JLJHPaHjs

Bnotoletogi

of Bible

XVI

The

of the Old

Races

H.

A.

LL.D.

SAYCE,
AUTHOR

'

THE

FRESH

HlTTITES,

THE

OR

Testament

LIGHT

OF

Ko\V.

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FORGOTTEN

65

1(14

ST.

l'AUL*S

I'ICCADILI.V

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'

EMPIRE,'

SOCIETY

TRACT

RELIGIOUS

I'ATKRNOSTKK

MONUMENTS

THE

FROM

STORY

THE

OF

CIIURCHYAkI"

ETC.

HORACE

HART,

PRINTER

THE
To

UNIVERSITY

PREFACE.

following

THE

due

indulgence
research.
busied
biblical

the

last
of

ethnology
We

the

owe

be

must

Old

based

to

that

that
has

of

materials

the
of

Flinders

practical archaeologists,

Mr.

and

ethnographic

on

of

photographs
the

Egyptian

British

Mr.

us

R.

logical

to

us

the

belongs

in
the

Institute

reproduction.
carried

upon

very

the

of

far ;

the

to

of

first

the
of

the

by

there

were

ancient
of

obtaining

grant

which

itself
needed

the

grant
would
the

it
and

The

casts

represented
for

have

the
last

at

work.

To

calling

the

mine

unexplored

members

leading

But

to

pictures

that

which

the

possible.

made

1886-7,

merit

only

excavators

types

of

study

Petrie.

of

winter

anthropologists

preserved

artists, and

the

foundation

Poole
of

attention
facts

solid

S.

in

still

is

it

upon

he

of

its materials

become

which

monuments,

Association

given

the

science,

living

the

field

new

Indeed,

years

prince

young

Testament

part

greater

still.

four

or

in

arranging

younger

three

the

and

with

received

attempts

is but

its facts
is

ethnology

within

itself

collecting

in

first

to

Ethnology

be

must

pages

of

Egyptian
Anthropo
for

their

not

have

seeing

eye

PREFACE.

the

and

graph
British

in

1887,

Mr.

from

the

ancient

and
Sculptures,'
Tomkins

G.

Journal

in

found

unrestricted

an

complete

hundreds,

Apart

available

material

Most

ethnology.
examples
terra-cotta

must

be

the

of

Balawat

the memoir

are

on

them

Balawat,

Petrie

his

at

the

the

present

volume.

has

allowed

photographs

Those

who

photographs

several

45^. from

the

student

of

the

Assyrian
in the

studied

in the
Ornaments

published by

Old

Testament

Babylonian

and

Museum

depicted

reproduced
Bronze

of

originalbas-reliefs

British

the

Kent.

is little published

there

for

the

on

in

desire

number

price of

low

in

which

to

High Street,Bromley,

75

soldiers

The

of

photographs, which

figuresin

Armenian

of

from

these

from

Mr.

Petrie

follow.

which

pages

Browning Hogg,

Mr.

the

to

made

be

to

obtain

can

Rev.

subject

same

references

generosity,Mr.

of the

set

the

Ethnographic

and

Record,

footnotes

the

use

the
illustrating

by

the

Tomkins

and

Pictures

of

on

for

AnthropologicalInstitute, and

characteristic

With

Mr.

Oriental

and

Babylonian
will be

the

of

articles

the

'Racial

on

paper

Collection

'

Further

published by

been

the

the

on

results

Science

of

Egyptian

supplementary

Egypt.'

in

Types
have

in

The

himself

Petrie

by

photo

to

Report of

Advancement

report

Photographs

H.

for the

Association

the

in

given

are

the

select

explorer,to

scientific skill.

with

Petrie's labours

Mr.

the

preservedexamples, and

them

model

or

of

mind

best

typicaland

most

of

observing

the

the

bronze

and

figures
gates

platesaccompanying
of the

Palace

Society

of

Gates

Biblical

Archaeology
Chaldacan

while

(3,6, 12,

22) of

and

the

photographs of

in

found

be

ACE.

discovered

heads

Louvre, will

PREP

The

picturesand

Heuzey's Dhouvertes

and

The

quity.

sculpturesbequeathed

of other

exceeding that

individual

face,and

at

be

can

he

may

head

of

times
the

that

me

recede

in

proved

have

in

exaggerated

into stronger relief

all be
it

drawn

themselves
the

heads

by

the

upon

goes

racial

Empire of

the

Hittite
show

to

Egyptian
in the

such

side.

in

strikingfeature
remarked

has

forehead

is made

to

the

We

have

great

as

Hittite

profileas

by the

monuments

that

the

with

Egyptians

is

of the

comparison

after

it may

exaggeration

Hittites

exaggeration was
only

published by
inscriptions

the Hittites

at

exaggerations only bring

the
a

photo

Doubtless

and
peculiarity,

all events

At

profileas
drawn

But

an

of his likenesses

Garson

the

anti

traits in

almost

with

some

Dr.

cases

questioned whether

seems.

them

instances.

numerous

unnaturally.

salient

trustworthiness

certain

far

gift for

innate

an

the

once

foreigner,and

had

reproduced

graphic fidelity.The

by the

us

relics of Oriental

artist

Egyptian

to

ethnological value

an

similar

portraiture; he seized

on

the

in

now

beautifully-executedplates

however,

have,

Egyptians

as

early

Chaldte.

en

to

the

the

and

Tello,

at

Sarzec

de

(platesviii and

look

to

Dr.

Wright

ix) to

assure

not

at

the

in his
our

selves of the fact.

The

Egyptian

prisoners whom

artists
the

took

Pharaoh

as

had

their
led

models

with

him

the
into

PREFACE.

Egypt.

astonishing what
instance

every

from

comes

the

of

its own,

Of

mistaken.
selves
not

in the

course

in the

portraits of
have

natives

the

features
Virchow's
whose
the

the

the

fact

new

been

of the

will be

Egyptian
papyrus
the

with

has

upon

further

who,

her

Before

from

in

the

the

which
repetitions

in

or

at

actual

anthropologist.

the

be

for
the

last

at

by

that

one

the

first

Zakkur
settled

Golenischeff,
must

be

the

definite habitation

for

those

Exodus,

offer
with

been

Mr.

they

the

than

more

announced

Cyprus.

met

the

el-Bahari, illustrate

Deir

of the north.

will be

painting,

Pharaohs,

has

must

which

skulls of the

islands

concluding

Nile

the

after

age

The

Professor

obtained

been

does

preserved.

consequence
in

he

allies.

in which

last winter

obtained

be

never

can

still

monuments

accordingly

Egypt

it

geographicalposition of

of Salamis

Teukrians

in statuary

to

to

peculiarities

the

following pages

found

the

of

of

this has

Thus

by

are

found

course

careful to

or

valley of

mummies

were

time.
the

us

the

measurements

advantage
In

to

dead

mummies

been

which

assistance

an

of the

bequeathed

of

individual

Egyptians them

of the

case

of their enemies

case

supplemented by

are

presented by

type

ethnologisthas

the

possess

they

racial

the

which

the

have

face may

individual

the

Though

artist has

the

in

exists
group

in spiteof
locality,

same

differences of detail which

note.

of

members

it is

life,and

racial resemblance

close

between

the

from

consequently

drew

They

an

of

enemies
descended

apology

in the volume.

for

the

They

PREFACE.

have

been

due

ligibleto
In fact
to

of my

present

clear

who

readers

one

necessityof making the book

the

to

difficulties in

form.

leptorrhine must

and
be

given of

the

facial

ceeded

the

portion

remembered,

of their

in

subject,if

is called

make

science

ought

to

be

which
ficiality

is too

I have

of such

terms

educated
of

man

treat

We

manner.

the

be
a

scientific value, in

thing, the

often

suc

It must

'

is one
intelligibility

and

impossibleto

popular

of every

aim

that

meaning

of any

to
intelligible

the

must

measured

are

hope

it is

it is to be
'

dolichocephalic

repellentcharacter.

purely

in

robbing the explanations of

however, that

what

but

skulls

scientific

reader, and

been

explanations

occur,

in which

the

making

clear to every

scientific

mode

like

Terms

indeed

writing it has

ethnologicalstudy

angle determined, but

in

some

of

department

new

intel

ethnologistsby profession.

not

are

main

readable

and

.7

may

public;

science

do

to

inaccurate

signifiedby

'

it

so

super
'

popular writing

is another.
In

respect I have

one

down

for

those

audience.
time
of

to

the

many

I have

of its

of

facts,more
Old

For

the

sake

more

than

break

gain the

ethnology

the

rule laid

of

wide

footnotes

from

ear

in the

made

in the text.

Many

still disputed,and

are

especiallythose bearing

Testament,

speak positivelywhere
to

to

to

given references

conclusions

journals.

wish

for the statements

time

of the

races

who

ventured

are

hidden

of clearness
the

evidence

away

I have
does

not

and
preponderant probability,

the

on

in learned
often

had

yet

amount

in such

cases

to

PREP

it is
in

detail

to

it.

author,

the

drawing

fresh
be

to

opened

up.

observers

and

I shall
of

the

lated

which

path

of

science,

of

but

Year

What

is

utilise

one

in

and

the

origin

common

diverse,

outlines

have

and

stimu

history

indeed,
and

in
a

AUGUST,

1891.

H.

of

the
common

hope.
A.

view

made.

are

main

the

humanity

of

workers

are

that

and

expect

points

and

in

new

may

wanted

pursue,

Europe.

succeeded

we

new

sketched

discussions

to

year

should

world

opinion.

the

students

by

Biblical

the

have

(a.s

authority

of Western
if I

the

rests

or

decided

discoveries

have

they

give

chiefly

the

that

the

on

more

relating

means

which

races

discovered,

ancient

facts

regards

as

Biblical

investigate

to

the

be

the

accepted,

on

to

case

if I

content

others

races

of

be

to

one

upon

enquiry.

materials

subject

it

given

accomplished

be

of

is

prehistoric

attention

field

fruitful

to

will

aim

the

inscriptions)

the

the

with

connected

for

generally

is

called

fortunately

is

look

not

are

finally

or

study

to
to

cuneiform

is not

ethnologist

My

where

text

of the

case

This

the

in

the

wish

references

Where

the

of

know

should

statement

in

who

those

that

right

ACE.

SAYCE.

the

eyes

TABLE

CONTENTS.

OF

CHAP.

PACK

I.

II.

THE

SCIENCE

OF

LANGUAGE

28

CHAPTER

THE

TENTH

IV.

THE

SEMITIC

THE

EGYPTIANS

RACE

AND

III.

V.

ETHNOLOGY

OF

GENESIS

39

69

RACE

.82
.

VI.

THE

VII.

THE

VIII.

IX.

PEOPLES

OK

CANAAN

100

HITTITES

130

EUROPE,

AFRICA,

ARABIA

AND

143

166

CONCLUSIONS

TABLE

OF

RACES

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT

174
.

APPENDIX
.

.175

INDEX

17?
.

OF

LIST

ILLUSTRATIONS.

SAHOBCBDL.

"o,

So.

5o.

Head

i.

3.

Tie

"

RJBHKS

IT-

of

king

FFmrn

4.

of

ttflBc

"e

ieact

-nrnic

ae

inm

G"c

"e

Hall

Karaak

of

01

ide

2t

dme
,

5ii.

of

Ramses

s.

Thee

S.

EL

HrrtH".

ade

-me

beads

Ramses

iorn

die

top

"

tbe

TrioM

of

the

EL

So.

H"d

lae.atKamMk.

)i

tiie

dnef

of

Ganaa

or

GmA

oran

the

oaroie

IJST

P.

109.

Head

of

01'

Menti-Sati

123.

Head

of

Mitanni,
Hall

P.

124.

Head

of

125.

Head

of
III

P.

127.

Heads

153.

Head

inhabitant
Karnak

of

of

of

Ramses

of

from

the

of

country

from

the

Great

the

Hall

Great

Karnak

of

II.

the

from

Damascus,

(southern

of

face

Thothmcs

of

pylon).

the

of

Ashkelon

temple

Hittite

type

from

the

cross-

Karnak.

Shakalsha

Ramses

from

III.

The

the
is

type

fa9ade

of

Latin,

and

Habu,

Medmet

probably

time

of

represents

Sikel.

P.

155.

Head

of

Shairdana

time

Habu,
P.

156.

Head

of

159.

Head

of

of

Hanivu

(Eighteenth
P.

of

II.

type,

Ramses

of

Scripture,

gate

Jewish.

in

Euphrates,

of
of

strongly

is

type

the

on

Hittite

time

inhabitants

of
wall

P.

of

side),

at

lanua

time

Karnak,

an

The

the

from

Peninsula)

Aram-Naharaim

Rutennu

(north
P.

of

the

of

Sinaitic

Karnak.

at

inhabitant

an

the

(of

Nekht-Hor-heb

P.

II.LVSTRATIOXS.

painting

Ramses

or

of

on

the

wall

from

Greek,
at

the

the

from

fa9ade

of

Medinet

III.

Ionian

Dynasty)

member

Sardinian

or

the

pylon

of

Hor-em-heb

Karnak.

Western
of

the

(or
tomb

Libyo-European)
of

Meneptah.

race,

from

THE

RACES

OLD

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

CHAPTER

THE

WE

divided

allusions
the

the

fact.

mind

Like

the

race

is

which

words

often

In

meaning.
and

'species'

whatever

by

the

speak
self
is

is

ethnology
mankind.

In
of

special

divided,

it has

'

in

term

the

to

that

'

most

the

upon

term

their

the
is

which

loose

and

is

lower

appropriated

race.'
deals

into

The

with

definite
'

'

race

to

man

signified

animals

species

word
sense.

terms

application

term

the

the

use,

science, the

has

man

denote

science

first and

precise

very

one

of

case

species

and
is

the

race

somewhat

the

popular

of

language

signified by

other.

only

in

equivalent

are

different

themselves

in

are

employed
the

different

the

at

man.

which

Scientifically,
however,

to

to

of

one

impress
of

student

belongs

of

race,

look

cannot

ourselves,
is

is full

Keltic

the

We

is

mankind

literature

he

that

from

that

fact

race,

like.

distinction

facts

most
'

'

feeling

Racial

of

the

humanity

prominent

the
Modern

races.

and

race,

of

species

with

Anglo-Saxon

without

negro

ETHNOLOGY.

OF

familiar
into

to

Latin

in

SCIENCE

all

are

I.

we

to

which
science

the

races

also
can

him

he
of
of

RACES

THE

10

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD
0

is not

then,

race,

nation

or

nationalityor

consist
people. A nation may
bound
to
of more
than
one
race
; it is a body of men
and
government
gether by the possession of a common
a
common
history, but not necessarilyof a common
of various
British
nation
is a
mixture
origin. The
has
which
existed
races
politicalunion
among
; the

community,

even

or

has

for centuries

them

part of

nationalityis

that

the

of its

memory

has
population which
similar laws, habits, and
common

the

just as
basis
the

of

basis

history.

of

the

and

nation

preserved

It is that

part of

is the

government

common

possession of
claims

The

race.

has

with
community
language. The possession of
fact,the basis of a nationality,
into

grown

language is,in
possession of

nation.

which

nation

common

this mixture

made

of

origin
nationalitymust

common

linguisticgrounds, those of a nation

politicalgrounds, while racial unity is determined

be

decided

kinship

in blood

of

with

race

on

on

traits.
physiological

and

nationality has

than

more

by

confusion

brought

once

results.
political
The
term
people is wider than those of nation
than
and
nationality.'A people is a nation and more
nation ; it represents the population, whatever
a
may
exists in a particular
be its origin or
history, which

with

it disastrous

'

'

'

'

'

of

than

sense

narrower

England

'

do

not

the

'

term

include

nation
whole

the

used

be

it to

cause

its

hand,

other

the

geographical locality. On
graphical application may

'

'

in

people

the

of the

geo

'

British

nation.'
We

must

fallacythat
guage

is

the

at

no

race

test

outset

and
of

disabuse

language
race;

the

our

are
same

of the old

minds

synonymous.
race

may

Lan

speak

THE

SCIENCE

ETHNOLOGY.

OP

II

different

the

same

our

speak
languages, and different races
may
need
look
further than
not
language. We

island

to

spoken by

men

own

Keltic

the

the

The
the

as

Teutons

while

guages,

Kelts

of

Cornwall

Scandinavians
of

the

within

speak
northern

of the
On

east

coast.

and

Wales

the

English is

this.

of

and

Teutonic, Scandinavian,

of

of Cornwall

Kelts

truth

the

alike

blood.

language
or

discover

limits

the

speak

of Wales

the

same

counties,

other

hand,

different

lan

itself we

have

Welsh-speaking and an English-speaking population

which
nevertheless
race.
belongs to the same
Perhaps
the Jews afford the best proof of the futility
of drawing
ethnologicalconclusions from the evidence of language.
Wherever
the Jews have
they have adopted the
gone
they have settled.
language of the country in which
There
of Jewish descent
numbers
of Jews or persons
are
in England who
know
other language than
no
English,
and
who, on philologicalgrounds alone, could not be
the
The
distinguished from
ordinary Englishman.
of Jews in
communities
sacred
language of certain
but old Spanish,
South-eastern
Europe is not Hebrew
that
the
language of their ancestors
having been
when
they were
expelled from Spain in the fifteenth
a

century.
All
social

that

is

contact.

proved by
The

fact that

speak English proves that

with Englishmen.
contact
and

easilylanguages

another,

and

there

community

are

are

of

Kelts

the

is

language
of

Cornwall

they have been sociallyin

It is astonishinghow
quickly

borrowed
certain

by
races

one

people

which

seem

from
to

peculiar readiness to adopt the language of

others.
Usually, of course, it is conquest which causes
a
people to adopt the language of another, the slave

display

servant

or

OF

rather

than

understand

what

throughout

Western

to

the

conquest

Norman

the

is said

TESTAMENT.

in

conquerors

him.

to

But

of Arabic

spread
due,

not

of

need

through

the

the

to

and

reading

be

causes

The
the

Italy adopted
in

world

of

Islam,

understanding

the

the

and

era,

eastern

the

in

Palestine

Christian

trade

of

necessities

sword

before

result.

same

and

the

much

so

other

the

France

before

centuries

few

Africa

Northern

languages of the conquered ; the

by Aramaic
superseded Hebrew
last

being compelled
Latin
was
spoken

master

Europe and
Roman
Empire.
will bring about

fall of the

sides

OLD

THE

RACES

THE

12

been

has
as

the

to

its

in

Qoran

originaltongue.
ethnologistcan derive from the
he
testimony of language is a presumption that where
finds two
language,
peoples or tribes speaking the same
him
that they also be
show
further investigationmay
race.
Language, we have seen, in
long to the same
often implies
social contact
social contact, and
dicates
The

The

Kelts

have

intermarried

for

centuries

as

Cornwall

of

well.

intermarriage
Wales

the

that

utmost

mixed

it is not

and

ethnologistwants
in

even

see,

individuals

the

racial

the
the

types

paternal

or

the

observer

has

no

it fall under

to

several
race

as

races
a

it have

within

individuals

pure

neigh

mixed

race,

which

races

investigate. Moreover, as we
race
a
large proportion

belonging

Though

posed.
to

mixed

characterise

which

the

to

but

races

the

with

bouring population of England.

Intermarriage,however, produces only

of

maternal

their

the

side.

The

shall
of

it is

the

on

most

at
in distinguishing
difficulty

com

mixed,

remains

tendency

ancestors

the

definite types

of which

whole

and

to

revert

either

the

superficial
least

two

RACES

THE

14

At

led to their creation.

would

matters

One

of the

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

such

present speculation'
upon

but

little way.

carry

us

most

important

characteristics

that

dis

shape of the
is called dolichocepha
what
skull.
Certain
are
races
lic or long-headed, while others are
brachycephalic or
relate to the proportion
round-headed.
These
terms
If its transverse
of the length of the skull to its breadth.
diameter
is to its longitudinalin the proportion of from
the skull is dolichocephalic;if it is in the
70 to 80 to 100
proportion of from 80 to 90 to 100 it is brachycephalic.
A
skull which
is in the proportion of 75 to
is a
100
typicallylong one ; a skull which is in the proportion
of 85 to 100
Skulls below
is typicallybroad.
the pro
tinguish races

portion

of 70 to

met

with, and

the

proportion

medial.

short

many

Stature

skull, a tall

100

is

often

insufficient

Savage
short

of 90 to

corresponds

accompanying

round

Stature, however,
nourishment.

that

100

not

are

craniologists
regard skulls in which
about
80 to 100
as
mesocephalic or

stature

stature

above

or

is the

another

from

one

the

to
a

long

form

of the

skull

and

skull.
is

largelydependent on food and

Stunted
growth is often the result 01
to insanitaryconditions.
food, or exposure

tribes

which

before

have
their

been

remarkable

for

their

with

European civili
sation,have increased in height and general size when
in receiptof a regularsupply of plentiful
food.
Stature
be regarded as
of those
by itself cannot
one
physio
It may
be
logicaltraits which separate race from race.
a

stature

racial

in other
to

the

Even

and
characteristic,
cases

it is

contact

is

so

dependent

on

growing child.
craniology is

not

in

always

some

instances

the nourishment

safe

guide.

but

given
Skulls

and

been
of

tribes in which

of

know

we

North

for

America,

such

natural

form,

distortions

of the Flathead

children

The

customary.

15

their

from

distorted
artificially

be

may

ETHNOLOGY.

OF

SCIENCE

THE

Indians

subjected

instance, were

have

to

an

flatteningof the skull while their bones were

stillsoft and
placed between
plastic. Their heads were
pieces of board, which gradually brought them into the
required shape. In dealing with ancient skulls,there
be on his guard against such
fore,the craniologistmust
artificial

deformations.
to

Here,

from

argue

'

from

Apart

of the skull

elsewhere

as

in

science,it

singleinstance.'

artificial distortions,however, the

is

characteristics

of the

one

of

marked

most

It is

race.

and

startlingto

type of skull
changeably the same
generation after generation,in the same
than

more

Where

and

that

causes

of two

shape

of the

which

act

transverse

tudinal

sutures

ones,

the

hand, the

other

cephalic.
By the
In

races.

in

earlier

becomes

from

the

moment

of

the

skull

of

case

period of
it

were

running

skull,in fact,is

is

converse

of

that

as

is

the

skull
bones.

of the

the

lower

higher

life. As
a

reproduced,

is present.

race

long-headed

we

feel

may

sure

in their veins.

due

to

physiological

of birth.
unite

Where

When

before

the

the

longi

dolichocephalic; where, on the

is the case, the skull is brachy-

its various

the

member,

un

population we

family

same

races

skull

sutures

between

union

the

in

how

see

race.

one

shape

permanent

is

in

than

more

round-headed

the blood

The

than

find

we

member
that

type of skull appears

one

safelyconclude

may

is unsafe

solid

These
races

races, and

consequence
mass

the

meant

are

of

vary

lines

of

in different

they are simpler

disappear at an
of this the skull

bone,

and

prevents

the

expansion
Small
single
sutures

of the
bones

than

the 'convolutions

that

on

so

little

individual

in

Inca-bone,' and

'

the

found

of certain

of

brains

'

It is true

weigh
higher

races

of

the

general rule are

cerebral capacity,'
so-called,of

ethnologist.
are
higher races

the

the brains

than

important

it.

lower

the

exceptions

make

less

are

characterise

the

to

of

brains

to

as

use

placed.

with

met

brain

which

less space

occupy

numerous

'

the

the whole

but

races,

the

of the

size

weight and

less and

sometimes

are

is

tribes.

American

The

the brain

cavity in which

of the head, is characteristic

the back

South

TESTAMENT.

OLD

of these, called

; one

towards

THE

OF

RACES

THE

to

the

the

On

other

the

hand

distinguishedby

more

those
of the inferior races,
than
complex convolutions
than
and though the subjectrequiresfuller investigation
has yet been
given to it,it is one which the ethnologist
afford to neglect.
cannot
the shape of the skull the position of the
Next
to
of ethnological tests.
valuable
jaws is perhaps the most
The
greater the projectionof the jaws beyond the line
of

the

face, the
has

alone

prognathism
serious
lower
have

higher

the

minent

are

of

line from

ness

race

projection of
Prognathism
it

of

was

in the
in the

the

Man

latter.

disappears where
jaws exists to any

chin

the

as

is the

the
is

characteristic

of

skulls

whose

early races

the

caves

of

Northern

Europe

scale

of

humanity

the

; the

less pro

jaws. It is not difficult to determine the

prognathism in a given skull. By drawing a
the forehead
to the most
protrusivepart of the

jaws, and
obtain

as

found

been

degree

or

extent.
races,

chin,

true

animal-like

more

what

of the

its

from

that

again

to

the

point

of

the

chin, we

maxillary angle.' The acuteangle necessarilydepends on the prominence

is termed

'

the

THE

the

of

OF

SCIENCE

ETHNOLOGY.

17

The

ethnological importance of the

be judged when
find that whereas
measurement
we
may
in the case
of the average
European the angle is one of
of the negro
it is only 140". The
1 60",in the case
negro,
in fact,stands
almost
much
below the European as
as
he stands above the orang-outang, whose maxillaryangle
jaws.

is 110".

jaws imply the development of physical

of the intellectual
strengthand appetiteat the expense
faculties. A race
which is characterised by prognathism
be expected to be characterised
also by powerful
may
muscular
appetites,
vigour,and poverty of thought and
be
imagination. Individual exceptions will of course
found
arise among
to the general rule ; thinkers
may
of brutish mind
exist
prognathic races, and men
may
orthognathic races, but science is concerned, not
among
with individual exceptions,but with the general rule.
Along with the
maxillary angle the ethnologist
take note of the
must
facial angle.' This is formed
by
line drawn
from the forehead
a
to the jaws as
before,
and
second
line drawn
a
at
right angles to it which
From
the facial
passes through the aperture of the ear.
the prominence of the forehead
angle we can determine
Prominent

'

'

'

'

'

and

the

size

commonplace

of

the

that

anterior
a

broad

intellectual

capacity, while
hinder
portion of the head
development of the coarser
instructive,
therefore,to

see

part of the skull.

It is

indicates
high forehead
the development of the
implies a corresponding
animal
qualities. It is
how
the
closelyconnected

another.
Pro
maxillary and facial angles are with one
gnathism is accompanied by a low receding forehead ;
orthognathism by that with which Greek sculpturehas
While
the facial angle of the Euromade
familiar.
us

THE

pean
that

averages

of the

80",that

Among

race.

while

sound,

and

readiness

littleto do

some

races

other

this

with

they

70",and

averages

while

food

to

seem

Egyptians
of their

excellence
them

difference

are

and
the

remarkably large
distinguished by their

are

Climate

neighbours lose

Nubian

negro

characteristic of

races

for the

celebrated

been

often

decay.

to

TESTAMENT.

40".

are

teeth again

OLD

THE

of the orang-outang

The
of

OF

RACES

have

have

always

teeth, their

generallyat an early
Most
of the
black-skinned
populations have
age.
wisdom-teeth
with three fangs,which
cut
are
early and
lost late,whereas
of the European
the wisdom-tooth
are
has but
two
fangs, is cut late and lost early. The
wisdom-tooth, however, is evidently disappearing from
the

mouth

in

Europe

of the white
have

very

The

race.

wisdom-teeth

oldest

with

three

all.

This

skulls

found

fangs each like

those which still survive among
the less developed races
of mankind, and there is a well-marked
tendency among
the upper
classes of European societyfor the wisdomteeth to remain
embryonic. In a large proportion of
they

cases

the

are

cut

never

decreasingsize

at

of the

jaw, which

be

may

due

smaller

grows

the increased

with

development of the brain ; the smaller

the wisdom-teeth
jaw the greater the difficulty
have
forcingtheir way through the gums.
The

form

tinguish
with

the

of the

one

flat

the

somewhat

and

with

the

and

nose

race

from

nose

and

hooked

of the

another.
wide

oblique and

We

nostrils
of

nose

rounded

eyes

the

may

are

of the

Jew

eyes

or

to

the
in

also dis

all familiar
negro,

the

with

Beduin,

of the Chinaman

Japanese. Indeed the orbital index/ as it is techni

cally termed, differs widely in different races.
In the
Mongolian the orbit is nearly circular,being sometimes
or

'

ETHNOLOGY.

19

skulls have
been
93-100, while
of Gaul in which the
in the ancient cemeteries

proportion of

the

in

OF

SCIENCE

THE

discovered

proportion is

much

as

racial

or

feature,characteristic

fulness of the

of the

also in the

lipsagain is
African, and found

thickness

The

61-100.

as

Egyptian

and

the

Jew.
Still
some

races

like wool.
the

nearer

distinctive is the character

more

it is

in
straight,

others

The

difference

depends

shape

individual

of the

of the

curly,in
upon

hair.

others

its form.

hair is to

In

again
The

cylinder

woolly hair of the negro is

due to the fact that his hair is oblong in form, while the
examined
under
hair of the Mongolian or Malay, when
a
microscope,proves to be round, and consequently is
straightand lank.
the
The
of hair on
amount
body, again, varies in
The
different races.
Ainos, the aboriginesof Japan,
are
thickly covered with it so as almost to resemble
animals ; the Mongol and American, on the other hand,
are
distinguishedby its absence ; while the Australian
and most
of the European races
possess it in consider
able quantities.Artificial attempts to eradicate it,even
do not seem
when
extended
generations,
through many
to produce any effect.
is an
The
colour of the hair, moreover,
important
white race
is
test for determining racial affinities. The
The
varieties.
separated by it into three well-marked
Scando-German
with his pasty-white
complexion has
hair ; the hair of the freckled
pale or straw-coloured
Africa
is of a golden red,
Kelt or Kabyle of Northern
the

flatter it will be.

The

'

'

while

the other

hair,or
The

red

darkness

members

hair which

of the blond
is

merely

of the hair will of

B

course

race

have

black

variety of black.
vary

in

intensity,

THE

20

in all

but

dark-haired

OLD

TESTAMENT.

be

which

hair

between

THE

distinguishedfrom the brown

is the
result of intermarriage

it must

cases

auburn

or

OF

RACES

and

fair-haired

Dark

race.

hair is

usuallyaccompanied by dark eyes; in the British

Islands, however, and more
especiallyin Ireland and

Scotland, the so-called 'Goidhelic'

hair and

by black
The
the

colour

the blond

blue eyes.

of

the

is of

eyes

less

importance from

whereas

is

in

and

or

dark.

portion of the
characterised
by fair hair.

also

Scando-German

the

pale blue

least of that

at

or

race,

which

race

be

is characterised

point of view of the ethnologistthan the colour

hair.
of the characteristics
Light eyes are one

the

is

stock

; in the

grey

The

colour

stock

Keltic

of

the

stock

of
of

blond

But

normal

the blue

is

eye

deep

the

to
eyes, however, seems
racial mixture
than
almost

readilyaffected by
other feature
of the body, and
its evidence, there
any
be pressed too far.
not
fore,must
Indeed, Dr. Beddoe
has pointed out
in his Races
of Britain that it largely
of lightto which
the eyes are
depends upon the amount
subjected. In a cloudy sky like that of the west of
Ireland
the
is deprived of
a
organ
portion of its
colouring matter, blue eyes being the result, whereas
more

where

the sunshine

is needed

as

is brilliant and

protection

the

and

the

constant

remain

eyes

pigment
black

or

brown.

Closely
eyes

connected

is the colour

of all the

with

of the skin.

distinctions

naturallythe first to
to

construct

that
ma-Ra

made

what
in

about

we

the
a

the

colour
This

between

notice.

attract

may
tomb

race

call
of

an

the

century before

of

the

is the

most

and

race,

The

hair

and

obvious
and

was

oldest attempt

ethnographic chart
Theban
prince Rekh"

the

birth

of

Moses"

all events, it is found

at

negro,

TES7AMEN7.

OLD

THE

OF

PACES

THE

3,1

muscles

in the

even

and

pigment mainly consists of carbon excreted

of carbonic
oxide, and
by the lungs in the form
the skin and
mem
upon
deposited from the capillaries
of the
action
Decreased
lungs accordingly
branes.
Any
impliesan increased deposit of colouring matter.
will have the same
thing which stimulates the capillaries
The

brain.

result,and

it is

that exposure

this account

on

to

the

sun

tanning,however, is
It is wholly
be inherited.
never
permanent and cannot
the dark tint which
distinct from
distinguishesthe skin
from
the
Italian or
of the
Spaniard, and still more
hue of the Malay and Polynesian.
brown
so

the

frequentlytans

probable that
We
primitiveman.
It is

could

have

it could

animals

tend

manently
the fox
them.
lished
which
in

what

'

; the

In
has

bear

of

the black

difficult to

more

acquired.

become

albinoised

arctic

an

climate

called

been

assumes

pigment
explain how

white

'

per

fur and

around
adopt the colour of the snow
Some
an
ingenious book was
pub
ago
years
writer, Dr. Poesche
l,the object of
by a German
that the white Aryan race
to prove
was
originated
and

hare

Rokitno

the

Niemen
based

to

characteristic

was

explain how

can

been

skin

dark

lost ; it is

been

have

Such

skin.

and
on

marshes

the

Dniepr

the fact that the

which
in

Russia.

fauna

between

extend

and

His

theory

the
was

flora of the marshes

have

'

acquired for the most part a white or albinoised

The
hue.
theory has not, however, stood the test of
criticism ; the
not
Aryan stock does
represent the
whole

'

of the

white

clear that Western

to

those

of

the

and

it
archaeology has made
akin
Europe was inhabited by races
the
present day long before
Aryan
race,

Die

Arier.

Jena, 1878.

SCIENCE

THE

varietycould

marshes

Rokitno

man

when
from
had

or

23
either in the

them

elsewhere.

that the appearance

know
geology we now
coeval with the period
in Western
Europe was
still suffering
continent was
the largerpart of our
The
the rigoursof an arctic climate.
glacialage

Thanks

of

off from

branched

have

ETHNOLOGY.

OF

to

'

yet passed away

not

; the

British Isles

were

stillthe

France
and the rivers of Southern
huge glaciers,
The
frozen during the greater portion of the year.
were
the same
those which
conditions of life were
as
prevail
northern
are
in those
globe which
regions of our
inhabited
by the polar bear and the white fox. Now
the home
Europe is,and always has been, pre-eminently
seat

of

of the white
that it

by

in

was

the close of

probable
long period covered

therefore

It would

race.

