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PERCENTAGE (%)

A percentage is a ratio expressed in terms of a unit being 100. A percentage is usually denoted by the symbol
%.
To express a% as a fraction, divide it by 100 a% = a/100
To express a fraction as %, multiply it by 100 a/b = [(a/b) 100] %

x% of y is given by (y x/100 )

Point to remember for faster Calculation


1 = 100%
1 /2= 50%
1 /3= 33.33%
1/4 = 25%
1/5 = 20%
1 /6= 16.66%
1/7 = 14.28%
1/8 = 12.5%
1/9 = 11.11%
1/10 = 10%
1/11 = 9.09%
1/12 = 8.33%
Some Short tricks based on Condition
If A's income is r% more than B's income, the B's income is less than A's income by
[ r / (100+r)] * 100%
If As income is r% less than Bs income, the Bs income is more than As income by
[ r / (100-r)] * 100%

If 'A' is x% of 'C' and 'B' is y% of 'C' then


'A' is (x/y) * 100% of 'B'.
If the sides of the triangle, rectangle, square, circle, rhombus etc is
(i) Increased by x%. Its area is increased by
2x+(x2/100)
(ii)If decreased x%. Its areas is decreased by,
-2x+(x2/100)
If a number x is successively changed by a%, b%, c%. then final value :
x (1+a/100) (1+b/100) (1+c/100)

The net change after two successive changes of a% and b% is


(+ +/100) %
The population of a town is 'P'. It increased by x% during 1st year, increased by y% during 2nd year and
again increased by z% during 3rd year. The population after 3 years will be,

P * [(100+x)/100] * [(100+y)/100] * [ (100+z)/100 ]


Rate Change and Change in quantity available for fixed expenditure:
Let original price = x per unit quantity;
x(x+ rate change)= (Expenditure Rate change) / (change in available quantity)

Here rate change = change in rate per unit quantity .


Mixture problems:
If x% of a quantity is taken by the first person, y% of the remaining quantity is taken by the second person, and
z% of the remaining is taken by the third person and if A is left, then initial quantity was
The same concept we can use, if we add something, then the initial quantity was

Profit & Loss


Cost Price-The price at which an article is purchased is called its cost price (C.P.)
Selling Price-The price at which the article is sold is called its selling price (S.P.)
CP = Cost Price
SP = Selling Price
When SP < CP Loss = CP - SP
When SP > CP Profit = SP - CP
Note: Loss% and Profit% both are calculated upon CP
Profit% = [Profit/CP] * 100
Loss% = [Loss/CP] * 100
Now, some more general things we can deduce...
(1) When profit% is given, say, 10% profit
Then SP becomes [100+profit%] of CP = [100+Profit%]/100
For 10% profit, SP = 110% of CP = [110/100]*CP = 1.1*CP
Means to say, if 10% profit, then we simply do SP = 1.1*CP
If CP is given, then SP is calculated, and if SP is given then CP is calculated
(CP = SP/1.1)

(2) When loss% is given, say, 10% loss ,Then again, SP becomes [100-loss%] of CP, again same approach.
For 10% loss, SP becomes 90% of CP = 0.9*CP
If CP is given, then SP is calculated, and if SP is given, then CP is calculated
(CP = SP/0.9)

e.g.
If an article is sold at a profit/gain of 30%, then S.P. = 130% of the C.P.
If an article is sold at a loss of 20%, then S.P. = 80% of the C.P.
When there are two successive Profit of x % and y % then the resultant profit per cent is given by
[x + y+ (x y/100)]
If there is a Profit of x% and loss of y % in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss% is given by
[x y - (x y/100)]
Note- For profit use sign + in previous formula and for loss use sign.
if resultant come + then there will be overall profit . if it come then there will be overall loss.
If a cost price of m articles is equal to the selling Price of n articles,
(C.P of m article = S.P. of n article) then Profit percentage

(m - n)/n100%
If m part is sold at x% profit , n part is sold at y % profit, and p part is sold at z% profit and Rs. r is earned
as overall profit then the value of total consignment

r100 / (mx +ny +pz)


A man purchases a certain no. of article at m a rupee and the same no. at n a rupee. He mixes them together
and sold them at p a rupee then his gain or loss

[{2mn/(m+n)p} -1] 100


Note += profit ,- = loss
When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then in this
transaction the seller always incurs a loss given by:

(x^2/100)%
Marked price = Cost price + Markup
CP --> + Markup --> = MP
Always Remember: Markup is extra price on Cost Price. So, Markup is always calculated on CP
And
%Markup = [Markup/CP]*100
Means to say if 400Rs CP and 100Rs Markup, then MP becomes 500Rs and %Markup becomes [100/400]*100
= 25%
Discount (if SP < MP) = MP - SP i.e. SP = MP - Discount
MP - Discount = SP
Always Remember: Discount is deducted from Marked Price. So, Discount is always calculated on MP and
%Discount = [Discount/MP]*100

