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Contents Outline...
Bearings
Classifications
Bearing Selection
Lubrication and Viscosity
Basic Terminology
Viscosity and its units
Lubrications and Friction
Lubrication Regimes
Hydrodynamic Bearings
Performance of Hydrodynamic Bearings
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Contents Outline...
Hydrodynamic Effect
Pressure development in JB
Expression for film thickness (h)
Petroffs Equation
The Sommerfeld Number
Design Consideration
Angular Speed
Trumplers Criterion
Temperature
Raimondi and Boyd Charts
Problems and References
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Bearing Introduction
Bearing : Two parts moving relative to each other
constitutes a bearing. Sliding, rolling or both
The two parts are always separated, either by lubricant
or rolling elements like steel balls
Friction effects are integral while designing bearings
Study of wear and friction?
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Bearings Introduction ..
Usage:
To reduce friction where shafts, gears or wheels are used.
To provide high load tolerance
Applications:
Transportation including cars, trucks, heavy trucks, helicopters,
airplanes and trains.
Industries including mills, mining, oil and gas extraction and
production, gear drives, health and positioning control, wind
mills and food processing.
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Bearing Configuration
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Bearing Configuration
Journal Bearing
Thrust Bearing
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Solid
Graphite, MoS2
Semi solid
Greases
Gases
Atomised 2 stroke oils
Rust preventives
Heat Treatment Oil
Refrigerating Oils
Lubricant - Components
Base Oils
Mineral by-products of crude oil refining process.
Base oils are polymerized or synthesized further and called
synthetic
Additives
Natural
Synthetic
Function of a lubricant
Lubricate - Reduce friction
Cooling - Heat transfer
Cleaning - Detergency
Noise pollution - dampening
Sealing prevent leakage
Protection prevent wear
Properties of lubricants
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number (TBN)
Dynamic viscosity
u
=
y
The unit of dynamic viscosity is Ns/m2
In practice, centi poise use.
1P = 100cP = 0.1Pas
Kinematic viscosity
Effects of temperature
The viscosity
temperature.
of
liquids
decreases
with
increase
the
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SAE 20
SAE 30
SAE 40
SAE 10
SAE 50
SAE 60
SAE 0 W
SAE 5 W
SAE 10 W
SAE 15 W
SAE 20 W
SAE 25 W
Petroffs Equation
The first explanation of bearing friction was given by
Petroff in 1883
It defines, groups of dimensionless parameters with
coefficient of friction
Assumptions :
bearing shaft is in concentric
It carries a small load
The clearance space is fully filled with oil
Leakages are negligible
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bearing
journal
e
C
Rf
O
C
journal
No lubrication present
lubricant
Performance parameters
Eccentricity (e) : the distance between the centres of the
bearing and journal (OC).
Radial Clearance (c) : difference in radii between the
bearing and journal
Eccentricity ratio () : the ratio between the eccentricity
and the radial clearance.
Minimum film thickness (hmin) : difference between the
radial clearance and eccentricity.
Attitude angle () : the angle between the load W and the
line of centres which lie both the maximum and minimum
film thickness
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Contact between
journal and bearing
Mixed-film Lubrication
Intermittent contact
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Journal rides on a fluid
film. Film is created by the
motion of the journal.
Mixed-film
Lubrication
Hydrodynamic
Lubrication
Coefficient of Friction
Boundary Lubrication
Bearing Parameter
Bearing Parameter
dynamic viscosity
rotational speed,
Lubrication Regimes
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Lubrication Regimes
Figure: Film conditions required for lubrication. (a) Fluid film lubrication surfaces separated by bulk lubricant film; (b) partial lubrication - both bulk lubricant
and boundary film play a role; (c) boundary lubrication - performance depends
essentially on boundary film.
The surfaces are move towards each other due to increase in load
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Oil wedge
Bottom surface
Surfaces are inclined to each other thereby compressing the fluid as it flows.
This leads to a pressure buildup that tends to force the surfaces apart
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Top Surface
Drag Force
Oil wedge
Bottom surface
The hydrodynamic effect generates a hydrodynamic pressure in the fluid that result in
load carrying capacity, i.e. the fluid film has sufficient pressure to carry the external load
on the bearing.
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hi
Oil wedge
ho
U
U
B
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It is simply a block of cast iron with a hole for the shaft providing running fit.
An oil hole is drilled at the top for lubrication
It handle high load and velocities because metal to metal contact is minimal due to
the oil film.
The damping effect of the oil film, journal bearing help make engines quiet and
smooth running.
