practical oriented and therfore software product based inand to provide the student
avery hand offlecture
Theselected software product and software companies are notexclusive,butanarbitrary selection
from construction software market,how this lecture mainly give asnapshot of the state of the
sofware market
February, 2010
Page 137
Content
BIMtools
Opensoftwaretools,freesoftwaretoolsandlicensetools pros,cons,challenges
FundamentalICTtoolsforBIMsupport(modelparsers,modelservers,
modelviewers,modelcheckers,generalpurposeutilities,import/export
utilities,embeddedutilitiesandplugins)
SpecialisedBIMtoolsforengineeringdesign
InteroperabilityofEErelateddesigntoolsandBIMtools overview,currentstateand
developmenttrends
BuildingInformationModel
BIMmodelsandmanagesgraphicsandinformationthatallowstheautomatic
generationofdrawingsandreports,designanalysis,schedulesimulation,facilities
management,andmore ultimatelyenablingthebuildingteamtomakebetter
informeddecisions.
BIM:
Building theentirelifecycleofthebuildingisconsidered(design/build/operations)
Information allinformationaboutthebuildinganditslifecycleisincluded
Modelling definingandsimulatingthebuilding,itsdelivery,andoperationusing
integrated tools
BIMtoolshelptokeepinformationcoordinated,uptodateandaccessibleinan
integrated environment.
February, 2010
Page 138
BuildingInformationModelling
Design&Documentation
Collaboration
Analysis&Visualization
Designand Documentation
Demonstrated through the product part folie of Autodesk
AutodeskRevit groupforimprovedmultidisciplinecoordinationofarchitectsdesign
vision,structuralanalysisandmechanical,electricalandplumbingdesign
Revit Architecture
Revit Structure
Revit MEP
AutoCAD group
AutoCADCivil3D theBIMsolutionforcivilengineering,helpsprojectteams
exploretransportation,landdevelopment,andenvironmentalprojectsdigitallybefore
theyarebuilt.
AutoCAD forusewithotherBIMapplicationsfordrafting,documentation,and 3D
design
AutoCADLT 2Ddraftinganddetailingproduct
February, 2010
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Analysisand Visualization
Autodesk Ecotect Analysis
sustainabledesignanalysistool,providingawiderangeofsimulationand
analysisfunctionalitythroughdesktopandwebserviceplatforms
Autodesk RobotStructural AnalysisProfessional
collaborativeapplicationthatextendsBIMforstructuralengineeringwith
analysiscapabilitiesforbuildings,bridges,andcivilandspecialtystructures.
Autodesk 3dsMaxDesign
enablesarchitects,designers,andvisualizationspecialiststoexplore,evaluate,
andcommunicatetheirideas.
deliverspowerfullightinganalysistechnology,advancedrenderingcapabilities,
anddigitalcontinuitywiththeAutoCADfamilyofproductsandthe Revit
platform.
Analysisand Visualization
Autodesk Navisworks
advancedinterferenceanalysisandprojectsimulation.
combinesandreviews3DdesigndatacreatedinBIM
applications(e.g.Revitbasedproducts)withotherdesign
modelsregardlessoffilesize or format
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff
enablesfaster,easier,andmoreaccuratecostestimating
createssynchronized,comprehensiveprojectviewsthat
combineimportantinformationfromBIMtoolssuchas
Revit Architecture,Revit Structure,andRevit MEPtogether
withgeometry,images,anddatafromother tools.
February, 2010
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Analysisand Visualization
Autodesk Buzzsaw
Helpstocentralizebuildingdesignandconstructionrelated
documents,simplify communication,and streamline collaboration so
projectscanbesuccessfullyexecutedbasedontimelydecisionand
accurate information.
Providessecure,ondemandaccesstodesigns,documents,and
informationandautomaticallynotifiesprojectteammembersofchanges
and updates
Providesprojectstatus,schedule,andbudgetinformation
Autodesk Constructware
Provides anondemand environment for construction project
managementandcollaboration connectingpeople,information,and
processessothatprojectscanrunsmoothlytocompletionandbeyond.
Informationcanbeaccessedviaawebbrowser
Dynamicsimulation software
Themostcommonsoftwarepackages:
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
ECOTECT
BentleyHEVACOMP
EnergyPlus
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IESVEoffersavarietyofwaystoanalyzedesignorientedbuildinginaconvincing
environment.Itusesathreedimensional(3D)geometricexplanationofthebuilding.It
isconsideredtobeadynamicsimulationsoftwaretoolthatisbasedontheprinciples
ofthemathematicalmodelsofbuildingenergytransferprocedures.
OneoftheprincipalfeaturesofIESisthepossibilityofimportingthe REVITmodel.
IEScanbeusedtoperformdaylightinganalysisandavailableiftherequirementsof
LEEDEQc8.1Daylightandviewwillbemet.
Itcanalsoperformacomputationalfluiddynamicanalysisandpredictthepercentage
ofoccupantsthatwouldbedissatisfiedwiththermalcomfortintheproposedbuilding.