A single discount equivalent to discount series of x% and y% given by the seller is equal to

(x +y - xy/100)%
If a seller marks his goods at x% above his cost price and allows purchasers a discount of y % for cash,
then overall gain or loss

(x y xy/100)%
If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Gain% = {(Error)/(True value - Error)x 100] %

SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST


Principal: - The money borrowed or lent out for certain period is called the principal or the Sum.
Interest: - Extra money paid for using other money is called interest.
Simple Interest (S.I.):- If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is
called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = r % per annum (p.a.), and Time = t years then
Using this formula we can also find out
Principal or Sum
Rate % per annum
Time (in years)

;
;

Compound Interest:
When compound interest is applied, interest is paid on both the original principal and on earned interest.
So for One year Simple interest and Compound interest both are equal.
So Amount at the end of 1st year (or Period) will become the principal for the 2nd year (or Period) and Amount
at the end of 2nd year (or Period) becomes the Principal of 3rd year.
Amount = Principal + Interest

A= P (1+r/100) ^n
A= Amount, P= Principal, r = Rate %, n = no. of years.
So Compound Interest = [P (1+r/100) ^ n - P]

C.I. = P [(1+r/100) ^ n 1]
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Some Important Condition:When interest is compounded annually,


Amount =
When interest is compounded half yearly,
Amount =
When interest is compounded Quarterly,
Amount =
When interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction, say 3
Amount =

v)

vi)

When Rates are different for different years, say r1%, r2%, and r3% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd year respectively.
Then,
Amount =
.
Difference between Compound Interest & Simple interest Concept
a) For Two years

b) For Three Year

vii)

year

For Two year ratio of Compound Interest to Simple interest

RATIO & PROPORTION / AVERAGE / PROBLEM ON AGES


A Ratio is comparison of two quantities by division.
A Proportion is a statement that two ratio or equivalent.
A Proportion is considered to be true if the ratios on the both side are equivalent.
If a: b = c: d, we write a: b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

a : b :: c : d

(b x c) = (a x d)

Fourth Proportional:
If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
Third Proportional:
a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
Mean Proportional:
Mean proportional between a and b is ab.
Duplicate Ratios:
Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/2 : b1/2).
Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).
Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).
Properties of Proportion:
If a/b = c/d then,
b/a= d/c
a/c = b/d
a d=b c

Average
An average or more accurately an arithmetic mean is, in crude terms, the sum of n different data divided by n.
Averages of a group are defined as the ratio of sum of all the items in the group to the number of items in the
group.
Average = (Sum of all items in the group)/ Number of items in the group
Some Important Concepts:
Average =total of data/No. of data
If the value of each item is increase by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also
increase by a.
If the value of each item is decreased by the same value a, then the average of the group of items will also
decrease by a.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also get
multiplied by a.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also get
divided by a.
If we know only the average of the two groups individually, we cannot find out the average of the combined
group of items.
Average of n natural no's = (n+1)/2
Average of even Nos = (n+1)
Average of odd No's = n

Change in the value of the Quantity and its effect on Average


When one/more than one quantity are removed but replaced with same no. of quantities of different value,

Change in the no. of quantities and its effect on Average

+ = if quantities ADDED,

- = if quantities removed

Problem on Ages:
1. If the current age is x, then n times the age is n x.
2. If the current age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
3. If the current age is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
4. The ages in a ratio a : b will be ax and bx.
5. If the current age is x, then 1/n of the age is x/n
.

Mixture or Allegation:
Mixtures are generally two types.
i)
Simple mixture:- When two different ingredients are mixed together
ii)
Compound mixture:- when two or more simple mixture are mixed together to form another mixture,
it is known as a compound mixture.
Allegation: Allegation means linking; it is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more
ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Rule of Allegation:
If two ingredients are mixed then,

Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by water.
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid =

CONCEPT REVISION QUESTIONS:


1.) The side of a square increases by p%, then find by what percent its area increase does?
A) 2p
B) p ^2/100
C) (2p+p/100) ^2
E) None of these
D) 2p+ p^2/100
2.) a liters of oil was poured into a tank and it was still e% empty How much oil must be poured into
the tank in order to fill it to the brim?
B) a/(100-e)
C) 100a/(100-e)
A) (a e)/(100-e)
D) 100ae / (100-e)
E) None of these
3.) A reduction of Rs. 2 per kg enables a man to purchase 4 kg more sugar for Rs. 16, Find the original
Price of sugar?
B) 8/kg
C) 16/kg
A) 2/kg
D) 4/kg
E) None of these
4.) A reduction of 25% in the Price of Dairy milk Chocolates, enables a person to buy 5 kg more for Rs.
120, Find the original price of Dairy milk Chocolates/kg?
A) 10/kg
B) 12/kg
C) 8/kg
D) 6/kg
E) None of these
5.) If the price of rice is increased by 7%, then by how much per cent should a housewife reduce her
consumption of sugar, to have no extra expenditure?
A) 7
B) 6.5
C) 8
D) 10
E) None of these
6.) The Daily age of workers increase by 20 % but the no. of hours worked by him per week drops by 20
%. If he was originally getting Rs. 500 per week, how much will he get now?
A) Rs. 480
B) Rs. 510
C) Rs. 490
D) Rs. 475
E) None of these
7.) A fruit seller bought a number of apples at 6 for rupee and sold them at 4 for rupee.
I) Find his gain per cent?
II) If his total gain is Rs. 26, find the no. of apples he bought?
A) 25 %, 350
B) 50 %, 312
C) 75%, 300
D) 80 %, 305
E) None of these
8.) A man sold two chairs for Rs. 500 each .On,one he gain 20% and on other he loses 12%. How much
does he gain or lose in the whole transaction?
A) Loss 5%
B) Gain 2%
C) Gain 1.5 %
D) Loss 1.5%
E) None of these
9.) Raman bought a bag with 20 % discount on the original price. He got a profit of Rs. 60 by selling at
150 % of the Price at which he bought. What is the original price of bag?
A) 600
B) 300
C) 150
D) 125
E) None of these