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e = eccentricity
Bearing
Stationary
journal
Top Surface
Bearing
Bottom surface
Oil wedge forms between shaft/journal and bearing due to them not being
concentric
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U +0
=U /2
2
L3
L2
qx =
=
T
LT
qx =
Uh
f ( p)
2
a
dp
b
c
f ( p) =
( ) (L )
dx
To satisfy the units, a = +1, b = -1 and c = 3
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dp 1
f ( p ) = h3
dx
Uh
h3 dp
qx =
k
2
dx
qx =
Uh
2
dp U h h
3
=
dx
2
k
h
hh
dp
= 6U 3
dx
h
This is called as One Dimensional Reynolds Equation
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qy +
qx
q y
x
u
v
qy
dy
A
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.dy
dx
w1
q x
.dx
qx +
x
qx +
Where,
the rate of change of flow in the x direction = q x
x
q x
.dx dy
qx +
x
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q y
q y +
.dy dx
y
q x
.dx
x
q x dy + q y dx + w1dxdy
The total volume flow out from the column
q y
q x
.dx dy + q y +
.dy dx + w2 dxdy
qx +
x
y
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q x q y
+
+ (w2 w1 ) = 0
x
y
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Equilibrium of an Element
The derivation and theory will be discussed in the lecture.
The relationship between volumetric flow rate and pressure gradients
Uh
h 3 p
qx =
2
12 x
Vh
h 3 p
qy =
2
12 y
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h 3 p h 3 p
= 6 Uh + Vh + 2(w2 w1 )
+
y
x x y y
x
Since, the viscosity is constant in hydrodynamic lubrication theory,
3 p 3 p
h
h
= 6 U
+V
+ 2(w2 w1 )
h
+
x x y y
y
x
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In RHS, the third term, W2-W1 is related to the rate of the height of
the fluid column changes. It could be written as dh/dt and this is
called as Squeeze film action.
When the bearing is running at steady state, squeeze film becomes
zero. But in real time, it is not steady state. Thus, squeeze film
neither zero or negligible. But it is small, when compared with the
contribution made to hydrodynamic pressure form the convergent
wedge action.
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3 p 3 p
h
h
= 6U
h
+
x x y y
x
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3 p
h
h
= 6U
x x
x
dp
hh
= 6U
dx
h3
Where, h is the value of film thickness at which the pressure
gradient becomes zero.
In real bearings, for infinitely long, their longer dimension (L) is
at least 4 times bigger than their short dimension (Diameter, D).
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Performance Characteristics of
Hydrodynamic Bearings
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bearing
journal
C
C
F
N
journal
No lubrication present
lubricant
Performance parameters
Eccentricity (e) : the distance between the centres of the
bearing and journal (OC).
Radial Clearance (c) : difference in radii between the
bearing and journal
Eccentricity ratio () : the ration between the eccentricity
and the radial clearance.
Minimum film thickness (hmin) : difference between the
radial clearance and eccentricity.
Attitude angle () : the angle between the load W and the
line of centres which lie both the maximum and minimum
film thickness
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e
c
c = Rb R
0ec
journal
lubricant
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p
p
>>
L
D
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p
p
>>
y
x
h
d2p
x
=
U
6
dy 2
h3
This famous equation is known as Ocvirks equation
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p = 3U
h
h
h
h
x y + C
1
3
x y 2 + C y + C
2
1
3
2
x L
h3 4
L
2
x
y
h
4
p = 3U
L
2
x y
h
4
dx
R
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y
p=
2
Rc (1 + cos ) 4
1 1 + 24 2
= cos
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Design Considerations
Controlled Variables : (Designer may control these)
Viscosity
Speed
Loads
Bearing Dimensions
Temperature rise
Friction coefficient
Minimum film thickness
Volume flow rate
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N = N j + Nb 2N f
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Problem
Q1. An electrical generator rotor weighs 600,000 N and
rotates at 3600 rpm. It is supported by two journal bearings.
The journal diameter is 400 mm and the oil used is light SAE
30 oil. The oil filter allows particles of size 60m and the
peak surface roughness are 5m. Design the bearings. The
sump temperature is 20C.
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Wst
2.068MPa
LD
Running Load
Use a factor of at least 2
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Viscosity Chart
Vs Temp
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Temperature Effect
The average temperature is that the inlet and temperature
rise (T) from the inlet to the outlet of the lubricant
Tav
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T
= Ti +
2
Heat Loss
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Flow Ratios
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Terminating Position
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8
1
1
12
14
12
1 4 1
3
1 4 1 +
1
24
+
1
1
4
Where,
y is the desired variable within the interval > L/D > and
y, y1, y1 and y1/4 are the variables corresponding to L/D
ratios of , 1, , and , respectively.
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Vogelpohl Equation
= 1000 + 0.4 x
Where,
V = Linear velocity of Journal bearing in m/s
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