Itoffersacompleteevaluationofsystemandbuildingdesignandcanalsobeusedto
provideyearlybuilding energy simulation models.
11
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES IntegratedsuiteofapplicationslinkedbyaCommonUserInterface(CUI)
andasingleIntegrated DataModel (IDM)
12
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES ModelIT
creates 3dbuilding geometry
buildingmodelscanbegeneratedfromscratch
dxf filescanbeattached
directconnectivitywithotherCAD/BIMsystems:
GoogleSketchUp plugin
Revit plugin
ArchiCAD plugin
allows importing gbXML and
GEM(geometry)files
13
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES ModelIT
DXF DrawingExchangeFormat
CADdatafileformatforenablingdatainteroperabilitybetweenAutoCAD
andother programmes.
gbXML GreenBuildingXML
GreenBuildingXMLfacilitatethetransferofbuildinginformationstored
inCADbuildinginformationmodels(e.g.AutodeskRevit,ECOTECT,
BentleySystems)tovarietyofengineeringanalysistools
XML ExtensibleMarkupLanguage
Typeofcomputerlanguagethatallowssoftwareprogramsto
communicateinformationwithlittletonohumaninteraction.Ithas
textualdataformat.
GEM Graphical EnvironmentManager
Vector image format.GEMmetafile stores asequence of GEMdrawing
instructions.
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
15
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES SunCast
Detailedsunpath analysisbasedonspecifiedlocation
allow optimizing building orientation
allow shadow analysis
essentialforpropersolarsystemsdesign solarcollectors&PVmodules
provide assistance with faade design
requiredfordynamicthermalanalysis
(heatgainsandenergyconsumption)
assesimpactofsolarcontroldevices
required for daylight analysis
allowsunpath imagesandvideocreation
16
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
17
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
18
February, 2010
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES ApacheSim:Dynamicthermalanalysis
CoreoftheIES<VE>suiteforthermalanalysis,whichtakesintoaccount:
solarshadingandpenetration(SunCast)
HVACsystemsandcontrol(ApacheHVAC)
naturalventilationandmixedmodesystems(MacroFlo)
ApacheSim isbasedonfirstprinciplesmodelsofheattransferprocessesandis
drivenbyrealweatherdata.
Application Areas:
Thermalperformance analysis
Buildingfabric design
Occupant comfort analysis
Naturalventilation studies
Faade analysis
Energyconsumption prediction
Plantdesignand sizing
Mixedmode design
BuildingRegulations
Carbon emissions
CFDboundary conditions
19
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES ApacheSim
ThermalTemplates&Room data
20
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES ApacheSim
SimulationResults:
heating and cooling report
resultsintablesandgraphs
minandmaxvalues×
range tests
monthly totals
21
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
22
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES HVACapplication
ApacheHVAC enablesyoutosimulateheating,ventilationandairconditioning
systems.Itusesaflexiblecomponentbasedapproachwhichenablesyouto
assemble
systems onscreen as designed.
ApacheHVAC coversallcommonsystemtypesincludingVAV,CAV,fancoil,VVT,
displacementventilation,hollowcoreslabsystemsandunderfloorheating.
ApacheHVAC isdynamicallyintegratedwithApacheSim
TheprincipalapplicationareasforApacheHVAC are:
HVACsystem design
Component sizing
HVACcontrol design
Mixedmode system design
Energyconsumption prediction
Carbon emissions
BuildingRegulations
CFDboundary conditions
23
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES HVACapplication
ApacheHVAC Methodology:
ApacheHVAC enablesyoutodefineHVACplantcomponentsandcontrols
schematically,witheasytousegraphicaltoolsforplacing,moving,copyingand
deleting.
ApacheHVAC components:
Heating and cooling coils
Fansand dampers
Mixingboxes and economisers
Steam and sprayhumidifiers
Heat recovery
Duct heat loss
Room conditions
Radiatorsand chilled ceilings
Directactingheatersandchilledbeams
Controllerssensing temperature,humidity,
enthalpy,flowrateorsolarradiation
Controllerssensingthedifferencebetween
two variables
Onoffand proportionalcontrol
Cascaded control logic
Boilers,chillersandheatpumps,including
ancillarypumpandfanconsumptions
24
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES MacroFlo
MacroFlo isaprogramforanalysing infiltration
andnaturalventilationinbuildings.
Itusesazonalairflowmodeltocalculatebulkair
movementinandthroughthe
building,drivenbywindandbuoyancyinduced
pressures.
ThepreparationofMacroFlo inputdatainthe
MacroFlo viewconsistsofsettingtheair
flowcharacteristicsofopeningsinthebuilding
(windows,doorsandholes).
25
VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES CFDsimulations
Computational FluidDynamics
Detailsimulationoffluidflowand
heattransferprocesswithinandaround
building spaces under specified
boundary conditions (climate,internal
energy sources,HVACsystems)
Mashing/volumetric grid is required.
Thefinerthefinitevolumegrid,the
moreaccurateresultsbutthelongerthe
simulation willtake.