10.) The list Price of watch is Rs. 160. A retailer bought the same watch for Rs. 122.40. He got successive
discount one at 10% and the other at a rate which was not legible. What is the second discount rate?
A) 20%
B) 15%
C) 10%
D) 12.5%
E) None of these
11.) A milk man makes a Profit of 20% on the sale of milk .If he were to add 10% water to the milk, by
what % would profit increase?
B) 15
C) 10
A) 12
D) 32
E) None of these
12.) In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price
remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
A) 25%
B) 50 %
C) 70%
D) 75 %
E) None of these
13.) Salaries of Ankit and Sumit are in the ratio 2 : 3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the
new ratio becomes 40 : 57. What is Sumit's salary?
A) 40000
B) 42000
C) 38000
D) 45000
E) None of these
14.) In a bag, there are coins of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all, how
many 5 p coins are there?
A) 150
B) 200
C) 100
D) 175
E) None of these
15.) In a mixture 60 liters, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the quantity of
water to be further added is:
A) 45 liter
B) 60 liter
C) 50 liter
D) 100 liter
E) None of these
16.) The age of Chandans father is 4 times his age, 5 year ago it was 7 times of the age of his son. At that
time find the Present age of father?
A) 45 year
B) 60 year
C) 40 year
E) None of these
D) 50 year
17.) The ratio of the ages of Reeta & Geeta is 4:5 if the sum of the ages 81 years, find the ratio of their
ages after 9 years?
A) 9:13
B) 36:45
C) 45: 54
E) None of these
D) 33:11
18.) A, B and C start a business with investment in ratio 5:6:8 respectively After one year C withdraw
50% of his capital and A increase his capital by 60%of his investment. After two years, in what ratio
should they earn profit divided among A,B and C respectively?
A) 13:12:12
B) 25: 24:16
C) 12:12:19
D) 16:23:19
E) None of these

19.) A and B enter into a partnership and invest in stock market trading. Their investment initially was
Rs. 50,000 and 45,000 respectively. After 4 months A withdraw half of his capital. At the end of 8
months B withdraw half of his capital and C joins with a capital of Rs. 70,000.What would be the
ratio in the profit?
A) 40:45:28
B) 45:29:54
C) 40:25:17
D) 36:43:49
E) None of these
20.) The Simple interest on a sum of money is 1/9 of the Principal and the no. of years is equal to the rate
%pa. The rate % pa is?
A) 9 %
B) 3.33%
C) 10%
D) 16.67%
E) None of these
21.) A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a certain rate of interest. If Simple interest
instead of compound interest were reckoned, the interest for the first two years would be diminished
by Rs. 20 and that for the first three years by Rs. 61. Find the Sum?
A) 8000
B) 6000
C) 10,000
D) 12,000
E) None of these
22.) A certain sum is interested at compound. The interest occurred in the first two years is Rs. 272 and
that in the First three years is Rs. 434. Find the rate %?
A) 33.33%
B) 25%
C) 12.5%
D) 16.67%
E) None of these
23.) Sarah opened a restaurant, with a initial investment of Rs. 30,000. In that first year, he incurred a
loss of 5%. However, during the second year, he earned the Profit of 10% which in third year rose to
12.5%. Calculate his net profit for the entire period of three years?
B) 5620
C) 6000
A) 5300
D) 6600
E) None of these
24.) A bottle is full of Dettol. 1/3 of it is taken out and then an equal amount of water is poured into bottle
to fill it. This operation is done 4 times. Find the final ratio of Dettol and water in the bottle?
B) 17: 43
C) 16:63
A) 43: 65
D) 16:65
E) None of these
25.) In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of rice costing Rs. 15 and Rs. 20 per kg
so as to get a mixture worth Rs. 16.50 kg?
A) 8:9
B) 7: 10
C) 7:3
D) 8: 9
E) None of these