Europe, during the

the glacial
epoch, that

appear

the characteristics

stereotypedthemselves.
The conclusion is confirmed
by a fact which has been
observed
by travellers as well as by ethnologists. The
is intimately
of mankind
colour of the different races
which
with
the geographical area
to
connected
they

of the white

race

still obscure
to
belong. Colour, in fact,is,for reasons
that
geography.
Europe and
dependent upon
us,
Asia which
in
Africa and Western
portion of Northern
formed
the glacialage
part of Europe, before the
the primitive
creation of the Mediterranean
Sea, are
home
of the white race
Papua and
; Africa, to which
Australia
races

must

the

be

yellow

is the

added,
race

is

cradle

confined

to

of

the

Eastern

black
and

Malayan district
the
to
and
copper-coloured race
Polynesia ; and
and
America.
Brown, copper-coloured,
yellow may
alike be regarded as faded varieties of a primitiveblack
Central

Asia

the

brown

race

to

the

purityby the negro, while the

has proceeded to its furthest
discolouration
in its

tint still retained

of

process

in the

extent

several
alone

races

has

period
ments

the

of the white.

case

been

to

which

of

Egypt, proves

climatic and

four thousand

of

traits which

separate

frame

can

eye

the

In

have

to

seems

later ages
from
another

race

one

the

in

nor

change.

any

still

are

ago

the

when
had

been

for all.

once

portion of the
darker
origin. The
the whole

white

This

skin

which

races,

of persons

is

increase

an

the

who

freckles

that

the

is
are

equally
deposited in

freckled.

the result of

are

Exposure

error.

freckles

of its

traces

is distributed

in the darker

however

will doubtless

still bears

race

pigment

patches only in the case

is commonly supposed
burn.

monu

in colour

which

characteristics

the

over

years

; neither

then

readily perceive has there been

the human
earlyyouth of mankind
been
more
plasticthan in those
fixed

the

on

the

Egyptian artist
they were
to-day what
other

back

them

trace

can

we

the

any

so

length of time during which

of each
were
once
subjected to certain
geographicalinfluences. The races depicted

ancestors

by

the characteristic

That

indeliblyimprinted on the
of blood
to which they belong that mixture
them
caused
to
change since the earliest
have

should

colours

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

24

to

of the skin

It
sun

the

sun

by stimu
colouring

the
lating the action of the capillaries
; but
pigment is already present, and freckles will be found
exist

posed
of

portions of

on

to

sun

discoloured

air.

or

North-west

the

body
The

Europe
and

Scando-German

Attempts have

and

its

often

have

freckled

'albinoised'
with

which

less

Africa

has

degree

than

purely white

unfreckled

been

to

made

been

Kelto-Libyan

Northern
to

never

determine

to
ex

race

been

the

skin.
the

rious

25

distinguishthe va
traits
such distinguishing

intellectual traits which

and

moral

ETHNOLOGY.

OF

SCIENCE

THE

That

of mankind.

races

exist is admitted

talk about

We

all sides.

on

'the im

pulsive Kelt,' the dogged Anglo-Saxon,' the brilliant

But anything like a scientific de
but unstable Greek.'
is
of a race
of the psychological character
termination
if not impossible; the
at present exceedingly difficult,
still wanting. We
cannot
materials for making it are
It is
the intellectual capacity of a race.
even
guage
'

'

been

have

yet there

from

ambassador

equals in intellectual
Europeans. The members

the

are

apt

consider

to

mankind

To

this

have

who

of the white

themselves

and

recent

themselves

shown

of the

power

or

cultivated

most

European

race

the intellectual leaders

of

of
the scene
their appearance
on
of their
relativelylate, and the elements

nevertheless

history was
civilisation

of thirteen

age

like Toussaint

negroes

Liberia

intellectual

the

that

generallyasserted, for instance,

after the
growth of a negro ceases

derived

were

day

Russian

from

the

peasant

natives
cannot

of the
be

East.

placed on
or
Mongol
Babylonian

higher intellectual level than his Tatar

a
neighbour,and three thousand
years ago
have
had
as
or
Egyptian traveller in Europe would
of
for assuming the intellectual inferiority
much
reason
the populations he found
there as a modern
European
America.
traveller has to-day in the wilds of Southern
results of missionary labour
the apparently
The
among
confess
that
to
helpless Fuegians obliged Darwin
he
had
been
mistaken
in supposing those
outcasts
of humanity to
be
incapable of rising in the social

scale.
It is the

same

with
1

the

moral

Dr. E. W.

as

with

Blyden.

the intellectual

26

THE

OF

RACES

qualities. We

has

Scando-German
other

the

among

is very

racial

the

its past

far the

how

present know
to

of mankind.

races

general assertions

such

of truth which

sense

which

elements

the

history and

the
We

doubtful.
of

value
do

in

at

is due

it, how

circumstances

of

not

people

in

exist

found

is not

But

character

the

instance, that

told, for

often

are

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

far to

which

it is

placed.
There

is

hesitation

out

point,however,

one

that

races

in which

differ from

we

can

say with

This

another.

one

the power
of bearing
and
to disease
susceptibility
physical pain. The negro is almost impervious to the
the whites who
yellow fever and malaria which decimate
is in

live beside

him

the

on

other

hand,

coloured

the

races

peculiarlysubjectto small-pox and pneumonia, and

measles are
singularlyfatal to the natives of Polynesia.
Savages will survive surgicaloperationswhich would kill
which
to diseases
a
European, while they will succumb
the European would
shake off. This is doubtless
soon
due quiteas much
to difference in culture
to difference
as

are

in

There

race.

found

are

to resemble

cases,

however,

the savage

in which

is

the

European, while among

Europeans
the tendency to contract
themselves
is
certain diseases
often confined to particular
districts or populations. The
Kelts of Western
the
to have
Britain,for example, seem
tendency to
Upper Nile, while

same

the

natives

not

be

by

the

the

as

Italians

are

free from

as

of

which

We
have

to do

particularrace.

of culture

than

call to

must

the

with
The

our

the

Berberine

boatman

causes

culture

on

as

can

in the habits

degree of
is

the
it

difference

aid other

Chinaman

of

Nubians

the
Egypt. In such cases
explained merely by a difference

dailylife.
those

pneumonia

of

besides
attained

higher level

of the

Nile, yet

impossible

to

and

terials

the

nected

with

amount

of

be

must

we

which
the

trace

can

It

has

hitherto

America

much

more

increased

coloured

March,

been

believed

rapidly
this

element

1891.)

since

their

than

the

supposition,
at

the
has

rate

been

those

and

of

only

the

that

the

emancipation

shown

from

The
that

24-67

per

13-90

per

cent.,
cent.

the

or

present,

measured

or

and

mental

fancy

we

future.

the

southern

slavery, been
of

reality
while

same

character

may

in

census

in

con

skull

the

the

the

negroes

the

racial

we

of

facts

For

of

now

care

whites.

of

handled,

even

than

intellectual

with

with

which

him

the

size

appraisement

left to

have,

before

brain.

and

of

seize, distinguish,

in the

seen

ma

framework

and

to

relative

content

be

must

North

disproved

the

scientific

moral

long

Its

these

but

ascertained

be

be

can

characteristics

moral

be

can

as

the

birth,

materials

of

mass

surround

that

difficult

are

of convolutions

weighed

has

them

certainty

number

istics

of

it will

and

arrange,

least,

forces

the

youngest.

physiological

influences

latter

the

large

sciences

many

witnessed
of

one

the

ethno

of

science

superstructure;
the

to

subtle

more

These

and

rather

is

which

stolidity

of

one

has

it is

its

external

the

world.

the

century

build

to

belong

and

man

that

already collected

have
which

upon

It is

sciences

these

among

students

at

nineteenth

the

which

the

infancy.

is still in its

logy

to

remembered

be

with

l.

Berberine

the

it must

But

of

physical pain

endure

will

he

27

ETHNOLOGY.

Of

SCIENCE

THE

1890
the
the

(Census

states

of

multiplying
has, however,

white

population

increase

Bulletin,

in
No.

the

48,

II.

CHAPTER

LANGUAGE

of

possession
barous,

has

dialect

of

of

its

people

savage

of

complexity
which

The

so

and

seemed

the

to

brute

and

of

five

of

the

of
six

or

lower

and

with

thousand

said

action.
to

different
out

to

find

of
form
man

emotions
these
an

he

is

unable

of

azarae

other

elementary
articulate

distinguished

'

the

the

parrot

real

the

reply

to

the

beasts

it

except
is

true,

excite

six

but

species,
been
we

that

are

meaning.

it is

never

where

of

command

which

Go

speech.

none

faculty

their

it has

civilising

the

by

of

than

hand,

Paraguay,

members

who

vocabularies

other

sounds

sounds

from

to

memory

higher
the

understand

different
in

the

of

philo

grammar

the

possess

uttered

understanding

cebus
six

utter

to

Fuegians,

acquired

ever

may

under

On

words

dog

him,
The

has
The

the
to

effort,

the

of

hardly

brought

words.

animals

little

though

addressed

by

when

missionary

intelligent speech.
uttered

Darwin

language

vocabulary

baffle

to

or

structure,

of

wretched

the

youthful

of

possess

almost

as

even

beasts, proved,

influences

America

of

the

admiration

bar

language

wealth

and

complex

learner,

the

wonder

not

delicacy

and

languages

difficult

of

betrays

the

by

however

unfrequently

not

grammar,

the

excite

logist.

And

own.

has

which

found

animals

tribe,

No

language.

been

yet

lower

the

from

separated

is

MAN

RACE.

AND

able

will,

perish

'

we

by

Scotland

English and

cases

What
rest

find

we

in others

of the world.

Isles is also true

the Roman

Under

is in

some

Keltic dialect.

British

of the

is true

mother-tongue

whose

race

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

30

Empire

the

of

the various

only to obey one law, but also

that when
to learn the language of the imperial city,so
the common
the empire fell Latin
was
speech alike of
Northern
Africa,of Spain and Italy,of Gaul and Britain.
who
barbarians
The
Teutonic
poured into the devastated
adapted their speech to that of the
provinces soon
languages of France
subjectpopulations,and the modern
of the West

races

and

Spain

later

and

the

date

had

not

Italy
Northmen

Italyquickly forgotthe
them
and adopted that
in

Britain,on

the

were

result.

ultimate

At

Southern
and
Normandy
language they had brought with
of their conquered vassals ; while
in

the contrary, the

natives

accustomed

their

invader,
speech of the Saxon or Scandinavian
followed
who
of the French-speaking Norman
or
even
him.
In the East, Hebrew
and Phoenician, Assyrian and
all supplanted by the dialect of the
Babylonian, were
Aramaean
tribes of Syria and
Northern
Arabia, and
Aramaic
in its turn
was
supplanted by the Arabic of
Arabic
after the triumph of Mohammedanism.
Mekka
has succeeded
in superseding the old language of Egypt
in spite of the tenacious
of the Egyptian,
conservatism
the long resistance made
to Mohammedanism
by Egyp
tian Christianity,
and the continued
of Coptic in the
use
For more
than two
centuries Arabic
Egyptian Church.
has had no rival in the valleyof the Nile, although the
Coptic scribe never
relinquished his control of the
the
bureaucracy, and the Christians still outnumber

lipsto

the

Mohammedans

again,

is

in the
a

south

of the country.

conspicuous illustration

of

the

Asia

Minor,

fallacy of

LANGUAGE

arguing
inhabited

different

RACE.

AND

It

from

language to race.
by a variety of races,
languages once
spoken

31
was,

and

the

and

still is,
of

number
have

in it must

been

large. In the time of St. Paul the ancient language of

in country places
Lykaonia still survived, at all events
(Acts xiv. n), and St. Jerome tells1 us that in his age
there

were

stillKelts

in Galatia

in the

and

neighbourhood

spoke a Keltic dialect. But Greek had

the earlier languages of the
long been gaining upon
peninsula,and by the sixth century of our era its victory
was
extinguished
complete. The ancient dialects were
as
completely as the ancient language of Etruria. From
of Treves

end

one

who

of Asia

Minor

to

the other

Greek,

Greek

and

known
and
Turkish
only, was
spoken.
conquests
Turk
revolution.
brought with them another linguistic
ish took the place of Greek, and
at the present day it
is the
of the
language of the country and of most
towns.

Language, then,
What
The

it indicates

is

no

is not

fact that the Kelts

characteristic
racial descent

or

test

of

race.

but social contact.

speak English like

of Cornwall

Manchester
that the
or
Jews of London
proves
population with which they have been brought into daily
that speaks
for a long number
of years is one
contact
English. Community of language points to conquest or
influence
intercourse
servitude,to commercial
or
religious
the part of one
other of the populations between
on
or
whom
it exists.
the most
Religion seems
powerful
the

instrument

for the introduction

people,and

of

new

languageamong

religion,
slavery. Commerce, too,
has
if English is destined
to
a
potent influence,and
become
the language of the world, as is thought by

next

to

Prolegomena to

the

Epistleto

the Galatians.

the

large measure

in

it will be

some,

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

32

English

effect of

trade.

Perhaps

of

index

an

chief

the

been

has

race

of the belief that

cause

and

keeps
and

government

forces

external
but

cohesion

can

which

prevent

nation, and
be

never

race

law, it is true,

common

the

of

sentiments

of

and

the

it from

language appeals to

common

confusion

is

which
principal bond
nationalitytogether; a common
is

nationality. Language
binds

language

very

the

where

close.

are

the

breaking apart ;
sympathies and
it is absent

Empires

the

like that of

realised the fact and devoted

instinctively
their energies towards
forcing the imperial language
of the French
all their subjects. It was
the use
upon
language which drew the sympathies of Lorraine and
towards
Alsace
towards
France
rather than
Germany ;
has acted
and the Russian
Government
wisely from its
own
point of view in endeavouring to extirpate the
have

Rome

Polish tongue.
afford to disregard
however, cannot
ethnologist,
a
altogetherthe evidence of language. In certain cases
common
language raises the presumption that the
populationswhich speak it are descended from a common
It may
ancestry.
suggest to the ethnologista particular
line of investigation
which otherwise might have escaped
It was
his notice.
for example, who
the philologist,
first suggested the
common
origin of the MalayoHe
found
that the languages spoken
Polynesian race.
by the race implied a common
mother-speech at no very
distant period,and thus made
it possiblethat the speakers
The

also

were

happens
peoples

derived

from

that almost
of the past

the
are

common

stock.

It sometimes

only clue to the affinities of the

the linguistic
records
they have

LANGUAGE

AND

RACE.

33

though these records can prove

of the languagesthey
than,the relationship
nothing more
with a
contain, they may
yet provide the ethnologist
researches.
The fact that the
for his own
starting-point
primitivelanguage of Babylonia was agglutinative
points
character of the populationwhich
to the non-Semitic
spoke it,a conclusion which is confirmed by the physio
logicaltraits of the few representationsof the human
them, and

left behind

art which

in Accadian

form

have

down

come

to

us.

which
again,where the two populations
be
are
brought togetherbelong to different races, cannot
populationscannot
neglectedby the ethnologist. Two
Social contact,

in such

be

them

to

close touch

of

of blood.

But

remember,

does

ture

another

for

as

of

one

language of the other without a

intermarriagetaking place. If the

populations represent

two

one

the

borrow

certain amount

to

with

two

mixture
not

races, the

result is mix

of blood, it is

produce

characteristic features of the various

new

important
The

race.

of mankind

races

indeliblyimpressed upon them before the

has never
dawn
of historythat the fusion of two
races
been known
during the historic period to give birth to a
mixture
of negroes and Europeans in
The
new
race.
results after two or three generationsin sterility.
America
been

have

this is not

Where
of
for

so

one

or

some

the

case

the children revert

to the

of the
other of the parents, generally
reason

or

other

represents the

one

type
who

stronger and

Though the small dark Iberian of

British Isles intermingled with the blond Aryan
the
Kelt centuries ago, no
new
type has been originated.
To the present day the so-called Keltic race
preserves
in all their purity the two
ethnological
types of which
in the same
it is composed, and
even
family it often
more

enduring race.

that

happens

type, others

THE

OF

RACES

THE

34

the other.

Mixture

reversion
to an
or
sterility
in
not
it is usuallytermed,
The
predominant ancestral

in
as

TESTAMENT,

children

of the

some

to

OLD

belong
of blood

ancestral
a

"

new

the

to

results

type

"

one

only

atavism,

race.

type

is

must

go

generally that
It has by long-continued
which
is native to the soil.
habit adapted itself to the climatic and
geographical
of the country
conditions
more
thoroughly than the
followed
that
it.
have
Cromwell
races
planted his
in Tipperary,but the children inherited the
Ironsides
of their Irish mothers.
ethnic qualities
In France
and
Southern
Germany the short swarthy race whose remains
in post-glacial
found
are
deposits has in large measure
Gaul of the classical
supplanted the tall broad-shouldered
yellow hair. To find the
age with his blue eyes and
'

'

brother

modern
and

of the

Northern

England

latter

Germany

we

the

or

to

Scandinavia
districts

eastern

of

Scotland.

and

Here, then, we

have

explanationof the fact that we

from
cannot
from
language to race
or
to
race
argue
can
language. We
change our
language, we
cannot
The English child born in China
change our race.
and
ignorant of any other language than Chinese neverthe
less remains
an
Englishman. Let him marry a Chinese
wife ; his children

either

of

himself

originatea
That

third

with

will
or

race

it is otherwise

where
English,'
a

In

follow

Chinese

an

an

inherit the

of

their

which

to

Languages

a
are

mother

is

cross

they

between

in

language is shown
English vocabulary has

grammar

and

respect, however, the

one

racial characteristics

certain

extent

classified either

Chinese

been

not

the two.
'

Pigeon

blended

pronunciation.

distinctions
the

by

will

of

distinctions

language
of

race.

or
genealogically
morpho-

RACE.

AND

LANGUAGE

logically.Genealogicallythey fallinto

35
certain groups

or

and
grammar
Thus
to any other.
stock of roots and has no relationship
the Indo-European languages Greek, Latin, Scando-

families,each of which

possesses

common

"

Tcutonic, Litho-Slavic,Keltic, Iranic, and

Indie

"

form

Families of
family,the Semitic languages another.
be morphologi
distinct,may
language, genealogically
cally identical. By the morphology of a language is

one

meant

in which

its structure, the mode

are

grammar

connected

languages,such

Certain

with

one

the

as

another

in

Chinese,

are

that is to say, the relations of grammar

them
by the simple juxtaposition of

languages,like

those of America,

relations of

the

sentence.

isolating
;
expressed in

are

words.

Other

polysynthetic. In
is representedby a compound, the
these the sentence
in it being denoted
by the
parts of speech contained
A large proportion
several elements of the compound.
of the
the
are
agglutinative,
languages of mankind
relations of grammar
being expressed by separate words
less retain a concrete
which more
or
meaning of their
the agglutinativeelements
In some
own.
cases
are
infixed;in other cases
affixed,or even
they are prefixed.
Certain families of speech,again,are
incorporating;in
'in
these the
of the pronouns
are
objective cases
corporated into the verbal forms, I do a thing,'for
example, being expressed by I-it-do a thing.' Lastly,
there are the inflectional languages,in which the relations
of grammar
are
symbolised by syllableswhich have no
of their own.
The
inflectional
independent signification
languagesmay either be characterised by pure flection,'
like the Semitic idioms,changes of grammatical meaning
being representedby changingthe vowels within a word,
in the Indo-European idioms,
or
as
by impure flection,'
'

are

'

'

'

'

36

THE

most

THE

OLD

grammatical relations

the

where

OF

RACES

TESTAMENT.

are

expressed for

the

part by suffixes.

morphologicaldivisions of language are also

geographical. The home of each morphological type of
The
speech is limited to a certain geographicalarea.
polysyntheticlanguages are confined to America, where
the

Now

structure
prevailsfrom north
singletype of linguistic
to south, although the different families of speech,spoken
to one
another,
within its limits and
utterly unrelated
multitudinous.
are
Languages of the isolatingtype
belong to Eastern Asia, those of the agglutinativetype
a

of affixes to Central

which

make

of the

Pacific,those

use

of the

Asia

and

inflectional type

the islands
to

Western

incorporatinglanguage is spoken
Europe, while the larger
by the Basques of South-western
part of Africa is occupied by tribes whose dialects are
that
of prefixes. It is evident
characterised by the use

Asia

and

Europe.

An

of the
speech,'in the strict sense
there
togethergenealogically,
term, which are connected
also morphological families of speech,each of which
are
The morpho
has arisen in a separate part of the world.
unknown
logicalcharacter of a language is,for reasons
the geographical and
climatic con
to us, dependent on
it originated. We
ditions of the country in which
may
therefore regard it as, to a certain extent, a character
A person whose
istic of race.
mother-tongue is polysynthe
be presumed
tic may
be of native American
to
origin,
the speakers of an agglutinativelanguage which
makes
of prefixesis likelyto come
from Central Africa.
use
But it is important to remember
that it is only from
the morphological point of view
that the evidence
of
language can be safely employed by the ethnologist.
its study must
Otherwise
be left to the philologist
and

besides

'

families

of

38

do

language

distinctions of

diversityof language. The

older than

be

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

follow

not

of

distinctions

the

and

race,

impossibleto change one's race there is no

difficultyin changing one's language. Language, in
fact, belongs to the second
stage in man's existence,

whereas

it is

he

when

had

animal,'and

become

stage in which

in

such

was

calls

communities,
of

the great distinctions

there

That

settled

was

Aristotle

what

not

social

'

first grew

race

'of

desires

and

of

race

proved by the
characteristics which, in

to

has not

educate

that

the

or

some

the most

gulf which

ourselves
Give

fire

produce

which

or

race

was

due

We
Paul

infirmities,our

and

wants

feelingsand emotions,
we
belong. There
may

our

articulate

an

to

Our

barbarous, which

mankind, however

possess

how

hopes,

whatever

to

same

blood1.'

one

up.

earlier stage is

an

possession of those common

make
all the world akin.
spite of racial diversities,
all cast in the same
are
all,as St.
are
mould, we
says,

first

the

to

the

are

is

does

no

not

language, which does not know

defend itself by artificialweapons,
have
of religion. We
only
sense
find
to
races
degraded of human

seemed

only

to

exist

to

between
and

habits

different

and

them

traditions.

Fuegian the education of an Englishman, and

he becomes
an
Englishman in ideas and life. Great as
be the diversitybetween
under
the
and
race
race
may
underlies
the unity which
microscope of the ethnologist,
the

it is greater
nations

Black

by

of

still.

for to dwell

men

white, red

or

common

nature

ancestry, and
'

in the

image

we

can

recognise that
'

are

Acts

all

we

xvii. 26.

together

all bound

all alike

of the Creator.
1

blood

one

all the face of the earth.'

on

yellow,we

or

of

made

'hath

God

have

claim
each

common

been

made

CHAPTER

TENTH

THE

tenth

THE

oldest

tomb

at

the

of

known

the

the

before

The

black-skinned

all

features

still

characterise

of the

representative
and

with

Libyan,

sentative

olive
the

of

fair

the

gods

'

in

has

the

traits

been

Egyptian
features

of

On

the

red

had

the

several

other

hand,
rather

profess

an

world
to

their

and

give
to

various

and

sun,

the

accurately
of

races

the

whose

race

who

all

display
of
our

the

outward

far

so

to-day.
era,

the

noted

of

land

'

before

from

comes

the

mankind

repre

Asiatic, with

Egyptian

century

the

is

they

as

him.

to

ethnographical
to

the

by

with

is the

nose,

by

occupied

own

European

the

Nile, like

the
is

sixteenth

artist

known

of

while

its

him,

eyes,

aquiline

distinguish

the

blue

somewhat

burnt

in

west

Arabia,

that

Already

and

valley

Southern

skin

were

and

the

and

and

find

we

negro,

white-skinned

the

hair

north

complexion
east

south

in

Egyptian

with

depicted

characteristics.
which

the

Exodus,

peculiar
the

But

an

the

each

the

hand,

one

Rekh-ma-Ra,

world

called

existence.

in

On

to

century

been

has

record

belonging

lived

races

Genesis

strictly correct.

Thebes

GENESIS.

OF

of

ethnological

who

prince

CHAPTER

chapter

is not

statement

III.

the

than

account

separate

tenth

chapter

of

ethnological.
of

them

characteristics.

one

the

different
from

It is

another

Genesis

It
races

does
of

is
not

the

according

descriptive merely,

THE

40

such

and

OF

RACES

of

races

OLD

THE

fell within

as

men

TESTAMENT.

horizon

the

of the

point of view of the

geographer and not of the ethnologist. The Greeks and
Medes, for example, are grouped along with the Tibarcnian and Moschian
tribes because
they all alike lived in
the north ; the Egyptian and the Canaanite
are
similarly
classed together,while
the
Semitic
Assyrian and the
writer

non-Semitic
We

shall

the

from

described

are

Elamite

both

are

of Shem.

children

the

the

chapter rightlyunless we
bear in mind
is geographical. In
that its main
purpose
Hebrew, as in other Semitic
languages, the relation
between
mother-state
of a town
to its colony, or
a
or
country to its inhabitants,was
expressed in a genea
The
inhabitants
of
logical form.
Jerusalem were
the daughter of Jerusalem,'the people of
regarded as
the east were
the children
of the district to which
they
belonged.
understand

never

'

'

'

When,
Zidon
the

therefore, we

his

and
first-born,

cityof Sidon,

and

alike

to

made,

were

Canaan.

It

does

told

are

Heth,' all

the

Hittites

be

found

none.

we

But

inhabitants

they

were

know
the
of

Canaan,

or,

the

as

there

that

when

children

that

of

it is to

Shem,

of

north.
was

of them

say, Canaanites

it is said

'

any

there

both

were

should

was

the

is

called

builders

from

research

we

is that

reference

Phoenician

Zidonian

begat

country

that

Hittites

modern

Hittite and

whom

in

the

Canaan

is meant

both, accordingly,the children

So, again,
the

from

'

that
to

follow

not

ethnologicalkinship between
Sidon
and
the prognathous
Indeed,

that

of Canaan.

Elam

and

Assur

'

geography, and
not to ethnology,that we
look for an
must
explanation.
Assyria,Elam, and Babylonia,or Arphaxad' as it seems

were

'

to

be

called in the

'

EthnographicalTable,'

all

bordered,

at

time,one

one

CHAPTER

TENTH

THE

the other.

upon

GENESIS.

OF

41

their

world, and
the
three capitals,
Nineveh, Susa, and Babylon, were
which
centres
regulated the politicsof Western
of
the natives
because
brethren
not
They were
three

claimed

from

descent

occupied the
It is

known

light we

division of the

human

when

the

time

the

The

written.

three

sons

tenth

in the

south,

accordinglyregarded
nations

The

them.

to

the

as

cities which

and

them

they

Japhet

fathers

nations

assigned

the

centre,

was

Genesis

of

in

the

north,

and

"

are

of the

ancestors

regions belonging

the

occupied

northern

or

it

as

each

are

in the

Shem

and

far

so

chapter

of Noah
"

Ham

Asia.

regard

to

are

world,

separate place of settlement,

three

father,but because

common

in what

clear

at

eastern

quarter of the world.

same

now

threefold

was

of the

great monarchies

the

constituted

They

the

are

children

of

Japhet, the populations of the south are the children

of Ham,
the children of
the populations of the centre
the
Shem.
In one
it necessary
to group
case
only was
tribe

same

Arabian
the

'

two

tribe of Sheba

sandy

which

under

'

came

deserts
into

of

different

spread

and
Tiglath-pileser

twice,

once

of Ham,

once

as

as

Sargon.
people of
a
people of

the north, through

far to

kingdom
Assyria in the days of
It is consequently named

Havilah,

conflict with

South

The

ancestors.

and

the

the

founded

south

under
under

centre

the

head

the

head

of Shem.
of the
explain the names
of Noah
three sons
as
referringto the colour of the skin.
Japhet has been compared with the Assyrian ippatu
with the Assyrian samu
olive-coloured/
white,'Shem
kham
while in Ham
the Hebrew
etymologistshave seen

Attempts

have

been

made

to

'

'

'

to

be hot.'

But

all such

attempts

arc

of very

doubtful

OF

THE

value.

It is,for instance, a

of

'

heat

'

which

RACES

the

the

possibleexception

Cush.

of

has

Prof. Virchow

of

part

population of
Egyptian, like

the

that the

shown

Canaanite, belongs to the white race, his

being merely the result of sunburn.
The
be content
ethnologist,therefore,must
of Noah

sons

the

to

from

the

must

start

have

settled in each
that

world, and

historian

fact

that

of the

the

they

three

nations

the

or

children

and

ethnology
The

has

three

bounded

the

the

formed
north

Black

Mediterranean

themselves

; on

The
of

by

west

northern

Cyprus

included

zone

Western

and

the

the south

by

To

our

limited.
all the

Libyan
ranges

Semitic

their
of

student

They

on

the

Ocean

Arabia.

as

with

the
the

; and

island
central

Canaan

These

along

the

of the Nile.

Taurus;

Asia, except
zone

Elam

and

far south

and

by

east

westward

of the

of

of the eastern

Indian

Media

were

mountains

the

as

all Western

southern

islands

desert

descended

the

in the

the northern

the

that

Caspian,the

South-western

and

comprised

the
zone

and

of

zones

It is with

the

by
Sea,

highlands of Abyssinia ;
of
Caspian and the mountains
the

these

of square.

sort

the

on

known

the

idiom

to

do.

to

zones

on

Armenia,

with

not

of

inhabited

later

He

considered

were

day were, according to the

language, their children and successors.
at

leave

to

theologian.

zones

who

skin

red

the

the

'the

Moreover,

black-skinned, with

of them

none

were

bears.

never

'

meaning
meaning, indeed,

'
"

the

from

long stride

blackness

word

Hebrew

of Ham

sons

of

that

to

'

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

42

and

last

were

Egypt

and

portion of the Soudan.

modern

But,

if we

notions

such

put China

civilised part of the

out

earth's

world

of

sight,it embraced

surface.

seems

The

very

civili-

CHAPTER

OF

of America

had

TENTH

THE

sations of India

and

elsewhere, with

the

been

Small

GENESIS.

not

43

yet arisen

as

exception of China, all was darkness

and
It was
in the valleysof the Nile and
barbarism.
the Euphrates that the first civilised kingdoms of the
world
had
the first systems of writing
grown
up, and
maps,

devised.

the world

field in which

of Genesis
the

the first harvests

gathered

it may

as

seeds

of science

and

thought

moreover,

world

which

different races.
place of many
American, the Australian, and

represented in
than

first sown,

were

and

invention

were

in.

It was,

races

modern

our

the cradle of culture,the

was

of human

on

appear

of

it ;

mankind

but

on

the

all to

were

formed
It

the

is

the

hand

found

be

the

that

true

Chinaman

other

meetingun

were

the

leading

there.

More

had
its representa
variety of the white race
tives ; the
Alarodian, the
pale-skinned, dark-haired
of
blue-eyed Libyan, the dark-complexioned race
Southern
and
Europe, the Semite of Arabia
Assyria,
the Egyptian with his thick lips and
good-tempered
smile.
The
Turanian
was
represented by the primi
tive population of Babylonia ; perhaps also by the
mysterious Hittite,with his yellow skin and Mongoloid
features.
the
blackCush
natives of
were
Among
skinned
and
Nubians, though the main bulk of
negroes
the
of Semitic
or
population was
Egyptian descent.
of the earth's surface into which
a
Truly it was
square
much
that was
crowded
was
interestingand important
in the historyof man.
Much
research on the
light has been cast by modern
one

'

'

'

'

names

tenth

of

the

chapter

fresh additions

cities and

of
to

countries

Genesis.
our

enumerated

Almost

knowledge

every
on

the

in

the

brings
subject,and
year

helps to

the

correct

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

44

erroneous

or

defective

conclusions

enquiry. The cuneiform records of Babylonia

of Egypt
and
Assyria and the hieroglyphicmonuments
has so long en
which
fast clearingup the darkness
are
of whom
Nations
shrouded
them.
were
only the names
it were,
are
as
issuing forth into
previouslyknown
now,
the lightof day, and we
determine
the geographical
can
of earlier

positionof tribes and towns which have hitherto been

despairof map-makers.
from
the north.
The geography of Genesis
starts

the

that

the

was

the

on

of

mountains

Ararat

Armenia

or

It

accordinglywith this region of the

of
world
that our
sons
primitive chart begins. 'The
and
Gomer,
are
Japhet,'we
told, were
Magog, and
Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.'
Gomer
is the Gimirra
of the Assyrian inscriptions,
the
Kimmerians
of the Greek
Their
writers.
originalseat
the river Tyras or Dniester, from
whence
was
on
they
driven
were
by the Skythians shortly before the first
unsuccessful
siege of Nineveh
by Kyaxares of Media,
and while Psammetikhos
I was
reigning in Egypt (B.C.
664-6 ic)1. In a vast body they fell upon the northern
frontier of Assyria,but there they were
signallydefeated
in B.C.
of them
by Esar-haddon
677, and while some
ark rested,and

it was

'

remained
the

behind

the

among

greater part fled westward

they

sacked

the

of

mountains
into

Asia

Kurdistan,

Minor.

Here

Greek

city of Sinope, and finallyover

ran
Lydia on the shores of the Aegean. Gyges, the
Lydian king,vainly endeavoured
the torrent
of
to stem

their

attack

Sardes,

barbarians, and
It

was

not

he

until the
1

his

himself

fell in battle

reign of

Herodotos

i.

burnt

capital,was
his

and

son

103-106, iv.

n,

12.

by the
against them.

successor

that

46
and

of the

shores

the eastern

them

But

in classical

the

which
under

the

classed
migrated were
general title of Medes,' so that

be

distinctive

inhabitants

older

the

times

of

further south,

Gulf.

Persian

that of the

was

themselves

established

had

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

belonging to

of the tribes

one

Persians,who
on

OF

RACES

THE

regions into
along with them

the Medcs

assisted

by

of

Mada

It

the

'

the

of

empire

that

and

which

had

of

and
its

confusion

between

the resemblance

the Manda,

was

The

race.

not

the

the

'

the

Assyrian

Manda,'

'

or

Mada, who

to

doubtless

was

Ekbatana

capitalat

ceased

name

name

nomads.'

founded
and

was

the
over

thrown

by Cyrus.
Medic
communities
the southern
on
Sargon found
shores
of the Caspian. They were
governed by inde
like the small states of Greece, not
pendent city-lords,'
attacked by an enemy,
the cities under
by kings. When
their several chief magistrates combined
against the
'

foe, but

common

acted

at

independently

government,
its

manage

in which

other
of

times

the

each

other.

small

affairs under

own

each

to

seems

This

have

system
claims

community
local head, is

of
to

curiously

characteristic of the

Wherever
this race
is
Aryan race.
with in its purity,
met
as, for instance,in modern
Norway,
find the same
we
central
impatience of external
or
control.
Aryan predominance in ancient Greece and
Italy was
similarly marked
by the development of
municipal freedom and a dislike of centralisation,
and
the republicsof Northern
Italy in the middle ages may
be regarded

Javail
island

ably

another

as

is the

of the
to

'

'

Ionian

lonians'

Cyprus

reference is made

rather

example
'

of the

same

spirit.

Greek.

by the
than

called the
Cyprus was
Assyrians,and it is prob
Greece
to
generally that

in Isaiah Ixvi.
19 and

Ezek.

xxvii.

19.

THE

CHAPTER

TENTH

Cyprus, too, would

to

seem

told that the 'sons

are

Elishah

Dodanim.

Elis, as

has

been

xxvii.

Tyre

to

the

'blue

Genesis,since

isles of Greece.

supposed

Tar-

in

Ezek.

brought

is to

say, from

usually identified

is

we

Hellas,

purple' were

and

Tarshish

and

is doubtless

the isles of Elishah,'that

from

47

Elishah

sometimes

7 it is said that
'

in

Javan' were

and

GENESIS,

be meant

of

shish,Kittim
not

OF

with

Gibraltar.
Spain, not far from the modern
It was
the furthest point reached
basin of
in the western
the Mediterranean
by the Phoenician and Greek traders.
The
the voyage
were
ships which made
consequently
known
traded
the ships which
to Tarshish, or
as
more
The phrase gradually came
briefly,ships of Tarshish.'
kind
of merchant
to be applied to any
to
vessel,even
Tartessos

in

'

those

which

Kittim

had

Kition

Tarshish

visited

never

all.

at

Cyprus, the site of which is now

It was,
however, a Phoenician
occupied by Larnaka.
and
Greek
not
a
settlement, a fact which
strikingly
was

illustrates the
ter

Kittim

its inhabitants

other
be

'

from

Rodanim

is

probably

the

had

the

island

of

represent

may

seen

denote

'

'

was

'

the

tenth

because

it

Greek

colony.

the

Authorised

one

to

natives

originallybeen

tombs

have

been

of the

island, but

reading of Dodanim,
be preferred. In this case,

of the

island

in the

Phoenician

Rhodes.

ancient

settlers

the

As

will

and

is

it will

Rhodes

Phoenicians

occupied by

discovered
the

of

on

Version,

alternative

an

situated

was

Dodanim,

of

chap

Javan, not because

Cyprus.
a

margin

of

son

Greeks, but

were

Ionian

hand,

of the

geographicalcharacter

of Genesis.

in the

in

whose

cemeteries
were

subse

Greeks.
quently superseded by Dorian
Tubal
and Mcshech, whose
follow that of Javan,
names
almost always coupled together in the Old Testaare

48

and

mcnt,

THE

OF

RACES

THE

for their skill in

famous

were

TESTAMENT.