CFDinvolvesthefollowingequations:
Momentum Energy
Mass continuity Turbulence
Scalar/Mass Fraction
26
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VirtualEnvironmentfrom IES
IES Lightingdesignandanalysis
Daylight
Artificial lighting
Radiance
27
ECOTECT
Ecotect isconsideredtobethewholeenvironmentaldesign
softwareanditfeatures:
cost analysis
lighting
thermal
solar
interfaces for 3Dmodelling
DXFand 3DSfiles
28
February, 2010
Page 150
ECOTECT
VisualImpacthelpsyoutoanalyzesite
projectionangles,assess obstructions,
calculate vertical sky componentsforanypoint
orsurface,andvisualizethenoskylineinany
space.
SolarRadiationanalysisenablesyouto
visualizeincidentsolarradiationonwindows
andsurfaces,showingdifferentialincident
solarradiationcalculated over any period.
29
HEVACOMP BentleySystems
buildingenergydesign,simulationandenergyperformancecertification
(U.K.PartL2,AustraliasectionJ,U.S.LEEDprogram)
IrishPartLcompliance Pro/QuickEPCertorDesignDatabase
basedonEnergyPlus analysisengine
consists of 3packages:
Mechanical and EnergyModelling
Electrical suite
PartLandEnergyAssessors
30
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HEVACOMP BentleySystems
Hevacomp MechanicalandEnergyModelling
Includes:
Mechanical DesignerV8i designsoftwaresuiteforquickEnergyPerformance
Certificates (notROI)
SimulatorV8i buildingenergyanalysis
using dynamic simulation with EnergyPlus thatcanquicklyproduceEnergy
PerformanceCertificates
MechanicalSystemBuilderV8i CAD
toolscombinedwithHevacomp MechanicalDesigner'scomprehensiveload,pipe,
andduct calculations
31
HEVACOMP BentleySystems
32
February, 2010
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HEVACOMP BentleySystems
Hevacomp MechanicalandEnergyModelling
MechanicalDesignerV8i designsoftwaresuite
simplemodelbuildingapplicationwithDXFfiles
and 3Dvisualization tools
workiscarriedoutononeflooratatimewith
servicesconnectionpointsbetweenfloors.
buildingloadandenergycalculations
simplesystem layouts
systemsizing(pipes,ducts,fansandpumps
sizing and selection)
systemtypes:heating,chilledwater,ductwork,
gas,hotwaterandcoldwaterservices
system isometric view
33
HEVACOMP BentleySystems
Hevacomp MechanicalandEnergyModelling
MechanicalSystemBuilderV8i CADtoolscombinedwithHevacomp
Mechanical
Designer'scomprehensiveload,pipe,andductcalculations
FullfunctionalityoftheMechanicalDesignertool
Calculatesairvolumesforsetuproomsandallowselectionand
determiningthenumberandlayoutofdiffusers
Acoustic calculations available
Allowforautomaticsizing&positioningofradiators
Completecoldandhotwatersystemanalysis
Systemsareautomaticallyrecalculatedandresized,whenroomdata
changes
Manufacturersdatabasefordiffusers,radiatorsandheatemittersis
available
34
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Page 153
HEVACOMP BentleySystems
Hevacomp MechanicalandEnergyModelling
SimulatorV8i buildingenergyanalysisusingdynamicsimulation with
EnergyPlus
conformtoASHRAEstandards90.1
extensiveweather databases
steadystatecalculationsandcomplexsimulations
LEEDandUKPartLcompliance
overheating calculations
partloadefficiencycurvesforallplantequipment
passivedesign(controlledwindows,naturalandmechanical ventilation)
renewables (solar,windandbiomass)
gbXML friendly
35
EnergyPlus
Astandalonesimulationprogramwithouta'userfriendly'graphical
interface.TheEnergyPlus readsinputandwritesoutputastextfiles.
ToolsforCreatingEnergyPlus InputFilesorRunningParametric
SimulationsSoftwaretoolsthatwerespecificallydesignedtocreate
EnergyPlus inputfilesorrunparametricsimulationsincludeEasy
EnergyPlus,ECOTECT,EnergyPlugged,EPGeo,EPSys,EPQuick,IFCtoIDF,
ESPr,GreenBuildingStudio,andjEPlus.