respectively

26.) A shopkeeper gives 12% additional discount on the discounted price, after giving an initial discount of 20%
on the labeled price of a radio. If the final sale price of the radio is Rs.704, then what is its labeled price?
B) 2000
C) 1500
A) 1000
D) 3000
E) None of these
27.) In Aruns opinion, his weight is greater than 65 kg but less than 72 kg. His brother doesnt agree with Arun
and he thinks that Aruns weight is greater than 60 kg but less than 70 kg. His mother's view is that his weight
cannot be greater than 68 kg. If all are them are correct in their estimation, what is the average of different
probable weights of Arun?
A) 67 kg
B) 68 kg
C) 69 kg.
D) Data inadequate
E) None of these
28.) The average weight of 8 person's increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them
weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?
A) 76Kg
B) 76.5Kg
C) 85Kg
E) None of these
D) Data inadequate
29.) A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples, originally he had
A) 600
B) 700
C) 800
E) None of these
D) 90
30.) The ratio between the present ages of Meera and Priya is 3 : 4 respectively. Ten years ago the ratio between
their ages was 4 : 7 respectively. What will be Meeras age after 5 years?
A) 23 year
B) 24 year
C) 25 year
D) Cant be determined
E) None of these
ANSWERS OF CONCEPT REVISION QUESTIONS:
1) D
2) A
3) D
4) C
5) B
6) A
7) B
8) D
9) C
10) B
11) A
12) C
13) C
14) A
15) B

16) C
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) B
21) A
22) C
23) B
24) D
25) C
26) A
27) A
28) C
29) B
30) A

1.
2.

% change in area = p + p + (p*p)/100 =


2p+p^2/100
After filling a liter still e% empty. So (100-e)%
= a liter ;

12.

Let x liter require to fill remain tank.


So full capacity of tank = 100a/(100-e)
So x= e% of capacity
= 100a/(100-e) * e/100 = ae/(100-e)
3.
Expenditure is fixed, let original price be x per
kg.
So x(x-2) = (16 2) / 4
On solving and taking + value in consideration
x= 4per kg.
4.
Expenditure is fixed but rate decrease by 25%.
So quantity increases by 5 kg.
Let the original price is x/kg.
So x(x-0.25x) = (120 * 0.25x) /5
So x= 8/kg.
5.
No change in expenditure.
So % reduce consumption = 7 /(100+7) 100 =
6.5 % approx.
6.
There is always loss.
So loss % = 20*20 /100 = 4%
So New Price = 96% of 500 = 480
7.
Gain % = 2/4 * 100 = 50%
And Total gain in Quantity / Total apple
= unit S.P. Unit C.P
26/ Total Apple = (1/4- 1/6)
Total Apple = 312
8.
Overall gain or loss = [100- (2* 120*88) / (
120+ 88)] %
= 100 101.5 = -1.5
So loss 1.5%
9.
Let the original Price x Rs.
So selling Price = x*80/100 * 150/ 100= 1.2x
Difference = 1.2x- 0.8x= 60
So x= 150 Rs.
10. Marked Price = 160
Selling Price = 122.40
160 *90/100 *x / 100 = 122.40
On solving x= 85
So % discount = 100-85 = 15%
11. After adding water total profit = 20 + 10 +
20*10/100 = 32%
Increase in Profit = 32-20 = 12%

13.
14.

15.

16.

17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.

Let C.P = 100


Profit = 320
S.P = 420
New C.P = 125
New Profit = 420- 125 = 295
Profit % of the selling price = 295/420 100
= 70% approx
2x+4000 / 3x+4000 = 40/57
On solving, Sumits salary = 34, 000
Option E
No. of coin * value of coin in rupees = Amount in
rupees.
So (1*.0.25x) + (2*0.10x)+(3*0.05x) = Rs. 30
On solving x= 50
So no. of coin of 5p= 3x = 150
Mixture = 60 liter ; Ratio of milk: water = 2:1
So milk = 40, Water = 20
Water added = x
40/20+x= 1:2, on solving x= 60 liter;
Age of father (F)= 4* age of chandan (C)
F-5 =7(C-5)
On solving both, C= 10; Then age of father = 4C=
40 year
4x+5x= 81;
So x=9
Ratio after 9 years= (36+9) : (45+9) = 45:54
1st year ratio = 5:6:8,
At 2 nd year = 8:6:4
After two year profit divided in ratio = 13:12:12
Share of A= 50k*4 + 25k*8 = 400k
Share of B= 45*8+22.5*4= 450k
Share of C= 70k*4= 280k
ratio of A:B:C = 40:45:28
R=(100/9)^1/2 =3.33%
P(r/100)^2= 40
P(r/100)^2 (300+r)/100 =61
On Solving P= 8000
P[(1+r/100)^2 -1]= 272
P[(1+r/100)^3 -1]= 434
On solving r= 12.5%
1st year loss = 1500
Price after 1st year = 28500,
2nd year profit = 2850
Price after 2nd year =31350

Profit in 3rd year = 3918.75


So net profit during 3 years = 3918.75+ 2850
1500= 5268.75
So option E is true
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Final ratio of Dettol and water = {

)
}

16: 65
Ratio= (20- 16.5) / (16.5-15) = 7:3
Let labeled price is x
So 704= x*80/100*88/100
On solving x= 1000
Go through statements, its clear that average of
probable weight of Arun is 67 kg.
Let new person weight = y and avg of previous
8 person = x
So 8x+y-65=8(x+2.5) on solving y= 85kg
60% = 420
So 100% = 700
3x-10 / 4x-10 = 4/7 on solving x=6 so meera
present age = 18 years
Meera age after 5 years = 23 year .