OLD

Assyrian inscriptionsthe names

known
and
Muska,
they were
graphers

however, their
had

in the

been

the time

of

extended

as

of Asia

that

Minor
their

found

they

it

Sea, and

to
was

In

half of

retreat

north

in this

region

Greek

troops

his

and

Xenophon

they

monuments.

the northern

forced

were

than

their territories still

Cilicia and

as

Black

the

the north

to

Sennacherib

and

Later

In

Assyrian

of the

age

far south

towards

further

were

Sargon

Komagene.
ward

seats

and

classical geo
classical days,

the

Moskhi.

and

Tibareni

as

Tubla

as

appear
to

In the

archery.

remains1.

scanty

continues
only son of Japhet whose name
to be obscure.
Perhaps it represents the river Tyras,
of the Kimmerians;
the early home
perhaps it is con
of two
countries in the neigh
with the names
nected
of Carchemish
mentioned
bourhood
by the Egyptian
is the

Tiras

research

alone

be

can

expected

the

of

sons

Gomer.

Jeremiah (li.27) makes

of

the

Minni,

world
and

to

are

we

Ashkenaz

tions

The

of Armenia

Ararat
between

and

the

on

the

east.

question.

are

stated to have
in

passage

the
in

clear

look

Ashkenaz.

for

called

there
; it is

have

must

Minni.

Araxes

Van, while the

settle the

book

what

upon

of

part

Ararat,
to

march

evident, therefore,that

of
neighbours one
decipherment of the cuneiform inscrip
has fixed the geographicalpositionof

countries

the other.

Future

it pretty

are

together against Babylon

all three

to

Tarsh-ba.

Togarmah

Ashkenaz, Riphath, and

been

and

III, Tarsh-kha

Ramses

king

Ararat
and

the

been

the

was

mountains

district which

south

lay

of Lake

adjoined the kingdom of Ararat

Ashkenaz
have
been
accordingly must
Minni

Anab.

v.

5.

TENTH

THE

OF

CHAPTER

GENESIS.

49

preciselywhere an inscriptionof Sargon places the

therefore feel but
people of the Asguza, and we
may
little hesitation in identifyingthe two
together. The
locality
Gimirra, or Kimmerians, are placed in the same
relate to the
which
inscriptions
by certain cuneiform
the
In these
closingdays of the Assyrian Empire.
called the allies and companions in arms
Gimirra
are
of the Minni, the Medes, and the Saparda of Sepharad
(Obad. 20),thus explaining the relation which is said
in Genesis

Gomer

exist between

to

On

lighthas

Riphath no
decipherment of

thrown

yet been

as

the

of

records

the

Ashkenaz.

and

by

it is

past, and

has

the position of Togarmah

questionablewhether
Prof. Friedrich
determined.
been
satisfactorily

litzsch has

it with

identified

Assyrian inscriptions.This
of Malatiyeh,in the extreme
it is difficult to

discover

Garmi

Gimirra.

and

the

called Gamir

belongs to

late

belief that the

east

of

probably

is

of Genesis

Gomer

it is true, is

writers ; but

period, and

But
Til-

between

Kappadokia,

the

district

Kappadokia.

connection

the Armenian

by
a

any

the

city in

was

De-

of

Til-Garmi

the

the

denoted

the

name

due

to

the

Kappa(xxvii.14)

highlands. We learn from Ezekiel

that horses were
imported from Togarmah ; this,how
throw much
light on the situation of the
ever, does not
mountains, as well as Asia
place,since the Kurdish
it
famous
for their breed of horses.
Still,
Minor, were
rather
is probable that Togarmah lay in the western

dokian

than

in the eastern

since Ezekiel
mah'

Meshech
From

'

(xxxviii.
6) couples

only

not

and
an

part of the northern

with

the

Gomer,

land

of

but

the

zone

house

also with

of Genesis,
of

Togar

Tubal

and

Gog.

ethnologicalpointof
D

view

the northern

zone

RACES

THE

50

inhabited

not

was

have

we

as

Tubal

seen,

was

TESTAMENT.

of the

members

same

Phoenician

Meshech

and

so-called

the

by

OLD

consequently belonged

habitants
In

THE

OF

to

must

we

Alarodian

colony, and

its in

the

stock.

Semitic

of
representatives

see

which

to

race,

Kittim,

race.

the

modern

in exclusive
was
once
Georgians belong. This race
possession of the highlands of Armenia, and the cunei
form
of Ala
the work
inscriptionsfound there were
rodian princeswho
established a kingdom on the shores
Van.
600
of Lake
About
B.C.
Aryans from Phrygia

Armenia,

entered

their

imposed
The

bulk

of

the older

the

Armenians,
the

though

that

theless all alike

belong to

be

to

But

race.

various

but

language they have

white

they

mankind,

the white

granting

races

of

races

varieties of

even

ancestry, the
that

however, still belong

although Semites, Aryans,

different

said

old

monarchy, and
indigenous population.

the

upon

represent

be

the

to

adopted

of their invaders.

It is true
dians

rule

race,

that

was

overthrew

it to

be

the

fact cannot

be

proved,

and

thus

original

same

from

never

may

probable

all descended

are

they

stock, and
and

one

Alaro-

and

that

the

common

it is

possible

have

than
developed out of more
one
dark race.
At any rate the ethnologistis bound
to keep
them
is bound
to separate
apart, just as the philologist
families of speech which, though morphologically the
are
several
char
same,
genealogicallydistinct. The
acteristics
marked

The
not

an

may

of the

out

different

for science

northern

of

zone

to

white

confound

Genesis

ethnologicaldivision

is that

while

it does

not

it includes
possess

more

clearly
them
together.
a
geographical and

races

is

of the

too

world, and

than

monopoly

are

one

of

the

hence

distinct
white

it

race,

stock.

THE

The

middle

TENTH

and

of fair-skinned
The
'The
and

southern

Phut,

and

Ethiopiaof

zones

arc

is described

zone

Ham,'

of

OF

GENESIS.

51

equally the

seats

races.

southern
sons

CHAPTER

it is

Cush,

said,'were

Canaan.'

Cush

the

before

embraces

middle.

and

Mizraim,

not

only

the

but also the south

geographers,
western
of Arabia
and the oppositecoast of Africa
coast
well.
It thus corresponds to the land of Pun of the
as
well as to Kesh
or
as
Egyptian monuments,
Ethiopia.
It was
inhabited
for the most
part by a white race
whose
with the
them
physical characteristics connect
Egyptians. But in the southern valleyof the Nile this
race

was

who

once

the

spiteof

in contact

with

extended

much

present, and

at

case

the classical

their black

handsomest

black

two

further

races,
to

the Nubians.

the north
The

usuallyclassed

skins, are

the

negroes,

than

is

Nubians,
among

in

the

of

mankind, just as the negroes are among

the ugliest.They are tall,
spare, and well-proportioned.
The

and there is very

fairlystraight,
littleof it on
nostrils and lipsare thin,
the body.
The
the eyes dark, the nose
somewhat
aquiline. The flat
feet with which
they are credited are not a racial char
shoes.
due to their walking without
but are
acteristic,
As among
is longer than
the Egyptians,the second
toe
the first. Constitutionally
the Nubians
are
delicate,and
are
peculiarlysensitive to pneumonia. They suffer also
from earlydecay of the teeth, and are
not a long-lived
hair is black

and

race.

It will be

that

in their

physical characteristics

to the negro, the black

strikingcontrast
skin and hair alone excepted. The
is dolicho
negro
nostrils,large
cephalic and prognathous, with broad
fine teeth, and
woolly hair. His iliac bones are un-

they

form

seen

unusually long, the con

of a
in the case
brain simpler than
enjoys a good constitution, enabling

He

European.
him

withstand

to

arc

fatal

so

to

Egypt.

It

cation.

On

attack

by

white

the

'

Asiatic

chain

that

of defence

the

however, did

denoted

side

Egypt

of

called
from

Shur,

this line
The

derived.

was

the whole

Northern

or

from

defended

was

it was

and

Mazor

apply to

not

of

name

Mazors,' or walls of fortifi

two

name

only Lower

Hebrew

fortresses,sometimes

of

which

fever

man.

of Cush, is the

signifiesthe
the

yellow

and

wall/ by the Canaanites,

'the

name,

malaria

the

the brother

Mizraim,

or

his

of

TESTAMENT.

OLD

forearm

usually vertical,his
volutions

THE

OF

RACES

THE

52

of

Egypt.

which

Egypt,

It

extended

Cairo.
neighbourhood of the modern
The
rest of the country was
Upper Egypt, called Pe-tothe land of the South/ in ancient
Res,
Egyptian, the
Pathros
of the
Testament
Old
(Isaiahxi. Ji). The
division of Egypt into two
provinces dated from pre
historic
has been
remembered
times, and
through all
the vicissitudes of Egyptian history down
to the present
its
land,' and
essentially the double
day. It was
the

from

to

sea

the

'

'

rulers

form,

wore
'

where

the

double

two

Hence

crown.

Mazors,'

in

the

Hebrew.

of the dual

use

there,

and

Here

Lower

Egypt is alone alluded to, the singular

Mazor
is employed1, but otherwise
the dual 'Mizraim'
The
only is found
throughout the Old Testament.
of the northern
name
province, of that part of the
country

which

fore best

known

embrace

to

that it was
1

As

in

bordered

upon

Palestine

there

was

as
so
Jews, has been extended
the southern
province as well. But the fact
a southern
province distinct from the province

to

the

Kings xix. 24, The Nile-arms

besiegedplaces'),Is. xix. 6, xxxvii. 25.
2

and

'

of Mazor

'

(A.

V.

'

rivers of

THE

54

4, Amos

Jer. xlvii.

of the

several passages

from

learn

we

Bible

Genesis

In

7).

ix.

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

the

(Deut.ii. 23,
reference

to

originalplace ; it should
of the
of the
not
follow the
name
Caphtorim and
the garrison
The
Casluhim.
Philistines,in fact, were
the southern
established
by the Egyptian kings on
The
of Palestine.
five cities which
border
they held
the coast road from
commanded
Egypt to Syria (Exod.
the starting-point
and
formed
of Egyptian con
xiii. 17),
has

them

in

domination

and

quest

from

shifted

been

they should

be

inhabited

its

Asia.

It

that

needful

was

population which, though

akin in race
to that of Canaan, were
yet subjects of the
and
bound
by ties of birth to the
Egyptian Pharaoh
Pharaoh's
land.
from
indeed
Canaan, but
They came
As
nevertheless
of Canaan.
not
were
long as Egypt
strong

was

she

deserted

their devotion
them

refused

mix

to

her

to

unshaken

was

when

within

the limits of her

still preserved their

and
individuality

and

territorythey

own

by

retreated

with

the

population

that

surrounded

them.

The

which

name

follows that of Mizraim

still enveloped in mystery.

it has
ans

been

but

the

this

fashion

to

be

cannot

Since

in Genesis

is

the

days of Josephus
identifyPhut with the Liby
correct, since

the

Lehabim

or

the sons
of Mizraim.
A
Libyans are included among
broken
has at
fragment of the annals of Nebuchadnezzar
last shed a littlelighton
the question. We
there read
that the Babylonian king in the 37th year of his reign
marched
defeated
the
of
against Egypt, and
army
Amasis, the Egyptian monarch, as well as the soldiers
of the cityof Phut-Yavan
Phut of the lonians.'
We
or
'

know

that Amasis

specialprivilegesto

was

the

Philhellene

Greeks, had

; he

had

surrounded

granted
himself

THE

with

Greek

TENTH

had

body-guard, and

55

GENESIS.

OF

CHAPTER

the

removed

camp

neighbourhood of
In
the city of PhutPelusium
to that of Memphis.
see
some
Yavan,' therefore,we must
city to which the
in a specialmanner
considered
Greek
mercenaries
were
been
the Greek
have
to
colony of
belong. It may
wife.
Amasis
had
obtained
whence
a
Kyrene, from
this may
However
no
be, Phut can
longer be said to
in the Hebrew
remain without a record save
Scriptures.
of those
It was
time the head-quarters of some
at one
mercenaries
Greek
who
played so important a part in
and
Egyptian politicsin the age of Nebuchadnezzar
thus understand
can
why Phut is asso
Cyrus, and we
ciated with Lud
they threaten
by the prophets when
Jeremiah (xlvi.9)
Egypt with its coming overthrow.
with all its mer
describes Egypt as risingup for war
that
of Phut
troops, the Ethiopians and the men
cenary
and
the shield, and
handle
the Lydians that handle
the bow.'
bend
So, too, Ezekiel (xxx. 5) declares that
Egypt shall fall with all her forces,Ethiopians and men
Like
the Lydians, the
of Phut, Lydians and
Arabs.
Greek

of the

from

mercenaries

the

'

'

of Phut

men

offered their services

others

to

the

besides

along with the

armies
of Tyre

Egyptians, and accordinglywe find them

Lydians serving in the ranks of the

(Ezek.xxvii. 10).
Canaan

bordered

explainedto
in

fact,the

sea

and

the

on
'

mean
narrow

the lowlands.'

stripof

mountains

on

land

the

coast

hence

voyages
name

that

in search
of Canaan

the
of
came

to

be

Here

of Palestine.

time

appliedto

it

built,and

ships started
As

the

lies between

were

Phoenician
wealth.

is

name

which

the great cities of the Phoenicians

from

usually
It originally
denoted,
the

and

Egypt,

went

the land

on

on,

was

their
the

beyond

56

THE

the

mountains
to

Exodus,

and

discovered

the

called the

land

of

Tel el-Amarna.
the

barren

The

Even

the

In

Canaan

of

from

are

Zidon

in

south, with
But

'

of

latter

the

the

books

acquired

it has

in the

north

these

have

become

far away

Gaza

to

even

an

tablets of

and

as

included

in

Canaanites,
the north.

to

to

'

Gerar

and

the

the

in

Sea.

Dead

enlarged. The
spread abroad,' so
all grouped
were
'

were
'

were

Hamathites

the fishers' town,' was,

of Canaan.
To
the south

Sidon,
'

'

Rock,' built
from

the

on

shore.

Moses

tells

boats.

Its

us

told, the first

'

we

are

of it

was

Tyre,

Greeks,

one

An

that

Its

2300 years
of Sidon
stood
of the

the

rocky islet at a little distance

Egyptian traveller in the age of
had
water
to be
brought to it in

founded

Northward

'

small

claimed
temple of Baal Melkarth
antiquity; its priest informed
Herodotos
that

land.

of the

them.

among

been

was

Genesis,however, the limits

as
properly extending only

limits

Canaanites

alike

are

easterly extension
'

The

has

them,

of

described

that Hittites,
Amorites

born

of

chapter

an

afterwards

families

Gebal.
In

of Hamath

the

district

Philistines

than

the Amorites

tenth

the

cities of the Philistines,

well
as

east

like the inhabitants

el-

cities of the

Canaan

meaning

region

Canaan.

of

the

Tel

of

denotes

the

northward

ruins

the

Canaan

or

from

century before

among

the word

extent

court

of the Amorites.

Testament

greater

In the letters written

between

country

TESTAMENT.

OLD

Egyptian

intervened

and

Old

the

Kinakhkhi

Amarna,

THE

the east.

on

Palestine

which

OF

RACES

most

before

his visit to

great

it had

the

spot.

Gebal, called Byblos by the

sacred

spots in the Canaanitish

worship of the goddess

throughout the civilised world.

Ashtoreth

was

famous

TENTH

THE

The

CHAPTER

of Canaan

originalland

the Greeks

and

GENESIS.

OF

called Phoenicia

was

by the Egyptians.

Kaft

57

It is

by
possible

palms which
Kaph and
Kipptih signifya
luxuriantlythere.
grew
palm-branch in Hebrew, and phoenix in Greek has the
same
meaning. But it is also possible that the latter
that

both

from

derived

were

names

the

'

'

word

which

the Greeks

the

from

derived

was

its

from

name

the

the

'language of Canaan,' as it is called by

Hebrew.
(xix.1 8), differed but slightlyfrom
tribes,in fact,like

Ammon,
dialects

for the

settled.
about

have

must

In

that

other

no

the

'

can

The
and

their earlier Aramaic

of the

way

Isaiah

in Moab

their kindred

exchanged

language

palm,

tree.

The

Hebrew

in

country

acquainted with

first became

that the country took

not

the

of

name

in which

country

explain how

we

it

they
came

'

Syrian emigrant (Deut.xxvi. 5) should

have

The
acquired the ancient language of Canaan.
doubtless
facilitated
adoption of the new
language was
dialects to Hebrew
of the Aramaic
by the relationship
Phoenician.
or
family of
They belonged to the same
relation to one
another
that
speech and bore the same
French

bears

Heth,
a

son

'

of

to

the

Italian.

who
Hittite,'

Canaan,

primitive seat

of the

of

mountains

was

Asia

is named

stranger

Hittite tribes
Minor.

From

next

in
was

to

the

Sidon

land.

in

the

as

The

Taurus

hence

they had
the fertile plains of Syria, and
descended
con
upon
quered a considerable
part of the Semitic
population
The despatches sent to the Egyptian
they found there.
in Syria about
full
B. C. 1400
king by his governors
are
of references

to

the advance

requests for troops

The

Jebusites are

to

be

used

classed

of the

Hittite

armies

and

against them.
among

the

Amorites

in

;-)8

Josh. x.

5, 6,

Hebrew

text.

at

They

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

according

the

to

the

were

the

rendering of

correct

of

inhabitants

Jerusalem
Canaan.

Israelites into

entry of the

of the

time

the

OF

RACES

THE

probable that they had not been long in the

of the
Egyptian de
possession of the city. Some
from
the
priest-king
spatches alluded to above came
obedient
He
of Jerusalem, Ebed-tob
was
an
by name.
been
vassal of Egypt, but had
appointed to his office,
not
by the Egyptian monarch, but by the oracle of the
Mount
Moriah.
temple stood on
god Salem, whose
We
threatened
learn from his letters that Jerusalem was
by an enemy, who had already despoiled it of a portion
of its territory,and
whose
to have
head-quarters seem
it is

But

been
not

Hebron.

at
sent

at

Ebed-tob
from

once

Egypt,

the

was
city. Ebed-tob
king Melchizedek, and

in

appears

Amorite
whom

his

town,

we

Ebed-tob

declares

later

the
no

there

is

saving
of the priestof Jcbusites

successor
name

was
despatches. Since Hebron
conjecturethat the enemy
may

writes, consisted,

in

are

of

hope

no

of the

trace

if troops

that

about

least,of

at

part

an

Amorite

of the
withdrawal
that the
Jebusites,and
Palestine
Egyptian garrisons from
immediately after
the date to which
the despatches belong allowed
the
foe to capture Jerusalem. It is possiblethere
Amorite
fore

that

Ebed-tob

the

was

last

of

the

line

old

of

royal pontiffs.
The

Amorite

Girgasiteand
of

Arka,

from

which

must

the

be

Hivite.

Phoenician
'

the

left to another
The

Arkite

city north

Sinite

'

derived

was

of Gebal.
his

name,

immediate
the
the

neighbourhood. Arvad, now

villageof Ruad, lay upon the coast

maritime

trade

of

Tyre

and

chapter like the

Sidon.

the

inhabitant

Sin

Sina,

or

stood

in the

representedby
and

shared

Zemar,

on

in
the

hand,

other

Egyptian

CHAPTER

TENTH

THE

inland.

was

the

Phoenician

Hamath,

coast.

of Phoenicia, and
far to

north.

the

there, from
It

will

Canaan

be

we

infer that

have

to

nothing in
with

from

common

another

one

now

the

pass

of

world

Shem,'

we

are

Arphaxad

and

the

was

which
was

race

features
ments,

race.

The

third

Genesis

told,
Lud

is

their

characteristics

country

of

Kalah

of
or

either

of Canaan.
them

to

which

into

zone

children

'The

Asshur,

and

be

of
and

Elam, 'the highlands,'

Aram.'

Babylonia, of
the capital. Its population
language was
agglutinative.
other hand, belonged both
of

east

country

and

tribes

last

and

had

view

of

to

Amorite
north

caused

Elam

were

was

the

point

has

related

blond

of

divided.

'

and

Shushan

capitalAssur,

mounds

sub

once

was

Assyria,on the
and
language to the Semitic
of the Assyrian, as pourtrayed upon
of a typical Semitic
are
cast, and

moral

found

been

were

The

Semitic

the

or

and

old

the

to

non-Semitic

Asshur,
in

or

racial

ethnology

mountainous

Susa

with

or

Geography and not

grouped together.
We

Orontes,

cities of which

the father

been

only geographically.
yellow-skinned Hittite

the

and

it

the

on

borders

of the

tribes and

the

that

another

one

the

outside

the

like

situated

to

domination.

seen

is said

subject

have
inscriptions

may

an

Eighteenth

were

the banks

on

Hittite

which

Hittite

jected to

built

was

the

not

lay

of

scat

importance

were

Hamah,

now

of

lost its

59

the

been

Syria

wrhich

towns

GENESIS.

time

and

Palestine
Dynasty, when
Egypt. Subsequently it
other

had

It

in

governor

OF

those

were

Assyria

took

Asshur,

now

Sherghat,

its

of

The

stock.
his
his
the

name

monu

mental
Semitic

from

representedby
little to

the

north

the
the

of

60

the

junction of

the

town,

Hiddekel

of the

Asshur'

to

(Gen.

ii.

it

Tigris that

or

is referred

Paradise

rivers of

the

is
to

it is

where

goeth eastward

elsewhere

But

14).

'

It

Zab.

Lower

country, which

the

than

descriptionof

in the
said

rather

the

Tigris with

the

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

in

Old

the

Assyria1.
signifies
and
the kingdom
The founders of the city of Asshur
from
northward
of Assyria had moved
Babylonia. The
Semitic
language of Babylonia differed from that of
differs from
Assyria only as the dialect of Middlesex
the

Testament

that

of Asshur

name

Oxfordshire.

of

It

Babylonia that the

religion,their customs,

from

was

Assyrians had brought their

their traditions.
their art of writing,their science, and
Their
the gods of Babylonia, with the sole
gods were
Assur.
They built their
exception of the supreme
houses

of

temples

and

been
stone

from

brick

land

of

and

stone

raised

their

loftyplatforms,because this had

in the alluvial plain of Babylonia, where
exist and
protection had to be sought

palaceson

necessary
did

in

not

the floods of winter.

It

the

was

of those

ambition

in
empire to be crowned
could their right to dominion
out
side the boundaries
of Assyria itself be recognised and
made
legitimate. To become
king of Babylon and
the
to the
adopted child of the Babylonian Bel was
what
in Rome
to
coronation
Assyrian monarch
was

Assyrian kings who

Babylon. Only so

the

mediaeval

always been
belonged to

German
in

another

Except in Gen. xxv.

occupied by the Asshurim
Qazarnai belonged
wild

who

beasts.

at

prince.

Semitic

foughtwith

aimed

hands.
and

race,

18

where

of Gen.
is described

Babylonia had not

Its earliest population
the
language which

But

'Asshur'
3.

xxv.

in

an

It

was

the

denote

must
to

district

these Asshurim

Egyptian papyrus

as

hero

that
who

62

RACES

THE

possessionof
older

its

hosts

down

in the pages
we

paramount

lord

later date

of the Bible.

of

Babylonia

footing in Babylonia
givesus

listof the most

has

the

obtained
a

the

prince.

permanent

dynasty there

cuneiform

words

common

I4th chapter

Elamite

an

centuries.

left its

of Abraham

age

established

and

lasted for several

which

From

was

the tribe of Kassi

neighbouring

conquest

in the

that

the

from

such

One

learn

of Genesis

fusion with
political
time
to
invading

time

them

upon

of Elam.

mountains

At

From

inhabitants.

TESTAMENT.

OLD

after their

the country

rushed

record

THE

OF

tablet

in the Kassite

To
what
language,together with their significations.
family of speech they belong is quite unknown.
Kassites and Babylonians intermingled together,and
of Kassite
rule has been
the long continuance
thought
of Kasdim
to explain the name
given to the inhabitants
of Babylonia in the Old Testament.
Chesed, of which
Kasdim
is the Hebrew
plural,has been explained as
the country of the Kassites.'
But the explana
Kas-da
tion is more
than
it is quite as easy
doubtful, and
to
derive
Kasdim
from
the
to
Assyrian verb Kasddu
would
be the
conquer/ so that the Kasidi or Kasdim
Kassite
of the Chaldaean
plain.
conquerors
In the Septuagint the Hebrew
is trans
word
Kasdim
lated by Chaldaeans.'
In the Greek period 'Chaldaean'
and
Babylonian had become
terms, and
synonymous
Chaldaea.
But the
to be known
Babylonia had come
as
Chaldaeans
formed no part of the population
originally
of the country.
In the inscriptions
with
first meet
we
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

the

name

century
which
the

of the
before

our

Kalda
era.

or

It

Chaldaeans
was

the

lived in the great salt-marshes

Euphrates and Tigrissouthward

in

of

of

name

at

the

the

ninth
a

mouths

Babylonia.

tribe
of
This

tribe, however,
influence

dach-baladan

they

(B.C.721),and

for twelve

exert

to

of

fortunes

the

on

destined

was

important

an

Mero-

Under

Babylonia.

of

possession

gained

63

GENESIS.

OF

CHAPTER

TENTH

THE

Babylon

Merodach-baladan

years

was

He
legitimatesovereign of the people of Bel.'
then forced to fly before Assyrian invaders, and
was
for
to Babylon, it was
more
once
though he returned
but a short time.
Sennacherib
ravaged Babylonia with

the

'

fire

and

Assyrian
But

the

destined

not

the

are

and
forgotten,

it is that while
as

the

Kasdim,

and

the

Latin

and

The
'

of the

the

by

predominating preva

Greek

the

This

descent.

position attained

whole

writers

it

Babylonian

all other elements

in

alone survives.

Hence

Babylonians are
Septuagintthey

known

the Chaldaean

in the Greek

Nebuchad

that

the

Chaldaean

in Hebrew

Babylonian
has recently

It

of Chaldaean

all others.
'

in

here.

Winckler

Dr.

In the

name.

place of
population is called
it

of

appanage

Kalda

end

to

made

lence of their

the

played by

part

probable by
and his family were
nezzar
would
for
fully account
Chaldaeans
in Babylonia
takes

an

crown.

historywas
been

it became

and

sword,

become

Chaldaeans.
It is
to

probable that

the Semitic

race.

the

This

regards the largerpart

Kasdim

in the

Old

Kalda
at

Chaldaeans

or

any

of those

rate

are

At

the

forget that since the name

frequentlyused of the whole population
must

other

According
the Kasdim,
uncle

of Aram.

racial elements
to

Gen.

was

the
Huz

besides

xxii. 21, 22,

brother
and

Buz

by
time

same

of
of

as

the
we

Kasdim

is

Babylonia

it

Semitic.

Chesed, the father of

of Huz
are

case

meant

not

included

the

was

who

Testament.

belonged

the

and

Khazu

Buz

and

and

the
Bazu

64

who

tribes

Aramaean

of

district

northern

settled in

tribes

Aramaean
Assyrian inscriptions,

of the
the

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OP

RACES

THE

Arabia.

Aram

extended

from

the

denotes
the

western

Babylonia to the highlands of Mesopotamia

of
and
Aramu
Arma
the Arumu,
and Syria. They are
of them, like the
Some
the
Assyrian monuments.
settled in
even
(Jer. 1. 21), were
Puqudu or Pekod
be
the relationshipthat existed
Babylonia. Hence
frontiers of

them

tween

in the

Hebrew
the

In

the

and

genealogicalform.
chapter of Genesis Arphaxad

tenth

He

is

therefore he would

whom

placed next

have

been

Now

Arphaxad is written
Arpha-Chesed, 'the Arpha of

tact.

is doubtful.

means

expressed

is

in

usual

of Aram.

brother

which

Kasdim,

Professor

is the
with

Asshur

to

geographicalcon
in the originalHebrew
What
Chesed.'
Arpha
in

Schrader

it with

connects

'urfak and accordingly renders the name

the territoryof Chesed.'
Up to the present no light
has been cast on the word
by the Assyrian texts.
The
Lud
that
which
follows
of Arphaxad
name
be correct.
The
be
cannot
corrupt,
reading must
it could
though it is impossible to conjecture what
Lud
or
originallyhave been.
Lydia belongs to a

the

Arabic

'

different

and,

as

zone
we

from

have

of

that

seen,

is

of

the

children

already referred
no
were
Lydians

to

of

Shem,

under

the

There
in the service
Magog.
of the Babylonian kings as
We
in Egypt.
there were
of a people or region which
ought to have the name
touched
the
the one
on
side and
on
Babylonia on

name

Aramaean
would

tribes
be

on

some

'nomads,' the Nod

Babylonia

the

other.
like

name

of

Gen.

in the north-east.

What
that

iv.

should

we

of

16, who

the

expect
or
Manda,

bordered

upon

'

of

name

divided

one

told,

are

Peleg ;

was

his brother's

and

were

for in his
was

name

Arabia

districts of South-eastern

and

modern

them

Among

Joktan.

to

or

two

'

Hebrew.'

sons

the
days was
Joktan.' The
traced

find

we

Ophir, the

Hadhramaut,

Eber

born

'

65

GENESIS.

grandfatherof

the

Arphaxad was
Unto
Eber,' we

OF

CHAPTER

TENTH

THE

the

earth
tribes

their descent

the

Hazarmaveth,

famous

sea-port and

the
emporium of the goods of the further east, Havilah
compassed by the river Pison (Gen.ii. u),
sandy region,'
of Ishmael
and
(Gen. xxv. 18),
occupied by the sons
'

7),as well as Sheba, the Saba

whose
ancient
of the native inscriptions,
capitalis now
in the south-western
representedby the ruins of Mareb
after
of Arabia.
The
corner
kingdom of Sheba arose
its
the Minaeans, and
the decay of that of Ma'in
or
of Northern
Arabia
in the
rulers were
already masters
and Sargon (B.C. 733, 715).The
time of Tiglath-Pileser

(i Sam.

Amalek

and

xv.

had
heard of the fame of Solomon,' for
of Sheba
queen
the northern
limit of her dominions
adjoinedthe southern
'

limit of his.
northern

The
or

Mash,

Mash.

the

frontier of the

four

of

sons

Mash

we

learn from

of

Joktan was

verse

23,

was

Mesha
one

of

Uz, the land of Job, being

Assyrian inscriptionsthe country

Aram,

the

In

another.

as

sons

the
frequentlyreferred to. It was
northern
occupying not only Arabia
part of Arabia
but also the Nejd to the south.
Petraea
Sargon tells
that his conquests had extended
us
throughout the whole

of Mas

or

of Mas

'

is

far

the river of

Egypt,'and Assurhimself
its
bani-pal found
compelled to traverse
in his march
waterless wastes
againstthe Nabatheans.
in the
There
is one
EthnographicalTable' of
passage
Genesis in which the geographicalsystem on which it is
land

as

as

'

66

THE

founded

is

the

Lord.'

the

of

name

is the

Asshur'

'

Book

'the

and

before

hunter
once

occurs

the

relating

passage

mighty

Nimrod

In

Testament.
of

land

'the

This

of Cush, the

son

The

Old

the

in

TESTAMENT.

OLD

departed from.

Nimrod,

to

THE

OF

RACES

more

(v.6)

of Micah

land

of

Nimrod

are

Both, it would
parallelismone to the other.
consequently justify the
signify Assyria and
seem,
marginal rendering of Gen. x. n : Out of that land he
in

placed

'

Assyria.'
Testament
But outside the pages of the Old
nothing
of Assyria and
of Nimrod.
The
is known
monuments
Babylonia have hitherto refused to divulge the name.
Certain
scholars indeed
imagined that it might be
of the
hero
of
the
the pronunciation of the
name
know
that such is not
Epic,but we now
great Chaldaean
that is to say, Nimrod

"

the

Nimrod

case.

cuneiform

The

still remains

of Nimrod

kingdom
and

Accad

chief

the

moved

in the

discovered

be

to

texts.

lon, Erech
were

into

out

went

"

in the
of

seats

northward

began

in

Babylonia. Baby

North, Calneh

his

From

power.

founded

and

in the south,

thence

he

and

the

Nineveh

adjoining towns.
the

Erech,

the

presented by
of

Semitic

But
of

it

fact that

cluded

in the

town

of

seems

to

would

account

of

the

Babylonia

in the

only city of
kingdom of Nimrod
Kul-unu

that the

at

an

empire

the

indicate

It

immediate

first Semitic

Kalneh, called

Assyria was

inscriptions,is

of Warka.

in

Accad,

at

was

the

mounds

influence

Sippara,that

The

of

Uruki

kingdom

in
was

built

by

the

mighty

centre

established.

was

Shinar

or

the

the

in

unimportant
native

texts,

Semitic.

This

for the further fact that the

'

early period.
neighbourhood

Sumir
was

was

re

now

future

hunter

'

of

capital
Baby-

THE

The

Ionia.

CHAPTER

TENTH

of

name

It

founders

of the younger
Nineveh
of Nineveh
lie
remains

The
mounds

from

Nina,

Kouyunjik and
city of Mosul).

circuit of land.

Within
of

kings,the temples
the people,as
well
markets

held.

were

'Ir

Rehoboth
'

Rehoboth

palacesof

the

and

the

the mounds
had

of

built

been

had

Calah

Between

country.

the hamlet

of Res-eni

the

of the sweet

or

Resen
waters

'

the
with

of

houses

'

the

called

are

the

city
of

the south

stand, was

now

Shalmaneser

by

it for

made

To

Nimrud

the

in which

squares

Version.

vast

Genesis, mistranslated

(B.C.1300) who

source

(oppositethe

public squares

in the Authorised

Calah

the

These

in

Nineveh, where
Calah.

open

rubbish

the

embraced

these stood

the

as

beneath

gods

the

derived.

were

Its walls

the

that

appear,

Nebi-Yunus

of

modern

of

it would

Semitic

cityof Baby

ancient

an

lonia.

was

67

GENESIS.

(Ninua) was

Nineveh

of Nina,

of that

modification

OF

awhile

the

capital
and
Nineveh
lay
head
of the spring,'
which
the neigh

bouring populationwas supplied.

These geographical
details will show that the passage
be from
a departurethough it may
relatingto Nimrod
the general scheme
can
yet justifyits place in the
chapter. It is an episode,but an episode which has a
geographical rather than a historical or an ethnological
"

"

interest.

he

is

Nimrod

hero,

is
as

introduced, not

because

he

is

so

much

connected

because
with

the

geography of Babylonia and Assyria.