predictsprecisecomfortandtemperature
calculatesthecooling,heatingandelectricalresponseofasystem
widelyusedinresearchlaboratories,universitiesandengineeringfirms
Remark:Energy plusis public domain software,dueto USlaw,because
financied by UStaxmoney
36
February, 2010
Page 154
EnergyPlus
consist of 2modules:
building simulation module
massandheatbalance
module
37
EnergyPlus
MainFeatures
simulationtimestepsoflessthananhour
modularsystemsandplantintegratedwith:
heat balancebased zone simulation
multizone air flow
thermalcomfort
HVAC
water use
natural ventilation
photovoltaic systems
construction cost estimation
Evaporative FluidCooler
Zonewatertoairheatpump(ZoneHVAC:WaterToAirHeatPump)
Zoneair dehumidifier (ZoneHVAC:Dehumidifier:DX)
PlantPressureDropcanbecalculated
Improvedcontrolofheatrecoveryinoutsideairsystemsduring
economizeroperation
38
February, 2010
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Introduction
InternerVermerk:
AlldieseFoliengehreneigentlichinM2 RJS
February, 2010
Page 156
LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
Karsten Menzel&AnaKosiel UCC
Sources
ModuleVE_LE_06:
BusinessmodelsforEnergyManagement(EM)
Author:KarstenMenzelLectures
InformationTechnologyinArchitecture,Engineeringand Construction
DynamicBuildingModellingLecture 1and Lecture 2
Autor:AnaKosiel
February, 2010
Page 157
Content
IntroductiontoEnergyEfficientDesignSystem
Motivationandobjectivesofthemodule,learninggoals
PrinciplesofdetailedEEdesign
Overviewofenergycalculationandanalysismethods
IntroductiontoICTtoolsfordetailedEEdesign
February, 2010
Page 158
Content
IntroductiontoEnergyEfficientDesignSystem
Motivationandobjectivesofthemodule,learninggoals
PrinciplesofdetailedEEdesign
Overviewofenergycalculationandanalysismethods
IntroductiontoICTtoolsfordetailedEEdesign
Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
EnergyEfficiencyDesignPrinciples:
building and room orientation,
sizeandshadingofwindows,
roof and wallinsulation,
useofthermalmass(heatabsorbing)materialsinsidethehouse,
crossventilationanddraftproofinganduseofbreezes,
landscaping,and
energyefficient appliances.
February, 2010
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Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
BuildingOrientation
Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
BuildingOrientation
Thelowangleofthesuninwinterallowsthegreaterpenetrationof
directsunlightintobuildingsorientatedanddesignedtoallowthis,
whilethehigherangleofthesuninsummerallowsittobeexcluded.
February, 2010
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Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
BuildingOrientation
Sun
Dependingonthebuildingorientationtherearevariousaspectsthatshould
be considered:
daylight
wintertimesolargains
summer solargains
shading
Computermodelling techniques allow tracingthepathofthesunthrough
theskyforeachdayoftheyear.
Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
BuildingOrientation
Wind
enhance natural ventilation
coolingbreezeduringsummermonths
crossventilation
taller buildings more affected
energy generation
increase infiltration
Thelocalweatherdatafilesused in
dynamic modelling includewinddata
foreachspecified location.
11
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Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
BuildingOrientation
BuildingShapeconsiderations:
minimizeheatlossesandgainsthroughexternal
constructions highvolumeoffloorspaceto
externalsurfaces(deepplanbuildings)
maximizedaylightviaincreasedglazingareas
andminimizeddepthofthebuildings
spaceforrenewables (windturbines,solar
panels,etc)
11
Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
Orientation,sizeandshadingofwindows,
Indoorandoutdoorlivingand
entertainmentareasandprimarywork
areasshouldbeorientated,inorderto
optimizesolaraccess.
skylightsorupperlevel
windowsandinsome
circumstancestranslucentroofs
and
glassbricksshouldbeusedto
improvesolarandnaturallight
access
13
February, 2010
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Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
Envelope and Faade Design
Testingvariousscenariosofbuilding
constructions and materials used
Uvalues optimisation ofinsulation
Heatandmoisturemovement
within
the building fabric
Airtightness
Thermalmass effectiveness
14
Principles of EnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsDesign
Envelope and Faade Design
Glazing areaandglassperformance
Shading solarcontrol performance
Doubleand triple faades
Operablewindows location,size,
obstructions
14
February, 2010
Page 163
Content
IntroductiontoEnergyEfficientDesignSystem
Motivationandobjectivesofthemodule,learninggoals
PrinciplesofdetailedEEdesign
Overviewofenergycalculationandanalysismethods
IntroductiontoICTtoolsfordetailedEEdesign
15
BuildingInformationModellingincludeform,behaviour andrelationsofpartsand
assembliesofaBuilding:
Geometricinformationdirectlyrelatestothebuildingforminthreedimensions.
Semanticinformationdescribesthepropertiesofcomponentssuchasuvaluesof
walls.
Topologicalinformationcapturesthedependenciesofcomponents.
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Buildinginformationmodelshavetobedistinguishedbetween:
proprietarymodelsestablishedbysoftwarecompaniesand
open,nonproprietarymodelssuchastheIndustryFoundationClasses(IFC)
TheIFCdatamodelisalreadyusedbyanumberofCADtoolsasanexportand
importoption.
Besidesthegenericmodels,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtheirowninternal
modelstofeedtheirCADandBIMsoftware.Thesemodelsdifferintheirstructure
andcapabilitiestoestablishaconsistent model.
18
Physicalcalculationmodelscalculatepreciselythedetailedtasksaswellasenergy
consumption(zoneloads,daylighting andsolar,multizone airflow,etc)
Manyexperttoolsusingengineeringphysicalcalculationmodelsareavailable
(TRNSYS,IESVirtualEnvironment or EnergyPlus).Necessaryinformationinputto
runexpertsimulationsisextensive,soisknowledgetoperformandinterpretthe
simulationresults.