Time, Speed & Distance


The Speed of a moving body is the Distance travelled by it in unit Time.
So
Distance travelled = Speed Time
Total Time taken to cover some distance = Distance / Speed
Speed is either measured in Kilometer/ hour or meter/ second
To convert Kilometer/ hour in meter/second,

To convert meter/second in Kilometer/hour,

If a car covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr, the average speed of the whole
journey
2xy/(x + y) km/hr
Speed and time are inversely proportional (when distance is constant)
Speed 1/ Time (When Distance is constant)
If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same distance
is 1/a:1/b or b : a
Concept of Relative Speed:
Case1: Two bodies are moving in opposite directions at speed V1 & V2 respectively. The relative speed is
defined as
Vr =V1+V2
Case2: Two bodies are moving in same directions at speed V1 & V2 respectively. The relative speed is defined
as
Vr =|V1V2|

Concept of Trains
The basic concept for train related problem is Speed = Distance / time.
but we should kept in mind these discussed points below.

(i)

When the train is crossing a moving object, the speed has to be taken as the relative speed of the train
with respect to the object.

(ii)

The distance to be covered when crossing an object, whenever trains crosses an object will be equal
to:
Length of the train + Length of the object

NOTE- When train is crossing a stationary object (with length) like bridge, platform, and then its Length is added to the
length of train to get required length.
When train is crossing a pole, tree, man etc.. then their length is neglect with respect to train, Here only length of train is
considered.
Condition:
When Train crosses single object:
(Let the speed of train is st & length of train Lt)
1. Train Crosses a stationary object (without length like tree, man, pole etc..)
So time taken by train to cross the object =

2. Train Crosses a stationary object of Length L


So time taken by train to cross the object =

3. Train crosses a moving object of length L with speed sl in the same direction of train
So time taken by train to cross the object =
4. Train crosses a moving object of length L with Speed Sl in the opposite direction of train
So time taken by train to cross the object

When two train crossing each other in both directions:


Let length of one train = L ; Length of Second train = L2
They are crossing each other in opposite direction in t1 sec and same direction in t2 sec respectively,
Then,
Speed of faster train = (L1 + L2) /2 [1/t1 + 1/t2]
Speed of slower train = (L1+ L2) / 2 [1/t1 1/t2]
If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they
take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then:
(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)^1/2

Boat & Streams


Downstream/Upstream:
In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. and, the direction against the stream is called upstream.
If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then:

Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.


Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.

If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then:
Speed in still water =

Rate of stream =

1
(a + b) km/hr.
2

1
(a - b) km/hr.
2

Time & Work


Concept
If A can do work in n days, then 1 day work of A = 1/n and vice versa.
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.
Man Day Work
If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days working H1 hours per day and M2 men can do W2 work in D2 days working H2
hours per day (when all men work at same rate)

M1 D1 H1 / W1 = M2 D2 H2 / W2

If A can do a piece of work in p days and b can do in q days, then A and B together can complete the same work in
pq/(p+q) days

Pipe and Cistern


The pipe and cistern problem can be done on the concept of positive work and negative work. The pipe is used to fill
tank or something reservoir etc. mainly pipe are two types
Inlet pipe: it is used to fill the tank.
Outlet pipe: it is used to empty the tank
So Inlet pipe work taken as Positive and Outlet pipe work taken as negative .
1. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:
1
part filled in 1 hour = .
x
2. If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:
1
part emptied in 1 hour = .
y
3. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours (where y > x), then on
opening both the pipes, then
1 1
the net part filled in 1 hour =
.
x y
4. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours (where x > y), then on
opening both the pipes, then
1 1
the net part emptied in 1 hour =
.
y x
The same concept can be applied for one, two, three and more pipes.

Permutation and Combination:


Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
Examples:
i.
We define 0! = 1.
ii.
4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.
iii.
5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.
Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called permutations.
Examples:
i)
ii)

All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are
(ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)

Number of Permutations:
Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
nPr

= n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =

n!
(n - r)!

Examples:
a. 6P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
b. 7P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
c. Number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!
An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind;p3 are alike of third kind and
so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =

n!
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is
called a combination.
Examples:
1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and CA. Note: AB
and BA represent the same selection.
2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.
3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc.
4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:
AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination.
Number of Combinations:
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
nCr

Note:
I)
II)

nCn
nCr

= 1 and nC0 = 1.
= nC(n - r)

n!
(r!)(n - r)!

n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors


.
r!