Nevertheless

the episode is one

the

which

does

violence to

general geographical scheme.

Assyria and Baby
lonia belong to the central,not
to the southern
zone,
and are
consequentlycorrectlygiven under the head of
Shem.
From
a
strictlyscientific point of view the
E

68

THE

of

names

RACES

the

enumerated

cities
after

chapter

is

Apart

the

the

episode

is

ought
and

due

which

upon

be

to

Arphaxad.
to

the

however,

different

of

rest

the

it

contrary,

has

nothing

to

in
is

not

one

the

of

character

true

being
tells

with

that

documents

Genesis

to

as

us

do.

Bible,

the
and

ethnological

an

ethnology

them.

of

analysis

an

its

claim

no

speak
it

of

Asshur

abundantly

can

ethnological

of

episode,

lays

On

ethnologist

chapter

the

It

purpose.

language

names

that

proves

record.

in

based.
from

chapter

stood

of
from

conception

them

which

the

introduction

The

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

There
but

plainly
and

may
the

as

the
be

tenth

TESTAMENT.

OLD

'

term,
philological

the

fullyfrom

THE

OF

RACES

THE

70

Semitic

the

family of

speech.'
that

already seen

have

We

there

of the

members

are

speak Semitic languages,and

speakers of Semitic languages who do not belong to the
There
Semitic race.
are
Jews who know
only English
German
or
or
Spanish, while Arabic dialects are spoken
the Nubians
of Southern
and
Egypt.
by the Maltese
mixed
ancient population of Babylonia was
The
a
one,
in
it is probable that the
and
predominant element
the end, although it had
it remained
non-Semitic
to
learned
It is questionable
to
speak a Semitic idiom.
the Phoenicians
of purely
whether
Canaanites
or
were
Semitic

who

race

do

ancestry, and

Semitic

Israelites learned
is

There

another
and

imply

relation

dialects.

are

that

as

Latin
remote

Semitic

idioms

parent-speech. But they were

same
strong family features,
characteristic

languages
as

the

words

which

of

the

is met

world.

built upon

grammatical
vowels
nounced.

with

meaning
the help

Thus

skeleton
of

each

of which

\qatal(a)means

slayer,'
qutdl slain,'
q
'

tol

'

the

to

the

all

same

Romanic
of

off from

branched

it is
this

distinguishedby the
especially by a

more

in

is

roots.

of three
word

of

none

is what

'triliteralism' of Semitic
are

in the

that the record

with
This

use

may

stood

stands

period so

several

we

language convertibly.
closely akin to one
languages of Europe,

Romanic

modern

them

At

lost,the

Semitic

and

the

call Hebrew.

which

in

that

them

we

parent-speech which

to

from

was

language which

languages

the

as

it

however,

race

Semitic

The

yet

the

sense,

Semitic

terms

not

usuallyknown
Semitic

Most

consonants,

depending

the

consonants
'

he

other

the

on

are

the
the
pro

slew,' qatil

'

slay,'
qutl,'slaughter.'
qatl,gitl,

almost

regularityas
which

at

time

of mankind

the rest

of two
it.

to

con

Such

the
imprinted itself upon
isolated
when
its speakers were
in a
and lived by themselves

community.

compact
There

are

community

which

life as

animals

dialects

point to
On

and

the

plantsas

hand, there

largecity.

Indeed

led

and
The

in all the

found

are

that this

show

to-day.

this part of the world

the other

settled life in

of

Bedawin

to

go

Arabia

lived in North-eastern

nomad

stock.

evidences

many

of such

conform

to

words

Even

consisted
originally
made

such

with

out

artificial.

seem

have

can

language only

the

been

only have

characteristic

to

have

to

appear

sonants

same

Jl

principleof triliteralism is carried

The

from

RACE.

SEMITIC

THE

are

the

names

Semitic

as

the

cradle

of

no

indications

of

the word

dtu, which

'city'in Assyro-Babylonian the first of the

signifies
under
the influence of culture
Semitic languages to come
the Hebrew
ohel tent,'
is the same
and civilisation
as
"

'

"

primarily meant, not the city of civilised life,but

In Hebrew
the word
the tent of the wandering nomad.
it is
of home,' and when
retained its old signification
told by his
said that the Levite
of Beth-lehem
was
father-in-law
that he might
(Judg.xix. 9),
go home
the expressionliterally
to
means
thy tent.' The
go
than
'house' of the primitiveSemite was
nothing more
and

'

'

'

'

shelter he erected for himself in the desert ;

he became
acquainted with the palacesof Accadian

the temporary
when

the non-Semitic
term
by
Babylonia he had to borrow
which
described, c-gal or 'great house,' and
they were
of speech,making it ekallu in
adapt it to his own
organs
Assyrian and hekal in Hebrew.
it
The
it was
in which
circumstances
placed make
probable that the primitiveSemitic community consisted

THE

72

of only
practically
have

slaves

been

one

cruited

in such

how
a

; it is also

have

But

be

who

individual

caused

members

from

join it

to

time

have

been

to
re

these additions

the whole

on

may

that the attractions

largelythe Gypsies

way.

there

in its midst

true

nations

or

that

It is true

captured wives

or

know

We

TESTAMENT.

OLD

race.

longed to another race

of a wandering life may
of neighbouring tribes
time.

THE

OF

RACES

much
have made
impression
community cannot
it. The
of the country it
geographical conditions
upon
inhabited
and kept the race
preserved it from mixture
The offspring
have inherited
of foreignwives would
pure.
the physicalcharacteristics of the stronger parent,and in
this case
the stronger parent belonged to the nomad
race.
If ever, then, there was
instance
in which
an
language
the

to

and

race

convertible

were

primitiveSemitic
of

the

which

world,

they

of mankind
when

time
If

would

we

look

must

almost

which

led

these

parent Semitic

isolated

life at the

of the

speech.

Arabia

was

the

early home

with

littlechanged. In Central

terminations

may

three

of

still be
the

another, but which

in Semitic

singlefamily

characteristic features

it is in Northern

cases

upon

which

stock, and
it but

'

life
its younger
still preserve,
tribes who

localityin

the
entirety,

the

permanently fixed.
in its purity we
race

Semitic

nomad

among

triliteralism
of

separate and

the

for it in the

'

creation

were
peculiarities

still find

in their

Northern

the

built,are

are

nursed, and

was

languages from
especiallythe

more

of

that

was

which
peculiarities
the other languages

The

community,

off the Semitic

mark

it

terms

speech.

Arabia

heard

of the

that

which

long

It is

since

still meet
the vocalic

Arabia

distinguishedthe

primitive Semitic
have

we

Semitic

from

noun

been

there, too, that

one

lost elsewhere
we

may

still

THE

RACE.

SEMITIC

73

which
peculiarsounds of the parent-language,
cultivated Assyrian four
had already disappeared from
thousand
they were
ago, pronounced to-day as
years
And
of the Semitic
there,
race.
by the first ancestors
stillsee the Semite
we
leading the life of
moreover,
may
his earliest ancestors, wandering with his flocks in search
of
tent
of pasture, shelteringhimself
at night under
a
of the desert on
camel's hair, or traversingthe sands
a

hear

the

camel's back.

the settled

garded

as

Semitic

But

type.

trace

their

is to

discover

the

even

the

In

The

and

to

lesser extent

population of the Hijaz, may therefore be re

presentingus with the purest examples of the

admixture.

race.

Arabia,

of Northern

Bedawin

The

Sinaitic

past history,and
in

anywhere

we

it shows

us

the world

the

free from

not

are

Peninsula

form

who

Towarah,

Bedawin

able

are

how

to

difficult it

reallyunmixed
bulk

main

of

the

population of the Peninsula, are emigrants from Central

Arabia.
They poured into the country at the time of
the Mohammedan
conquests and dispossessedthe older
Nabathaean
as
they were
population, the 'Saracens'
called by Christian writers.
One
tribe only, the Jibaclaim
different ancestry.
mountaineers,' can
a
liyeh or
from
the Egyptian
And
these are partly descended
even
and
Wallachian
prisoners whom
Justinian attached as
serfs to the Monastery of St. Catherine.
The
people
who
engraved the Sinaitic inscriptionson the rocks in
'

'

'

the

earlier

make

way

It

must

Peninsula

centuries

of

the

Christian

have

era

had

to

for strangers.
be

remembered,

is but

an

however,

of the

outlying appanage
It is in

Semitic

domain.

the rest

of Arabia, and

certain

since the

measure

age

the

that

of

primitive

cut

the

Sinaitic

off from

Third

and

THE

74

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD

Egyptian Dynasties its western

Further
the influence
of Egypt.

Fourth
under
been

RACES

less

for

reason

mixture

has

coast

been

there

east

has

displacement of

or

population.
If.
the

then,

Semite

would

we

trace

the

racial characteristics

and

Central

it is to Northern

Arabia

of

that

we

should

that we
And
are
right in doing
naturallyturn.
find there
is shown
so
by a comparison of the type we
with that of the modern
Jews on the one hand and of
the ancient Assyrians,as depicted on
their monuments,

the

on

other.

The

three

types

must

be

all essential

in

agree

features.
But

here

no

the modern

by

mean
means

various

again we

of

It has

nations,and

intermarried

at

Malabar, for example, who

Dravidian

Jews

'

natives

of certain

rather than

of Southern

The

its

the

India,there

Falashas

is

race

by

has

career

black

'

descended

are

we

proselytes from

are

parts of Europe whose

Jewish.

Jewish

periods in

There

races.

define what

admitted

different

other

with

The

Jewish type.

one.

pure

careful to

Jews
the

from
the

are

'

'

white

type is European

of

Abyssinia are Jews

by religionrather than in origin,and it is only by the
aid of intermarriagethat we
in
can
explain the contrast
the two
type between
great divisions of European Jews
the Sephardim of Spain and Italyand the Ashkenazim
of Germany, Poland, and Russia.
Indeed
know
that
we
"

few of the

leading Spanish

families

admixture

of

in their veins, which

Jewish

blood

corresponding admixture
Even

means

in
a

red-haired

Biblical

pure

one.

l, which
1

Sam.

on

times

the

David,
may
xvii. 42.

the

we

have

certain

implies

other side.

Jewish
are

race

Ruth

was

told, was

possiblyindicate
Compare

not

i. 4,

an

by

blond
infusion

iv.'ip,.

no

and
of

THE

of

his chief officers

a

of

house

Philistine

captains of

an

2.

or

Kretans

Ammonite,

The

of Gath

ark

3,and

one

l, and
an

found

himself

with

among

Arabian,
shelter

of the

most

and

in the

trusty

the

Israelitish army,
whose
wife afterwards
of the kings of Judah, was
the ancestress
Uriah

became
the

find

we

75

he surrounded

Cherethites

Maachah

of

Syrian

RACE.

all events

At

foreignblood.
a
body-guard

SEMITIC

it is the

But

Hittite.

which
Egyptian monuments
have afforded us the most
convincing proof of the mixed
The
character of the population in the Jewish kingdom.
of the Jewish towns
names
captured by the Egyptian
and
king Shishak in his campaign against Rehoboam,
recorded
the walls of the temple of Karnak, are each
on
with the head
and
of a prisoner.
surmounted
shoulders
Casts have
of the heads
been
made
by Mr. Flinders
Petrie. and
the racial type represented by them
turns
and
out to be Amorite
not
Jewish. We must conclude,

therefore, that
the

even

after the

revolt of the Ten

Tribes

of the

bulk

population in Southern Judah continued

in race, though not in name.
to be Amorite.
The Jewish
so
scantilyrepresented that the Egyptian artist
type was
when
passed it over
depicting the prisonerswho had
been brought from Judah.
Palestine is but another
example of an ethnological
has been
fact which
in Western
observed
Europe. A
tends
to
conquering and intrusive race
disappear. It
survive

may

have

crushed

many

learn

We

defended

may

even

to

seem

the

from

Sennacherib

Jerusalem againstthe

Arabians.
*

centuries,it

subject population for ever, and to

planted itself too firmly in its new
possessionsto

have
1

for

Sam.

Sam.

xxiii. 37, 35, 34.

vi. 10, n.

that

the

body-guard of Hezekiah
Assyrians similarlyconsisted of

which
'Urbi

or

76
be

rooted

France,

in

But

out.

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

already been
Aryan conqueror,

has

as

noticed, the blond, broad-shouldered

the
has
race

known

only Gaul
had

make

to

which

has

Britain, in the

the writers

to

way

for the

same

way,

the

and

Rome,

dark, small-limbed

older

the

again become

of Greece

predominant type.

darker

all events

at

race,

In

by
taking its revenge upon its conquerors
slowly supersedingthem.
What
has happened in Western
Europe has happened
The Jews flourish everywhere except
also in Palestine.
in the country of which
they held possessionfor so long
exist there are
The
few Jewish colonies which
a time.
mere
exotics, influencingthe surrounding population as
is

in the west,

little as
beside

the

colonies

German

them.

That

have

that

population

is

founded

been

In

Canaanite.

moral
and
characteristics,
physical features,in mental
of the population
it is the descendant
in its folklore,
even
which
the
Israelitish
invaders
vainly attempted to
extirpate. It has survived, while they have perished or
elsewhere.
The
succeeded
in driving
wandered
Roman
the Jew from the soil which
his fathers had won
; the Jew
succeeded
in drivingfrom
it its originalpossessor.
never
When
for exile in
the Jew departed from
it,whether
Babylonia, or for the longer exile in the world of a later
day, the older population sprang
again in all its
up
vigour and freshness,thus assertingits rightto be indeed
the child of the soil.
It must

have

of Samaria.
Palestine
south.
evidence

been

that

same

in the

northern

kingdom

To-day the ethnologicaltypes of Northern

present
And

the

yet
the

but
we

little variation
have

from

contemporary

people of the Ten Tribes

purest Semitic race.
Among the spoilswhich

those

of the

monumental
were

the

of the

British

78

RACES

THE

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD

more
or
strictlyspeaking a
special race,
The
hair is glossy-black,curly and
strong,

constitute

sub-race.

"

The
largely developed on the face and head.
skull is dolichocephalic. It is curious,however, that in
of the Jews has shown
Central
Europe an examination
that while
about
blonds, only 25 per
15 per cent, are
cent, are
brunettes, the rest being of intermediate
type,
almost
and
that
exclusively
brachycephalism occurs
and

is

the

among

except

the

on

the

somewhat
skin

redden

eyes

dull

white, which

good
dark

are

the

to

exposure

of colour

deal

like the

is better

able

given premiss, or
sary's argument,
favour

than
1

of

as

See

to

than

attain

pioneer

to

There

in the

does

1.

not

usually,

is

cheeks.

lips and

rather

'

than

weakness
the

He

of

retentive,
inductive.
from

consequences

conclusion.

in inductive

is

memory

balance

eminence

with
versatile,

and

the
the

expose

inductive

some

likelyto

more

blood

hair.

deduce

to

but

tans

sun.

Mentally the Semite is clever

His
specialaptitude for finance.
his mode
of reasoning deductive
He

of

mixture

race

is of

under

however,
The

of extensive

theory

for this

account

is pure, the nose

is prominent, and
the lipsare thick,and the face oval.
aquiline,

Whenever

The

It is difficult to

brunettes.

an

adver

probabilitiesin
is consequently

in mathematics

or

music

science.

in the Mittheilungen
Fligier, Zur Anthropologie der Semiten
der Wiener
the
ix. pp. 135 sq.
In the Caucasus
anthropol.Gesellschaft
but as brachycephalismcharacterises the
Jews are hyper-brachycephalic,
Caucasian
intermixture
would
populations
fullyexplainthe fact. According
'

Reclus

(vi.p. 225) the Suabian colonies in the Kura valley in the course
of two
assimilated in general type to their Caucasian
generationsbecame
d
ark
hair
and
On the other hand, the Russian
neighbours,
eyes included.
colony planted in the time of the empress Katherine,on the shores of the
Gygaean Lake, near
Sardes, remains unchanged,with tall stature, blond
blue
complexion, pale
eyes and lightyellow hair.
to

THE

SEMITIC

RACE.

79

religionthe Semite has always been distinguished

by the simplicityof his belief and worship ; in social
of his
matters
by his strong family affection. Another
of display, to which
characteristics has been fondness
and
unwearied
the love of acquisition,
be added
must
industry in certain pursuits. But he has little taste for
and except perhaps in the case
of ancient
agriculture,
distaste for the discipline
a
Assyria, has always shown
of a militarylife. Intense
to fanaticism, however, he has
roused, of carrying on a
proved himself capable,when
heroic strugglein contempt
of pain and
death.
Along
of character
with this intensity
element
of fero
goes an
city to which the Assyrian inscriptionsgive only too
frequentan expression. The love of travel and restless
of disposition
which further distinguishes
the Semite
ness
habits of his
must
probably be traced to the nomadic
In

forefathers.

remote

Physically he has a strong and enduring constitution.

The Jews have survived
and multiplied
in the mediaeval
of Europe under
towns
the most
insanitaryconditions,
and

if

turn

we

to

Assyrian monarchs
of years.

Diseases

whom

among

past

find

averaging an
that

prove
have

Jews

the

reigns of the
unusually long number
fatal to the populations

we

lived

like the natives of Arabia

and

over,

the

the

seem

they

to

pass

them

resist malaria

remarkable

degree.
Is it possible,
with the materials at present at our
dis
posal,to reach beyond the primeval home of the Semitic
the traits which
family, that Arabian
region where
to

characterise
became
answer

is

the

fixed
in the

distant

Semitic
and

race

and

the

stereotyped?

affirmative.

On

relationshipbetween

Semitic

languages

Many scholars will

the linguistic
side there
the Semitic
family of

80

it is true, there

Old

is

the
distinguishes
But

of

the

difference

wide

dialects

the fundamental

roots

Egyptian
in

the

two

them, and

between

triliteralism which

of the

traces

no

Semitic

Old

and

of Semitic
many

Egyptian shows

of mankind.

Structurally,

language of ancient Egypt.

the

speech and

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

RACES

THE

the

among
forms

and
are

grammar
groups

languages
conceptions

of

the

speech

same,

agree

together,and it is possiblethat future research may dis

in the department
them
between
even
close a similarity
of phonology. On the other hand, the so-called Hamitic
Africa also exhibit
sub-Semitic
languages of Northern
or
resemblances
to the language of ancient
Egypt as well
of the Semitic family. In the Libyan dialects
to those
as
double verbal form
find the same
employed with the
we
double
function as in Assyrian,and throughout the
same
is denoted
Hamitic
by a
languages the causative
prefixed sibilant as it was in the parent Semitic speech.
We
cannot
however, from language to race,
argue,
and as we
shall see in a future chapter the Libyans have
'

'

the
with
the Semites
connection
or
no
ethnologically
Egyptians. Moreover, in several instances the Hamitic
dialects are
origin,
spoken by tribes of negro or Nubian
while
the physiological
characteristics of the Egyptians
'

'

are

very

different

originalSemitic
Africa, as many
such

new

and

from

those

family may,
writers
definite

of

Semite.

the

indeed, have

maintain
features

; but

if

The

migrated from
so, it acquired

in its Arabian

home

as

it a distinct race, but also to efface the

only to make
proofs of its originaldescent.
only of
History knows
which
Semitic
Arabia
Africa
into
migrations from
resulted in the foundation
of
of Ethiopic kingdoms, not
migrationsfrom Africa into Arabia.
At present, therefore,
with tracing
be content
must
we
not

THE

Semitic

the
Here

Egyptians
of

its

by

primitive

indeed

that

of

human

history

white

had

race

there

race

are

unable

to

speech

which

of
its

own

the

stitutes

humanity.

individuality

distinct

to

define

Semitic
for

the

it

and

which

apart
of

that

and

in

which

within

the

the

white

ethnologist

is

One
from

ethnology

all

is

families

separate

family

its

remote

some

in

the

it

accentuate.

stands

student

each

with

know

morphological

same

like

race,

the

We

region

which

the

it

boundaries

race,

But

like

are

within

Each

languages.

ethnology
is

They
exist

abode.

the

unsupported

guesses

come

from

connect

the

white

the

races

many

unite.

the

from

off

demands.

have

earliest

its

to

but

are

cradle.

it

beyond

pass

of

consequently

mark

science

branch

must

ancestors

period

is

it

to

which

evidence

Arabian

attempts

home,

desert

solid

the

and

Libyans,

or

its

which
All

mankind.

of

races

than

features

the

8l

RACE.

further

no

assumed

it

other

race

SEMITIC

of

the
of

of

group
has

speech,

of

purpose
these

others

peculiar

races

and

con

type

of

V.

CHAPTER

EGYPTIANS.

THE

earlier

of

Egypt.

1
down

It

sojourn,

to

Egyptian-born.
of

children

of Israelitish
Who

exodus

the

nation, and

these

of the

At

sight, it

the

of

upon

to

the

them.

The

of

the

of

the

throughout

ally, who

has

his

Arab

with
often

And

of

the

into

and

life.

it has

very
not

with

same

his
the

found

valley
called

been

people

who

filled

with

are

the

modern

with

painted
of

Egyptian,

still

moral

displays

qualities

native,

more

temptation

to

ancient
easy

the

of

his

especi
intermix

brother,

Mohammedan

very

monu

representations

the

Christian

exactly
been

the

and

country,

the

as

conquerors

of

answer

executed

accuracy,

of the

the

had

an

of the

women,

Moreover,

or

give

Europe

and

and

Copt,

not

of

concerned

alike

have

features

covered

are

to

earlier

numberless

them

life-like

mental,

reproduces
yet

history

the

inhabitants

men

large part

The

ancestors.

difficult

museums

and

daily

the

physical,

was

starting-point

deeply

so

are

sculpture
forms

tombs

of

scenes

whom

seem

Egyptian

skill

marvellous
walls

with

behind

and

portray

statues

the

first grew

is the

ancient

left

painting

erected

not

The

have

Nile

ments

the

does

question.

the

Sarah

bondage

Egypt

Egyptians
Testament

Old

records

to

of

they

of

out

of

went

history.

were

first

Goshen

In

of

centre

house

the

it became

Israel.

of

the

forms

that

Abraham

that

handmaid

the

Hagar

and

with

is interwoven

Egypt

to

was

Egypt

and

Joseph,

Israel

of

history

type.
to

determine

THE

83

EGYPTIANS.

It is
precisecharacteristics of the Egyptian race.
that the
but recentlythat ethnologistshave discovered
of the white race.
Indeed, Pro
Egyptian is a member

the

fessor Virchow

the

sun-burn

to
never
a

The

case.

himself

than the

Italian is darker-skinned
skin of the

is not

Egyptian

the

this is never

and

sun

or

native

wind

is

as

who
white
or

as

South

pure-bloodedEgyptian.
unfrequently freckled ;

with the true members

case

is

is due

townsman

fact,the ordinary Spaniard

In

European.

to

that such

prove

Egyptian

newly-born infant

exposes

The

of the

red skin
a

the first to

been

has

of the South-

acknow
The
artists of the Pharaohs
European race.
belonged to the white
ledged that their countrymen
is painted red,the skin
While the skin of the men
race.
The
white.
is a pale yellow or
of the women
even
did
women
protectedthemselves from the sun ; the men
not

As
the

alone

hence

approach

we

of

colour

in the colour

the difference

skin

the

frontiers of

southern

the

of their skin.

Egypt,

constantly darker.

becomes

with the
long-continued intermixture
dark-skinned
once
Nubians, who
occupied the whole
like Edfu, where
the Coptic
of this region. In a town
population has kept itself comparatively free from
the rule, but
such intermixture, fair complexions are
have
we
only to step into the country to find the
Mohammedan
peasantry darkening from brick-red to
combined
effect of ex
a
deep copper-brown. The
This

is due

posure
often

to
a

to

the

colour

which

ber

of

although
the

neighbour, a

strain

is but

few

blood

of Nubian

is

degrees lighterthan

himself.

that of the Nubian

But

of

and

sun

the

white

blond.

pure-blooded Egyptian
race,

he

His
F

is

not,

hair

and

like
eyes

is
his
are

mem

Libyan
black.

84

RACES

THE

is true

It

that

They

were

of

mummy

of

oppressor

told

are

we

hair, and

the

by

Israelites
classical

sacrificed

were

sons

red

OLD

TESTAMENT.

especially a red
with.
moustache, are
occasionally met
with
also met
in ancient
The
Egypt.
Ramses
II makes
it probable that the

and

beard

THE

OF

more

had

red

writers

Typhon,

to

hair,

that

since

and

red-haired
belief

the

per

that

such

general.
red hair referred to, however, is merely a variety
The
of black, black
hair, when
partiallydeprived of its
pigment, assuming a reddish tinge.
The
muscular,
Egyptian is well-proportioned and
existed

persons

delicate

with

in the

hands

and

contradistinction

in

country

to

feet.
the

have

must

Like

ancient

been

Italian,and

the

Greek,

second

the

is of
longer than the first. He
medium
height, and is dolichocephalic. His hair is
much
developed on the face
straight,and is seldom
somewhat
His
small, his nose
are
or
body.
eyes
straight,though the nostrils like the lips are inclined
lower jaw is massive, but the general
His
to be full.
is that of good-temper and
expression of his mouth
belied
is not
by his actual
light-heartedness,which
of

toe

his

From

character.
has
of

foot

is

the

days

of

the

Greek

dispositionis singularlysweet
incapableof bearing a grudge, and
the

under

tionate

in

his

nations,

as

Sir

i. p.

The

Manners

364.

adverse

most

proverbial. He

he

always been celebrated for the size and excellence

of his skull.
the thickness
his teeth,and

His
is

travellers

and

docile.

and

circumstances

his

He

cheerfulness
has

become

kindly and hospitable,and affec

Alone
of ancient
family relations.
Wilkinson
has pointed out 1)
Gardner
is

Customs

of

the Ancient

Egyptians,

Birch's

edition,

86

THE

The
the

RACES

monuments

small

of the

OF

THE

of

the

found

articles

is

lost,as

proved by
similar

and

scarabs

cleverness

The

modern

peasantry
intellectual

go

is

Egyptian
learn,and

through which

cracy
the

shows

Arab

of the

age

of finance, as
makes

He

also

he
a

has

Egypt

conquest.

specialaptitude

the

constituted

have

They

the

for

fact that
domi
the

keep
their

financial

own

bureau

governed since
Indeed, the Egyptian
been

acquiring languages.
than

subordinate, however,

better

can

mastering the intricacies

for

does

exceed

nothing

throughout the long centuries of Mohammedan

contrived
the Coptic scribes have
to
nion
of the
country in
practicaladministration
hands.

been

never

of ancient

clearly than

more

the

of

imitation

skill

artistic

and

evidences

are

workmanship

objects by the

Along with
abilities of a high order.
ingly quick to understand
his

tombs,

successful

the

especially

more

skill has

artistic

of Thebes.

prove

the

delicate

This

race.

TESTAMENT.

past, and
in

artistic skill and

Egyptian

OLD

principal. He possesses little of the pioneering spirit

is
science, and
requisitefor discoveries in inductive
intel
unfitted
for taking the initiative in practicalor
He
is quick to
lectual
movements.
learn, but he
requires the lesson to be already given to him.
the Egyptian has best
that
It is in Central Egypt
preserved
here
races

his

purity

that

there

who

have

of the

Pharaohs.

has

of

been

entered

But

blood.

least

the
the

That

is to

admixture

country

question

since

say.

it is

with

the

the

still remains

period
how

himself
Egyptian of the age of the Pharaohs
call the
Was
what
we
race.
belonged to an unmixed
under
the
offspring of the conditions
Egyptian race
earlier settlers in the valley of Nile
the
were
which
far the

historic

the

times

Recent

of

these

did

placed, or

different

two

blending of

land

of

the

the

of

that

earlier

have

found

the

on

they

that

it represents

tions,
of

the

on

system

conclusion

religionhas
Mr.

excavator.

Petrie

at

of

monly

mean

The

Edfu1, and

it is

aboriginalrace.
ancient Egyptian

of

enquirers
to

as

the

to

belief that

religiousconcep
imply a difference

two

held

who

explain

arrived

Rhind

the

them.

is

It

of

union

firstwas

another

found

on

which

pan

In

these

1879, the otlier by Mr- Petlie in l887at

the

time

of the

of

tombs
the

to

which

ex
com

we

interments

there

by Mr. Slopesin
by Mr. Petrie

found
paleolith
when

it

the Libyan plateauwhich

by the explorer,
was
desert since the beginning of Egyptian history,
discovered

the

the site of the Petrified Forest

The

Egyp

Flinders

Mr.

point

that

of

spade

and

among

besides

by Egyptian.

the

by

found

interments
race

student

the

Gizeh,

at

have

Dynasty

by

at

confirmed

been

is water-rolled,proving that

streams.

the

of Africa.

Medum,

Fourth

istence

of

Traces

of

tribes

lowest

The

the

abori

character,
religion,of high spiritual
beast-worship,characteristic of
grossly sensuous

theistic

tian

occupied by

paleolithicweapons,
neighbourhood of Cairo

between

to

dawn

of

of those

part

otherwise

difficult

the

fusion

there.

study

radicallydifferent

so

race

with

led

since

the

relics of the

the

be,

stock ?

"

hills behind

be

may

may

religionhas long

the

in

of the

summit

possiblethat
However

both

one

already in posses
later immigrants

the

shape

in pre

will term

we

was

arrived

"

stone-age, in the

been

and

proper

it

even

since

been

has

of these

when

country

Egyptians

that

Egypt

One

races.

than

more

shown

have

ginal, meaning thereby

sion

include

conditions

researches

history,the

87

EGYPTIANS.

THE

left where

was

has

been

well

it was

waterless

supplied with

88

THE

is

RACES

of

trace

no

in the

tomb

crouched

without
and

up

the

to

the

and

dead,

in these

over,

OLD

the

bodies

which

placed

are

the

with

covering, and
resting against the
any

chin.

knees

It

is

was

ideas

which

upon

interments

Egyptian eyes to
deposited along with the
earthenware

coarsest

Nevertheless, the
among

those

matter

of

this

of the

none

tial in

and

TESTAMENT.

certain of
prevalent among
of ancient
Libya, but it stands in marked
the Egyptian manner
of the disposalof the

tribes

contrast

THE

mummification

of burial

mode

OF

the

of the

tombs

in

placed in
question are

essen

dead

vessels of the

alone

are

More

objects so

repose

corpse

rested.

are

rudest

the tomb.
scattered

which

of
display all the characteristics
The
Egyptian burial.
people to whom
they belonged
therefore
have
lived side by side with the Egyp
must
been
affected by
not
tians, though as
yet they had
in the
Egyptian beliefs and practices,at all events

habitants

burial.
of

Professor
the
'

'

Kopts
between

the

is

that

of
or

remarked
or

the

rather

close

of

the

Nubians, fluctuate

of

from

Sixth

much

the

mummies

and

the

the

Dynasty,

native

Nile, whether
to

in

fall of

the

statues

all

the

startingfrom

existing peasantry.
'

the

all

alike.
that

of the

the

says,

valley of

later

their dead

presented by

indices,'he

cerebral
tants

at

centuries

has

Dynasty,

type

Egypt

few

bury

Virchovv

Empire

racial
of

Egypt

Eleventh

Old

the

'

The

inhabi

fellahin
same

or

extent

dolichocephalism and mesocephalism, as in

of the royal mummies
of the Theban
the case
princes.
All these populationsare, speaking generally,straighthaired
and
orthognathous ; their relatively narrow
noses
project strongly,and their chin is very power
fully developed. I can
peculiarityin the
quote no

THE

skulls

in which
from

manently
None

of

teenth

the

old

skulls

the

Dynasty

Egyptian1.'
are
brachycephalic.

which

to

Egyptian type differs

modern

the

89

EGYPTIANS.

II, the

Ramses

The

per

Nine
of

oppressor

the Israelites,
belonged,is

dolichocephalism
shows

an

index

of

index

distinguishedby its marked

long-headedness. His
mummy

or

of

74, while

The

103.

and

aquiline,and

chin

is

The

great king
III

the

of

with

is oval

an

prominent, but leptorrhine

jaws are orthognathous. The
long, like the fingersand nails.

broad, the neck

Ramses

face

is

nose

to

seems

the

the

have

had

Twentieth

red

hair.

Dynasty

was

also

with an
index
But the monarchs
of 73.
dolichocephalic,
of the
inclined
rather
to
Eighteenth Dynasty were
mesocephalism, Thothmes
III, for example, the con
of Canaan, having a
of
index
skull with
an
queror

78-2 2.
But when

turn

we

find evidences

we

of the most
Cairo
'

is

of

to the
a

of

older

period
brachycephalic population. One
monuments

an

of
strikingrelics of the past in the museum
wooden
the Sheikh
as
el-beled,
figureknown

Headman

of the

Village.'It represents a well-to-do

his
Egyptian of the lower middle class walking over
fields. An
and
satis
expression of quiet contentment
his face, and
faction rests
his corpulent limbs
upon
show
that he was
accustomed
to
good living. The
and
is evidently a very
figure is exceedingly life-like,
accurate
portraitof the individual in whose tomb it was
found.
It is as old as the Fifth or Sixth Dynasty, when
Egyptian art had not as yet stiffened into that conor

K.

'Die

Mumien

Preussischen
2

The

der

Konige

im

Akcuicmif,xxxiv.

measurements

are

Museum

von

der
Bulaq' (Sitzungsbcrichte

1888).

those of Virchow

in the paper

quoted

above.

THE

90
ventional
made

RACES

with

form

THE

OF

which

OLD

the

TESTAMENT.

of

museums

have

Europe

familiar.

us

Now

the

Professor

of

measurements

Virchow

have

the
figureis brachycephalic,
index
as
85-7. The nostrils are some
being as much
what
being very much
larger
broad, the nasal index
than that of the royal mummies
of the Eighteenth and
Nineteenth
Dynasties. The jaws are orthognathous,the
limbs stout and thick,while the height is that of a man
who
than
the Egyptian of to-day. In fact
shorter
was

proved that

the

of the

head

'

'

in

the

'

differs

Sheikh

by

the

exhibit

figureswhich
the

same

The
of

the

second

cephalic;
of

later

the

image

Only
time

one

only where
or

lower

conclusion

of the

find

we

and

other
of

statues

is

represented.
King Khephren, for example, the builder
pyramid of Gizeh, are distinctlymeso-

earlier

can

be

type

is that of

member

brachycephalism
Egyptian societyalready

class

higher caste of
dolichocephalism.

to

type

the

The

appears.
tended

it is

middle

the

the

of

'

el-beled

Sheikh

'

type, which

new

later date.

similar

which

in

age

statues

of the

side

have

we

that of

strikinglyfrom

But

'

el-beled

that

from

drawn

dynasties

it

this fact.

the

was

In

ruling class

displayed the physical characteristics of the

classes belonged to a
lower
typical Egyptian. The
The
civilisation which
different and a lower race.
they
alien race
by an
given to them
possessed had been
and
to
in subjection,
which held them
compelled them
alone

which

the

execute
name

of
In the

monumental

Egypt
course

famous

works

which

have

the

world.

throughout

of time, however,

completely amalgamated, and

and
more
more
superseded

the
the

the

two

races

made

the

became

dolichocephalictype
brachycephalic. That

EGYPTIANS.