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February, 2010
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Statisticcalculationmodelsaresimplifiedmodelsfortheestimationoftotalthe
energydemand,heatingorlightingenergydemand.
RegulationssuchastheGermanEnergySavingsRegulationEnEV ortheSwiss
Minergie usestatisticalcalculationmodelsformandatoryapplicationinthebuilding
process.
20
EnergyAnalysis
Tobeoperatedtomaintainusercomfortandfunctionality,a
buildingneedsadefinedamountofenergythathastobesupplied.In
ordertoestimatetheamountofenergythatisneeded,anenergy
balancehastobesetup.
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EnergyAnalysis
Sixkeyperformanceindicesare
calculatedtodisplaytheenergy
performance of the building:
Transmissionheatlossesofthe
envelope
Ventilationheat losses
Solarheatgainsthroughwindows
Internalheat gains
Specific lighting power/lighting
power
Resulting heat demand
22
Content
IntroductiontoEnergyEfficientDesignSystem
Motivationandobjectivesofthemodule,learninggoals
PrinciplesofdetailedEEdesign
Overviewofenergycalculationandanalysismethods
IntroductiontoICTtoolsfordetailedEEdesign
23
February, 2010
Page 167
EnergyProfiling
Energyprofiling,inthebuiltenvironment,involvesananalysisoftheactualorpredicted
energyperformanceofbuildingsand/orananalysisoftheembodiedenergywithinthe
materialsandmethodsusedtoconstructbuildings.Theultimateaimofthisanalysisisto
improveenergyperformanceandinthiswayimprovetheenergyefficiencyofthebuilt
environment
Energyprofilingusuallyinvolvescomparisonsbetweenactualorpredictedenergyuseand
sometypeofbenchmarkormodelintendedtoindicateregulatoryrequirements,average
energyconsumptionorbestpractice
Animprovementinenergyefficiencyisregardedasanyactionundertakenbyaproducerora
consumerofenergyproductsthatreducesenergyuseperunitofoutput,withoutaffecting
thelevelofserviceprovided
24
EnergyProfiling INTRODUCTION
FocusofEnergyProfiling
Thefocusofenergyprofilingcanbeindividualbuildings,buildingtypes,
organisationsorlocalities.
Energyefficiencyimprovementscanbeconsideredatallstagesofthevariousfuel
cycles.Greaterenergyefficiencycanbebroughtaboutthroughhardware
improvements,suchastechnologicalenhancements;softwarechanges,suchas
improvedenergymanagementandbetteroperationalpractices;oracombination
ofboth
Energyprofilingofteninvolvescalculationsofbothenergyconsumptionand
relatedcarbondioxide(CO2)emissions.
Thisnewregulatoryenvironmentcombinedwithrisingenergypricesisstimulating
anewinterestintheroleofenergyprofilinginoptimisingenergyperformance
duringthewholelifecycleofbothdomesticandcommercialbuildings.
25
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EnergyProfiling INTRODUCTION
Howisenergyprofilingapplied?
TheTraditionalApproach
Traditionallytwotypesofenergyprofilingareusedindifferentphasesofa
buildingslifecycle.Thesecanbe:
1.
2.
Designphaseenergyprofiling
Operationalphaseenergyprofiling
26
EnergyEfficiencyBuildingDesign
February, 2010
Page 169
EnergyProfiling INTRODUCTION
1.Designphaseenergyprofiling
Itusuallyinvolvesbuildingenergysimulations.Itisconductedbydesign
professionals(projectteammembers,assistedbyenergyconsultants)usingbuilding
designandenergyanalysissoftwaretoolstoanalysetheenergyperformanceof
theirdesigns.
Forexample,theenergyperformancefeedbackprovidedbywholebuildingenergy
analysistoolsallowsdesignerstoassureequipmentisproperlysizedforthedesign
conditionsofagivenbuildingandthatthepartloadperformanceofthebuilding
subsystemsareoptimisedtoprovideacomfortableenvironmentwiththelowest
possibleenergycosts.
Designphaseenergyprofilingcouldalsoincludecalculationsoftheembodied
energywithintheproductsandmethodsusedintheconstructionofbuildings,
althoughthistypeofenergyprofilinginbuildingsisverypoorlyrepresentedin
currentpreconstructionenergyanalysis.
28
EnergyProfiling INTRODUCTION
2.Operationalphaseenergyprofiling
Ideallyoperationalphaseenergyprofilingisbasedontheactualenergy
consumptionofthebuildingorbuildingsunderexamination.
Itisusedtoanalysebuildingsenergydemandandillustratemeasuresthatbuilding
managers,ownersoroccupierscanusetoimproveenergyefficiencywithinthe
runningofthosebuildingsonadailybasis.
Muchoftheenergyanalysisfortheoperationalphaseofabuildingslifecyclehas
beensporadic(irregular),typicallyworkingfromhistoricalmetereddataand
focusingonbulkenergyassessment.