Probability
Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an
experiment.
Random Experiment: An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact
output cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
Examples:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Rolling an unbiased dice.


Tossing a fair coin.
Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.
Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different
colours.

Details:
i)
ii)
iii)

When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we
throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
A pack of cards has 52 cards.

It has 13 cards of each suit; name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honors of each unit.
These are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.
Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the
sample space.
Examples:
1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}
2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Event:

Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

Probability of Occurrence of an Event:


Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
Then, E

S.
P(E) =

n(E)
n(S)

Results on Probability:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

P(S) = 1
0 P (E) 1
P( ) = 0
For any events A and B we have : P(A
B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A
If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

Mensuration
Rectangle
Area of rectangle = length (l) * breadth (b) = lb
Perimeter of rectangle = 2( l + b)
Where l= length of the rectangle, b= breadth of rectangle
Square
Area = a* a = a2
Perimeter = 4a
Where a= side of Square
Rhombus
Area = * Product of Diagonals
Perimeter = 4* length of Side = 4l
Circle
Let r = radius, d = diameter of circle.
Area = * radius2 = r2 = d2
Circumference of Circle = 2r
Radius r= d/2
Cylinder
Volume of cylinder = r2h
Total surface area of cylinder = 2r(r + h)
Curved Surface Area = 2rh
Where r = radius of base h= height of cylinder
Sphere
Volume of sphere= 4/3 r3 = 1/6 d3
Surface Area of sphere = 4 r2 = d2
Where r = radius of sphere d = diameter of sphere

B)

Hemisphere
Volume of hemisphere = 2/3 r3
Surface area of hemisphere = 3 r2
Where r= radius of hemisphere

Cone
Volume of right circular cone = 1/3 r2h
Area of base of a cone = r2
Curved Surface Area of Cone = r l
Total Surface area of cone = r(r+l)
Where r= radius of base, l = lateral height of cone , h = height of cone
Lateral height of Cone l = {(h2+r2)}1/2

Area of Sector of Circle = r2 * / 360


Where = measure of the angle of the sector, r = radius of sector
Length of an arc = 2 r* /360

Cube
Volume of Cube = l * l * l = l3
Length of Diagonal of Cube = 3 l
Where l= side of cube
Cuboid
Volume of cuboid = l *b* h
Length of Diagonal of Cuboid = (l2+b2+h2)1/2
(Where l = length b= breadth h = height)

1. Amit walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would have walked 20 km more. The actual distance
travelled by him is:
A) 45
B) 50
C) 55
D) 60
E) None of these
2. A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from point A at the same time and reach point B 75
kms away from A at the same time. On the way, however, the train lost about 12.5 minutes while
stopping at the stations. The speed of the car is::
A) 100 km/hr
B) 105 km/hr
C) 150 km/hr
D) 200 km/hr
E) None of these
3. Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 kmph and including stoppages, it is 45 kmph. For how
many minutes does the bus stop per hour?:
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
E) None of these
4. In a flight of 600 km, an airplane was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the trip was
reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight increased by 30 minutes. The duration of the flight is::
A) 45 minutes
B) 50 minutes
C) 55 minutes
D) 60 minutes
E) None of these
5. A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The average speed in
km/hour for the first 320 km of the tour is:
A) 35.11
B) 55.71
C) 71.11
D) 66.67
E) None of these
6. Prashant is travelling on his cycle and has calculated to reach point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10 kmph,
he will reach there at 12 noon if he travels at 15 kmph. At what speed must he travel to reach A at 1 P.M.?
A) 10 kmph
B) 15 kmph
C) 20 kmph
D) 25 kmph
E) None of these
7. It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes 20
minutes more, if 200 km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed of the train to that of
the cars is:
A) 3:4
B) 4:5

C) 7:9
D) 8:11
E) None of these
8. A train overtakes two persons walking along a railway track. The first one walks at 4.5 km/hr. The other
one walks at 5.4 km/hr. The train needs 8.4 and 8.5 seconds respectively to overtake them. What is the
speed of the train if both the persons are walking in the same direction as the train?:
A) 80 kmph
B) 81 kmph
C) 85kmph
D) 90kmph
E) None of these
9. Two, trains, one from Kolkata to Delhi and the other from Delhi to Kolkata, start simultaneously. After
they meet, the trains reach their destinations after 9 hours and 16 hours respectively. The ratio of their
speeds is:
A) 4:3
B) 3:4
C) 2:3
D) 3:2
E) None of these
10. Two trains of equal lengths take 10 seconds and 15 seconds respectively to cross a telegraph post. If the
length of each train be 120 meters, in what time (in seconds) will they cross each other travelling in
opposite direction?
A) 10
B) 12
C) 30
D) 25
E) None of these
11. A boat running upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a certain distance, while it takes 4 hours to
cover the same distance running downstream. What is the ratio between the speed of the boat and speed
of the water current respectively?
A) 8:3
B) 3:8
C) 7:9
D) 9:12
E) None of these
12. A boatman goes 2 km against the current of the stream in 1 hour and goes 1 km along the current in 10
minutes. How long will it take to go 5 km in stationary water?
A) 1hour
B) 1 hour 15 minutes
C) 2 hour
D) 2hour 15 minutes
E) None of these
13. Speed of a boat in standing water is 9 kmph and the speed of the stream is 1.5 kmph. A man rows to a
place at a distance of 105 km and comes back to the starting point. The total time taken by him is?
A) 20 hour
B) 21 hour
C) 23 hour
D) 24 hour
E) None of these