THE

which

to

race

will

mummies

of

characteristics

other

the

we
belonged disappeared altogether,
of
careful
examination
Egyptian
a
con
doubtless
bring to light many

it

believe

cannot

the

and

brachyccphalism

91

But
skulls.
short-headed
with
temporaries of Ramses
the prevailing type became
dolichocephalic or mesothat so careful an observer
as
ccphalicto such an extent
with
Virchovv
met
no
examples of brachycephalism
of the valley of the Nile.
the present inhabitants
among
They exist,indeed, but in no large quantity.
the originalhome
to determine
It is a harder
matter
the culture
of
Egyptian immigrants to whom
who
and
due
ancient
Egypt was
represent the typical
exist for solving even
But
materials
Egyptian race.
this problem of ethnology. Ancient
Egyptian tradition

of those

pointed

'

smelling incense

which

also

as

source,

of the sacred

trees

the

of

temples

Persea

and

the

proof that they

of Arabia

Ra

which

were

not

that

migrated. Hathor
journeyed like the
spices. The divine

of

the

offered

their deities.
sycamore,

as

'

source

of

the

sweet-

the

gods. It was
has latelyshown,
Schweinfurth
the Egyptians planted beside

was

Dr.

Felix

had

had

land

Arabia,

Southern

was

'

deities
principal

the Arabian

from

the

land

divine

goddess of Pun,

the

Phoenix
land

the

their

which

from
was

'

to

are

to

These
now

indigenous

trees, such

extinct, a

as

the

manifest

in the soil of

Egypt

preserved from extinction there by artificial

that
removed
with
protection was
protection. When
of Egyptian paganism the sacred
trees
the overthrow
also disappeared.
Botany thus corroborates the tradition which brought
the
of
Arabia
divinities
The
Felix.
Egypt from
migration of the divinities implies the migration of their
and

were

RACES

THE

92

worshippers
the

logicaltypes
the

intimate

an

people of

southern

Africa
the

region.

the

he has

of

it

the

subjects

In
of

further

was

the
been

shapely limbs

same

face.

has

hands

only
the

and

two

extended

burnt

red

medium
same

he

Egypt.
sun,

stature,
of

differ from

jaw

is

of

the

by the

form

ol

the

to

of

lower

the

time

inhabitant

feet, the
His

the

in

features

and

and

which

and

respects does

Pharaoh.

ethno

opposite coast

Egyptians, and

resembles

Pun

the

as

colour, form,

In

latter his skin

delicate

same

and

the

to

the

under

name

well

as

Eighteenth Dynasty

inhabitant
Like

of Arabia

known

was

is the

Pun

of

Egyptian monuments
the Egyptians
between

connection

Pun.

coast

Somali

Petrie

by Mr. Flinders
represented on the

taken

casts

show

surprising,therefore,ii

It is not

well.

as

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OF

not

the

skull
the
so

in this
seems
Egyptian, who
acquired a Nigritian characteristic,and
respect to have
the square
beards
which
in Egypt were
reserved
for the
gods or for the kings who impersonated the gods were
massive

as

that

of

the

94

THE

RACES

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT.

side

of
by side. As we have seen, the primitivehome
the Semitic family of speech,the regionwhere triliteralism
became
its stereotyped characteristic,
Northern
and
was

Central

Arabia.

earliest seat

Southern

of the

Arabia, the land of Pun, the

Egyptian

would

race,

thus have

been

with the earliest seat of the

geographically in contact
Semitic
which
exists
languages, and the connection
Semitic
would
between
be
Egyptian and
grammar
satisfactorily
explained.
We
from the
must
conclude, accordingly,that it was
of Arabia, perhaps also from
the neigh
southern
coast
bouring shores of Africa, that the Egyptians originally
came.
They found the valleyof the Nile in the posses
and a lower race
which
sion of another
they were
easily
able to subdue
and subsequently to amalgamate.
They
brought with them the arts of industryand agriculture,
the brackish
marshes
and
by slow degrees transformed
of the Delta
into the garden of the ancient world.
They
taught the Nile to spread its waters over fields of ripening
faraway into the desert by means
crops, and carried them
alone worship
In placeof the animals to whom
of canals.
the deities of the
had hitherto been paid,they introduced
divine land,'deities of lightand gladness and moral attri
and
butes, and erected temples to them, first of wood
afterwards of stone.
Kingdoms sprang up on the banks
of pictorialwriting was
in
of the Nile, and
a
system
of which
vented
out
a
syllabary and then an alphabet
works
already
graduallydeveloped. Great monumental
began to be executed, and it is probable that the sphinx
carved
of a rock in this early age.
At
of Gizeh was
out
'

length the whole country was

Menes, the king of This, and
Lower
placed
Egypt were

united
the
on

of

crowns

the

the sway

under

head

of

Upper and
of a single

EGYPTIANS.

THE

monarch.

Nile

The

was

turned

95
aside

from

its ancient

still
Libyan hills by a dyke which
from
thus won
remains, and on the huge embankment
the river Memphis, the capitalof the united kingdom,
built. Through six long dynastiesthe Old Empire
was
lasted ; then came
a
period of disaster and decay, and
in history under
the
when
more
Egypt once
appears
and Thirteenth
rulers of the Twelfth
Dynasties, in the
Middle
of the so-called
Empire,' its capital has
age
been shifted from
Memphis to Thebes, and the faces of
the kings themselves
to have undergone a change.
seem
It is probable that foreign elements, perhaps Nubian,
in the
to mingle themselves
perhaps Libyan, had come
blood of the royal family.
Middle
overthrown
The
by the invasion
Empire was
The
of the Hyksos or
Shepherd-kings from Asia.
native princes sought refuge in the far south, while the
Central
Delta,
and
time
at
one
Egypt, passed under
The
exact
nationality of the Hyksos is
foreign rule.
with
of dispute. All we
know
still a matter
certainty is
that they came
from Asia, and
they brought with them
of Semites
who
in their train vast numbers
occupied the
northern
Comparatively few Hyksos
part of Egypt.
course

under

the

'

'

'

'

'

monuments

have

as

yet been

discovered.

These

exhibit

peculiar type of features, very unlike that of the

Egyptians. The face is thicklybearded, the hair being
the head.
The
curly,with a pigtailhanging behind
and
is broad
nose
sub-aquiline,the cheek-bones
high,
and
the
forehead
knitted, the lips prominent
square
The
and
kindly
expressive of intense determination.
urbanityso characteristic of the Egyptian face in statuary
and
is replaced by an
expression of sternness
vigour.
Among the ethnologicaltypes presentedby the Egyptian
a

96

THE

RACES

sculpturesthere

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD

only

one

which

It

was

be

compared with
This is the type peculiar
that of the Hyksos monuments.
of North-eastern
to the inhabitants
Syria,in the district
in
called Nahrina
by the Egyptians and Aram-Naharaim
the Old

Testament.

Mitanni

was

is

in

the

the Christian

before

recentlydiscovered

district of which

fifteenth

at

Tel

and

the centre

following centuries
the

since

and

era,

can

cuneiform
have

el-Amarna

tablets

disclosed

to

neither
language of Mitanni was
Semitic
nor
perhaps conclude
Indo-European, we may
that the populationwhich
spoke it was also non-Semitic.
this may
However
to regard the so-called
are
be, if we
Hyksos sphinxes of San as reproducingthe Hyksos type
us

the

the

fact that

of countenance,

it would

the

that

follow

which

hordes

Egypt in the twenty-third century B.C.

led by princesfrom Northern
were
Syria.
the Hyksos monu
It has been
questioned whether
ments
reallyrepresent the features of the Hyksos them
selves,or whether they are not the product of a provincial
of the Twelfth
art of the time
Dynasty which has been
As
usurped and appropriated by the foreign invaders.
first pointed out, the existingpopulationin the
Mariette
still exhibits
neighbourhood of San. the Hyksos capital,
But the
traits similar to those of the Hyksos statuary.
fact would
only go to show that the Hyksos population
never
were
extirpated from the district in which they
overwhelmed

ruled

had

otherwise
the

for
to

so

explain how

populationin

from

what

with

justice that

we

find

In

the

at

indeed

colossal
Bubastis

Mr.

be

different

so

Tomkins1

head
has

it is difficult

physicaltype of

the

Egypt should

elsewhere.
'the

it is that

this part of

lately found
prince)
1

centuries

many

remarks

(of the
the very

Institute
Journal of the Anthropological

Hyksos

same

xix. 2, p. 193.

cast

THE

EGYPTIANS.

97

'

expression as that of the monuments

of San, though
heightened in all their finer attributes
and
this must
softened by Egyptian culture,'and that
practicallysettle the question of the Hyksos origin of
the older sphinxes and statues.' We
must
accordingly
of features

and

'

'

to

return

head

and

face

that which
found

old view

the

very

remarkable

presented by the Hyksos

characterised
them.

upon

the

that

Prof.

Flower

monuments

whose

the monarchs

considers

of

type
was

names

are

the type

to

himself
more
Mongoloid ; Prof. Virchow
expresses
doubtfully. If.as we have seen, its nearest ana'ogue is to
be sought in Northern
Syria and Mesopotamia within
the limits of the old kingdom
of Mitanni, it is among
the inhabitants
that ethnologists
of this region of Asia
expect to discover the racial origin of the Hyksos
may
of Egypt.
conquerors
After 669 years of occupation the Hyksos were
finally

be

driven

back

into

Asia

by Ahmes,

the

founder

of the

to
Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty, and what is known
Egyptologistsas the New Empire' was established. The
'

conquered Canaan, and extended

of the
the banks
the dominion
of Egypt almost
to
the royal families
Euphrates. But it is doubtful whether
who governed the Egyptian people after the expulsionof
the Hyksos were,
blood.
The
of them, of pure
any
earlier princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty seem
to have
been
in descent ; the later kings of the
partly Nubian
with
the royal family of Mitanni,
dynasty intermarried
and
to impose upon
eventually endeavoured
Egypt an
The
Asiatic
faith.
troubles
brought about
by this
and
attempt ended in the fall of the dynasty of Ahmes,
the expulsion or enslavement
of the Asiatic foreigners
of

successors

who

had

Ahmes

filled the

court.

The

foundation

of the

98

THE

RACES

Nineteenth

OF

Joseph.'
Dynasty
Their
and

'

the

But

OLD

king

new

TESTAMENT.

the

marked

Dynasty

nationalism, and

THE

Setis and

triumph
which

arose

Ramses

hardly have been

type of face is European
it is possible that Hyksos

of

can

of

Egyptian
knew

of the

not

Nineteenth

unmixed

ancestry.

rather

than

Egyptian,

blood

may

also

have

in their veins.

flowed

the

As

New

Empire advanced, the dynasties became

The
and
mercenaries
more
more
foreign in character.
who fought the battles of the Egyptians avenged them
selves from time to time
by placing chiefs of their own
The Twenty-second Dynasty, to which
upon the throne.
of Jerusalem, belonged, was
Shishak.
the conqueror
of
of
Libyan ancestry, and the Twenty-fifth consisted
Even
the Twenty-sixth, which
Ethiopian invaders.
attempted an antiquarian revival and professed to re
in the Egyptian
national
most
present all that was
from the mixed
character,came
population of the Delta
allied

and
ages

of

lishment

itself with

Persian
of

Greek

and

Greek

Greeks.

the

Then

followed

domination, and

cities and

the

the

estab

settlements

throughout
The
the country.
preservationof the Egyptian type
has been
mainly due to the physical and constitutional
toughness of the Egyptian, and the fact that he was
which
better
sur
adapted to the climatic conditions
rounded
To
even

this

him

day

than
the

in Northern

the

strangers who

children

of

settled in his midst.

Europeans

thrive

but

badly

Egypt.

Egypt referred to in the

In
Old Testament
was
already full of foreignelements.
the age of the patriarchsNorthern
Egypt was governed
by Hyksos kings,and the princeswho received Abraham
and
have
adopted Egyptian
Joseph, though they may
It will thus

be

seen

that

the

THE

titles and
*

Egyptian
Pharaoh
his
and
the

and

customs,
names,

EGYPTIANS.

called

even

Asiatics

were

99

in

race.

themselves
Ramses

by

II,the

Oppression, has features which declare

mixed
origin,and Shishak, like the EthiopiansSo
Tirhakah1, could not claim to be an Egyptian in
racial sense
of the word.
the subjectsof the
It was
of the

the

Pharaohs,
Pharaohs

scribes

and

the

peasantry, and
the

themselves, to whom

Israelite had

not
to

the
look

for the essential characteristics of the

Egyptian race.
The
fact strikinglyexemplifiesa leading feature in
the
The
of
Egyptian character.
Egyptian is a man
The
the
pioneer of civilisation,
peace, and not of war.
shone amid
a
pharos which once
surrounding night of
been since the days
barbarism, Egypt has nevertheless
of the Middle
of the nations.'
It
Empire 'the servant
them
the
has, indeed, subdued
by its culture,and even
rude
last to assume
at
the
Hyksos princes submitted
attributes and adopt the manners
of the ancient Pharaohs.
But although the foreigner
was
Egyptianisedhe remained
a
foreignerstill. The Egyptian could not govern him
self;

the

other

than those
qualities

head

of the Nile.
it the want

of the

state

needed

to

which

be

possessed

of

the denizen
distinguished
The want
of the militaryspirit
broughtwith
also of a power
of political
initiative.
1

Kings xvii.

4, xix. 9.

CHAPTER

THE

1888

IN

ruins

of

brought
with

tact

the

royal

the

officials

the

to

force

of

the

of

the

of

glory

selytising
the

zeal

of

mounds

of

Khu-n-Aten's

signal

was

the

the

kingdom

his

his

and
Tel

of

even

capital

himself

disk.'

powerful

were

city

the

for
once

civil
more

at

and

short

endeavoured

subjects,

solar

disk.

and

he

most

Syria,

of

the

spot

along

existence.

itself

united

the
;

the

Thebes,
the

pro

forced

was

found

and

of

that

to

that
The

foreigners,

religious discord,
found

with

Asiatic

an

withstand

spread

now

and

into

Canaanitish

priesthood
to

Aram-

Khu-n-Aten,

monarch

followers

but

of

into

enough

fathers,

had

son

by

con

court

contained

The

el-Amarna

of

Palestine

Amun,

god

solar

the

however,

occupied

which

the

their

also

the

into

married

unwilling
in

from

been

fathers, and

his

name,

Egyptian

the

adored

Semites

had

Syria

filled
but

his

of

were

his

and

upon

as

state

changed

prescribed

for

of

were

king

quit

Baal

Asiatic

whom

faith

The

They

IV,

religion

new

offices

great

Mitannian,

Egypt.

Mitanni,

or

Testament.

of

of

and

the

among

Dynasty

Canaan

Mitanni,

the

abjured

cities

Nahrina

Amenophis

extraction.

mother,

of

of

only

not

made

was

Egyptian

of

Old

family

CANAAN.

ancient

conquest

kingdom

of

Naharaim

the

Eighteenth

their

by

OF

discovery

of

one

the

of

kings

PEOPLES

remarkable

VI.

new

where

to

city
the

the

bank.

His

death

and

when

under

the

THE

102

sea, and

RACES

OF

THE

plainof Sharon.

the

comprised

TESTAMENT.

OLD

The

Canaanites

Phoenicians, and when

accordinglythe southern
Isaiah (xix.i"8)describes
the Hebrew
language as 'the
Phoenicians
it is to these southern
language of Canaan
that reference is primarilymade.
The
country occupied
in
the Kaft of the Egyptian monuments,
by them was
were

'

contradistinction

Syria,a
with

which

name

that

Khal,

to

the

of

Amorites.

the

Amorites

of Canaan
It is

Amarna

tablets

Amorites

of Southern

have

their

made

them

Jerusalem, who
It is

into the hands

reference

the

coast

case

to

the

whose

Tradition

the tradition

language1.
closelyakin
See

the

of the
than

yet

reference

no

Strabo
Herodotos

tribe

should

had

of

to

not

yet fallen

Jebusites. Had
expected some

have

The
to

of

Zidon,

averred

that

confirmed

of

Assyria

and

'

the

he

town

had
the

by

spoke

he

language

that

and

Babylonia

has been

was

of the

Persian

from

come

the

of

Gulf,

evidence

Semitic

of
one,

Babylonia.

xvi. 3, 4; 4, 27 ; Justin xviii. 3, 2 ; Pliny,X. II.

; vii. 89 ; Scholiast on Homer, Od. iv. 84. According
of the migrationwas
an
earthquakein the vicinity

i. 2, 35;
i.

'

the Dead

to

if not

successor,

city was

legendthe cause
Assyrian'or 'Syrian Lake;

to

as

of

oldest

and

to

been

cityhe governed
we

name

neighbourhood

36

is

The

texts.

seem

el-

in function, of Melchizedek.

of the Amorite

the

iv.

There

have

to

all events

at

the

fishermen/

not

Tel

Jebus.
primarilythe Phoenician
Canaanite, then, was

The
the

do

famous.

appears

descent,

been

Egyptian

Palestine

name

possiblethat

such

the

to

region that

of the

writers

or

despatches of Ebed-tob, the priest-kingof

in the

in lineal

the

of Amurra

land

northern

in this

to

and

the

was

only

known

are

ingeniouslyconnects
Im
river of Aleppo.

the

Khal-os,

mediately north
the

Tomkins

Mr.

and

Phoenicia

Northern

or

Sea

as

'

has sometimes

this refers rather

been

imagined.

to

the Persian

Gulf

THE

the

But
the

Canaanite

built.

of the

tribes

Europe

of

coast

on

and

populationsbegan to
to intermarry with
or

pass

the

and

beyond

the

of Canaan

of the

spiritsmade
and

Canaanite

supremacy,
In this way

race.

to be extended

came
'

the

In

of the

families

the

of

days

the whole

included

there

neighbouring

Canaanitish

Canaanitish

Canaan

the barbaric

The

Arka.

originalfrontiers,and
were
spread abroad.'

Israelitish conquest

with

Lebanon,

their

Canaanites

the Mediterranean

adventurous

under

with

content

his first settlements

which

Africa,

103

remain

ships traversed
purple-fishor traded

their way
into the fastnesses
built cities like Zemar
and

names

long

not

his

While

in search

CANAAN.

OP

did

stripof

narrow

were

PEOPLES

the

country

Tribes, and inhabited by races

occupied by the Twelve
of various originand history. Here
and there, it is true,
xiii. 29,
its limits are
more
defined,and in Numb.
strictly
told : the Amalekites
dwell in the land
we
are
explicitly
of the south ; and the Hittites and the Jebusitesand the
'

Amorites
dwell

by

dwell

the

people
Egyptians with
however,

and

sea

The

the

in

of

red

Canaanites

Jordan.'
usually represented by

are

skins, like

of

themselves.

chief of Kaft

the

the

; and

the coast

by

Kaft

that

notes

mountains

is

Mr.

Petrie,

depicted

yellow complexion, black eyes, and light brown

though the colour of the hair has probably faded.
yellow complexion of the chief,however, indicates
the red tint usuallyassigned to the skin was
the
of exposure
the

of

to

Egyptians.
Kaft

Syrian,so

the

as

far

of the white
race

the sun,

which

We

as

may,

ancient

as

colour

race,

but

has its seat

indeed

was

case

with

hair,
The
that
result

with

therefore,regard the Canaanite

representative of the
is concerned.

of that
on

also the

the

darker

the shores

He

was

portion of

modern
member
the white

of the Mediterranean,

THE

IO4

RACES

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT.

black.
In
his eyes and probably also his hair were
the tomb
of Rekh-ma-Ra,
a Theban
prince who lived in
and

the age

of the

of

have

Kaft

Eighteenth Dynasty, the

uniformly black hair, with

rather

tress, on

by

Sarrug that

Mr.

born

with

older.

black

The

either

side

is shown

face.
children

in the Lebanon

hair,which

hair

of the

becomes

long curl,or

tress

handsome

men

informed

am
are

lighteras

the

by

tribute-bearers

to

frequently
they grow

have

been

slightlycurly.
The

tribute-bearers

features,and

presented the

same

with

regular

type

of face

Syrian of to-day. The latter is generallyregarded

as
dolichocephalicand leptorrhine.
though unfortunately
the physiological
characteristics of the present population
of Syria are
The
skulls
still but imperfectlyknown.
brought from the burial-placesof Coele-Syria by Sir
as

the

doubtless

are

PEOPLES

THE

CANAAN.

OF

05

Tyrwhitt Drake, and examined

by Dr. Carter Blake, offer two entirelydifferent types, one
of
dolichocephalicand the other brachycephalic. Some
the brachycephalicskulls are
also prognathous and may
Richard

be

Burton

looked

and

In

female

skull from

(seeabove,

assigned

'

the

Shakkah

to

origin.

native

an

'

Inca-bone

occurs

6)l.

p.

people of Kaft

The

be

must

exhibit

others

but

Turko-Tatar,

as

upon

aquilinenose

Mr.

and

who

painted

are

of

the walls

on

kilts and
richly-embroidered
of which have upturned toes.
embroidered
buskins, some
One
resembles
of the buskins
closely the shoes
very
latelyfound in a prehistorictomb
depicted on remains
the head
on
near
Sparta in Greece.
Nothing is worn
the tribute brought from
except a simple fillet. Among
Kaft to the Egyptian king are
rings of preciousmetal,
of
of animals, reminding us
with
and
the heads
vases
at
the owl-headed
disinterred by Dr. Schliemann
vases

Rekh-ma-Ra's

tomb

'

'

Hissarlik

Shasu

They

of

Canaan

We

hear

Burton

M-

227-377.
index

of

discovered
The

at

are

existingfrom

the

of Palestine, ' the

land

as

Drake,

Unexplored

Bertholon

77-80 which
by Burton

of the

at

Beddoe

Palmyra

the

are

Egyptian

monu

populations
the present day.
Egyptian frontier
of the

skulls found

two

compares
well
as

with
as

with

Amorite/

1872, vol. ii. pp.

Syria, London,

has described

Dr.

Kaft

of the settled

their descendants

north
and

'

the scourge

of them

of

Phoenicians

Plunderers

'

were

as

the

to

the

from

Bedawin

or

ments.

in the Troad.
distinct

Very

up

wear

in Tunisia

with

an

skulls
the dolichocephalic
skulls found

in Sardinia.

temporal region flat, the frontal

replaced by a singlemedian
prominence,with a certain degree of
and parietalbosses well marked
but placedso
paiieto-occipital
flattening,
forehead

is

'

narrow,

the

anterior

bosses

far forward

as

be

to

vertical aspect is
Tunisia
Journal

immediately above

kind

of the

the auricular

lozenge.' No such type

xx.
Institute,
Anthropological
of

meatus,

seems

to

so

that the

exist

4, pp. 350,

now

351).

in

106

THE

RACES

their

where

OF

place

THE

OLD

taken

was

TESTAMENT.

fifteenth

the

in

century

Hittite.

They were
pro
of the desert, who
perpetuallyhovered
perly inhabitants
the borders
of the cultivated land, taking advantage
on
the
of every opportunity to harry and plunder it. When
their
their wandering troops made
weak
government was
before

our

era

to the very

way

contending
the plains and

to

by

the

invading

and
gates of the cities,
At

chiefs.

times

survived, and

the

mixture

of the worst

vices

peasantry.

the other
The

settled

Bedawi

of his wilder

from

races

It would
Hebron

appear
at

savage

is

in
in

usually

brother

and

the

an

outcast

among

of mankind.

by Capt

Hebron,

settled

Idle, treacherous, avaricious, cruel,

frontier-fortress

identified

of

of them

some

cowardly, he deservedly remains

and

their services

but their
adopted village-life,

stincts

native

hired

of

Kanana,

Conder

with

which

Khurbet

has been

Kan'an,

happily
six miles

against Seti I by the Shasu.

they formed part of the garrison

defended

was

also that
the

time

of the

Israelitish invasion, since

Hebron

is stated

Sheshai.

and

'

means

OF

PEOPLES

THE

have

to

the

Talmai,

the Shasu.'

CANAAN.

107

occupied by 'Ahiman,
children of Anak,' and Sheshai
been

Their

the spear

were

arms

and

the

battle-axe.
The

Shasu

arc,

to

the

use

of Mr.

words

Tomkins,

The
with
rather receding foreheads.
sharp-featured,'
noses
are
pointed,and look towards the ground,
straight,
the nostrils and
lips are thin,the eyebrows prominent,
full whisker
and pointed
and the face is set in a somewhat
'

beard.
At

moustache

Abu-Simbel,

yellow, his

eyes

red.

It

beard

does

the skin
are

not

of the

blue,

is clear

and

that

Shasu
his

the

have

to

seem

been

worn.

is

painted a light
hair, eyebrows, and

Shasu

are

the

same

people as the 37 Asiatics,'who brought collyrium to

an
Egyptian king of the Twelfth Dynasty1 under the
'

leadershipof 'a mountain-chieftain'

who
are
depicted on the walls of
1

called Absha,
the

In the sixth year of Usertesen

tomb

II.

of

and

Nofer-

io8

THE

RACES

THE

OF

hotep at Beni-Hassan.
or
yellow
pale brown

similar

to

those

they are
preciselythe same

the head

of the

The
skins

OLD

followers
with

those which

of Absha

whiskers

Shasu, except

painted black.
as

TESTAMENT.

and

have
beards

that like the hair of

Their

features also

characterise

the

are

Shasu.

OLD

RACES

OF

only to the
Hyksos,' but also

hordes

who

to the

nomad

THE

[10

'

not

Peninsula

the

and

the

the whisker

and
The

profilesof

the

hooked

full

and

all the

on

The

lower

part of the

beard

Bedawi,
of

Jehu

is

at

long,

cheek.

recalls the

and
the

on

site of Calah

the

rounded

noses,

lips.

than

tribute-bearers
found

Obelisk

Black

'

'

Jewish rather

is

type

Egypt under the

population of the Sinaitic
The
Menti
or
Shepherds

with

covers

TESTAMENT.

invaded

Hauran.

strong-looking men,
point,wide nostrils

are

THE

and

Assyrian
in the

now

Physiologicallythe Jew thus claims

of the Egyptian sculptures
relationshipwith the Menti
Museum.

British

with

not

the

Egyptian

Peninsula
and
tive
The

The

Shasu.

the

and

Menti

inhabiting the

inscriptionsas

far back

the

mentioned

are

time

of the

Fifth

with

which

the

in

Sinaitic

Dynasty,
given to them is merely descrip
though the name
been
confined to a particular
to have
it seems
race.
be
added, signifies'archers,'
term
Sati, it .may
as

the

indicates

and

as

weapon

Sati

were

armed1.
The
ments,
As

is called

Arnorite

in the cuneiform

Amurra

has

Amar

the

tablets

remarked, the

been

already

on

Egyptian
of Tel

name

was

monu

el-Amarna.

applied to

lay immediately to the north of Pales

the sacred
the
included
on
tine, and
city of Kadesh
became
afterwards
a
stronghold of the
Orontes, which
the

district which

Hittites.
Amorites

But

also to be

were

well

Palestine, as
In

the
the

on

learn

we

as

on

days

of Abraham

western

shore

It would

seem

from

one

the

from
found

the

Testament

in Southern
side

eastern

they

of the

Old

lived

Dead

of the Tel el-Amama

at

Sea

and
of the

that
Central

Jordan.

Hazezon-tamar

(Gen. xiv. 5),and

letters that the Sati

are

the

who
occupied the desert
Assyrian inscriptions,
the
of
frontiers of Babylonia from the risingto
setting the sun.'
same

as

the

Suti

of the
'

According
22, Jacob

to

Amorite,'

and

3,

45) that

its father

'

Shechem

the

Sam.

plain of

of

out

xxi.

hand

the

of

an
Jerusalem was
Amorite, conformably to the

mother

the
an

xlviii.

the

of

is stated

(xvi.

Hittite,and
statement

of

inhabitants

the

Josh. x. 5, 6, which makes

Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish

Hebron.

declares

Ezekiel

2.

three

of Gen.

population of Gibeon

Hivite

in

'

the

with

translation

correct

more

took

'

Amorite

be

to

the

Ill

the

inhabited

who

brothers

Amorite

CANAAN.

confederate

patriarchwas

Hebrew

the

OF

PEOPLES

THE

in

Jerusalem,

Eglon all alike Amorites.

had
side of the Jordan the Amorites
On
the eastern
established two
powerful kingdoms in the age of the
Exodus.
Og, the Rephaim king of Bashan, is entitled
Amorite
in Deut.
iii.8, while the kingdom of Sihon
an
that of the Amor
known
at Heshbon
was
as
explicitly
ites.' An
old song, apparently of Amorite
origin,de
and
scribed how
Sihon had conquered the king of Moab
carried the sons
and daughters of his people into captivity
and

(Numb.
If

26-29).

xxi.

combine

we

the

ian monuments

and

gather that
centres,

the
to

one

Palestine.
came

The

Amorite

Hittite

south

to

had

spread

the

and

the

north

from

other

be

also

territory of
in

the

north

the
time

of

separate

two

in the

south

of

localities

in both

gather that
intimatelyassociated

may

conquerors

with

the

was

occupied by

Ramses

Hittites.

II ; in

the

the

Hittite
Hebron
ite.

Testament

Amorites

We

they

Old

the

by the Egypt
records, we may

furnished

information

When

southern
Amorite

partly
Jebusite population of Jerusalem was
and
partly Amorite, while the inhabitants of
arc

called sometimes
the

Israelites invaded

portion
hands.

Hittite. sometimes

of the

country

Canaan
for

the

they
most

Amor
found

the

part in

heaven.'

to

discovered
to

proves

l.

ness

OLD

TESTAMENT.

Amorites

were

'great and

OF

cities of the

The

THE

RACES

THE

112

Amorite

wall

of

Flinders

Petrie

at

The
Mr.

by

Such

thickness

capture of cities

The

of

matter

What

so

it

in thick

8 inches

impliesa correspondingheight.

like

was

have

which

traits of him

been

el-Hesy, and

well deserved

know

we

left to

been

to

be

Egyptian monarchs,
of Israel.

the part of the children

on

Amorite

the

Tel

feet

defended

so

has

Lachish

the part of the

boastingon

stillmore

and

brick, 28

of unburnt

be

walled-up

us

the

from

por

artists of

by the

regular,his
pointed,his lipsand nostrils
nose
straightand somewhat
high, his jaws orthognathous,and
thin, his cheek-bones
His skull is apparently doli
his eyebrows well defined.
chocephalic,he possessed a good forehead, and a fair
in a
which
ended
of whisker
amount
pointed beard.
and strength.
intelligence
Altogether his face expresses
his skin is painted a pale yellow, his
Abu-Simbel
At
Egypt.

on

skin

his

the other

the

beard

and

eyebrows

hand

At

is black.

light-red,rather

the

Libyans,

Egyptians

themselves.

and

handsome

were

'

is coloured

colour,'unlike
as

features

blue, and

eyes
hair

His

who

are

red, while
Habu

Medinet

the
the

pinker than fleshthere painted as red

depictedon the monu

Twentieth
and
of the Nineteenth
Dynasties,are
ments
identical with those of the figuresat Karnak,
practically
of the cities captured by
the names
which
surmount
The

Shishak

of
profiles

the Amorites,

in Southern

Judah.

as

It is therefore

predominant type of population in

Palestine in the reign of Rehoboam
was
The
Jew held possessionof Jerusalem and

the

p.

Quarterly
163.

Statement

of the

Palestine

clear

that

that

part of

still Amorite.

Hebron,

Exploration Fund,

and

July,1890,

THE

the

he would

elsewhere

extirpated,and

appear

Jews

the revival of the ancient

comparison

Shasu

have

to

AX.

113

formed
older

therefore

can

we

that the exile of the

C ANA

population. The

in the

element

OF

villagesimmediately surroundingthem

and

towns

PEOPLES

from

of

with

is

which

lead to

the

same

the

it

resemblances

that
possibility

that of

both

contrasts
; but

un
on

between

the
them

referable to

are

original
type.

However

belonged

certain

was

degraded form of
is exaggerated

pointedness of the nose

in the Shasu, and
his receding forehead
favourablywith the profileof the Amorite
are

it

brought with

Amorite

an

the first. The

there

how

stock.

suggests that the second

whole

never

was

understand

Amorite

of the head

subordinate

race

Palestine

this
to

the

may

blond

be, it

is

race.

plain that

His

hair prove
this incontestably. So
of his skin, when
compared with

the

Amorite

blue

light
eyes and
also does the colour
that

of

other

races

Habu,
depicted by the Egyptian artists. At Medinet
for example, where
is a pale
the skin of the Amorite
or
pink,that of the Lebu or Libyan and the Mashuash
Maxyes is red like that of the Egyptians, though we
know
that the Libyans belonged to a distinctively
fairIn a tomb
complexioned race.
(No.34)of the Eighteenth
chief of Kadesh
has a
Dynasty, at Thebes, the Amorite
white
skin and light red-brown
hair, his fol
eyes and
lowers being painted alternatelyred and white, while
the

chief of the

hair,and

the

Hittitcs has

chief of the

Kaft

brown

skin

and

black

yellow skin and light

brown
hair.
In the tomb
of Meneptah, where
the four
of the world known
to the Egyptians are
races
repre
sented, the populations of Europe have a pale yellow
skin and blue eyes, the Asiatics a
lightIndian red skin
a

'

IT

'

THE

114

RACES

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT.

blue eyes ; in the tomb

of Seti I, on the other hand,
the skin of the European is yellow,his eyes blue and his
and

hair

; the

dark

of the

skin

Asiatics

in

being

case

one

white.
in a third
red, and
yellow, in another
III,the Europeans are
Finally,in the tomb of Ramses
depicted with yellow skins,red eyes and black hair, and
the Asiatics with
light-redskins, blue eyes and black

dark

hair1.

evident, therefore,that the pale yellow and

It is

flesh of the Amorite

than

of the

that

is intended

denote

to

skin, in fact, of

the

Egyptian,
"

pink
lighterskin
the

Libya also belonged to

and
the blond
are
accordingly classed with the
race,
people of Europe and the Aegean by the Egyptians.
the Tahennu
or
as
crystalspeciallyknown
They were
thus distinguished
are
clear/ and according to Lefebure
blond

of

the natives

Now

race.

'

from

the

over,

as

Shasu

Tamehu

fair

seen,

the

'

have

we

or

blond

type

of the

Shasu,

Palestine,are

of Southern

ing to the same

a
accordingly,

'

men

as

or

at

north.

More

all events

the

representedas belong

the Amorites.

We

have,

extending from the northern

of Africa as far as Coele-Syria.and broken
coast
only by
still
of Egypt.
the Delta
Throughout this region we
The
of the race.
find traces
Kabyles of Algeria,with
their clear,
and
their fair golden hair, their blue eyes
the
resemble
the fair Kelt, and
freckled skin, strikingly
Kabyles
is

are

spread

Northern

line of blonds

but

branch

the

over

Africa.

whole
In

of the Berber
of

Marocco

the
the

populationwhich
part of

mountainous
mountains

are

occu

whose
men,
pied by the Riffis,large,broad-shouldered
physical characteristics are those of the Kabyles. The
1

Flinders

445-449-

Petrie

in

the

Report of

the British

Association,

1887,

pp.

THE

same

I have

Tripoli

in the

dren

is stiO

Idanfh, and

Canary

OF

C A \~AAN.

myself

.--.:

fair-haired,

seen

the type
'-

.'..-

and

blue-eyed chil

Fill ilinr,and

-.-.:.

the

-...-.-.

of

in Tunis

with

met

of
villages

mountain

115

Gnanches

the

represented by

was

race

PEOPLES

l^tfffita

fl^SHi

itMpf

who

joined

CTKT

"^

the

on

"

""
"

:;"-;:":

..::".:

"

~.

only had die complexion,bat also the precisefeatures

III to the captive
attributed
by the artist of Ramsrs
not

--_._._.-

the
of the
blond
race
surviving members
Mediterranean
"5 tall and
dolichocephalic. That these
characteristics have always belonged to it is shown
by
In

its

the skulls

found

in the

cromlechs

-.;

cuuuUy
of die

Kabyles.

anrirnt

Amorites.

spies srrmrd

of the

Im-nEiMi

::'-.:

:
.

