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Data Centers
Configuration Availability Level Comparison
Bill Campbell
Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power
Harry Handlin
Power Sub Work Group Member, Technical Committee
Vice-Chair, GE Energy Systems
Mark Murrill
Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power
Agenda
Introduction
Review Industry Standards for data center availability levels
BICSI Standard as the AC Reference
Examine AC Single & Multi Module UPS Systems and
analogous DC systems
BICSI Availability Class Comparisons AC to DC
Alternate DC solutions
Summary
Q&A
Introduction
The Uptime Institute, founded 1993 ; representing data center owners interests
http://www.uptimeinstitute.com
BICSI-002: Building Industry Consulting Service International, Inc., founded 1977
https://www.bicsi.org
TIA-942: Telecommunications Industry Association founded 1988 - merger
http://www.tiaonline.org
The Uptime Institute, similar to The Green Grid, recommends best-practices. BICSI & TIA are standards writing
organizations.
Method
Compares basic AC v DC topology & qualitative
availability levels
References are AC topologies
Framework: ANSI/BICSI Standard-002-2011
Assumptions:
Basic AC system: 480 VAC, 3, 3 or 4 W, + Gnd
Basic DC system: 380 VDC, 2W + Gnd
BICSI-002 Introduction
BICSI-002 Introduction
BICSI Data Center Design Classes
Topology Class
Class F0
Class F1
Class F2
Class F3
Class F4
BICSI-002-2011, 9.1.6.1
BICSI-002 Introduction
Determining BICSI Design Classes
BICSI-002-2011, Table B1
BICSI-002 Introduction
Determining BICSI Design Classes
BICSI-002-2011, Table B3
BICSI-002 Introduction
BICSI Class Definitions & Feature Checklist Review
Performance
Feature
Class F0
Class F1
Class F2
Industry Description
Module Redundancy
System Redundancy
Power Paths to
Critical Load
UPS sources to
Critical Load
Full Maintenance
under load
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Fault tolerance
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Class F3
Class F4
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F0 Data Center Single Path, No UPS
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 14
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class FI Basic Data Center
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 15
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F2 Redundant Components
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 16
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F4 Fault Tolerant
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 17b
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18
BICSI-002 Introduction
AC Static Switch
Static Switch applications in multiple
power path topologies
A Bus
A Bus
B Bus
Dual Input IT Load
B Bus
AC Load
Single Input
IT Load
AC Load
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Class F0
Class F1
Class F2
Class F3
Class F4
Industry Description
Single
Path
Single
Path
Single Path +
Redundant
Components
Dual Path,
Concurrently
Maintainable
Dual Path,
Fault
Tolerant
Module Redundancy
None N
None N
N+1
N+1
2(N+1)
System Redundancy
None N
None N
Limited N+1
Limited N+1
2(N+1)
Power Paths to
Critical Load
One
One
One
Two
Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
None
One
One
One
Two
Full Maintenance
under load
No
No
Limited
Yes
Yes
No
Option
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fault tolerance
No
No
Limited
Limited
Yes
BICSI-002 Introduction
DC Solutions
BICSI-002 DC Power Systems
AC UPS N System
(Single Module System)
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
AC UPS N System
DC UPS
Main
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
AC UPS N System
DC UPS
Main Bypass
N+1
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
AC UPS N System
Main Bypass
DC UPS
N
Maint Byp
N+1
N+m optional
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
DC UPS
(Multi-Module System)
N
N
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
DC UPS
(Multi-Module System)
N+1
N+1
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
DC UPS
(Multi-Module System)
N+1
Bypass
N+1
Maint Byp
N+m
optional
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Performance
Feature
Class F0
Industry Description
Single Path
Module Redundancy
None N
System Redundancy
None N
Power Paths to
Critical Load
One
UPS sources to
Critical Load
None
Full Maintenance
under load
No
No
No
Fault tolerance
No
AC
DC
N Rect
No Batt
Performance
Feature
Class F1
Industry Description
Single Path
Module Redundancy
None N
System Redundancy
None N
One
No
Option
Yes
Fault tolerance
No
DC
N+1 Rectifiers;
Modular
or
Monolithic
redundant
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IT battery
Performance
Feature
Class F2
Industry Description
Single Path +
Redundant
Components
Module Redundancy
N+1
System Redundancy
Limited N+1
One
One
Limited
Yes
Yes
Fault tolerance
Limited
DC
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
x2
x2
Performance
Feature
Class F3
Industry Description
Dual Path,
Concurrently
Maintainable
Module Redundancy
N+1
System Redundancy
Limited
N+1
Power Paths to
Critical Load
Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
One
Full Maintenance
under load
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fault tolerance
Limited
x2
x2
x2
x2
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Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
DC
x2
x2
x2
x2
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
x2
N Rect
Mod or
Mono
x2
Fully, Partial or
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Years
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IT
or single
non-redundant
Cord IT Loads
battery
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
Performance
Feature
Class F4
Industry Description
Dual Path,
Fault
Tolerant
Module Redundancy
2(N+1)
System Redundancy
2(N+1)
Power Paths to
Critical Load
Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
Two
Full Maintenance
under load
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fault tolerance
Yes
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
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of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient IT
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
x2
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
x2
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
BICSI-002 Introduction
AC Static Switch
Static Switch applications in multiple
power path topologies
A Bus
A Bus
B Bus
Dual Input IT Load
B Bus
AC Load
Single Input
IT Load
AC Load
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A Bus
B Bus
A Bus
B Bus
DC Load
AC Load
B Bus
Dual-corded IT loads
A Bus
B Bus
AC Load
DC Load
Alternate DC Solutions
DC Solutions - Review
DC UPS
(Multi-Module System)
N+1
Bypass
N+1
Maint Byp
N+m
optional
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Battery
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Output Distribution
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
To Critical Load
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Alternate DC Solutions
AC Power Source A
Battery
Internal
or
External,
Redundant
or
Non-Redundant
Rectifier Cabinet(s)
N+M Modules
Output
Distribution
A
380VDC Distribution
or
48VDC Distribution
DC PSU
Output
Distribution
B
DC PSU
IT load
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Rectifier modules
may be dedicated to
either A or B source,
or switchable
between the two
Alternate DC Solutions
AC Power Source A
Battery
Internal
or
External,
Redundant
or
Non-Redundant
Rectifier Cabinet(s)
N+M Modules
DC Output
Distribution
A
380VDC Distribution
or
48VDC Distribution
DC PSU
AC Output
Distribution
B
AC PSU
IT load
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Rectifier modules
may be dedicated to
either A or B source,
or switchable
between the two
Summary
AC DC Availability Level
Comparisons
Questions?
Contributors
Thanks to the following for their support:
The Green Grid Power Sub-Working Group Participants
BJ Sonnenberg - Emerson