14. A man rows to a place 48 km distant and come back in 14 hours. He finds that he can row 4 km with the
stream in the same time as 3 km against the stream. The rate of the stream is:
A) 2km/hr
B) 3 km/hr
C) 2.5 km/hr
D) 4 km/hr
E) None of these
15. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the work
if he is assisted by B and C on every third day:
A) 15 days
B) 20 days
C) 25 days
D) 30 days
E) None of these
16. A is thrice as good as workman as B and therefore is able to finish a job in 80 days less than B. Working
together, they can do it in?
A) 20 days
B) 25 days
C) 30 days
D) 40 days
E) None of these
17. A and B can complete a work in 15 days and 10 days respectively. They started doing the work together
but after 2 days B had to leave and A alone completed the remaining work. The whole work was
completed in :
A) 10 days
B) 12 days
C) 20 days
D) 25 days
E) None of these
18. A and B together can do a piece of work in 30 days. A having worked for 16 days, B finishes the
remaining work alone in 44 days. In how many days shall B finish the whole work alone?
A) 40 days
B) 50 days
C) 55 days
D) 60 days
E) None of these
19. A machine A can print one lakh books in 8 hours, machine B can print the same number of books in 10
hours while machine C can print them in 12 hours. All the machines are started at 9 A.M. while machine
A is closed at 11 A.M. and the remaining two machines complete work. Approximately at what time will
the work (to print one lakh books) be finished?
A) 1:05 PM
B) 1:30 PM
C) 11:35 AM
D) 2 PM
E) None of these
20. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged so that the vowels
always come together?

A) 124045
B) 20890
C) 133156
D) 120960
E) None of these
21. How many 4-letter words with can be formed out of the letters of the word, 'LOGARITHMS', if repetition
of letters is not allowed?
A) 400
B) 4050
C) 5040
D) 5773
E) None of these
22. In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected. In how many different ways can they be
selected such that at least one boy should be there?
A) 156
B) 209
C) 193
D) 245
E) None of these
23. In a bag, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the probability
that it is neither red nor green?
A) 3/91
B) 1/3
C) 3/7
D) 7/15
E) None of these
24. One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is a
face card (Jack, Queen and King only)?
A) 3/13
B) 1/13
C) 7/52
D) 9/13
E) None of these
25. Three taps A,B and C can fill a tank in 20,30and 40 minutes respectively. All the taps are opened
simultaneously and after 5 minutes tap A was closed and then after 6 minutes tab B was closed .At the
moment a leak developed which can empty the full tank in 60 minutes. What is the total time taken for
the completely full?
A) 15 minutes
B) 24 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 48 minutes
E) None of these
26. There are three taps A, B, and C. A takes thrice as much time as B and C together to fill the tank. B takes
twice as much time as A and C to fill the tank. In how much time can the Tap C fill the tank individually, if
they would require 10 hours to fill the tank, when opened simultaneously?
A) 12 hour
B) 48 hour
C) 60 hour
D) 24 hour
E) None of these

27. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank from empty to full in 30 minutes, 20 minutes, and 10 minutes
respectively. When the tank is empty, all the three pipes are opened. A, B and C discharge chemical
solutions P,Q and R respectively. What is the proportion of the solution R in the liquid in the tank after 3
minutes?
A) 5/11
B) 7/11
C) 9/11
D) 3/11
E) None of these
28. The length of a rectangular plot is 20 meters more than its breadth. If the cost of fencing the plot at 26.50
per meter is Rs. 5300, what is the length of the plot in meters?
A) 40
B) 50
C) 60
D) Data inadequate
E) None of these
29. A Blanket, when washed, was found to have lost 20% of its length and 10% of its breadth. The
percentage of decrease in area is?
A) 25
B) 28
C) 35
D) 40
E) None of these
30. A rectangular park 60 m long and 40 m wide has two concrete crossroads running in the middle of the
park and rest of the park has been used as a lawn. If the area of the lawn is 2109 sq. m, then what is the
width of the road??
A) 3m
B) 2m
C) 1m
D) 5m
E) None of these

1.

