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heat transfer, p. 54
sign convention for heat
transfer, p. 54
adiabatic, p. 55
first law of thermodynamics, p. 58
energy balance, p. 59
thermodynamic cycle, p. 70
power cycle, p. 71
refrigeration cycle, p. 72
heat pump cycle, p. 72
c KEY EQUATIONS
E 5 U 1 KE 1 PE
1
KE 5 KE2 2 KE1 5 m1V22 2 V212
2
PE 5 PE2 2 PE1 5 mg1z2 2 z12
E2 2 E1 5 Q 2 W
#
#
dE
5Q2W
dt
W5
(2.27) p. 53
(2.5) p. 39
(2.10) p. 40
(2.35a) p. 59
(2.37) p. 60
(2.12) p. 42
(2.13) p. 44
(2.17) p. 46
s2
F ? ds
s1
#
W5F?V
W5
V2
p dV
V1
Thermodynamic Cycles
Wcycle 5 Qin 2 Qout
h5
Wcycle
Qin
b5
(2.41) p. 71
(2.42) p. 72
(2.44) p. 72
(2.45) p. 73
(2.47) p. 73
144
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saturation pressure p. 96
py diagram p. 96
Ty diagram p. 96
compressed liquid p. 97
two-phase, liquidvapor mixture p. 98
quality p. 98
superheated vapor p. 98
enthalpy p. 106
specific heats p. 117
incompressible substance model p. 119
universal gas constant p. 122
compressibility factor p. 122
ideal gas model p. 128
c KEY EQUATIONS
x5
mvapor
mliquid 1 mvapor
y 5 11 2 x2yf 1 xyg 5 yf 1 x1yg 2 yf2
u 5 11 2 x2uf 1 xug 5 uf 1 x1ug 2 uf2
h 5 11 2 x2hf 1 xhg 5 hf 1 x1hg 2 hf2
y1T, p2 < yf1T2
u1T, p2 < uf1T2
h1T, p2 < hf1T2
(3.1) p. 98
(3.2) p. 103
(3.6) p. 107
(3.7) p. 107
(3.11) p. 118
(3.12) p. 118
(3.14) p. 119
py 5 RT
u 5 u1T2
(3.32) p. 127
(3.36) p. 128
h 5 h1T2 5 u1T2 1 RT
u1T22 2 u1T12 5
(3.37) p. 128
T2
cy1T2 dT
(3.40) p. 131
(3.50) p. 135
cp1T2 dT
(3.43) p. 131
(3.51) p. 135
T1
h1T22 2 h1T12 5
T2
T1
210
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concepts. The subset of key concepts listed below is particularly important in subsequent chapters.
c list the typical modeling assumptions for nozzles and diffusers, turbines, compressors and pumps, heat exchangers, and
throttling devices.
c apply Eqs. 4.6, 4.18, and 4.20 to control volumes at steady
state, using appropriate assumptions and property data for
the case at hand.
c apply mass and energy balances for the transient analysis of
control volumes, using appropriate assumptions and property
data for the case at hand.
pump, p. 184
heat exchanger, p. 189
throttling process, p. 195
system integration, p. 196
transient analysis, p. 199
c KEY EQUATIONS
AV
#
m5
y
(4.4b) p. 166
dmcv
#
#
5 a mi 2 a me
dt
i
e
(4.2) p. 164
#
a mi
(4.6) p. 167
#
#
dEcv
V 2i
V 2e
#
#
5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 a mi ahi 1
1 gzi b 2 a me ahe 1
1 gze b
dt
2
2
i
e
(4.15) p. 174
#
#
V2i
V2e
#
#
0 5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 a mi ahi 1
1 gzi b 2 a me ahe 1
1 gze b
2
2
i
e
(4.18) p. 175
(4.20a) p. 175
#
a me
e
#
1V 21 2 V 222
#
#
0 5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 m c 1h1 2 h22 1
1 g1z1 2 z22 d
2
#
#
1V21 2 V222
Wcv
Qcv
0 5 # 2 # 1 1h1 2 h22 1
1 g1z1 2 z22
2
m
m
h2 5 h11p2 , p12
(4.20b) p. 175
(4.22) p. 195
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267
c
c
c
c
c
c KEY EQUATIONS
, 0:Internal irreversibilities present.
Wcycle # 0 e
1single reservoir2
5 0: No internal irreversibilities.
hmax 5 1 2
TC
TH
(5.3) p. 247
(5.9) p. 257
bmax 5
TC
TH 2 TC
(5.10) p. 259
gmax 5
TH
TH 2 TC
Maximum coefficient of
performance: refrigeration cycle
operating between two
reservoirs.
(5.11) p. 259
Maximum coefficient of
performance: heat pump cycle
operating between two
reservoirs.
(5.13) p. 265
Clausius inequality.
dQ
b 5 2scycle
C T b
a
334
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evaluating isentropic efficiencies for turbines, nozzles, compressors, and pumps from Eqs. 6.46, 6.47, and 6.48, respectively,
including for ideal gases the appropriate use of Eqs. 6.416.42
for variable specific heats and Eqs. 6.436.45 for constant
specific heats.
c apply Eq. 6.23 for closed systems and Eqs. 6.49 and 6.51
c KEY EQUATIONS
2
S2 2 S1 5
#aTb
dQ
(6.24) p. 295
(6.28) p. 301
(6.34) p. 307
Qj
#
#
#
05 a
1 a mi si 2 a me se 1 scv
T
j
j
i
e
(6.36) p. 308
#
#
Wcv / m
h1 2 h2
ht 5 #
# 5
h
1Wcv / m2s
1 2 h2s
(6.46) p. 323
(6.47) p. 325
(6.48) p. 328
1s
b
Qj
dS
#
1s
5 a
T
dt
j
j
?