IE "!""""

of

dolmens

or

well

as

by the great

as

the

By

of

side

stature

them

the

be but

grasshoppers(Numb,
xiii. 33). The Amorite
dan of Anakim, who took refuge
in the Philistine cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod
(Josh.
iiuitnl out by then- size from
the rest of
1 1) were
:!-.;

to

"

.-

..-.:..
.
.

It is rmratilr
is

race

kkori

to

that

""fc"*""

fiiimilhi the

be

in Hebrew

means

Old

white

'

'-.'.'.

'-

Testament.

\-

,-

I-:

The

void

root

winch

way
Horites,the

or
-

.-.

of

ex

prede-

.:

from

Amorite

natural

most

bread

signifiesto be white,* and the

of the Horim
plainingthe name
:.--

the blond

to

A.-"...:

:":

"

-:

A.--

:
.

:
-

"

.-.

.-

,--

";-

---

Il6

RACES

the

of Northern

as

It

as

did

Hence

his

brother

ii. 24). As

also in the

in

the

mountains
of the later

mountains

its natural
Semitic

climate

hot

Ash-hur,

was

in the

strongholdagainstthe

thrive

not

TESTAMENT.

of Palestine found

race

itssurest

OLD

ii. 50),and

Africa, so

the blond

well

THE

(i Chr.

of Hur'

man

Edom,

OF

(i Chr.

of Hur

son
'

THE

of

home,
invader.

the

plain.

explain the early disappearance of the

from the valleyand delta of the Nile.
The
race
Egypt
ian immigrants had
in securing these for
no
difficulty
Asiatic
and
so
themselves, and
dividing the African
halves of the blond
this happened while the
That
race.
still livingin the Stone age may
be concluded
race
was
we

may

the fact that

from

no

of metal

trace

of Northern
early cromlechs
The
cromlechs, consistingof
proached by a short passage, or
blocks surmounted
by one or more
in the

of the

characteristic

In Africa

settled.

once

reveal

which

tons
met

with

the

eastern

countries

in those
side

their

of

cairn

of

horizontal

in which

Jordan,

stones

circle of

with

upright

blocks,are
with

were

skele

dolmens

are

especiallyon

which

Cromlechs

ap

the blonds

parts of Palestine, more

of the

discovered

Africa.

they are associated

origin,and similar

is connected.

the Amorites

been

has

the

of

of

name

like

form

in Britain,
Spain and France, and even
in
remains
and since the Libyan race, whose
they cover
Africa, claims physiologicalrelationshipwith the Red
as
Kelt,'it is permissibleto regard them
marking the
exist

in Western

'

former

presence

belonged.

The

is stillin its

of

the

scientific

race

to

which

Amorites

the

study of megalithic structures

be far distant
the day may
not

infancy,but
will enable
the shape of the cromlech
when
determine
to
by what population or race
found in Europe east of
not
Cromlechs
are

the
it
a

enquirer

was

built.

line drawn

Il8

THE

RACES

extirpated and

OF

THE

succeeded

the

to

who

in that part of the

country

mim

(Deut. ii. 20

xiv.

in

closer relation

the

in

of the

Lord

Indeed,

the

of

Kenizzite

learn

from

Chronicles

that

'

to

descent.

(Numb,
the

'

inferred

the

the

the

'

or

language of
their

from

to

in

with

with

'

an

of

the

congregation

or

of them

'

the children

(Judg.i. 16),while
1

See

when

the

went

of
'

father

of Beth

ii. 51). Like

Ammonites

this had

seems

Petra

at

out

up

the

the
had

the dialect of

were

we

(i Sam.

hear

of them

6),while
to
imply that they had
(Numb. xxii. 20, 21). A
of the city of palm-trees
xv.

into the wilderness

Heber

the
Nov.

the

im
an
They formed
art of metallurgy was

Judah

Academy,

of

already been
discovery of

Amalekites

of Saul

Amalekites

Balaam

themselves

hands

inference.

In the time
the

and

portion of

in the

inscriptionin

Edomites

age

the

and

names,

its

the

few.

camping among
the prophecy of
portion

'

(i Chr.

Canaan

proper

the

as

established

was

wandering 'smiths1.'

portant Guild
confined

Caleb

of

Stone

Separate
Kenites

the

considerable

Salma

Even

confirmed

has

children

and

of them

south

son

12

Edomites, Moabites,

from

Moabite

Moab

the

the

was

adopted

Jacob,

Josh. xv.
17),and
of
chapters of the Book
district surrounding Hebron

earlier

descendants.

Israelites

of

Caleb, like Othniel,

xxxii.

not

the territoryto

lehem

into

enter

only the
Kirjath-sepher,but also

Caleb's

brother

stood

northerly

more

Egyptians the

Edomite

was

and

its two

the

been

however,

generation'(Deut. xxiii. 8).

large portion of the population of Southern

was

we

5). Edom,

Giants,'

Zamzum-

termed

were

'

or

in their third

Judah
a

had

allowed

were

Rephaim

Israel than

to

of

case

Edomites

Gen.

Esau

neighbours.
as

TESTAMENT.

OLD

Kenite

of

Judah

'

pitched his tent'

27, 1886, p. 364.

THE

in the

Rechabites

even

In

Some

of

of the traveller.

doubtless

As

The

who

art

of

repairedthe
working iron

who

desert

race,

But

or

which

one

the secrets

it in

certain

nomad

became

more

art

to

it will thus

even

tribe.

they had

was

adopt a settled life. Their very

disappear, and their stronghold in the
wasted
was
by the armies of Assyria.

Kenites,

The
a

of

to

southern

chariot

broken

practised,the Kenites ceased to have

the trade,and
degenerated into mere

and

refused

came

name

the

advanced

culture

widely known
the monopoly
nomads

the

their way

found

and
requiredpeculiarskill and strength,
volved
were
jealouslypreserved among

families.

that

period of the Israelitish invasion.

in
an
Egyptian tourist's adventures
time
of Ramses
II, specialmention

of the iron-smith

is made

Chr. ii. 55

before the

in the

that country

origin. The Kenites were, in

tinkers of the old Oriental
travelling

of the tribe had

account

an

Naphtali (Judg. iv.

of

from

119

of Kenite

were

into Palestine

CANAAN.

Kadesh

appear

fact,the gypsies and

world.

OF

of

neighbourhood
It would

11).

PEOPLES

be

did

seen,

They

like the

originallycome,

most,

at

were,

constitute

not

Israelites

caste.

the

or

regionsof Northern Arabia

which
were
peopled by the Menti of the Egyptian in
scriptions.Racially,therefore,we may regard them as
from

Edomites,

those

barren

allied to the descendants

While
in

the

their

Kenites

origin,the

associated
sent

the

who

lived

with

of Abraham.
and

Hivites

Amalckites
'

or

Amorites.

It may

Hivites

'

Mount

be

population of Amorites
of
the immediate
vicinity

stronghold. We hear of the

mon
(Josh. xi. 3) that dwelt
Baal-Hermon

unto

the

Semitic

'

Villagers

mixed
in

thus

were

in

specially
that they repre
and

are

Canaanites

the great Amorite

under

Mount

Mount

Lebanon,

entering in

of

Herfrom

Hamath

'

THE

120

RACES

(Judg.iii. 3
of

THE

Sam.

; 2

of the Amorites
tablets

OF

xxiv.

el-Amarna.

further south, at Gibeon

fore,we

Gen.

Testament, where
tine

is

not

xi.

of

elsewhere

the Horites, there

in the cuneiform

so

similar

in

not

; it

documents.

of the

passages

of the

is made

Perizzites,however, did

them

Shechem

19)and

list of the older inhabitants

given, mention

the

as

and

19-21

and

predominantly Amorite
in the Egyptian texts
appear

if it does

xv.

country

texts

Amorite

xlviii. 22). Like

does

name

doubtful

is very
In

; Gen.

called

are

the

also hear

we

(Josh.ix. 7

regard them

may

The

race.

But

2), which
2

TESTAMENT.

7). This was

the Egyptian

according to

Tel

(Gen. xxxiv.
(2 Sam. xxi.

OLD

Old

of Pales

Perizzites.

represent either

The

race

or

cultivated
the people of the
They were
plain,'
of that part of the country which
the agriculturists
was
like the modern
capable of tillage,
fcllahin of Egypt.
and nation
They belonged accordinglyto various races

tribe.

alities ;

'

there

Canaanitish

Israelitish

were

Amorite

or

Perizzim.

descriptive
one, like that of
denoted
the populationon
The
are
Rephaim, who
Perizzites, are
is translated

Bible, but

'

the

of the Amorite

the

Giants

'

in the

only support
Anakim
the

as

The

Kadmonite

name

Eastern

'

or

eastern

side of the

mentioned

difficult to

more

Perizzim

along

determine.

Authorised

in the
descendants

Philistine

as

was

'

which

Jordan.

with

The

Version

for this is the

well

the
name

of the

gigantic
cities who

size
are

Rapha(2 Sam. xxi.

16-22). The size of the sarcophagus of Og, the king of
the Rephaim
in Bashan
(Deut. iii. n), proves nothing
There
of
to the size of the king himself.
traces
as
are
the Rephaim
in several parts of the Holy Land.
On
the south-western
side of Jerusalem itself was
a
'valley
Bethof the Rephaim
a
(Josh.xv. 8, "c.),there was
said to have

been

'

of

THE

PEOPLES

of

House
Rapha or
iv. 12),and
the
'

OF

and

Moabites

and

the

Rephaim

(Deut.ii.u, 20).

Ammonites,

is named

Dynasty,

in

The

Ashtarah

and

men

of Ashtcroth-

Rephaim

has shown

the

that

latter

Onor
Anau-Rapa
cities are
two
now
represented by Tell
Er-rafeh,the Raphon or Arpha of classical

is followed

Rapha.

Zuzim,

chapter

place
III of the Eighteenth Egyptian
towns
captured by himself in Pales
of Astartu,
his list under
the form

the

among

It appears

tine.
and

called

are

Tomkins

Thothmes

by

among

In the fourteenth

immediately after the

Mr.

also reckoned

were

of Genesis, the Zamzummim

Karnaim.

Judah (i Chr.
who
preceded

Zamzummim,

the

tioned

121

in Southern

Rapha'

Emim

CANAAN.

and

the

by

of

name

geography.
It will

Rephaim

confirmed

by

ascribed
them

out

the

on

from

stock,
that

fact

Amorites
the

them

Rephaim.

which

con

have

been

which

is

tall stature

same

inhabitants

racial characteristic

to

were

conclusion

the
and

other

occupied by the

the Amorites

consider

Amorite

the

both

to

the

was

the

districts

which

therefore

may

of

the

with

those

We

branch

that

noticed

were

nected.
a

be

the

of

It

marked

land,

impressed

most

is

and

itself

Israelitish invaders.

Jebusites,like the Rephaim,

We
also an Amorite
tribe.
must
were
remember, how
xiii. 29 they are
distinguishedfrom
ever, that in Numb.
well as from
the Hittites,though this
the Amorites
as
be merely due to the important positionthey occu
may
pied as the possessors of the strong fortress of Jerusalem.
It is

At

possiblethat

all events, Ezekiel,

population
rite,and
the

the

of

knows

lengthy

as

we

have

seen,

Jerusalem partly Hittitc

of

letters

no

other

written

clement

by

the

makes
and
in

the

older

partly Amo
it. Moreover,

priest-kingof Jeru-

THE

T22

salem
Tel

RACES

about

other

OLD

hand, from

to

in the

mounds

of

historyof Melchizedek
the name
of Jebusite. On

in

the

the time

of

down

the

ites into Canaan

TESTAMENT.

discovered

with

agree

reference

no

THE

B.C., and

1400

el-Amarna,

making

OF

to

the

of the

entrance

in

the

Tel

of the

age

Exodus
of

Jerusalem
commonly known

the

which

century

el-Amarna

local

most

possess

at

As

was
as

seem,

elapsed between
and

the

into

passed

force of Amorites

Hittites

and

the

hands
whom

to

of

Such, at least,
Jebusitewas attached.
probable explanation of the facts which we

name

is the

It would

correspondence

of Israel,Jerusalem had

combined

the

Israel

when

day

was
captured by David, its name
as
Jebus, and its inhabitants
Jebusites.

therefore, that

the

present.

for the

Girgashitewho is coupled with the Jebusite

(Gen. xv. 21),his place has been already fixed by the
He
there appears
be
ethnographical table of Genesis.
the Amorite
and
the Hivite, and consequently in
tween
that

northern

were

more

alone

lead

of

which

Gar-Emeris,
Carchemish

Damascus

is written

it is

possiblethat
fying the Place of
'

see

in the

place

of

learn

from

the
work
that

Gulf
;
we

longed

this

centre

of the

name

Gar-Gamis

Gar-Emeris

was

the Amorites.'

is called

Hittite

capital
in the Assyrian texts,
Hittite title signi
a
In this case
we
might

Girgashitea Hittite Gar-Gis.

chief seat,
the Guans,5 a people whose
name

the

of the

cuneiform

of Antioch.

at

do
or

the

was

the

since

and

than

Hivites

the

conjecture
Assyrian inscriptionsthe

the

In

us.

in which

Further

especiallyfound.

can

district

part of the country

present
not

we

know

records,
All

on

this, however,

must
to

was

what

be

race

the precise localityin which

the

as

we

the shores
is but

with

content

'the

of

guess

admitting

Girgashitesbe
they dwelt.

THE

OF

PEOPLES

CANAAN.

123

known
of the word,
was
Syria, in the widest sense
Rutennu
of the
the country
the Egyptians as
to
or
]. It was
Lutennu
divided into Upper and
Lower, the
of
the
the
Lower
Rutennu
extending from
ranges
is meant
Lebanon
far as
What
as
by
Mesopotamia.
the Upper Rutennu
clear in an
is made
inscriptionof
Thothmes

from
of

Kadesh

As

might
graphical sense
one

described

have

On

in which

the

No

ilUtinction

pronunciation.

was

made

the

have

the

between

hand

other

Hittite.

boundaries

Upper

belong

we

conquered,

There
and

to

geo

physical
than

more

type
a

Rutennu.

vague

is used, the

term

Rutennu

hand

pronouncedly Semitic, on
is just as
pronouncedly
1

cities of the

the

the

one

the southern

expected from

been

represented by
race.

as

to

had

he

towns

the Orontes

on

Palestine,are

types

the

III, in which

which

type

which

is further
in

ancient

is

the

K^yptian

THE

124

type which
other

RACES

resembles

type which

high

and

OLD

TESTAMENT.

that of the

Hyksos,

OF

THE

by itself and

stands

refined character.

This

is

as

is of

well

as

an

remarkably
the type presented
a

city which Mr. Tomkins

has identified with
Einya on the Euphrates. The nose
is mesorrhine
the lipsthin and well-formed,
and straight,
the cheek-bones
are
high, the eyebrows prominent, the
the

by

defenders

forehead

yond
Are
the

high.

to

see

Mitannian
Karnak

like that
it is
men

which
bound

of the

lanua,

There

moustache.

we

At

of

is but

The

in the

little hair

hair itself appears

face the features

the

on

face

be

be

of

straight.
the subjectsof

is

painted

to

king?
the

skin

of the

Hittites,and

Rutennu
in the tomb

orange

of Rckh-ma-Ra

The
pink in others.
are
represented with beards and long-sleevedrobes,
the head,
reach
he
to
ankles, a cap being on
with
fillet : the women
round
wear
a
a
long

light yellow

in

some

cases,

126

THE

The

OF

RACES

type is

THE

handsome

OLD

one,

TESTAMENT.

with

high forehead, straight

to the Punite
lips. Its close resemblance
interestingquestions,and inclines us
type raises many
to the belief that Lepsius was
right in connecting the

and

nose

thin

Phoenicians,
of

Punites

the

Southern

remarkable

Phoenicians

the

Persian
the

Arabia.

from

in

the

of

At

writers,with

all events

the

tradition

the western

shores

Old

chapter ;

two

The

the

Palestine

the

it offers

which

islands

and

brought

only

Philistines

portrayed

or

of

Syria
on

the

remain, the Hittites

now

Hittites

Southern

and

Testament

Egypt,

Philistines.

another

of

populations of

monuments

the

of Latin

Gulf1.

mentioned

and

Poeni

or

confirmation

the

Of

Puni

be

must

have

reserved

already been

for
dis

the Pulista
Philistines are
(supra,
pp. 53, 54). The
of
Palastu
of the Egyptian inscriptions,
the Piliste and
in
the Assyrian annals, and
still survives
their name
geography in the shape of Palestine.' As has been
of Caphtor on the
in origin Phoenicians
said, they were
cussed

'

coast

of the

after their settlement

Delta, and

in the

five

the Asiatic
Judaea they formed
We
find their
of the
Egyptian monarchy.
outpost
Habu
the temple-wallserected
on
portraitsat Medinet
III.
Their
features are
regular and some
by Ramses
what
is straight,the eyebrows unde
small, the nose
veloped,no depressionbeing visible between the forehead
and the nose, the upper
lipprominent, and the chin small
and
receding. They have no hair on the face,and wear
the head
on
or
a helmet
cap of peculiarshape, like that
chief

worn

cities of Southern

by

their

allies the

Zakkur

shall have

to

speak

they present

is

remarkable,

we

Cf.

hereafter.

Lepsius,Nubische

and

Grainmatik

and
The

Danauna,

of whom

physiologicaltype

it is difficult to
(i88o\

pp.

xcix. sq.

say

to

OF

/'///": PEOPLES

what

it

The

attached.

complicated by the fact

further
kelon

be

can

century

CANAAN.

127

ethnologicalproblem is
that the people of Ash-

earlier,in the time

of

II, had

Ramses

that of the Hittites.

physiognomy which resembles
Chabas
by denying
sought a solution of the difficulty
and seeing
the identityof the Pulista with the Philistines,
But the recent
the Pelasgi of Krete.
in them
progress
such a solution impossible.
of Egyptian studies has made
a

The
the

Pulista who
near

attacked

neighbourhood

of the Asiatic

papyrus
land
of

latelyacquired by

distance

from

fall back

Zakkur

on

'Foreigners'as
a

mixed

the

race.

Phoenician

in
the

the

city

III

Ramses

sea

of

Mr.

of

by

sea

came

continent,

GolenischefT

Khal,

Gebal.

We

and
must

from
and

places the
at

no

great

therefore

explanation that the Philistines,or

they are called in the Septuagint,were
from
indeed
They came
Caphtor, from
settlements in the Delta, but their ranks

the

128

RACES

THE

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

chieflyrecruited not by Phoenicians but by strangers

Hittite
of unknown
origin. The
type of countenance
be due
which
notice in the people of Ashkelon
must
we
the same
that which
to
cause
as
brought Hittites to
Hebron
and Jerusalem.
Apart from the Hittites and the Philistines it will thus
be seen
that the ancient
population of Palestine fell
were

three

under
ethnologically
which

to

reach

records

our

spread the country

under

In

heads.

earliest

Amorite

back

clans

ages
over

Rephaim,

Anakim,

like

names

the

They belonged to the blond race,

of
and
claimed
relationshipwith the cromlech-builders
Africa
and Western
Northern
Europe.
By the side of
the Amorites
find the Canaanites, settled mainly on
we
Zamzummim.

and

the coast

an

which

race

had

early period,and

resemblances

Lastly

to

the

the

came

Semitic

the

but

race,

or

desert

and

'

people of
invading

Arabia.

Southern
Semitic

to

Of

course

the

are

of the

name

life of the

them

at

com

of to-day.

Bedawin

possiblethat

it is very

population,which
obliged to group

for want

there

belong

the blond

may

have
race.

among

of fuller information

together under

Amorite,
to

kindred

Isaac, and
Jacob
period ; Abraham,
from place
in tents, moving restlessly

stilldwellers

place like

left the

had

Edomites,

races,

behind

free wanderer

parativelyrecent
were

separated from the parent-stockat

they exhibited strong physiological

Shepherds.'They
the

in

to

whose
Moabites, Ammonites, and Israelites,
depicted by the artists of Egypt under the
Menti

villages.
portion of

than

rather

than

rather

traders

were

lived in towns

and
agriculturists,
They belonged to

the

who
valleys,

in the

and

been
The

the

common

tribes

enormous

which

older

the
we

head
did

are

of
not

preponderance

THE

of

dark

whites

it is

Moreover,
first
from

the

Africa,

not

means

of

land,
into

the

that

the

or

times

Egyptian

empire
into

walls

like

ment

of

that

'

the

at

not

and

the

built

It

Amorites

in

who

the

is

Kelt

but

the

resisted

plain
not

it

was
'

be

his

The
its

in

the

of

the
de

with

cities

only

In

have

indeed

long.

in

there

only

overthrow

and

was

could

the

it

the

Canaanite

the

Heshbon,

Lachish

successfully

35)

from

independence.

be

first
in

already

Like

to

the

history

are

may

no

aboriginal

the

When

himself

and

and

heaps.'

of

the

of

preceded

Pyrenees,

destined

hand,

i.

that

he

Lachish
not

Amorites

have

followed

plain

ruinous

we

his

Canaan

was

(Judg.

enemies
and

them

But

retreating

the

in

of

those

was

became

the

north.

day.

maintain

to

coast

mountains.

in

which

troublous

scended

the

Basque

the

Canaanite

is

of

able

was

the

there

arrived

and

relics

later

the

was

Europe

what

and

fastnesses

the

invader

to

race

have

was

can

supposition.

blond

must

it

or

Amorite

the

though

he

Amorites,

Amorite

or

who

survived

the

Wales

east

discovering

population
begins

the

from

of

arrival

Western

such

the

It

Syria

modern

on

that

Palestine.

129

in

except

probable

from

west,

CANAAN.

whites

for

not

of

possessor

OF

blond

over

accounted

be

scarcely

PEOPLES

huge
enjoy

Israelite

sister

cities

Mount
attack
the

driven

Heres
of

their

Canaanites
out.'

VII.

CHAPTER

HITTITES

THE

AND
OF

IN

is made

that

Hittite

it

bought
of

vaders

were

trict which
and

in

the

established

at

David's

of
and
his

of Tel

Kadesh
'

his

only

in

We

learn

fact

limits
and

Abraham
from

in the

that

Arkite

'

the

closing

Horns

of

and

the
captains was
corrected
reading of
on

the

'

north

on

in

Sinite.'

the

'

the

the

One

Uriah,

Hittite

trusted

most

xxiv.

Sam.

of the

land

of Kadesh.'

with

decipherment
has poured a
and

that

Lake

the

Ethnologically,however,
connected

the

mother,

Hittite

el-Amarna

on

the

according to the
kingdom touched

Hittites

the

within

Hebron

Machpelah.

Hittite,'

the

Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty Hittite in

into the
dis
the north
advancing from
lay at the back of the cities of Phoenicia,
find them
II we
firmly
reign of Ramses

vicinityof

near

of

tablets

the

of

'

expresses

found

itself had

Hittites

field

the

cuneiform

days

the

Heth,

This
be

to

were

Jerusalem

from

was

of Canaan.

son

TIGRIS.

Genesis

of

chapter

tribes

of Canaan.

AND

VALLEYS

THE

IN

EUPHRATES

THE

tenth

the

POPULATIONS

THE

own

the other
of the

flood

Hittite

inhabitants

in

was

also in

have

been

Kappadokia

no

of Palestine.

inscriptionsof Egypt
of lighton
his character

monuments

Syria,but

the

and
and

other

The

Assyria
origin,

discovered
and

way

not

parts of

THE

Asia

Minor1.

The

HITTITES.

131

display a peculiarstyle
of art, ultimatelyof Babylonian and Assyrian derivation,
and
are
usually accompanied by inscriptionsin a
peculiarsystem of hieroglyphicwriting which we are
but justbeginning to decipher.
The
Hittites,in Hebrew
Khittim, are called Khata
in Egyptian, Khatta
in Assyrian, and
Khate
in the
Their
cuneiform
Armenia.
inscriptionsof ancient
in the ranges
of
Taurus
the
were
primitive seats
mountains

westward

From
into

Boghaz Keui
a
city and of
still exist.

Asia
and
a

The

in the

appears

the

and

of Antioch.

monuments

at

country
hence

the

of

head

they spread

Minor, southward

the

Gulf

northward

into

Syria.

and
At

Eyuk in Kappadokia the ruins of

temple or palace which they erected
large and
city was
important; it
of the

pages

Greek

historian Herodotos

Ramsay has
shown
the meeting-place of the high-roads
that it was
which
It was
Asia Minor.
in early times traversed
along
of the Hittite princes
these high-roads that the armies
marched
far as
the
shores of the Aegean, carrying
as
the

under

with

them

name

of

Pteria, and

culture and

which

art

Professor

exercised

its influence

that of

Greece.
prehistoric
Glimpses of the southward advance of the Hittite have
revealed
been
Tel elto
at
us
by the letters found
Amarna.
The
Egyptian governors in Syria despatched
for help
urgent requests to the Egyptian monarch
The
help,however, was not forth
againstthe enemy.
population of Syria
coming, and the older Aramaean
had to succumb
invader.
to the northern
Carchemish,
Hittite
the Euphrates, became
now
a
Jerablus, on
on

Sec

The

Society,[888

Ike Story of
lliltitcs,

Forgotten i:nipirc^Religious Tract

THE

132

RACES

capital; Pethor,
of

south

the

the

city

OLD

of

TESTAMENT.

Balaam,

the Hittite

captured; and

was

THE

They
of the

customs

the

the

guard
Egypt

with

them

north.

Even

at

of

statement

the

is

the

had

Doubts

The

pictured

on

marked

have

of

the

Hittite

from

type, and

Unlike

and
the

hot

snow-shoes

been

accustomed

the

the

on

are,

study
Egyptian
of

other

fact
of

is

in

its sister cities,Ashkelon

in

of the

the

of
monu

Ashkelon,
the

most

inhabitants

of

of
distinctively

rendered

hair

the

on

existed

differ

however,

vicinityof

truth

inhabitants

of the

tresses

the

by

advance-

cast

tribe

But

Karnak,

those

They

the

to

Hittite

the
of

an

frequentlybeen

Palestine.

of

walls

by the three

evident
them.

the

Palestine.

Southern

of

their

of

in

empire

thoroughly vindicated
heads

manner

had

land

manners

the

wear

its way

made

ethnologicaltypes represented
ments.

the

Kadesh,

Hittite

Scripture that
south

extreme

statement

of

nation

itself.

we

homes.

the limits

of the

as

there,

in the

frontier

southern

to
plain of Syria, they continued
with upturned ends to which they

Beyond

the

Hamath,

Orontes,

brought

in their mountain

to

discovered
inscriptions
on

formed

Amorites,

empire.

Kadcsh

few miles

it,passed into Hittite hands

infer from

may

OF

which
must

still

hang

more

from

therefore

garrisonedby Hittites,whose presence in the

in an
south is thus indicated
unexpected way.
We
know
now
pretty exactly their physiologicaltype.
alike by the
It is reproduced in astonishingharmony
Egyptian artists and by the Hittite sculptorsthemselves
in their bas-reliefs
and
hieroglyphics. The face is so
repulsivelyugly that we
might have imputed to the
had
it
Egyptians a desire to caricature their enemies
their own
in preciselythe same
been drawn
on
not
way
have

been

THE

134
and

RACES

OF

characteristic

THE

OLD

Hittite

TESTAMENT.

the

was

weapon

double-

battle-axe.

headed

It must

be

sometimes

remembered,

included

however, that the Egyptians

among

the

Hittites

the

natives

of

the

Syrian countries in which

only the
they formed
ruling caste, while on the other hand
figureswhich
display all the features of the Hittite type are given
under

the

Aramaeans

head

of

Rutennu.

Thus

the beardless

among

find

we

Hittite

bearded

enemies

of

the

Egyptian king, and in the great hall of Karnak

of Northern
portraitsare given of the Rutennu
Syria
which
are
manifestly those of Hittite prisoners. The
he
not
an
con
Egyptian artist was
ethnologist,and
to
sequently did not trouble himself
distinguish into
their racial elements
the armies
of the Hittite king.
So far as the evidence
of proper
be trusted,
names
can
it is probable that
the
the
dialects spoken among
Hittite
various
tribes and
kingdoms belonged to the
Alarodian
family of speech of which
Georgian is a
exist for
modern
reasons
representative. At all events
the language of the cuneiform
with
connecting them
of Van
well as with that of
in Armenia,
as
inscriptions
which
has
the long letter in the language of Mitanni
been

found

Community
community

among
of
of

In fact, if the

the

tablets

Tel

of

language, however,

does

el-Amarna.
not

imply

race.

the

people of Mitanni were

allied in language to the populations to the north and
of them, it is pretty certain that they were
east
only
racial type of the
The
partiallyallied to them in race.
early inhabitants of Ararat or Armenia, as sculpturedon
the walls of the palace of the Assyrian king, agrees with
that

of

the

Hittites

present

and

inhabitants

of

the

country.

The

THE

from

ambassadors

HITTITES.

Ararat

who

135
visit Assur-bani-

to

came

with high foreheads,

are
pal at Nineveh
dolichocephalic,
welllong curved noses
terminating in a point,thin lips,
formed

chin,

and

bronze

gates

of

somewhat

short

Balawat, the

On

stature.

soldiers

the

Ararat

of

are

of the Greek
represented as wearing crested helmets
shape, tunics which reach just above the knee, and boots
with
upturned ends, while in their hands
they carry a
small
round
ethnologicaltypes
target. But here two
them
are
resembling that
represented among
; one
of the ambassadors
to
Assur-bani-pal with the ad
of

dition

faced

whiskers

beard

and

prognathous, with

and

other, smooth

the

profileslike

those

of

the

Hittites.
neither of these

In
The

decipherment

has

shown

language
did

not

that
of which

enter

types

of the

the

can

cuneiform

speakers

of

until

the

Aryan.
of Van
inscriptions
the
Indo-European

Armenian

modern

the country

discover

we

is the descendant

after

the

downfall

of the

the
statements
They thus confirm
of the
Greek
writers according to which
the Aryan
Armenians
were
a
colony of Phrygians from the west,
their way
who
made
into Armenia
at
no
long period

Assyrian empire.

the age

before
1

It is

of Herodotos1.

singular that

the

ambassadors

to

Assur-bani-palshould

be

re

since the modern

Armenian
presentedas dolichocephalic,
type is distinctly
the
to
char
brachycephalic, average index rising
85-7. IJrachycephalism
the

acterises

Krckert's
down

to

Caucasian

measurements,
8

-8 and

nations

though

generally,as
the

that of the Ossetes

has

average index
Von
to 80.

been

shown

by

of the Circassians

I.uschan

finds

von

comes

similar

inhabitants
of l.ykia,the people
the modern
brachycephalic type among
ot" Greek
nationality there presentingtwo
types, dolichocephalicand
while
the
and
he recognisesthe
Hcktash, in whom
brachycephalic,
Takhtajis
ancient
l.ykians,arc all brachyccphalic Journal of the Anthropological

Institute,

xx.

41.

136

THE

Biainas

RACES

the

was

the

princes who
inscriptionsand
in fact, is the

have
who

in the

days

which

still survives

centuries

before

the

Ararat

the

which

ancient

The

As

has shifted

mountain

the

the

in
its

so

ninth

as

many

rises to

the

its

known
Old

other

the

cases,
now

of the

to

the

Testament.
and

north

seventh

the

the Araxes

is

name

Dhuspas,
The
of Tosp.
to

of the

position and

Van,

been

was

era,

Ararat

far northward

as

Van.

capitalat

from

Vannic

Van.

Biainas.

name

by

over

the

capitalat

of the district

Christian

Assyrians as Urardhu.

them

princeshaving

in that

lasted

behind

of the

the Vannic

ruled

kingdom

their

form

which

It extended

left

fixed

kingdom,

TESTAMENT.

OLD

of the

name

modern

of

THE

OF

had

its

of

name

applied to a
highlands of

Urardhu.

regionsof Kurdistan to the south of

Lake
Van
inhabited
were
by tribes who spoke much tlie
same
language as that of the people of Ararat and were
The
often
race.
presumably of the same
country was
referred to by the Assyrians under
the general title of
Nahri

mountainous

'

or

of

kingdom

have

We

River

'-land.

South

of

it

again

the

came

Assyria.

previous chapter that the founders

of this kingdom
had
and
belonged to the Semitic race
from
originallycome
physiological
Babylonia. Their
thick-set
and
They were
type is very
pronounced.
in

seen

muscular, with
face

as

well

abundance

as

on

the

of

black
The

head.

hair

wavy

skull

was

on

the

dolicho

cephalic,the forehead
straight,the lips full,the nose
the eyebrows prominent and
aquilineand leptorrhinian,
curled
in
black
and
beetling. The hair was
artificially
the

whiskers

skin
to

white

the

sun

and
but
and

beard.

The

easilyburnt
wind.

eyes

red
In

or

also
brown

character

were

when
and

black, the

exposed
intellectual

THE

HITTITES.

Itf

a
typicalSemite, and his
capacity the Assyrian was
and war.
favourite occupations were
commerce
the last merely a
But
the Assyrian remained
to
His superiority,
physical and mental,
conquering caste.
had
made
the older population of the country
his
to
and the iron discipline
first invasion of it irresistible,
and
organisationwhich he subsequently maintained
political

him

enabled
'

the

to

preserve

the

of

Roman

his power.

East,' and

He
in

has

been

called

respects the

many

he had a genius
comparison is just. Like the Roman
for
administering, for making and
organising and
obeying laws, and for submitting to the restraints of an
inexorable
discipline.The armies of Assyria swept all
before them, and the conception of a centralised empire
first formed
and realised by the Assyrian kings.
was

ing caste which

brought with it
the

even

classes,of that

of the upper

exhaustion

The

kingdom of Assyria,
downfall of the Assyrian empire and
older
of the Assyrian name.
The
predominant, the Assyrian language

had
the

extinction

created

the

population became
was
superseded by Aramaic,

prevailed. This
continued

to

we

head

is small

see

of

the

another

racial

type which

Semitic

had

and

From
by the side of them.
the monuments.
represented on

round, the

type

existed

Assyrians, and

exist
it

time

and

the ancient

was

arrival

the

before

conquer

forehead

low

and

had

time

to

The

receding,

high, the jaws prognathous, the nose

prominent and leptorrhine,the eyebrows well marked,
short.
the chin
retreating,the hair frizly,the stature
the
Semitic
Unlike
Assyrian, the aboriginal of the
country had comparatively littlehair on the face.
We
with the same
racial type in Babylonia. It
meet
the

cheek-bones

is found

on

one

of the

oldest

monuments

of

Chaldaean

138

THE

RACES

OP

Assyrian

In

Elam,

not

the

be

armies.

in fact,it

Elamites

and

have

with

the

been

the

Among

it in Elam.

prevailingif
representa

numerous

bas-reliefs of

in the

occur

in the

now

Babylonian soldiers

also meet

to

which

Tello

in the

We

seems

TESTAMENT.

at

detected

only type.

of

tions

OLD

discovered

yet known,
Louvre, and may

art

in the

THE

the

Assyrian palaces the head is uniformly of a brachyIn the case

of the
cephalicand prognathous character.
ruling family,it is true, the lines are softened, the hair
sub-aquiline;
being straightand not curly,and the nose
the same.
but in all important points the traits remain
We
in looking upon
this particular
therefore justified
are
that
which
originallyoccupied the southern
type as
valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris as well as the
of

mountains
further

Elam

to

In the

it is at

its

present

im

say.

fertile

plain of Babylonia
several

mingled with

was

been

What

them.

of

east

have

affinities may

possible to

the

this

aboriginaltype

Berossos, the

others.