Thislevelofinformationleavesmanypossibilitiesforthereductionofheavily
energyintensiveenergyconsumingpracticesinbothcommercialanddomestic
buildingsunknown
29
February, 2010
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EnergyProfiling
NEWTECHNOLOGIES
NewtechnologiesforEnergyProfiling
Advancesinthesophisticationofcomputingtechnologiesandrealtimemonitoring
andmeteringtechnologies,combinedwithareductionintheircost,offerthe
possibilityofimprovingtheoperationalenergyperformanceinformationsupplied
tothemanagers,ownersandoccupiersofbuildings.
Thesetechnologiesareenablingarapidgrowthinthesophisticationofenergy
profilingandencouraginganexpansionofuseofbuildingmanagementsystems
(BMS)whichincorporatebuildingenergymanagementsystems(BEMS).
30
EnergyProfiling
NEWTECHNOLOGIES
BEMS(BuildingEnergyManagementSystems) OperationalPhase
BEMSarecontrolsystemsforindividualbuildingsorgroupsofbuildingsthatusecomputers
andmicroprocessorsformonitoring,datastorageandcommunication.
BEMScanbecentrallylocatedandcommunicateovertelephoneorInternetlinkswith
remotebuildingshavingoutstationssothatoneenergymanagercanmanagemany
buildingsremotely.
Withenergymetersandtemperature,occupancyandlightingsensorsconnectedtoaBEMS,
faultscanbedetectedmanuallyorusingautomatedfaultdetectionsoftwarehelpingtoavoid
energywaste.
Withtheadventofinexpensive,wirelesssensorsandadvancesininformationtechnology,
extensivemonitoringviatheInternetispossible
31
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Page 171
BIM(BuildingInformationModelling) DesignPhase
In principal the models developed by BIM could be used to improve the energy
efficiency of the built environment by assessing both the predicted energy
performance of buildings and the energy embodied in the materials and
methods used in construction
32
EnergyProfiling
NEWTECHNOLOGIES
OptimumEnergyProfiling
It is suggested that BEMs can be integrated with the building energy analysis
software tools traditionally used in the design phase of buildings to enable BIMs
to act as a data source which can be compared against actual building energy
performance
This approach will enable energy profiling to be used to optimise the energy
performance of the built environment rather than merely improve that
performance
33
February, 2010
Page 172
EnergyProfiling
NEWTECHNOLOGIES
BuildingEnergySimulationSoftware(Introduction)
Softwaretoolsusedtoassessenergyperformanceinbuildingdesignispracticalin
nature
Someattemptsarebeingmadetowardsthequantificationoftheenergy
embodiedinbuildingmaterials,aswellastheenergyusedduringtheconstruction
process,mostofthetoolsusedforlifecycleanalyses(LCA)aregeneralandnot
designedforthebuiltenvironment.
Thereareveryfewexceptions,whereenergyperformanceistobeaddressedin
thecompletelifecycleofthebuilding
CurrentlyLCAtoolsarenotwidelyusedinenergyefficientbuildingdesign.Energy
simulationtoolsarelittleusedfordesigningbuildingsandevenfewerprojects
includeLCA
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EnergyProfiling
LIMITATIONSOFSIMULATIONTOOLS
Limitationsofcurrentbuildingenergysimulationtools
Poorinteroperabilitymeansmoststilldependontheuserenteringlargeamounts
ofdata,whichrepresentsabarriertointegratingthesetoolsinthedifferentstages
ofthebuildinglifecycle
Theamountoftimethatitisnecessarytodedicatetoenterdataintheenergy
analysisprogramsisrepeatedlymentionedbyresearchersasoneofthemain
obstaclestobeovercome
ThetimededicatedtoprocessandrecreatethegeometrygeneratedwithaBIM
authoringtooltoconformwiththeformatrequiredbyanenergyanalysissoftware
amountstoupto50%ofthetimeaprojectteamdedicatestoperformanenergy
simulation.Theseissueshaveledtotheinfrequentapplicationofcomprehensive
designphaseenergyprofilingbydesignprofessionals
Energysimulationtoolsarealsolimitedwhenitcomestoassessingtheimpactof
occupantbehaviour
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EnergyProfiling
LIMITATIONSOFSIMULATIONTOOLS
Ithasbeenshownthatthemajorsourcesofuncertaintiesintheuseofenergysimulationtools
arerelatedtoproperevaluationoflighting,appliances/equipmentandoccupancyschedules
Allofthesefactorsrelatetooccupantbehaviour:Anissuewhichisparticularlyproblematicin
buildingswheretheairconditioningequipmentaremainlyunitarysystems(windowtypeair
conditionersandsplitsystems)[which]cansignificantlyaffecttheenergyconsumptionprofile,
makingitsforecastingmoredifficultorinaccurate
Alackofaccurate,readytousedataalsohinderstheintegrationofenergysimulation
softwareintheconceptualdesignstagesofbuildingproduction
Intheabsenceofaccuratedataobtainedfromactualbuildingsinoperation,designersrelyon
estimatevaluestofeedinthedataaboutloads,airflows,orheattransferinordertocarryout
energysimulations.ThisiswhyitissuggestedthattheinformationfromBMScanbe
integratedwiththebuildingenergyanalysissoftwaretoolstoenableBIMstoactasadata
source
Thereisaneedforthedevelopmentandvalidationofanewapproachtotheintegrationof
simulationandrealtimedatacapturingsensors.HoweverforthistobeachievedBIMtools
alsohavetobeintegratedwithenergysimulationsoftware
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EnergyProfiling
BUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELLING
BuildingInformationModelling(BIM)
Buildinginformationmodelling(BIM)toolsareusedtogenerategraphicsand
informationaboutbuildingcomponentswhichdemonstratetheentire
constructionplanning,projectcosting,lifecyclecosting,etc
IdeallythebuildinginformationmodelsproducedbyBIMtoolswouldenableusers
toidentifypotentialproblemsduringearlystagesofaproject,reducethedesign
errors,savecostandtimeandaccuratelypredicttheenergyconsumptionduring
thelifecycleofthebuilding.