Qj
dScv
#
#
#
5 a
1 a misi 2 a me se 1 scv
dt
T
j
j
i
e
?
hnozzle 5
V22 y2
1V22 y22s
#
#
12Wcv ym2s
h2s 2 h1
#
hc 5
# 5
h2 2 h1
12Wcv ym2
T2
cy1T2
T1
T2
y2
1 R ln
y1
T1
T2
cp1T2
T1
y2
dT
1 R ln
y1
T
p2
dT
2 R ln
p1
T
p2
T2
2 R ln
p1
T1
p2
p1
(6.17) p. 289
(6.21) p. 291
(6.18) p. 289
(6.20a) p. 290
(6.22) p. 291
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(6.41) p. 317
y2
yr2
5
y1
yr1
(6.42) p. 318
p2 1k212/k
T2
5a b
p1
T1
(6.43) p. 318
T2
y1 k21
5a b
y2
T1
(6.44) p. 318
p2
y1 k
5a b
p1
y2
(6.45) p. 318
335
5. The two power cycles shown to the same scale in the figure
are composed of internally reversible processes of a closed
system. Compare the net work developed by these cycles.
Which cycle has the greater thermal efficiency? Explain.
T
10. How does the Bernoulli equation reduce to give the form used
in the bat BIOCONNECTIONS discussion of Sec. 6.13.2?
11. Is Eq. 6.51a restricted to adiabatic processes and thus to
isentropic processes? Explain.
12. Using Eq. 6.51c, what data are required to determine the
actual power input of a basement sump pump?
13. What is the ENERGY STAR program?
1
1
S
p
p
p
p
5
5
5
5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
MPa, T 5 4008C.
MPa, T 5 1008C.
MPa, u 5 1872.5 kJ/kg.
MPa, saturated vapor.
6.2 Using the tables for water, determine the specific entropy
at the indicated states, in Btu/lb ? 8R In each case, locate the
state by hand on a sketch of the Ts diagram.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
p
p
p
p
5
5
5
5
1000
1000
1000
1000
lbf/in.2, T 5 7508F.
lbf/in.2, T 5 3008F.
lbf/in.2, h 5 932.4 Btu/lb.
lbf/in.2, saturated vapor.
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475
The following checklist provides a study guide for this chapter. When your study of the text and end-of-chapter exercises has
been completed you should be able to
c write out the meanings of the terms listed in the margin
c
c
reheat, p. 447
supercritical, p. 448
regeneration, p. 453
open feedwater heater, p. 453
closed feedwater heater, p. 458
c KEY EQUATIONS
# #
# #
Wt / m 2 Wp / m
1h1 2 h22 2 1h4 2 h32
# #
5
h5
h1 2 h4
Qin / m
(8.5a) p. 435
# #
Wp / m
1h4 2 h32
bwr 5 # # 5
1h1 2 h22
Wt / m
(8.6) p. 435
#
Wp
a # b < y31p4 2 p32
m s
(8.7b) p. 437
6. If Iceland completes its planned transition to using only renewable energy throughout its society by mid-century, what significant changes in lifestyle will Icelanders have to tolerate?
7. What type of power plant produces the electricity used in
your residence?
8. What is the relationship between global climate change
and the hole in Earths ozone layer?
9. Why is it important for power plant operators to keep pipes
circulating water through plant components free from fouling?
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570
c KEY EQUATIONS
mep 5
(9.1) p. 495
Otto Cycle
h5
(9.3) p. 498
(9.8) p. 499
Diesel Cycle
h5
Wcycle / m
Q41/ m
u4 2 u1
512
Q23 / m
Q23 / m
h3 2 h2
k
rc 2 1
1
h 5 1 2 k21 c
d
k1rc 2 12
r
512
(9.11) p. 503
(9.13) p. 503
Brayton Cycle
# #
# #
1h3 2 h42 2 1h2 2 h12
Wt / m 2 Wc / m
# #
5
h5
h3 2 h2
Qin/ m
# #
Wc / m
h2 2 h1
bwr 5 # # 5
h3 2 h4
Wt / m
1
h512
1p2 / p121k212/k
hx 2 h2
hreg 5
h4 2 h2
(9.19) p. 512
(9.20) p. 512
(9.25) p. 516
(9.27) p. 523
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571
(9.31) p. 552
c 5 2kRT
M 5 V/ c
ho 5 h 1 V 2/ 2
To
k21 2
511
M
T
2
(9.37) p. 554
(9.38) p. 554
(9.39) p. 555
(9.50) p. 562
po
To k/1k212
k 2 1 2 k/1k212
5a b
5 a1 1
M b
p
T
2
(9.51) p. 562
Mach number
Stagnation enthalpy
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619
c KEY EQUATIONS
TC
TH 2 TC
(10.1) p. 591
(10.7) p. 593
(10.9) p. 608
#
#
h2 2 h3
Qout/ m
g5 # # 5
h2 2 h1
Wc / m
(10.10) p. 609
# #
1h1 2 h42
Qin/ m
#
# # 5
b5
#
2
h
1h
Wc/ m 2 Wt/ m
2
12 2 1h3 2 h42
(10.11) p. 613
bmax 5
# #
Qin / m
h1 2 h4
b5 # # 5
h
Wc / m
2 2 h1
gmax 5
TH
TH 2 TC