Chal-

beginning of
the meeting-place of different
history Babylonia was
it easy
to
and
its geographicalposition makes
races,
historian,tells

daean

the

believe

shown

us

which

in

no

the

culture

that the civilisation and

invented, by
dialects

since

cuneiform

The

statement.

records

have

of the country

writing itself
spoke agglutinative
a
population which
related to the Semitic
languages,and
way

founded, and

were

that

us

the cuneiform

consequently

was

system

probably

not

of

of

the

Semitic

race.

The

of

the

probabilityis
documents

bequeathed to us.
practicesforeign to

raised

which

They
those

to

the

certaintyby

Accado-Sumerians

reveal

of the

study
have

religiousideas and
Semites.
They reveal

THE

of

also the existence

and

marked
woman

Even
a

father

reckoned
The

stood

question

to

therefore

term

type

of

materials
to

be

may

have

we

at

answered

present

too

Elam,

probable that it
the early Sumerian

does

scanty
The

not.

rulers

it

the

peculiar
existing in

which

and

for want

Elamite, represents the

satisfactorily
; on

is

time

the Accadian

found

Accado-Sumerians.

the
are

we

Semite

whether

arises

of

name

and

dawn.

in

better

the

with

sunset, with

physiologicaltype which
Assyria,in Babylonia and
a

Accado-Sumerians

the

to

dawn

of the

head

While

sunset

from

the

at

successors.

from

is reckoned
was

the mother

matriarchate,in which

between

difference
Semitic

their

139

family,in
the Semitic
contrast
to
degradation of the
the mere
reflection and helpmeet of the man.
as
in so trifling
the reckoning of time we
matter
as
a
the

not

find

HIT7ITES.

which

to

Unfortunately our
allow this question

the whole, however,

figuresand
have

been

heads

it
of

disinterred

Certain
totallydifferent character.
remind
heads
terra-cotta
on
cones
us
curiouslyof the
Chinese
representationsof old men, though the effect is
perhaps produced by the form of the beard, the heads
In one
case,
being apparently long and not round.
in stone.
however,
have
we
a
carefullyfinished head
at

Tello,

Here

the

are

of

head

seems

to

be

round, but

the

forehead

jaws orthognathous, the cheek-bones

nose
large,straightand slightlyplatyrrhine.
is curly, the face itself
The
hair on
the head
A similar type is presented by the head
being smooth.
of king Khammurabi
(B.C. 2400),except that there is
is
the face,and
the nose
here a good deal of hair on
moreover,
prominent and
leptorrhine. Khammurabi,
have
of Kassite
been
origin,though his profile
may

is

straight,the
prominent, the

OF

RACES

THE

140

resembles

that

THE

the

on

OLD

TESTAMENT.

terra-cotta

alluded

cones

to

above.
It will thus

be

of

pre-Semitic population

the

difficulties which

burial-ground of
be

have

to

such

monuments

with
as

that

Tello

at

Chaldaean

the

content

Berossos

by

indubitablySumerian

examined, either

and

found

present be cleared

at

until skulls of

wait

must

cannot

ethnologicalaffinities of
Babylonia offer many

the

that

seen

we

in

or

plain.

the

confirmation

possess

of the

Babylonia

originare
other

some

Meanwhile

we

afforded

home

by

made

statement

the

was

We

up.

of

many

races.

We

indications,however, that these

have

inter

races

a
mingled freely during the historical period. Thus
of king Merodach-iddin-akhi, who
bas-relief
reigned
in
is Semitic
with a profilewhich
1 1 oo, presents
B.C.
us

features,but dashed

its main

the

On

type.

with

trace

of the

hand, the Babylonians who

other

Elamite

fought

Assur-bani-pal belong to neither type.

They are dolichocephalic,with high foreheads, straight
flat cheeks, orthognathous mouths,
leptorrhine noses,

in

the

hair

wavy
of

the

and

Persian

covered

by

recall to

the

of

service

M.

guard

that

Their

whose

Dieulafoy

less extent

terra-cotta

certain

tall stature.

those

of

of

cones

these

at

were

from
though they came
Babylonian dress.
of
Westward
Babylonia
race,

over

Aramaic

dialects,for the

sidered

as

by

belonging

to

most

the

Of

it is

course

dis
also
on

not

really Babylonian by
the
Babylonia and wore

were

Semitic

roamed

recall those

portraitshave been
Susa, though they
the pre-Semitic heads

Tello.

soldiers

features

the

nomads.

part, and
Aramaic

desert

regions
They
spoke

may
branch

be
of

con

the

THE

142

the

and

cavator

is

of

us

Jews

is

which
the

the

Jewish

names

lonia,

clear

the

ex

to

Babylon.'

Like

influence

of

all

mixed

of

the

body,

Chosen
the

bore
'

mixed

the

the

seed

of

race

has

and

later

Baby

from

exiles

intellectual

the

the

Zeru-Babili,

and

Chaldaea

of

borrowed

races,

mind

in

upon

records

returning

the

Alexandrine

the

Even

were

the

upon

through

us

obligations

Zorobabel,

vigorous

to

come

the

upon

exercised

conquerors.

of

of

has

clay

the

months

leader

name

was

the

dwell

to

Greeks

of

the

has

the

Babylonian
of

and

lasting

the

revealed

have

which

It

and

make

their

Chaldaea

of

spade

culture

world.

to

Babylonian
of

in

decipherment

beginning
to

the

decipherer

place

Exile

The

People

the

Babylonian

modern

of

age.

the

not

influence

TESTAMENT.

which

of

skill

OLD

century1.

nineteenth
This

THE

literature

and

civilisation

our

OF

RACES

history

exerted
of

man

kind.

the

See

Berlin,

Anthropological

'

The

Races

Institute,

of

the

xviii.

Babylonian
2.

Empire

'

in

the

Journal

of

VIII.

CHAPTER

CUSH,
before
of

was

country

between

of
fall

eldest

of

son

Mcneptah,
of

Princes

Egyptian
As
'

the

Pharaoh

Kash

had
the

Kash

the

fessor

Schrader

Muzri,

followed
has

in

derivation,

by

the

Canaan,

tablets
as

in

Old

thus

of

son

the

but

the
Tel

Mizraim,

or

the

name

pronunciation
Pro

pronunciation

supposition

el-Amarna,
the

Egypt,

an

Cush.

Testament.

that

of

these

may

transformed

the

in

of

Assyrian

of

by Josephus,

Mizri

this

supposed

Canaanitish

that

is

It

reign
of

and

adopted
land

of

one

reported

they

too

so

the

Mes,

transformed

Kusu.

been

disproved

show

which

Assyrians

into

of

legend

Jewish

the

title

the

In

of

name

Thothmes

Dynasty

Exodus,

princess, conquered

has

been

the

the

the

which

was

of

the

and

of

bore

Kash.

of

the

denoted

reign

monarch

Moses,

to

into

Egypt,'

of

the

originated

according

Prince

Cush

Cataract

the

come

name

Egyptian

Egyptian

or

The

First

from

and

already

vaguely

Twentieth

the

the

Son'

'Royal

have

of

Kash

the

Abyssinia,

l.

chapter

which

lay

has

Mizraim,

former

origin.

the

to

in

us

Egyptian

mountains
I

of

brother

the

ARABIA.

AND

EUROPE,

AFRICA,

has

which

pronunciation

Kas.

was

Kas
known

or

as

Cush

was

Ethiopia

thus, properly
to

the

speaking,

geographers

of

the
Greece

region
and

RACES

THE

144

Rome.
to

But

cover

it

Second

has

been

the

boundaries

head

of them

district
Near

Twelfth

of

age

of the

province

of

ushered

in

Solomon

allied

the

With

the

change.

of

in

and

'

and

of

the

Certain

in

the

the

belonged

to

the

like

the

white

regained

of

and

sacred

race.

there
of

The

kingdom
and

Testament,

kings of
which

They

in the
Mount

Theban

the

of

the

high-priestly

shadow

Sabako

court

found

underwent

Cush

Ethiopia,and

so-called
of

Soudan

Dynasty,

of the

members

of Cush.'

its

against another.

one

worship

vassal

which

with

tribes of the

fortunes

the

days which

troublous

Twenty-second

of
persons
of the Old

subjection. The
Egypt reallyconsisted
kings,

arms

fled to

kingdom

Tirhakah

These

formed

Cush

this

From

Egyptian yoke,

their

turn

itself to
of

Nubia.

time, the

the

under

Napata,

long, and

the

in

our

off

Barkal, established
Amun,

of

whole

But

had

Thebes

family at

district of Kash.

or

centuries

Shishak, the

of

another

city

rise

the

Dynasty

tribe

Almost

Nile.

Twenty-first Dynasty
himself
in marriage, Cush

to

from

marched

he

as

that

free

themselves

inscription
conquered by

Eighteenth Dynasty, however,

Egypt.

independence. As
successfullythrew

side of

the

the

up

for several

onwards

time

outset

an

tribes

the

the

southern

Helfa

Wady

came

name

at

the

stands

the

on

Dynasty,

Egypt

already includes

term

So

At

enumerating

the

TESTAMENT.

of country.

extent

Cataract.

Usertesen, of

OLD

the

small

found

the

THE

only by degrees that

an

only

it denoted

In

was

wide

so

the

OF

god,
lasted

Taharka,

reduced

the

Egypt

Ethiopian Dynasty
Cush.
surrounded
were

of

them,

Egyptian

first
at
language and habits were
a
change.
Egyptian. Gradually, however, there came
The
Egyptian language was superseded by Nubian, and

descent, and

their

145

ARABIA.

AND

EUROPE,

AFRICA,

continuallybe
with
less foreign. It is clear that intermarriages
came
taken place,
the natives had
and that the purityof the
Egyptian blood was beginning to be contaminated.
have
characteristics of the Nubians
The physiological
been
described
earlier page.
on
an
Racially and lin
guistically
they stand apart from the rest of mankind.
Just as their languages form an isolated familyof speech,
the ethnologicalside, they form a separate
so
too, on
the

and

customs

It may

race.

of the

manners

their

that

be

court

earliest home

was

in

the

be that their racial

Abyssinia, it may
the
is now
became
peculiarities
stereotyped in what
still a wellit was
desert of the Sahara, at a time when
watered
and
well-wooded
plateau. It is useless to
speculateon the subject; the materials for arrivingat a
conclusion are entirelywanting.
to establish one
The
Egyptian records,however, seem
mountains

of

fact.

negro

The

the north than

it does

extended

once

race

much

further

to

to-day in the valleyof the Nile,and

have
been
must
ground occupied by the Nubians
There
was
a
period when
proportionatelysmaller.
comprised within the
Negroes, as well as Nubians, were

the

frontiers of Cush.
The

negro

south, and

the

on

find

We

limited by the Equator

practically
in the north.
the Tropic of Cancer

is

race

it east

Sennaar, on the White

Lake
Chad, on the banks

of

neighbourhood of
and
the Senegal,and
of it is the

south

largerpart

on

Ban-tu

of Southern

the

coast

Kaffir

or

Africa,and

Nile, in the
of the

of Guinea.

Niger
To

the

occupying the
constitutinga race

race,

apart.
The
with

and highly prognathous,

dolichocephalic,
is
correspondingrecession of the chin. His nose
negro

is

146

RACES

THE

flat with

wisdom-teeth

The

The

late.

OLD

cranial

sutures

colouring

muscles, and

comparatively simple.

for

art, except

He

is moved

after

studies
is

negro

The

he

of

age

passionatelyfond.
by argument, and

is

than

seldom

advance
In

slave

as

the

From

servant.

or

him

caused

his

littlesympathy

but

fourteen.

qualitieshave

latter

the

of which

in their
the

character

faithful.

and
affectionate,
indolent,superstitious,

two

after

the

great

to

convolutions

has

He

children

negro

the

extends

negro

rather

emotion

alleged that

it is

the

of which

music,

long,the

already observed,

brain, the

his

are

by

been

lost

are

tibia flattened,
and

of

matter

even

large and

early and
simple,the arm

are

leg deficient,the
prehensile. As has

black

teeth

appear

calf of the
toe

TESTAMENT.

his lipsfleshy,
his
nostrils,

wide

good.

THE

OF

be

to

of

age

expeditionswere
Egyptian dynasties armed
against the land of Cush, chieflywith the
the number
slaves, and
carrying off negro
have been
at all times
slaves in Egypt must
saved
the Ethiopian,'who
Ebed-melech,
'

sought
first

the

organised
purpose
of
very

the

of

negro

great.
life of

xxxviii. 7-13),like
probably a negro (Jer.
Cushi
'the
Cushite,'the great grandfather of Jehudi
with
'the Jew' (Jer.xxxvi.
14). Although in contact
centuries,the negro
Egyptian civilisation for so many
learnt little or nothing from it,except perhaps the art of

Jeremiah, was

smelting
has

iron.

followed

negro

singular

drawing.
the

that
In

cultured

Bushmen

the

of copper
is

of several

case

immediately

interveninguse
The

In

upon
or

eminently

he

has

this

he

never

differs

Egyptian,

of the extreme

but

stone

iron age
the
age, without

tribes

an

bronze.
imitative.

It

is, therefore,

displayed any aptitude for

profoundly not only from
the
from
also
degraded

south

of Africa.

The

paint-

AFRICA,

ings

of

animals

AND

EUROPE,

of

walls

the

on

ARABIA.

147

Bushman

the

rock-

would
and
of them
some
extremely spirited,
not
disgrace a European artist. These paintingsraise
bears on
the earlyhistoryof the negro
a questionwhich
shelters

are

race.

In the south

of

Egypt the sandstone rocks are covered

with
the figures of animals
and
of them
some
men,
date, but others as manifestlyof
manifestlyof modern
stone
with
meet
we
antiquity. On the same
prehistoric
of the Fifth
these figuresas well as with inscriptions
Dynasty, and
weathering of

the

in

whereas
the stone

been

has

of

case

the

latter the

slightas to make
of yesterday,the weathering
the work
them
appear
lapse of
undergone by the figuresindicates an enormous
the figures,
that of the giraffe
time.
Moreover, among
of the giraffe
the presence
Now
constantlyappears.
shows

the country which

that

has

so

been

barren

desert

have
beginning of Egyptian historymust once
been a well-watered
plateaucovered with the brushwood,
the giraffeis accustomed
which
The
to browse.
upon
and
ostrich is as common
a
figureas the giraffe,
yet the
of the ostrich from
the hieroglyphicsyllabary,
absence
where
the birds of Egypt are so plentifully
represented,
unknown
of the
to the inventors
implies that it was
ancient
Egyptian system of writing. It would, there
that Mr. Flinders Petrie is right in seeing in
fore,seem
of the pre
these
prehistoricdrawings the memorials
of the Egyptians in the valleyof the Nile l.
decessors
His view is corroborated
by the discoveries made
by
since the

travellers

in other

south

Tunisia, of

of

drawings
1

are

Flinders

met

Northern

parts of
with

Petric,A

Oran

and
the

on

Season

in
2

of

rocks.

Africa.

To

similar

Marocco,
In

one

the

instance

Egypt (1888),pp. 15, 16.

148

relative

their
Dr.

by

was

Egypt,
It

yet the

as

been

not

engraved,

of

use

stone

metal.

back

very

this takes

us

to

as

superseded by

possible,therefore,that

seems

Sahara

Egypt

still

was

ranged along

mountains, and
the

one

to

the

race

of

from
banks

epoch

an

men

the

In

early

the shores
of the

Nile

when

Delta

allied

slopesof

the southern

extended

side

at

fertile land, and

of the sea,

arm

an

Bushmen

on

been

indeed.

age

the

had

all events,

at

had

they

instru

stone

rock where

graver'stools were
belong to the period when
cutting material

the actual

found

they occur, and at no

the
the neolithic manufactory where
fashioned.
Consequently the figures

foot of

great distance

determined.
satisfactorily

which

of

means

TESTAMENT.

OLD

been

in Oran, has

the

lying at

has

age

Bonnet1,

ments

THE

OF

RACES

THE

to

of
the

the Atlas

of the Atlantic
on

the

other.

and other dwarf

brachycephalic Akkas
be survivingrelics. They
tribes of Central Africa would
their primitivehaunts
driven
from
by the negro
were
south
of
invasion, and finallyforced into the extreme
the continent
by the pressure of the Ban-tu or Kaffir
inferior to
tribes.
Physically,if not morally,they were
both
art in which
their enemies, but they possessed an
the art of drawing.
Kaffirs and
deficient,
were
negroes
less
The
indeed, could not have designed,much
negro,
or
achieved, either the rock-paintingsof the Bushmen,
Africa.
the rock-engravingsof Northern
the region of the Sahara
which
bound
The mountains

Of

the

this

race

Revue

cT Ethnographic, viii. For

the

drawings on

the rocks in Marocco

367), in the district between Tripoli and

Rohlfs (Qucr (lurch Afrika,i. p. 52),in the country of the Tibbu
Ghadames
Lejean (HartNachtigal(Sahara wtd Sudan, i. p. 307), and in Kordofan

see

Lenz

mann,

p. 117.

( Timbuktu,

ii.pp.

Nigritier,i. p. 41).

10,

C'f. my

letter to

\hz* Academy,

Aug.

9,

1890,

THE

150
will have
the

RACES

left traces

similar

OLD

TESTAMENT.

of themselves

in the

refuse-heapson

skulls have

coast, since

Portuguese

them

THE

OF

found

been

in

of the

those

be
Basques. But it must
remembered
that the peculiarly
oval skull which
charac
terises the
dark
Basque, goes along with black hair
and
and
dark
a
complexion, features which are
eyes
On
incompatible with relationshipto the Libyan race.
the other
hand
the Basque in
the Libyan resembles
of his intellectual
and
moral
qualities.'He is
many
industrious,and honest, brave and hardy, and
intelligent,
is
attached
to his own
Monogamy, moreover,
country.
the rule in spite of the permission given by Moham
to

'

'

medanism

to

The

Twice

the

of

north

Meneptah

5th

year

scended

the

the
Lebu

Kaikash,

Shakalsha

or

the

and

again invaded.
armies
against the
On

in

the

decaying

the

the

the

themselves
'

Tulsha

allies.

of

host

vast

In

Exodus.

Libyan prince,de

Aqaiusha,

the

and

the

Ma-

of the

the

peoples

the

Shairdana, the
or

Tuirsha.

the

Uashash.

III, Egypt
reign of Ramses
Libyan princes again led their
signally
Pharaoh, and again were

this

their

occasion

joining them.
Egyptians had to face

late

nations

later, in the

was

defeated.

all the

the

also

were

Shakarsha,

Liku

century

Libyans

there

north,'the
Zakkur,

of

with

Delta
or

other

Egyptian empire to ward off

took
invasion
place in the reign

Pharaoh

the

Maxyes,

or

it needed

king, Maraiui,

the

of
upon

Besides
shuash

I,

with

in concert

the

first

The

attack.

the

east, and

of
discipline

and

in

Egypt

and

of
general name
Egyptian inscriptions.

the

under

go

'-men

white

invaded

they

power
the

'

or

wives.

many

tribes

Libyan

Tahennu

from

marry

Three

the

years

northern

allies

northern

elapsed
foe.

We

before
are

were

the

told

that

the

coasts

islands and

them

of Carchemish

the Hittitcs

of Kadesh.

the Amorites

151

their
spread from
through Syria and

marched

had

Palestine,bringingwith
and

ARABIA.

populations had

northern

and

AND

EUROPE,

AFRICA,

Pulosata

The

the Zakkur, the Shakalsha, the Daanau

or

Philistines,

the Uashuash

and

leagued together to destroy Egypt. But a great

naval battle was
fought off the Egyptian coast, and the
Three
afterwards
saved.
valley of the Nile was
years
the Delta : they were,
fell upon
the Maxyes once
more
however, utterlyexterminated, and the danger of Libyan
were

conquest
The

past.

was

identification of the

Libyan allies has

occasioned

About
there
the Mashuash
good deal of controversy.
of Herodotos
the
is no
Maxyes
dispute. They are
told
we
are
Tunisia, of whom
(iv.191) in the modern
the rightside of the
that they left a long lock of hair on
We
learn from the
head and painted their bodies red1.
circumcised,the
Egyptian texts that while the Lebu were
a

Mashuash
terises them
in the
a

of the

good deal

Lebu.

the

nose

high, the

is

on

the
is

is also

monuments

like the

But

charac

of hair which

lock

Egyptian

of hair

defined, and
forehead

the

on

case

The

not-.

were

wanting
they have

Lebu

face, the eyebrows

straightand

lipsthin, and

well-

are

leptorrhine. The
the jaws orthogna-

thous.
'

coasts
peoples of the north ? The
Northern
shores
from which
and
they descended
upon
the adjacent islands.
and
Syria point to Asia Minor

But

who

'

were

the

'

'

The

patterns

on

head, whereas
a

his

also have

may

See Max

Jan.

chief is

Lebu

7, i8S8.

arms

been

each

representedby

and

merely

legs.

These

stained.

of his followers

the

have

may

lie
has

Egyptian artist with

two

wears

but

been

ornamental

tattooed,but they

ostrich

feathers

on

his

one.

Miiller in the Proceedingsof the

Societyoj

IHblical

Arclucology,

RACES

THE

152
In the

of

the Akhaeans

seen

in the

fact that

the

III,

whom

to

is better

to

colonists in

Zakkur

The

Cyprus, than

Not

imagined.
Pulosata

the

with

is also

head-dress

of the Troad,

only

they

are

head-dress

The

Philistine.

be

head-dress, it may
The

Daanau.
the

sword,

round
has

the Zakkur

consists

have
was

lived
the

of

sea
on

soldiers

are

that

stopped

Khal.'
the eastern

legendary

the way

on

The

founder

the coast

on

Zakkur
of

coast

of

to

similar

by the
girdle,

and

broad

spear,

their

destina

of the

Zakkur

consequently

must

Teukros

Cyprus, where

Salamis, and

called Teukrids.
Light is
family were
the Zakkur
were
the Aqaiusha with whom
have
of Egypt.
invasion
They would
shore
of the Akhaeans,' which, as we
'

with

tunic

geographicalpositionof
settled by a papyrus
been
now
recently
It describes
Golenischeff.
an
embassy
of the Twenty-firstDynasty to the king

tion the ambassadors

in the

Greek

is

helmet

also

worn

face

The

shield.

acquired by Mr.
sent
by Hir-Hor
of Gebal, and
states
'

of

by the

carried

arms

and

dress

observed, is

as

asso

their

Philistines, but

or

peculiar one, and apparently represents a

of bronze.
set in a frame
a quiltedcloth cap

and

of

Akhaeans

the

be the Teukrians

cannot

been

often

ciated
and

the

legend.

Homeric

has

Thothmes

of Kilikia,

Hyp-Akhaeans

the

in them

see

Greek

the

or

the

isles of

'the

that

declares

poem

reign of

in the

mentioned

But

Danaans.

or

is

name

shall be
be

to

Daanau

their

subject. If,therefore, the Aqaiusha

of the Greeks, it
identified with the Akhaeans

Daanau'
are

already

are

III

of Ramses

age

of the

that

replaced by
Daanau

sea,'accordingly,scholars have
and have pointed to
Greek history,

of the

Aqaiusha

'

TESTAMENT.

OLD

THE

OP

thus

the
thrown

united
come

learn

royal
on

in their

from

the

from

the

AND

EUROPE,

AFRICA,

153

ARABIA.

geographer Strabo (p.682),representedthe north

of Cyprus l.
eastern
coast
The
Shakalsha
Shakarsha
or
belong to a different type
from that of the Zakkur.
Their
as
features,
depicted on
the walls of Medinet
us
Habu, remind
forciblyof those
of the ancient
The
hair on
the face is curly,
Romans.
Greek

SHAKALSHA.

and
straightlike that of the Zakkur
the eyebrows arc prominent and meet
over
and the lipsare
itself is sub-aquiline,
nose

the

Libyans,

the

nose,

not

None

of the

strikingas
to

Lykia

of the

those

Greeks

of

to

as

faces

has

found
of

as

The

Bedawin.

be of Phoenician

Semitic

are

well

Luschan

von

inhabitants

northern

that

the

expressiveof

the more
in type. Thi*
is
skulls of some
of the modern

neighbourhood of
Solymi of Lykia were

descent

the

on

account

the

Adalia

are

.similar

supposed by

of the likeness of their

the

name

Hiero-Solyma,
Jerusalem.
poet Chaerilos,
that
Whiston's
i.
(Cont.
tr.),
Ap.
quoted by Josephus
22,
says of them
their heads \\ere
they spake the Phoenician
tongue with their mouths
horses'
heads also
them ; they wore
on
flayed
sooty, they had round rasures

to that of

the Greek

form

of

The

as
'

that had

been

hardened

in the smoke.'

THE

154

RACES

and

firmness

OF

TESTAMENT.

OLD

The

determination.

is somewhat

hand,

THE

receding. They

cloth

wore

the

fell behind

cylindricalshape which
clad in kilts,
carrying in

the other

forehead, on

their hands

head, and
and

spears

of

caps
were

weapon

scythe. They have been

but in spite of their
identified with the Sikels of Sicily,
Latin
to the ancient
extraordinaryethnologicalsimilarity
Professor Masit is perhaps better to regard them, with
the Pisidian
from
city of
deriving their name
pero, as
which

resembles

Asia

Sagalassosin
Tulsha

The

sea.'

It

from

coasts

beards, their
were

encased

hung

have

of

age

the

side of the

probably
They wore

Minor.

At

the Lykians

all events

word

personalappearance

of

been

of

Lykians, if the name

Meneptah. This, how

in their

Tramele
have

may

in

doubt

with

own

and
inscriptions,
invention.

of Greek
the

tablets

of them
as

Mittheilnngcn

aiis

Liku

like

was

we

the

or

of Tel

Shairdana, called
1.

el-Amarna

Egyptian

The

artists leave

us

their dress.

The

the lipsthin,the
leptorrhine,

upper

features

and

Sammlttngen, ii.47. The writer,

men
the Egyptian king that
of Gebal, informs

den orientalischen

the governor
of the country of the Sute

'

Rib-Hadad,

apparentlyin

by

their

to

Shardina

the

of the

one

straightand

was

was

the

doubtful.

portraitsmade

who

of

know.

Serdani

no

the

been

than

It is otherwise

"'

sub-aquiline,and their heads

pointed cap from the top of which

to

'

the

nose

been

were

themselves

not

in

of Asia

back

more

Lykian

do

have

said to

are

islands

noses

may

goes

is

What

Minor.

or

in

Liku

Lykian

'

waving ribbon.

The

called

of

accordingly from the European

that they had
originallycome,

was

the

blade

Tuirsha

or

Mediterranean

ever,

the

'

had

come

his service.

againsthim

and

'

slain

Serdanian

'

AFRICA,

EUROPE,

lipbeing somewhat
face

in

one

member

of

Shardina

were

and

But

with

in

the

helmet

another

people

island used
of the

of

in Sardinia

covered

Now

from

explain
relics of

similar

with

Sardinia.

The

seems

In

horns

helmet

The

race.

Tuirsha

and

broad
was

of

before

spike crowned
characterised

figures dis

bronze

cither

of

is that

earlyinhabitants
on

the
short

of the

another

that the

show

It

like that

was

antiquity.

clusion that the Shardina

came

case

shields,spears,

the top

helmet

Shardina.

another

the head
on
they wore
spike projected from it

on

ball.

metal

tunic

round

same

behind, while
a

high, and

was

Altogether the face

dolichocephalic European

peculiar character.

and

In

155

worn.

clad

the

ARABIA.

forehead

beardless.

is
a

carried

swords.

long,the

case

pointed beard

AND

side

of the

like that

impossibleto avoid the con

of the Egyptian records really
this way

we

shall

be

able

to

of scarabs and other

easilythe occurrence
remains
of
the prehistoric
Egyptian art among

most

156

THE

RACES

We

Sardinia.
alliance

between

Tunisian

Gulf.

The

Shardina

troops of
find them

THE

shall also

be

TESTAMENT.

able

to

Shardina

the

famous

were

OLD

the

army

militaryqualities

for their

an

serving in

explain the close

the Maxyes
of the

and

important element
Egypt. Already in the

became

and

OF

among
time

the mercenary
of Ramses

II

we

of the Pharaoh.

,""*!

(GREEK).

HANIVU

We

may

Libyans
Southern

conclude, then, that

were

included

Europe

and

some

Asia

among
of

the

Minor,

the

allies of the

populations
whose

of

lineaments

by Egyptian art. These

populations were
comprised under the general title of
in the Ptolemaic
Hanivu, the meaning of which
came
have

been

preserved

for

us

158
the

RACES

THE

OF

THE

those found

OLD

TESTAMENT.

in the earliest

sepulchresof the
In the tall, broad-shouldered
country.
Scandinavian,
his flaxen hair,his light blue eyes, his long head
with
and
the modern
mealy-white skin, we may
see
repre
sentative of the primitiveAryan.
same

as

Scandinavia

glaciersand

has

fiords have

of irresistible

whom

been

ever

from

to

age

bodily strength and

their native

land

could

heroes.

of

nursery

sent

age

forth

adventurous

Its
men

courage

In
longer support.
historical times they became
the Vikings and
Norsemen
for so long a period the scourge
who were
of Christen
In prehistorictimes, before the sail or sagulum
dom.
been
had
borrowed
from
Rome, their migrations must
have moved
along the lines of the great rivers. Wher
the dominant
and ruling
ever
they went, they became
in Normandy
and
caste, like the followers of Rollo
in Sicily. Except where
of Roger Guiscard
the lan
of the conquered was
law,
protected by religion,
guage
the populationsthey subdued
forced
and
were
literature,
To
learn the language of their new
the
to
masters.
ascribe
difficulties they experienced in doing so we
may
of the phonetic peculiarities
which
separate, the
many
another.
To
chief Indo-European languages from
one

the

same

which

cause

in

must

we

Greek

or

no

also ascribe

other

the

Latin, or

of the words

many

Indo-European

be traced to an Indolanguages of the old world, cannot

European etymology. They will have belonged to the
languages spoken before the arrival of the Aryan race1.
1

After

while

an

analysisof

words

641
etymology,there
discovered.
the

We

are

remain
may

the classical Greek

borrowed
about

therefore

and
520

1580

can

be

for which

regard

language,or languages,spoken
Aryans (Etyma Graeca, p. vi).
to

lexicon

Mr.

Wharton

finds that

assigned Indo-European
such etymology can
be
an

no

large part

in Greece

of them

before

as

belonging

the arrival of the

AFRICA,
The

further

AND

EUROPE,

the

ARABIA.

advanced

race

159
their

from

primeval

home, the less pure their blood became, and the greater
their tendency to die out
be absorbed
in the
was
or
north
aboriginalpopulation. It is only in the extreme
of

west

members

India

that

of the

Aryan

it is
race

still
;

possible to

elsewhere

meet

in the

with

peninsula

Indo-European languages are spoken by those who have

It is question
littleor no Aryan blood in their veins.
of pure
Greek
far the ancient
able how
was
Aryan
descent ; it is certain that the typicalmodern
Greek,
with

his black

belongs to
1

hair

another

and

eyes

and

complexion,

stock1.

Risley,in reportingthe chief results of

enquiry in India, states that three main types
Mr.

dark

the

recent

are

to

be

ethnographic
found

in the

160

THE

Let

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT.

forget,however, that

not

us

the

and

RACES

Greek

modern

are

the

primitiveAryan

alike members

of the

white

that the

and

primitiveAryan was but the member

of the race
who
had
his dwelling-placein north-eastern
Europe and there spoke the language from which the
derived.
Indo-European languages are
Archaeology
has
shown
that Western
Europe has been the home
race,

of

four distinct varieties

first of all

gnathous,

with

blond

race,

blue

of

this

white

race.

We

tall,dolichocephalicand

have
ortho-

light hair, full beard, well

eyes, prominent eyebrows, and

eyes,

developed chin, narrow

One section of it is represented
leptorrhinenose.
straight,
by the Kelto-Libyan,
by the Scandinavian, another
Secondly, there is a race tall in stature, with reddish hair,
fair,freckled skin, brachycephalic skull, somewhat
pro
gnathous jaws, prominent cheek-bones, round eyes, and
chin.
It has been called the Kymric type, under
square
and
ancient
the belief that the majority of the Welsh
the country:

(i) 'A leptorrhine,

pro-opic,dolichocephalic
and
tall
of
narrow
light
build,
face,comparativelyfair
stature,
long
type,
complexion and high facial angle. This type is most marked in the Panjab.
mesopic or nearly platyopic,
dolichocephalic
type, of low
(2) A platyrrhine,
broad face,usually
stature, thickset make, very dark complexion,relatively
in
Chota
distinct
low facial angle. This type is most
Nagpore and the
A
Central Provinces.
mesorrhine, platyopic,brachycephalictype of
(3)
face and
low or medium
stature, sturdy build, yellowishcomplexion, broad
and
facial angle. This
low
eastern
type is found along the northern
In
of
and
is
of
the
frontiers
Mongoloid origin.
dolichocephalic
Bengal
north-western
of
and
frontier
the present day
the
at
Panjnb
type
leptorrhine
of the invading Aryans of 3000 years
recognise the descendants
we
may
and
doubt
in
hair,eyes,
complexion, but retainingthe more
ago, changed no
in the shape of their head, their
enduring characteristics of their race
Survivals
of fair or
stature, and the finelycut proportionsof their nose.

populationof

'

rather reddish
still to

be

among

the

'

eyes, and
Penka
has

hair, grey

found, as
Kafirs

from

reddish

blonde

completion are

moreover

pointed out, and as I myself have seen,

beyond the Panjab frontier (Journal of the

Institute,xx.
Anthropological

'

3).

AFRICA,

AND

EUROPE,

l6l

ARABIA.

have

is repre
belonged to it1. A third race
dark Kelts,'and more
sented
by the
especiallyby the
of Auvergne.
inhabitants
In this the
skull is more
brachycephalic than in the Kymric race, the stature is
Britons

'

short, the

round

eyes

and

dark, the

hair

black, the

complexion brunette, the jaws fairlyorthognathous,and

has been termed
the forehead
some
large. This race
times
Keltic,'sometimes
Ligurian.'The fourth and
last race
Euskarian
is the
the
or
Basque.' Here
the skull dolichocephalic,
is medium,
the length
stature
being in the back part of the head, the face oval, the
hair and eyes dark, and the complexion sallow.
'

'

'

'

four types have

These

intermixture

on

the

In

one

result has been

same

family we

belongs to one of the

who
four types, another
member
belongs to another.
The
brunettes, however, are steadilyincreasingat the
of the blonds.
Where, for instance, a brunette
expense
is married
found that ten per
to a blond, it has been
of the offspringtake after the brunette than
cent,
more
that
This
after the blond.
points to the conclusion
Western
the
not
Europe was
originalcradle of the
be sought
must
blonds, and that their earliest home
find

individual

The

centuries.

large scale.

with

in close contact

been

for unnumbered

another

'

one

rather

to

Until
1

The

the

north-east.

latelyit
of

name

'

who

'

It may

introduced

barrows.
Denmark

the

has

Belgic

settled in the southern

JuliusCaesar.

use

has

also been

part of
have

Britain

been

of bronze

from

that all four types

believed

been

given
two

it from

to

the

Belgae who

centuries before the invasion

by
represented

the

into this country and

of

brachycephalicrace
constructed

the round

found in
are
agree with those which
the beginning of the stone age down
to the present time, as

But the skulls of this

with

who

member

well

as

with

those of the modern

the

'

Helvetic

'

race

skulls discovered

Walloons

at

Sion

in the Ardennes.
L

in Switzerland

and

j62

THE

RACES

represented

are

was

weapon
a

handle

when

had

not

of

remains

of

block

Europe
only tpol

his

and

so-called

the

in Western

man

yet been

as

TESTAMENT.

mammoth,

large

OLD

the

of the

contemporary

THE

among

epoch,

quaternary
a

OF

was

and

flint for which

chipped

invented.

however,

Now,

it is

alleged that this is a mistake, and that no brachybe assigned to that remote
cephalic skulls can
period
of European history1. If so, we
shall have to seek the
than
in
origin of the brachycephalic types elsewhere
Western
as
Europe, and regard them
emigrants from
the

east.