Revit,BentleyArchitecture,ArchiCADandDigitalProjectaresomeoftheBIM
softwareusedforplanningordraftingpurposes.Whilethetechnologiessuchas
IES,DesignBuilderandRiuska,areenergyevaluationsoftware,whichofferthe
potentialtoinformbuildinginformationmodelsenablingthemtoactasdata
sourcewhichcanbecomparedagainstactualbuildingenergyperformance.
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LectureNotesonenergy
EfficiencyinBuildingConstruction
KarstenMenzel UCC
RaimarScherer TUD
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Sources
InformationTechnologyinArchitecture,EngineeringandConstruction
BAMSstructure by KarstenMenzel
Building WirelessSensorNetworks
http://www.mwrf.com/Articles/Index.cfm?Ad=1&ArticleID=11071
D5.32LectureNotesonEEinBC
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BuildingManagementSystem (BMS)
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BASusecomputerbasedmonitoringto
coordinate,organizeandoptimizebuilding
controlsubsystemssuchassecurity,fire/life
safety,elevators,etc.
Commonapplicationsinclude:
Equipmentscheduling
Optimumstart/stop
Operatoradjustment
Monitoring
Alarmreporting
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BASFunction: BAScontrollersdesignedtooperate
asstandalonecontrollersWithitsownprogram
withtheabilitytocommunicatetootherDirect
DigitalControl(DDC)buildingautomation
controllers.
BAS Objectives:
set up schedules of operation for the equipment & systems
optimal start with adaptive learning (compare space temperature, outside air conditions, and equipment
capabilities)
monitor energy (meter electric, gas, water, steam, hot water, chilled water, and fuel oil services).
BAS control algorithms
send alarms via email, pager, or telephone to alert developing problems and system failures.
BAS set up to bill tenants for energy usage.
communications abilities to be integrated with other building automation control systems & TCP/IP.
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IntegratedBuildingAutomationSystem(IBAS)
Thissystemprovidesaproductiveandcosteffective
environmentthroughinterrelationshipsandoptimization
ofitsfourbasicelements:
1)Buildingstructure
2)Buildingsystems
3)Buildingservices
4)Buildingmanagement
CharacteristicsofIBASformafundamentallevelofanIBAS
building:
Environmentalconservation
Spaceutilizationandflexibility
Lifecyclecosting operationandmaintenance
Humancomfort
WorkingEfficiency
Safety fire,earthquake,disasterandstructureetc.
Culture
HighTechnology
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FUNCTIONALITYOFBUILDINGAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS
Interactionprocesses:
Maintenance
Operation
Management
inthe coreactivityof
Automation&Control
to operate the BASsystems
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BAMSarchitecture
OperatorInterfacescomprisingPCbasedworkstations;
CommunicationsnetworkwithBACnet/IPconnectiontotheUNSWBACSVLAN
network;
Controllerswithinputsandoutputs(I/O)forcontrollingcentralplantandair
handlingsystemswithcustomablecontrolsequences,datacollection
(metering/trending);
ApplicationSpecificControllerswithinputsandoutputs(I/O)forcontrolling
packagedsystems,unitaryequipment&terminalunits.
BAMSarchitecture:Hardware
Thebasic Hardwarearchitecture consists of:
Networkcontrolunits(NCUs)
Networkexpansionunits(NEUs)
Operatorworkstations(OWSs)
LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)
N2Bus
ApplicationSpecificControllers(ASCs)
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BAMSarchitecture:Hardware
Networkcontrolunits(NCUs):Multipleprogrammablecontrolpanels,each
NCUmanagesaphysicalareawithinthebuilding.TheNCUistheheartofthe
networkandithasfreeaccesstoallotherNCUs&ASCs.Candirectlycontrol
centralplantequipmentandprovidestandalonecontrolcapabilityforHVAC,fire
management,accesscontrolandlightingcontrolwherevertheyareneeded,
givingmaximumfaulttoleranceandreliability.
Networkexpansionunits(NEUs):remotepanelsthatcanenhancethecapacity
oftheNCU&candirectlycontrolcentralplantequipment.
