INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL

Escuela Superior de Computo

Prctica LM335

Equipo:
-Luna Reyes Brandon Manuel
-Meja Cadena Jos Angel
Grupo: 3CM2
Prof. Juan Carlos Martinez Daz

INDICE
1.-Introduccin
1.1 Amplificador Inversor Sumador
1.2 Amplificador Inversor
1.3 Seguidor de Voltaje
1.4 Amplificador LM741
1.5 Sensor LM335

2.-Desarrollo
2.1 Lista de Materiales
2.2 Planteamiento del problema
2.3 Diagrama a bloques
2.4 Clculos de diseo
2.5 Circuito elctrico final
2.6 Mediciones
2.7 Comparacin de resultados (Tabulaciones prcticas y tericas)

3.-Conclusiones
4.-Bibliografa
inversor,

http://es.slideshare.net/PIPP000/amplificador-

1.-Introduccin
1.1 Amplificador Inversor Sumador
El Circuito Sumador es un circuito muy til, basado en la configuracin estndar del
amplificador operacional inversor. Este circuito permite combinar mltiples entradas,
es decir, permite aadir algebraicamente dos (o ms) seales o voltajes para formar
la suma de dichas seales.
La razn de utilizar un amplificador operacional para sumar mltiples seales de
entrada, es evitar la interaccin entre ellos, de modo que cualquier cambio en el
voltaje de una de las entradas no tendr ningn efecto sobre el resto de entradas.
Formulas

V1 V2 V3
+ +
R1 R2 R 3
V V V
V o=( 1 + 2 + 3 ) R F
R 1 R 2 R3
I F=

Si las resistencias son iguales:

V o=(V 1+V 2+V 3 ) R F

1.2 Amplificador Inversor

EN esta configuracin, la seal de salida es inversa de la entrada, en polaridad,
aunque puede ser mayor, igual o menor, dependiendo de la ganancia que se le d al
amplificador en lazo cerrado.

Formulas

V1 V2 V3
+ +
R1 R2 R3
V V V
V o=( 1 + 2 + 3 )R F
R1 R 2 R3
I F=

Si las resistencias son iguales:

V o=(V 1+V 2+V 3 ) R F

1.3 Seguidor de Voltaje

En el amplificador operacional en modo Seguidor de Voltaje, la tensin de
la seal de entrada, Vi, es igual a la tensin de salida, V o, es decir, la seal
de salida sigue a la de entrada.
Este circuito trata de aprovechar las caractersticas de alta impedancia de
entrada y baja de salida de los amplificadores operacionales. Se utiliza
como buffer, para eliminar efectos de carga, pero su uso ms corriente es
el de adaptador de impedancias de diferentes etapas (conectar un
dispositivo de gran impedancia a otro con baja impedancia o viceversa).

1.4 Amplificador Operacional LM741

Rangos:

+
Voltaje de entrada mxima: 15V

Voltaje de Entrada Diferencial:

30
V

Distribucin de Pines

1.5 Sensor LM335

Caractersticas del sensor.
Sensibilidad: 10 mV/K
Rango de Operacin: -40 C to 100 C

Distribucin de Pines

Configuracin para
calibracin del sensor

2.-Desarrollo
2.1 Specifications:
Range: 0 C to 50 C
Output Voltage: 0 V to 5 V
Operational Amplifiers Arrangement

Conversion C to K

C=K-273
Examples:
0 C=273 K
1 C=274 K
2 C=275 K
20 C=293 K
30 C=303 K
40 C=313 K
50 C=323 K
We had to use the sensibility of the LM335, we know that is 10 mV/K, but the
sensor give us voltage, so we had to measure the output voltage of the sensor, and
help us to calibrate the sensor, because we had the range of 0C to 50 C. We had
to determinate the Lower Limit and the Highest Limit of Voltage.
LL=0 C=273C (Temperature Lower Limit)
VLL=10mV/K x 273K= 2.73 V (Voltage Lower Limit)
HL=50 C=323 K (Temperature Highest Limit)
VHL=10mV/K x 323K=3.23V (Voltage Highest Limit)

Having this, we can represent that with a graphic:

Voltag
e

Kelvin
(K)

The behavior of this graphic is an ascending pendant, it will help us to determine an

equation to represent the behavior, in this case we used the straights equation
y=mx+b, also the equation help us to get the values of every component. Having
this, we must know that the previous graphic is just after calibrating the sensor, now
we had to keep the Output Voltages range (0 to 5 Volts), making a comparison
between the Sensor voltage and the Output Voltage. Using the Limits we had this
graphic:
Voltag
e Out

Voltag
e In

As the last graphic the behavior was an ascendent pendant, so the equation is the
same. Now we had to calculate the values of every component of the circuit.