The

Aryan
the

upon

race

exercised

once

of the

fortunes

restored

Babylonia by Cyrus

of

their

to

country, but

own

hundred

two

Palestine

empire,
habits

laws

years,

ideas

and

down

fall of

Persian

of

Judaea

freedom.
political
the

to

exiles

the

to

not

remained

of its inhabitants

civilisation

and

important influence
Jewish people. The conquest
an

the

Persian
the

province, and
modified

were

The

of Persia.

For

the

by

Persians

spoke an
belonged to the

Indo-European language, and further

The
physical type of the countrymen
Aryan race.
Darius

and

Xerxes,

like that

of

their

modern

of

descen

Aryan in all its traits. Travellers still speak

of the
fair-complexioned,blue-eyed populations met
of the
with
in the Persian
highlands, though the mass
people belong to the dolichocephalicbrunette type with
dants,

was

black

hair and

Salmon,

Penka

Les

eyes 2.

Races

humaines

{Die Herkunft

der

The

Persians

the inhabitants
of the
(1879) that among
Caspian Sea individuals with blond hair are

one

of the Kurdish

Blonds

are

chiefs at Khorremabad

also to be

seen

type exists,according to

among

the

prehistoriqties,
p. 20 (1888).
Arier, pp. ill
sq^} quotes from

Schindler
the

at

were

had

province
to

be

of

on

found, while

blue eyes and a blond

The
of Feridan.

all parts

General

of Gilan

the Armenians

Pietremont, in

outset

Persia, so

beard.

blond
that

as

AFRICA,
Median

the

tribe.
of

rest

in the

EUROPE,
had

They

further south

established

and

the eastern

on

163

ARABIA.

pushed

their kinsmen

of Elam,

rear

AND

than

themselves

shores of the Persian

Gulf.

of
They thus formed
part of that Aryan wave
eastward
till it was
arrested by
migration which moved
the hot suns
and burning plainsof Hindustan.
In the
districts to the south of the Caspian M. de Morgan has
discovered
the tombs
and relics of the early emigrants.
it would
in the stone
still,
They were
seem,
age when
their

first leaders
But

opened.
of

Assyria

and

intercourse

the

Aryans

already wielded
the metal

far

Here,
had

the

he

was

of

was

ians

told, individuals
reddish

and

portionof
by
the

the members

ii.p. 406).
and blond hair

45, p. u).
well known

smelt

to

Further

(Bulletinsde

considerable

same

la

always

Pun

(seeBiddulph,Tribes

Kafirs

seen,

type

resembles

the

lower

jaw

from

it.

They

of them
family may be some
de Paris,
Societe d? anthropologie

or

of the Hindoo
L

the

Egypt

Punite

massive

absent

portionof the

the blond

the

by

be,
their

been

have

we

Kurds

are

tall men

(Schweiger-Lerchenfeldin Petermann's
east

found

have

Egypt

the

with who

this may

The

of

Arabia.

met

As

Hebrews.

of the

be traced

can

be

has

regionscalled

the

race

race

race.

monuments

brunettes and others blonds

eyes

how

in Southern

Arabia

the white

in the

Cush

ourselves

ser.

Punjab, they

However

Egyptian, excepting only that

and full lipsof the Egyptian are

of bronze
of 'Nineveh.

the

might

hair.

south, Southern

represented on

amongst

has

kingdom

use

knew

and

of Yemen

mountains

included
and

first entered

stray waifs of the blond

far

so

home
it

as

if no

way

the

to

glazed pottery

weapons,

he

civilised

be trusted, the blond

may

blue eyes

even

tumuli

in the fire.

If Bruce
as

of India

iron

the

them

the

to

even

the

in

with

introduced

soon

iron, and

When

buried

were

Siah-Posh

in

with blue

Mittlu-ilun^cn,

Afghanistanare

Koosh, p. 128).

l6~4

THE

RACES

have

may

been

Nile.

the

scribed

THE

acquired
Egyptian

OLD

TESTAMENT.

from

the

of

country

Nigritianaborigines
settlers found
first
in the valley of
At all events
the Punite
profilemay be de
refined duplicate of the Egyptian profile,
a

the

whom

OF

as

befittingthe inhabitants
that
Egyptians believed
which

they

native

of

the

gave

Southern
to

appearance
his skull is

their

Punite

the

'

which

from

had

gods

title of

Arabia

the

the

and

come

land.'

divine

to

The

still corresponds in .outward

of old

his
dolichocephalic,

We

time.

are

told that

his features
straight,
his hair dark
and wavy
or
handsome,
straight,his lips
his complexion reddened
thin, his stature
medium,
by
he has migrated to the
the
From
time
to time
sun.
neighbouring shores of Africa, and there mingled his
blood
with that of the earlier populations. It is to this
the typicalAbyssinian of
must
trace
mingling that we
features,straightor wavy
hair,
to-day, with his handsome
In fact,
thin nose
and
lips,and dark Nigritiancolour.
apart from colour he has preserved all the characteristics
of the

from

race

which

nose

bulk

main

the

of his

ancestors

people of Southern Arabia

who
have
exchanged the Christianityor the Judaism
the
professed for the religionof Mohammed,
they once
of
faithful to the Christianity
Abyssinian has remained
were

But

sprung.

his fathers.

unlike

Though

the

from

resisted
side

one

which

he

and

The
the

queen

earth

of

speaks

professesis
to

Church

influence

the

twelfth

in the

Coptic

of the

the conversion

Mohammedanism

to

the

of

and

Egypt,

paganism

on

the

is still Semitic,

him

off

cut

he

successfully

has

of Islam
The

other.
and

tribes

century

assaults

armed

Nubian

the

on

the

language

faith which

he

still Christian.
of Sheba
hear

'

came

the wisdom

from
of

the

Solomon

utmost
'

; the

parts of
descen-

IX.

CHAPTER

CONCLUSIONS.

task

is

at

OUR ethnological
materials

of

world

in

which

the

from

Biblical

do

Ixix.

12

with

the

in

Isolated
her

pursued

that

probable

life

Chinese

the

armies

of

which

adjoined

the

the

appearance

attention

of

peculiarity.
Chinaman,
1

kings

the
Of

even

or

at

must

populations

of

the

Mongol

or

Babylonian

and

Tatar,
Oriental

the
is

de

east, China

If

in

the
so,

its

Mongoloid,

(1887).

the

lands
their
the

striking
whether

brachycephalic

Record, i.

to

race,

arrested

from

west

in

is

it

served

have

the

by
But

settled

once

height

medium

Professor

empire.

Assyrian

of

nothing

Mongoloid

have

may

the

Sinim

unaffected

the

is

of

has

Asia.

of

stage.

world

extreme

and

Hindu-Kush1.

the

the

"

to

Western

belong,

Persian

physical

in
least

at

some

which

of

unafifecting

course,

human

of

current

of

Shinas

seclusion

the

reading

According

the

the

the

that

agreed

was

drama

horizon

the

which

in

ancient

beyond

correct

the

upon

the

of

now

and

played,

it

but

of

as

not

was

ideas,

parts

far

so

It

so.

appeared

Chinese.

it denotes

Lacouperie

modern

lies

it is

as

if it be

"

to

have

China

Scriptures,

do

to

the

reviewed

Testament,

us

kingdom

it.

Old

been

races

civilised

one

excluded

to

of

have

important

most

have

history

large variety

Isaiah

allow

according

human

Only

of the

world

possess

We

end.

an

world

large

very
a

we

now

with

167

CONCLUSIONS.

flattened
which

contracted

are

muscular

arrested
and

races,

high cheek-bones,

nose,

there

giving

is littleon

inner

the

eye the
is black,

the face and

black

eyes

angle, the result

development where

hair of the head

The

the

at

small

and

it

of

obliquity.
abundant, but

and

still less

in other

occurs

appearance
coarse

of

the rest

on

of the

The legs
body, the skin of which is of a yellow colour.
are
distinguishedby their thinness.
is the general type of a race
Such
which extends over
look in
But we
so
large a part of the continent of Asia.
for

vain

representations of

it

the

on

of

monuments

It has been said that the

Egypt, Babylonia or Persia.
Hittite face belongs to it ; if so,
the
type has been
so
profoundly modified as to be hardly recognisable.
known
to the
Apart from this doubtful case, the races
Old

Testament

the

lands

surrounding

exception of
to
essentially
the

negroes

of the white
The
white

the

the

still occupy

Mediterranean.

and

historical

descendants

the

the

Nubians, they belong

With

sea.

With

Nubians, also, they

the

exception of

are

all divisions

race.

fact that
race

the

negroes

that

and

whose

those

are

the

introduces

white
us

races

to

are
one

all divisions
of

those

of the

defects

in

how
the
ethnologicalterminology which show
young
of ethnology must
still be.
It has not
science
as
yet
acquired a settled and definite terminology,such as shall
and the
be understood
alike by the ethnologicalstudent
reader.
ordinary educated
Just as in the science of
shall distinguish
which
want
term
some
language we
the genealogical
families of speech from
the morpholo
into which
they fall,so in the
gical classes or groups

ethnology we
distinguisha race, in the
science

of

want

usual

some

term

which

shall

acceptation of the word,

68

THE

from

RACES

those

them

his

proposed
larger divisions
of

'

of

'

stitutes

an

branches,

mankind,
The

'

'

and

being

includes

under

Abyssinian

the

South

The

Hamitic

three

for

it other

in

Euskaric

from

starts

species,and

it is the

by

'

'

race

both

in

'

stocks,'the
Arabian,

genus

under

'branch'

Basque, Aryac or
latter representingthe

has
the
that

to

substitute

'

'

race

the

alone

what

a
'

Egyptian

rather

of

usage

understand
'

It

this scheme.

group
from

than

the

species that is primarilysignified

ordinary language and in ethnology.

The

higher units or
race, the yellow race,
the primary objectof
1

the

the

or

where

cases

two

and

Mediterranean

determined
English language has
Who
would
should
be employed.
who
writer
meant
spoke of the

Moreover, it

'

classed

are

'

words

into

the

'

North

white

Mediterranean

stock, while
groups

con

'groups' being

African

Indo-European, and Caucasic, the

different populationsof the Caucasus.
there
But
are
objections to
grave
restricts the term
race
unduly, and
'

he

divided

again

by

Semitic

'

stocks/

'

Thus

South

and

East

The

be

Mediterranean

Chaldaean

stock.

and

nose,

and

would

sense

into

divided

*.

those

to

characterised

race,

Hamitic

the

and

Semitic

comprises

'

Mediterranean.'

Libyan, Egyptian,
classed

'

stocks

nations

or

narrow

'

to

Brinton

usual

'race' in the

branch,'and

'

stand

'race'

of

name
a

Eurafrican

one

'North

branch

the

the

called

which

species.
Peoples Dr.

and

Races

stocks.'

hair

wavy

to

genus

confine

to

TESTAMENT.

of mankind

into tribes,peoples

divided

other

on

being

term

number

skin,

of

Lectures

has

of the

OLD

THE

larger divisions

in the relation

In

'

OF

Races

genera
the
the
and

"

the

white

race,

the

black

not
are
copper-colouredrace
investigations
ethnologist's
any
"

Peoples,
pp. 98, 99.

CONCL

more

than

and

mental

169

US IONS.

the

morphological classes of language are the

What
researches.
we
primary object of the philologist's
if we
want
the races
to investigate,
are
are
ethnologists,
who
another
are
separated from one
by physiological
materials

characteristics,and
reduce

with

whom

present

our

singletype. These are

the
with which
have
races
we
primarily to deal, to
determine
the points wherein
they differ or agree, and
their historyas far back
is possible. If we
to trace
as
the genus
the higher
from the species,
to distinguish
are
unit from
in the common
the race
acceptation of the
word, it is for the higher unit that we ought to find some
other
of speaking of
white
a
designation. Instead
cannot

we

to

'

'

'

'

black

'

race

or

some

such
The

term

races

what

us

who

little of
of

the

fullest

the savages

while

the

ransacked

in order
and

continent

our

has

been

is

Syria than

of modern

North

Indians.

American

who

Among

visit Palestine, and

who

have

lived

none

who

has

or

travelled

devoted

the

in its

himself

to

just

the

we

the

ethnology

the thousands

of
of

explorers

midst, there
task

the

that

about

numerous

the

lands

where

is known

about

may

of the

for the

expected

Less

meagre.

they

prehistoricdays,

done

Egypt excepted, it
information
might have been
the most

that

condition

in

of

gravel-beds

and

Bible.

be

use

barbarians

and

caves

character

scientific nature

ethnology
tourists

to

the

inhabited

find it to

the

been

were

could

impressed another fact

anthropologistshave abundant

While

have

if we

well

will have

regard
world, and

Europe

be

stock.'

in

modern

tell

as

minds.

our

information

of

'

foregoing pages

upon

the

race,'it would

of

has

been

studying

physiologicalcharacteristics of the people themselves.

the
Burton
and
on
Tyrwhitt Drake, indeed, excavated
the

THE

170

sites of several
the

TESTAMENT.

cemeteries, and brought

old
found

they

cases

conquerors

further

OLD

England

to

nothing to show in
whether
the skulls belonged to Turkish
to the
or
indigenous population,and until

skulls

most

THE

OF

RACES

of

researches

there

; but

the

was

kind

same

made

are

it is

dangerous to draw from them ethnologicalconclusions.

Yet
ethnologicalobservations are within the reach of
find
Like the geologistwho
almost
can
every traveller.
he may
materials
for his study wherever
go, the traveller
is brought into daily,if not
in Syria or the Holy Land
with the human
subjectsof ethnological
hourly,contact
research.
shall

be

To

and

measure

serviceable

the

to

take

such

observations

as

anthropologistrequiresbut

previous knowledge and involves but little labour.

Paul
d' AntJiropoloProfessor
In
Topinard's Elements
requisie
gie ghierale will be found all the instructions
make
the measurements
to
for enabling the observer
little

which

of

shall be

unwillingto
angle,'he can

is

natives
has

least

at

cast

on

science.

the skull

measure

he

with whom

been

to

use

the dark

or

determine

photograph

meets.

if the

Even

We

the

facial

profilesof

the

have

'

traveller

what

light
ethnology by

seen

past of Biblical

the

portraitstaken by the Egyptian artists of their foes

be cast on
and prisoners; and a still greater lightwould
the present ethnology of Bible lands by a judicioususe
of the photographic camera.
and
Without
Syrian
a fuller knowledge of Palestinian

the

be left
questionswhich must
be
solved.
cannot
problems which
unanswered, and
Even
so
elementary a point as the prevalentform of the
It is usually
skull in modern
Syria is still uncertain.
but the as
that the skull is dolichocephalic,
assumed

ethnology

there

sumption

rests

are

on

many

small

number

of

measurements,

CONCLUSIONS.

of them

some

of doubtful

i;i

value.

The

questionacquires

importance in view of the fact that whereas the Arab is

dolichocephalic,a large proportion of the Jews at the
brachycephalic. Putting aside the ex
present day are
aggerated brachycephalism of the Jews of the Caucasus,
with the brachycephalic
due, doubtless, to intermixture
that in Central Europe an
natives,statistics have shown
overwhelming proportion of the Jews have broad, round
heads.
Dolichocephalismis found only among the blonds,
and the blonds form but 15 percent, of the whole
Jewish
If,therefore,dolichocephalismis the rule
community1.
in modern
decisive proof
be
a
Palestine, it would
that the Jewish element
of its
has been stamped out
population.
I drew

Until
observed

that

the

Amorites

had

cared

attention
a

blond

it,no

to

with

race

traveller

to

seems

have

the features ascribed

to

Egyptian sculptorsstill exists in

Southern
Palestine.
it might have
Yet
been
thought
that such a fact could not have escaped the notice of the
least observant
But
the ethnologisthad
tourist.
not
been in the country, and
the physical appearance
of its
the ordinary traveller
the last thing which
people was
to

note

or

the

Every
becoming

year

has

done

for

the

Nile, others

Syria and

the

by

record.

and

more

Egypt

of the

countries

accessible.

more

in the

will be

Old

of

course

found

the districts further

to

abundance

data.

perplex

up,

or

whether

at

any

rate

answered.
partially

the Phoenician
1

above, p. 78.

Virchow

us

Palestine

up

and

neglect of the
of ethnological
will be
We

type of countenance,
See

are

singlejourney

The

past will be

replaced by an
Questions which now

What

for

do

east.

Testament

cleared

shall learn

such

as

it is

RACES

THE

172

for

portrayed
vives

us

the

on

of

coast,

of

only

can

Exodus

as

lead

the

state

the

Arabia,

would

of Karnak

the walls

while, we

Southern

Egypt, stillsur
the population

whether

or

in the century before

that

allied to

TESTAMENT.

OLD

monuments

the Phoenician

on

of Damascus

on

THE

OF

remarkable

in the

problems

face

infer.

to

us

really

was

Mean

hope

that

solve them.
It
to go forth and
they may stimulate some
soil of
and
the sacred
is given to few to survey
measure
Palestine;it is given to stillfewer to disinter from beneath
cities ; but

it the ruins of its buried

its visitors who
Testament
Let

and

not

us

late

as

Southern
blood
with

Or,

whom

who

could

has

the

Egyptians
Algeria have

of

found

home

in

for us, and

less in store

contended,

once

shall

in
race

times,

the Amorites

were

these

as

to

come

of

the French

as

in these later

contended

not

imagined

predominantly Amorite
guessed that the blond

surprisessuch
we

could

inhabitants

the

Palestine,and

Other

sacred history?

especially
already gained

more

been

Rehoboam

have

among

ethnologistof the Old

the

ago we
years
instance, could have

still

were

one

no

few

reign of

Judaea

conquerors
had

the

as

but
for

Who,

dream.

that

is

his facts.
collecting
however, that,thanks
forget,

learned, of which

even

help

not

Petrie's exertions, much

Mr.

to

in

could

there

learn

are

of

doubt
about

more

populationswhich have left so deep an impress on the

history of the people of Israel,and through them on the

the

The

study of ethnology

theoretical
appear,

and

been

negro

Racial

side.

these

racteristics but
has

world.

Christian

the

history of

argued by
and

traits

traits

mental
an

has

practicalas

include

and

do

not

as

dis

only physical cha

qualitiesas well. It

not

moral

able and

fixed

once

well

cultivated

Christian,that Mohammedanism

writer, himself
is better

174

OF

TABLE

RACES

OF

THE

OLD

TESTAMENT.

Israelites
Edomites,
_

'g

""
o

-11

_"

APPENDIX.

TERMS.

ETHNOLOGICAL

Dolichocephalic

(round) headed/
phalic
by

index
and

100

Topinard,

to

is the

the

by

the

to

where

longitudinal
skulls

it is

sub-brachy,

75"80

to

brachy, hyper

skull

ce

Following

into

the

'

multiplied

diameter.

ultra, hyper,
of the

proportion

is 55-75

diameter

longitudinal

The

the

(subdivided
in which

those

sub-doh'cho)are

of

short

'

or

medium-headed.'

'

diameter

transverse

dolichocephalic

transverse

cephalic

long-headed,' brachycephalic

mesocephalic

divided

and

dolicho

into

'

'

or

to

meso

100,

100,

brachycephalic (subdivided

and

ultra]

where

it is

and

divided

80-100

100.

The

height

skull multiplied by

of the

skulls

length gives hypsicephalic

75

to

to

100,

chamaecephalic,

100,

and

orthocephalic

Maxillary angle
most

prominent

parts

of the

Facial

part

forehead

angle

prominent

most

the

part

through

the

centre

The

nasal

index

formed

the

of

of the

the

when

lines

most

the

from

prominent

of the

is

and

flat

which

is

thin

and

prominent
mesorrhine.

nasal

is

at

from

line

the

to

line

most

the

prominent

right angles

to

it

ear.

aperture

platyrrhine;

large

are

70

100.

the

to

jaw

second

aperture

is

form

to

by drawing

upper

which

mediate

it is below

by drawing

maxillaries

angle

forehead, and

of

formed

is above

proportion

it is 70-75

by the

chin.

the

part

where

the

and

the

the

where

platycephalic,where

or

angle

of

100

when

is

nose

the

nose

narrow

leptorrhine ;

Following

wide, the

noses

Collignon,

of
the

inter
nasal

76

APPENDIX.

index

height

multiplied

by

platvrrhine

platyrrhine

is

Prognathism

the

the

at

nose

when

leptorrhine

40-54,

base

mesorrhine

55-69,

hyper-platyrrhine

under,

or

40

its

to

ultra-

100-114,

more.

when

of

ultra-leptorrhine

85"99,

and

115

breadth

100

when

hyper-leptorrhine
70"84,

the

of

proportion

or

the

(upper

maxillaries

and

jaws)

lower

project.
Orthognathism
Euthycomic

with

Euplococomic
Eriocomic

is

is

multiplied

from

Mesosemic

black
and

white

race

the

red

race

and

orbit

narrow

is

as

below

with

eyes

to

90-95

(80-90
(60-80

to

Erythro-chroic.

of

yellow

as

race

face

above
the

short

an

no.

to

100).

100).
100).

to

described
the

index

an

the

and

with

mesopic

(the proportion

being

nose

breadth,

107^,

pro-opic

eyes

their

by

the

of

height

divided

sometimes

Melano-chroic,

shape).

flattened

the

eyes

medium

with

race

as

the

with

when

round

with

shape).

hair.

index

an

(of cylindrical

(of

and

no,

of

Microsemic
The

to

diameter

long

hair

100

has

107

Megasemic
the

by

and

platyopic,

index

index

slight.

hair.

bushy

naso-malar

The

hair

wavy

woolly

with

is

projection

straight

with

the

with

Lophocomic

cheek

when

Leuco-chroic,
as

Xantho-chroic,

the

INDEX.

Abyssinia, 145, 164.

Accad, 61, 66.
Accado-Sumerians, 138
Aegean Sea, 114, 131.
Ahmes

Bertholon, M., 105.

Berlin, Mr., 142.

(Van\ 136.
skin, cause
of, 21.
Blake, Dr. Carter, 105.
Blyden, Dr., 25.
Bonnet, Dr., 148.
brachycephalism, 14, 162, 175.
Biainas

sq.

black

(king),97.

Akkas, 148.
Alarodian, 43,
albinoism,
Amalekites,

(king), 100.

28.
Ammonites,
Amorites, 56, 59, 75,
121,

sq., 119,

Brinton, Dr., 168.

Bruce, Mr., 163.

117.
IV

Amenophis

137 sq.

50,

22.

102,

128,

125,

mi,

Buz, 63.

103,
149,

107, 115,

Anamim,

53.

105.

Calah, 67.
Canaan, Canaanites,

128.

Aqaiusha (Akhaeans),

R.,
146.

Bushmen,

171.

Anakim,

Sir

Burton,
no

150,

1^2.

language of, 57,

Caphtor, 53, 126.

"

Arabs, 75, 141, 171.

Aram, 63, 64, 69.
Aram-Naharaim

(or Mitanni), 96,

100.

Aramaeans,

134,

140,

141.

Ararat

(Armenia), 44,48,
Araxes, the, 136.
Arkite, 58, 103, 130.
Armenians, 135.

Arphaxad, 59, 64.

Aryans, originof, 22,
Ashkelon,

45,

135,

136.

157 sq.

Carchemish, 131,
Casluhim, 53.
Chabas, M., 127.
Chaldaeans, 62.
Cherethites, 75.
Chesed, 62, 63.
China, 166.
Circassians, 135.

137 sq.

Dr.,

Beni-Hassan

20,

depends

on

geo

23.

105.

161.

tomb,
Berossos, 138, 140.

108.

128.

152.

Damascus,
122,
125.
Danauna,
Daanau, 126, 151, 152.
David, racial type of, 74.

sq.

153-

Belgic type,

races

in

Cyprus, 47,

Balawat, gates of, 135.

Basques, 36, 149, 150.
Bedawin, 72, 105 sq., 117, 128,
Beddoe,

151.

Conder,

61.

Babylonians, 137

118.

Egyptian tombs, 113.

Capt., 106.
Cro-magnon, 149.
cromlechs, range of, 115, 116,
Cush
(see Kash), 43, 51, 143.
"

121.

59,

Babylonia, 60,

of

graphy,

Ashkenaz, 48.

Asshurim, 60.
Assyrians, 40,

55 sq., 101,

circumcision, 151.
colour

127, 128, 132.

Ashteroth-Kamaim,
Asshur, 59, 69.

40,

103.

141,

Dieulafoy, M., 140.

Diodoros,
85.
disease,susceptibilityto, 26.
Dodanim
(or Rodanim), 47.

dolichocephalism,14, 171, 175.

Drake, Mr. Tyrwhitt, 105.

178

INDEX.

hypsicephalic,
175.

Ebed-melech, 146.
Ebed-tob, 57, 102.
Eber

lanua, 124.
Inca-bone, 16, 105.

(Hebrews),65, 69.

Edomites, 117, 128.

India, 159.

Esypt" 52 sq-m

Indo-European languages,35, 158,

160, 162.
128.
Israelites,

"

two

in,87.

races

Egyptians, 21, 39, 43, 82 sq.,

originof, 91.
language of,93.

144.

"

Japhet,41.

"

Javan (Ionian',46.

Prof.,69.

Eichhorn,

Jebusites,
57, 102, 103,
tribute
of, 77, no.
Jehu,

Elamites, 40, 59, 138 sq.

Elishah

(Hellas),
47.

Emim,

Jerome, St.,31.
Jerusalem,58, 102, 1 1 1, 1 1 2, 1 22,130.
Jews, the,n, 29,70, 74, 76,110,171.
in the Caucasus, 78.
Joktan, 65, 69.

121.

117,

Erech, 66.

Ethiopia,143,

144,

121.

in,

165.

"

Euskarian

type, IOI.

eyes, the, 18, 20,

176.

Josephus,153.
Kabyles in Algeria,19, 21,

facial

angle,the, 17, 175.

Flathead
Indians,15.
Flower, Prof., 97.
cause
of, 24.
freckles,
Fuegians, 25, 28.

Kadesh

Kadmonites, 120.
Kaffirs,145, 148.

Gaul, 35.
Gaza,

Kaft

Shechem,

near

Gebal, 56,

101,

127,

114, 149.

Orontes, 113, 130.

Kadesh-barnea, 117.
on

101.

(Phoenicia),53, 57,

102,

105, 113.
66.

Kalneh,

152, 154.

122.
Girgashites,
Gog (Gyges),45,

hair, the, 19, 176.

Kanana, 106, 117.

Kappadokia, 130, 131.
of Babylonia, 62.
Kasdim
or
Cush, 143.
Kash,
Kassites, 62, 139.
Kelts, 26, 29, 31, 33, 114, 161.
smiths,'1 1 8 sq.
Kenites, or
Kenizzites,117.

Ham, 41.
Hamath, 59, 132.

Khal, 102, 127, 152.

Khammurabi,
139.

49.
Goleniscneff, Mr., 127, 152.
Gomer
(Kimmerians), 44, 49.

Greeks, 40, 46, 157, 159.

Guanches, 115, 149.
Gyges (Gog), 44.

Hamitic

'

130.

Helvetic

type, 161.

Herodotos, 131, 135, 151.

Heth, 40, 57.
Hittites,40, 43, 59, 103,
124, 126, 128, 130 sq.

Hivites,119, 122.
Horites, 115, 117, 120.
Huz, 63.
Hyksos, 95 sq., 124.

(Gomer), 45.
(Canaan), 101.
Kittim (Kition),47, 50.
Kurdistan, 136.
Kurds, 162, 163.
Kymric type, 160.
Kimmerians

(Hadramaut), 65.

Hebron,

khori, 115.

(lonians),156.
Havilah, 41, 65.

Hanivu

Hazarmaveth

Khephren (king),90.

languages,80.

no,

rai,

Kinakhkhi

Lachish, in,
129.
Lacouperie, Prof, de, 166.
language and race, 10, 28 sq.
morphology of, 35, 36.
Lebanon, people of, 125.
M., 114.
Lefe'bure,
"

103,

INDEX.

Lehabim

(Libyans),53,

Nebuchadrezzar, 54, 63.

Negroes, 1 7, 1 8, 26, 2 7, 39, 5 1
mix with Europeans, 33.

54.

Lepsins,Prof.,126.

leptorrhine,
175.
39, 43, 53, 80, 83,

149 sq.
Ligurian type, 161.

67.

Nod, 64.

Xiku,the, 154.

Nubians, 51, 70,80,83,144,145, 164.

-Lud, 64.

(Lydians),
53.
Lydia,Lydians,44, 33, 55.
Lykaonia,language of, 31.

Og, in, 121.

Ophir,65.
orthocephalic,
175.
176.
orthognathism,

Lykians, 135,

Ossetes, 135.

Ludim

153, 154.

pain,endurance of, 26.

in Egypt, 87palaeoliths

Magog (Lydia),45.
Malay o-Polynesians,32.
nomads,' 46,64.
Manda, or

originof
Palestine,

Mariette, M., 96.

Pathros, 52, 53.

'

name,

126.

Penka, Dr., 162.

(Mesha\ 65.
156.

people,a,

Mashuash,
Maxyes, 150, 151,
Maspero, Prof., 154.
Max
Dr., 151.
Mtiller,
maxillaryangle,the,16, 175.
Mazor
(Lower Egypt\ 52.
Medes
(Mada), 40, 45, 46, 163.

Perizzites,120.
Persians, 162.
Pethor, 132.
Petrie,Mr. Flinders, 87, 92,

megasemic, 176.

Philistines

or

Megiddo, 101.
Melchizedek,$8, 102,
Meneptah I, 143, 150.
Mesha
Meshech

10.

(Pulosata),
53,

Phoenicians, 40, 70, 126.

Phrygians,135.
Phut, 54, 55.

Pigeon-English,34.

50.

mesorrhine, 175.
mesosemic,

Poesche, Dr.,

14, 175.

mesopic,176.
176.

Pun, Punites, 91, 92, 94, 125, 163,

Prof, de, 149.
Quatrefages,

Mizraim, 52, 143.

Moabites, 128.
Mongoloid type, 166, 167.

race,

races,

12.

antiquityand

permanence

Ramsay, Prof., 131.

Ramses
II,84,89,99, I",
"7,
13", '5r"Ramses
III, 85, 89, 114, 126,

Napata, 144.
53.

15-'-

10.

nationality,
10,

9, 168.

mixed,

"

Mongols, 133.
Morgan, M. de, 163.
Moschians
(Meshech), 40, 48.

nation,

164.

(Aram-Naharaim), 96, 97,

124, 134.

Naphtuhim,

22.

prognathism,16, 176.
proopic,176.

microsemic, 176.
Minaeans, 65.
Minni, the, 48.
100,

126

sq., 151.

platycephalic,
175.
176.
platyopic,
platyrrhine,
175.

Mitanni

54,

Phoenicia, 53, 57, 93.

122.

(Mash),65.
(Moschians),47,

mesocephalism,

103,

114, [47, 172.

112,

109, 119, 128.

MentiofSati,

45 */.

Nimrod, 66.
Nineveh,

112,

Mash

"

Libyans,or Lcbu,
88,

'79

Rechabite.;,i nj.

3.1.

of,

'"9,
127,

iHo

INDEX.

Kekh-ma-Ra,

Rephaim,

of,

tomb

124,

105,

20,

39, 104,

133.

118,

in,

121,

120,

128.

Resen, 67.
Rhind, Mr., 87.
Rhodians, 47.

Riphath, 49.

cromlechs

Rutennu,
sacred

trees

of, 115.

sq., 134.

123
in

96, 100,

Egypt, 91.

Sagalassos, 154.
Sahara, desert of, 145, 148.
Salmon, M., 162.
Sarrug, Mr., 104.
Scandinavia, 158.
Schliemann, Dr., 105.
Schrader, Prof., 143.
Semites, characteristics of, 77 sq.
Semitic

cradle

race,

Accadians, 140.
(Shushan), 140.
of the skull, 15.
sutures
Syria, 123, 164.
Syrian type, 104.

Susa

Tamehu,
114.
Tarshish, 47.
teeth, 1 8.
Tehennu, Tahennu, 114, 150.
Tel el-Amarna, tablets found
at, 56,

Risley, Mr., 159.

rock-drawings, 147 sq.
Roknia,

Strabo, 153.
Sumerians, or

of, 71, 72.

131,

Teukrians,
Thothmes

Shairdana,

or

(Sardinian;,

Shardina

150,154.??
Shakalsha
(Sikels),
150,
Shasu

^Bedawin),

105

151,

153.

sq., 113,

114,

117.
Sheba

(Saba), 65, 164.

120.
Shechem, in,
Sheikh
el-beled,'89, 90.

143,

120,

122,

130,

154.

152.

III, 89,

Tibarenians

121,

125.

(Tubal), 40, 48.

Tires, 48.

Tirhakah, 99, 144.

Togarmah, 49.
Rev.

Tomkins,
124,

Sepharad, 49.

134,

IIO,

Tello, 13 sq.

languages, 70.

"

IO2,

H.

G.,

96, 107,

121,

133-

Topinard, Dr. Paul, 170, 175.

Tosp, 136.
triliteralism,
70, 72.
Tubal
(Tibarenians), 47, 50.
Tulsha, or Tuirsha, 150, 154, 155.
Tyre, 55, 56.
Uashash,
Uz, land

or

Uashuasha, 150, 151.

of, 65.

'

Shem, 40, 41, 59.

Sheshai, 107.
Shinar, 61, 66.

Van, 134 sq.

Virchow, Prof.,42,
von

Shishak, 75, 77, 98, 99, 112, 144.

Sidon, or Zidon, 40, 56, 102.
Sihon

Sikels, 154.
Sinaitic Peninsula, 73,
Sinim, 166.
Sinite,58, 130.
skin, colour of, 20.

(king),99,
Solymi, 153.

So

stature,

144.

14.

Slopes, Mr., 87.

von

Luschan, 135, 153.

Mr., 158.
of Palestine, 114

Wharton,

(king),in.

white
no.

83, 88, 91, 97,

171.
Erckert, 135.

race

Wilkinson,
Yemen,
Zakkur

Sir

sq.

G., 84.

blonds

in, 163.

(Teukrians),126, 127,

Zamzummim,
Zemar, 58,

118,
101.

Zorobabel, 142.
Zuzim, 121.

121,

128.

150 sq.