Operatorworkstations(OWSs):usuallyastandardpersonalcomputer.
TheN1LocalAreaNetwork(LAN):highspeedcommunicationnetworkto
communicateeachOWSs.
N2Bus:secondarycommunicationnetworkwhichcommunicatesASCsand
NEUswiththeNCUs.
BAMSarchitecture:Hardware
FamilyofApplicationSpecificControllers(ASCs):delegatetomanagementof
smallerairhandlers,heatpumps,lightingcircuitsandotherbuildingservices
systems.
StandaloneASCsinclude:
Airhandlingunitcontroller(AHU)
Intelligentlightingcontroller(ILC)
Variableairvolumeboxcontroller(VAV)
Unitaryequipmentcontroller(UNT)
Intelligentaccesscontroller(IAC)
Intelligentfirecontroller(IFC)
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BAMSarchitecture:Hardware
NEUs
OWSs
NetworkExtensionUnit
NCUs
ASCs
N2BUS
Operator
Workstation
ApplicationSpecificController
N2BUS
NetworkControlUnit
Operator
Workstation
NetworkExtensionUnit
NetworkExtensionUnit
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DECENTRALIZEDROOMAUTOMATION
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Wireless Sensors
Wireless sensors can be developed to detect and measure various parameters such as
temperature, humidity and water/gas/electricity meter readings.
A sensor node in a network(mote) mainly consists of 3 components:
the sensor interface which actually measures the physical attributes like humidity level,
the radio interface which communicates with other motes and
the CPU which performs computations and transfers information between the two components
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Wirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer great promise for information capture and processing in both
commercial and military applications. Successful system design and deployment includes
understanding RF channel characteristics, and the choice of modulation scheme on power
consumption. Such factors ultimately determine the available range and data rate of a WSN, as well
as cost and battery lifetime.
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WSNs Devices
WSNs employ a large number of miniature autonomous devices known as sensor nodes to form
the network without the aid of any established infrastructure. In a wireless sensor system, the
individual nodes are capable of sensing their environments, processing the information locally, or
sending it to one or more collection points through a wireless link. Each node has a short-range
transmission due to low RF transmit power. Short-range transmission minimizes the possibility of
the transmitted signals being eavesdropped; it helps in prolonging the lifetime of the battery. In
some sensor system applications, the nodes are hard to reach and it is impossible to replace their
batteries. In other applications, the nodes must operate without battery replacement for a long
time. Such conditions make the system power consumption a very crucial parameter.
WSNs use ad hoc topology because of its ease of deployment, and decreased dependence on
infrastructure. Although WSNs use ad-hoc architecture, this architecture is different from the
conventional wireless ad hoc networks. The performance of a WSN depends significantly on the
characteristics of the sensor node.
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Network technology
Several main network topologies are currently used in standard installations. The
topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other
peripherals.
Bus topology Also know as linear, ethernet or backbone topology, this consists of a
main run of cable (backbone) with terminators at each end, all nodes (file server or
servers, workstations and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. It is usually
limited to small businesses.
Star topology Star topology is designed with each node connected directly to a
central hub. The hub packages data together and communicates with its nodes and
other nodes on the network through their hubs. It is easy to install and configure.
Star bus (tree) topology This is probably the most common network topology in use
today. It combines elements of the star and bus topologies to create a versatile and
expandable network environment.
TOPOLOGY
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WSNTECHNOLOGIESINBACS
36
C-Bus( protocol)
Universal Powerline Bus
Konnex
Lonworks
X10
ONE-NET
EIB
EHS
BatiBUS
ZigBee
EnOcean
SCS BUS- OpenWebNet
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COLLISIONS IN NETWORKS
40
Listenbefore talking
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Why Interoperability?
Interoperability
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Interoperability Standards
Interoperability Standards
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
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OPTIMISATION
Goal:
Optimising energyefficiencyandcomfortunderconsiderationofconditions
(weather,personoccupancy,comfortprofiles)
Approach:
Optimise schedulesandoptimalstart/stopnotonlytooccupancybutalsodueto
personalcomfortpreferences
Optimaldeviceusage(e.g.ifthebuildinghasageothermalandgasheatingsystem
prefertheonewiththebetterenergyefficiency)
Predictthebuildingbehaviour inthenearfuturetodecideaboutoptimalcontrol
strategiesby:Simulatingbasedonrecentmeasuresorpredictions(weather)orby
extrapolatedmeasurementsusingpredictivemodels(autoregressionmodels).
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7. CONCLUSIONS
E-learning enables better knowledge dissemination for better understanding and spreading of
the energy efficiency subject. The challenge is to create a work environment community that
allows participants to learn, adapt, share and respond.
The presented lecture design covers the teaching system methodology and the learning basis
of the structured e-learning lessons, which aims to stimulate the energy efficiency solution
applied to building design, with the application of technology to achieve better learning
outcomes and a more cost-efficient way of bringing the learning environment to learners.
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8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The REEB Consortium would like to acknowledge the financial support of the European
Commission under the IST programme.
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