2.2 Calculations
y=mx+b
*Obtaining m
m (Y 2Y 1)/(X 2 X 1)
limits)

We take the two points that we know (Lower and Higher

m=(5-0)/(3.23-2.73)= 5/0.5= 10
*Obtaining b:
Using the ms value, and the point (2.73,0)
0=10(2.73)+b
-27.3=b
So, the equation with values is:
y=10x-27.3
That equation must be represented with an operational amplifiers arrangement, we
select the Inverting Amplifier, and the Summing Amplifier, to get the values of the
resistances of the Summing amplifier, we separate the equation in two parts, the part
A= 10X, and the part B=-27.3. Every part is a different voltage.
Part A
10X we used as a 10Vt, the number 10, means the value of the amplification, and X
is Vt, having that we do this:
-(Rf/R1)(V1)=10Vt
Rf/R1 = 10, -V1=Vt
We selected Rf= 100K , R1=10K .
Part B
We had the value of Rf, and we know that the Output Voltage of that part is -27.3,
and the V2=15V
-(Rf/R2)(V2)=-27.3v
-(100K /R2)(15v)=-27.3v
R2=(100K (15v))/27.3 =54.94K

To improve the functionality of the circuit, we had to add a Follower Voltage, to keep
the voltage establish, and erasing problems, also the R2 of the Summing Voltage we
had to replace it by a Potentiometer of 100K , because that value is not for sale.
Also the calibration of the sensor, we had to connect a Potentiometer of 10k .
Now, we had this equation to obtain the Output Voltage:
Vo= - Rf( (V1/R1)+ (V2/R2) )
And we get this table.
Temperature

Sensor Output Voltage

Circuit Output Voltage

0C

2.73v

0v

1C

2.74v

0.1v

2C

2.75v

0.2v

3C

2.76v

0.3v

4C

2.77v

0.4v

5C

2.78v

0.5v

10C

2.83v

1v

11C

2.84v

1.1v

12C

2.85v

1.2v

13C

2.86v

1.3v

14C

2.97v

1.4v

15C

2.98v

1.5v

20C

2.93v

2v

30C

3.03v

3v

40C

3.13v

4v

50C

3.23v

5v

Finally to present the temperature measure we use a PIC16F877A with a LM016L

(DISPLAY LCD 16X2). The programation was in C language using the SOFTWARE
MickroC.
The PIC must convert the analog signal to digital signal, so we use the ADCs
Successive approximations, we know that the 0 to 5 Volts can use 1024 values, so
we use the formula, with Vref=5V and Value is the received value.
[(Vref=5V)/( 2101=1023 )] x (Value) =Decimal result

Then we multiply that result to 10, because every result is higher than 0, but Less
than 1, and if we multiply to 10, we obtain the temperature catched by the sensor.

2.3Program:
sbit LCD_RS at RB0_bit; //PICS PIN TO USE IN LCD
sbit LCD_EN at RB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB0_bit; //PICS PIN TO USE IN LCD
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit;

void main() {
float Volts;
float Temp;
float value;
char value1[4];

Lcd_Init(); //Initialize the LCD

Lcd_Cmd( _LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
lcd_cmd(_lcd_clear);
lcd_out(1,1,"JAMC-MLR 2CM9");
delay_ms(2000);
lcd_cmd(_lcd_clear);
lcd_out(1,1," Temperatura ");

while(1){
Volts=adc_read(0); //Read the Channel 1 and the Volts variable catch it
Temp=0.00488*Volts;//Value transform analog to digital, Vref=5, Range value=
0 to 1023, 2101=1023 , Vref/1023=0.00488.
value=Temp*10; // Temp results the temperature catched by the sensor but in
decimal, so we multiply to 10 , and get the Celcius temperature.
floattostr(value,value1);//Convert Float to String
lcd_chr(2,9,39);//To put the symbol

lcd_out(2,10,"C");
lcd_out(2,1,value1); //Printing on the LCD the temperature.
delay_ms(500);
}
}
This program let us represent the results by a graphic:
Voltag
e OUT

Celcius
(C)

2.4 Final Circuit

3.-Conclusions
This project help us to use all the knowledge of Operational Amplifiers, using almost
all the applications of operational amplifiers, also adding the manipulation of other
devices, like LM335, to measure the temperature, the PIC16f877A to transform the
analog signal to a digital signal, and displaying the information to a LCD. The
assemble of the circuit wasnt difficult, the problem was the programming of the PIC,
we didnt know how to program that device, we had to watch some videos and read
manuals to get the final program. Also to assemble the circuit to a plate was a little
bit difficult, but it helps to get experience. Finally, the knowledge wasnt only for
electronic subjects, we had to do temperature conversions, the project required
many kinds of subjects.
Meja Cadena Jos Angel
In this project we saw one of many examples of how to use the operational
amplifiers, first we checked how many voltage does the Temperature Sensors gave,
and with that we make the arrangement of the operational amplifiers in order to
make an output of 0v to 5v that is the equivalent of 0 degrees and 50 degrees
Celsius. Then we figured out how to print that info, for us the best options was to use
the microcontroller Pic, and a LCD display, with that we printed de temperature that
the sensor receipted. This project was very important because we use all the
knowledge we have been learning in all the classes and for those who doesnt
understand it, this helps a lot to understand it.

Lpez Rodriguez Marco