; 4x= 200 ; x= 50km,

2. Let speed of car x km/hr


75/x-75/1.5x = 12.5/60
Solving x= 120 km/hr
3. Stoppage time per hour = 9/54*60 = 10 min.
4. 600/x- 600/1.5x =200
So x= 1 hour = 60 min.
5. Average Speed =2*64*80/(80+64)= 71.11 km/hr
6. Let speed is x km /hour
x/10 x/15 = 2 so x= 60 ;
So time = 60/10 = 6 hour so Prashant has started @ 8am
So reach at 1 pm he should travel with = 60/5 = 12 km/hr
7. Let speed of train is x and speed of car = y
120/x+480/y= 8; so 1/x+4/y= 1/15
200/x+400/y=25/3; so 1/x+2/y= 1/24;
So y=80; x=60
So ratio of train that of Car =60:80 = 3:4
8. Let speed of train =x
4.5 km/hr = 5/4 m/s and 5.4 km/hr = 3/2 m/s
Length of train equal
So (x-5/4)* 8.4 = (x- 3/2)8.5
On solving x=22.5m/sec= 81 km/hr
9. Ratio of speed of A: Speed to B = 16:9 = 4:3
10. Let speed of first train S1 and 2nd train S2
120/s1=10 ; s1=12m/s same as s2=8m/s
Time taken if they cross each other= (120+120)/(12+8)= 12 sec.
11. 8 hour 48 min = 44/5 hour
Ratio of speed to boat to water ={(44/5+4)/2}:{(44/5-4)/2}= 8:3

12. Speed downstream = 1/10*60 = 6km/hr


Rate upstream = 2km/hr
Speed in still water = (6+2)/2 = 4km/hr
Required time = 5/4 hour = 1 hour 15 min.
13. Time = 105/(9-1.5)+ 105/(9+1.5)
= 14+10 = 24 hour
14. Let speed of man = x km/hr and speed of stream = y km/hr
So 4/(x+y)= 3/(x-y)
And 48/(x+y) + 48/(x-y)= 14
On solving y = 1km/hr
15. A,B and C one day work =(1/20+1/30+1/60) = 1/10
A 2 day work = 2*1/20 = 1/10
Work done in 3 days = 1/10+1/10= 1/5
So work completed = 15 days.
16. Let A taken time x then taken time by B= 3x
Diff. 3x-x= 80 days x= 40 days
If they work together then work /day =1/40+1/120 =4/120
So work completed in = 120/4 =30 days.
17. A and B together 1 day work =1/15+1/10 =5/30=1/6
2 day both work = 1/3
Remain work =2/3
Left work done in (2/3) (1/15) =10 days
So total day = 10+2 = 12 days
18. Let As one day work =x and Bs one day work = y
X+y=1/30 and 16x+44y =1
On solving x=1/60 y=1/60
So time required by B to complete work = 60 Days.
19. A,B and C I hour work =1/8+1/10+1/12= 37/120
2 hour work = 37/60
Remain work 1-37/60 =23/60
B+C one hour work = 1/10+1/12=11/60
So 23/60 work done in 23/60 11/60 hour = approx 2 hour 05 min
So time =11am+ 2hour 5min = 1hour 5 min.
20. No. of ways = {8! /(2! * 2!)}{4!/2!}= 10080 *12 =120960
21. Required no. of words = 10p4 = 10*9*8*7 = 5040
22. For at least one boy required no. of way =(6C1*4C3)+(6C2*4C2)+(6C3*4C1)+(6C4) =209

23. Total no. of balls = 8+7+6 = 21


Probability to chose neither red nor green ball = 7/21= 1/3
24. Probability = 12/52 =3/13
25. Portion of tank filled in 5 min. = 5[1/20+1/30+1/40]=13/24
Portion of tank filled by Band C in next 6 min = 6[1/30+1/40]=7/20
Remain part =1-[13/24 +7/20] =13/120
Time taken by C considering leak also = 13/120 [1/40 -1/60] = 13 min
Total time =5+6+13= 24 min.
26. 3(portion filled by A in 1 hour) = portion filled by B and C in 1 hour
Add portion of A filled in 1 hour both sides;
4(portion filled by A in 1 hour) = portion filled by A,B and C in 1 hour = 1/10
So portion filled by A in 1 hour = 1/40
P alone can fill = 40 hour
Similarly found Q alone can fill =30 hour
Time taken by R = 1[1/10-(1/40+1/30)] = 24 hour
27. Part filled by A+B+C in 3 min = 3(1/20+1/30+1/10) = 11/20
Part filled by C in 10 min = 3/10
Required ratio = 3/10:11/20 = 6:11
28. Let length = l breadth = b
So l=b+20
2(l+b) = 5300/26.50
On solving l= 60 meter
29. % change = -20+-10+2 = -28 So decrease 28% in area
30. Area of Park = 2400 sq m
Area of lawn = 2109 sq m
Area of crossroad = 2400 -2109 = 291 sq m
Let width = x meter, then
60x +40 x- x2 = 291
X= 3 meter

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