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What is Mechanics?
o
What is Mechanics?
statics
Rigid Bodies
kinematics
dynamics
kinetics
Mechanics
of Solids
Strength of materials
Deformable Bodies
Engineering
Mechanics
Theory of elasticity
Theory of plasticity
Ideal fluids
Mechanics
of Fluids
viscous fluids
compressible fluids
3 /35
What is Mechanics?
o
Fundamental Concepts
involved in Newtons Laws
o
5 /35
Fundamental Concepts
involved in Newtons Laws
o
First Law
If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest (if originally at rest) or will move with constant
speed in a straight line (if originally in motion)
Second Law
If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle
will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the
resultant and in the direction of the resultant force
Third Law
The forces of action and reaction between bodies in contact have
the same magnitude same line of action, and opposite sense.
7 /35
Units
o
8 /35
Units
o
Units
Units
Mass
Length
Time
Force
SI
kilogram (kg)
meter (m)
second (s)
newton (N)*
U.S.
slug (-)*
foot (ft)
second (sec)
pound (lb)
10 /35
Units
(SI)
m
F = ma
1 N = (1 kg) (1 m / s2)
1 N = 1 kg m / s2
(US)
F = ma
1 lb = (1 slug) (1 ft / s2)
a
1 slug = 1 lb - s2 / ft
So:
* 1 N is the force which will accelerate 1 kg at 1 m/s2
* 1 slug is the mass which a 1 lb force will accelerate at at 1 ft/sec2
11 /35
Law of Gravitation
m1
F
r
m2
12 /35
Law of Gravitation
Special case: mass m on surface of Earth
From
, we have
me
m
R
or W = mg
where W is the magnitude of the force of gravitational attraction (the
weight of m) and g = Gme/R2 is the acceleration of gravity.
13 /35
Law of Gravitation
W g
a F
Note that W = mg may be obtained from Newtons Second Law
applied to a particle of mass m which is allowed to fall freely near
the surface of the Earth.
14 /35
Review of Vectors
o
Vector classifications:
- Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points of
application that cannot be changed without affecting
an analysis.
- Free vectors may be freely moved in space without
changing their effect on an analysis.
- Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along their
line of action without affecting an analysis. Force is a
vector quantity.
15 /35
Vectors
o
Addition of Vectors
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Law of cosines
R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos B
R PQ
C
B
C
Law of sines
sin A sin B sin C
Q
R
A
17 /35
Addition of Vectors
o
C
B
PQ QP
o
Vector subtraction
18 /35
Addition of Vectors
o
P Q S P Q S P Q S
o
19 /35
Unit Vectors
V Vx Vy Vz
Vx i Vy j Vz k
V cos x i V cos y j V cos z k
V cos x i cos y j cos z k
V li mj nk
l 2 m2 n2 1
l,m,n direction cosines of V
20 /35
Rectangular Components
Fx and Fy are the x- and y- scalar
components of F.
Fx F cos
Fy F sin
Note that scalar components
include sign information.
21 /35
P Q PQ cos
May be regarded as
Magnitude of P times component
Qcos of Q in the direction of P.
Or
P Q Px i Py j Pz k Qx i Qy j Qz k
PxQx Py Qy Pz Qz
23 /35
P Q PQ sin en
Where en is a vector perpendicular to
the plane formed by P and Q in the
right-hand sense.
From the definition,
i j k j k i k i j
j i k k j i i k j
i i j j k k 0
24 /35
Py Qz Pz Qy i Pz Qx PxQz j PxQy Py Qx k
i
P Q Px
Qx
j
Py
Qy
k
Pz
Qz
25 /35
27 /35
Problem Statement:
Includes given data, specification of what
is to be determined, and a figure showing
all quantities involved.
Solution Check:
Free-Body Diagrams:
Create separate diagrams for each of the
bodies involved with a clear indication of
all forces acting on each body.
Fundamental Principles:
The six fundamental principles are applied
to express the conditions of rest or motion
of each body. The rules of algebra are
applied to solve the equations for the
unknown quantities.
28 /35
Numerical Accuracy
o
4.13459
4.13
4.13594
4.14
1.33333
1.333 or (4/3)
0.96592
0.966
934.25
934
279,340
279,000
31 /35
Sample Problem
The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A. Determine
their resultant. R = 98 N, = 35o
32 /35
Sample Problem
A barge is pulled by two
tugboats. If the resultant of
the forces exerted by the
tugboats is 5000 N directed
along the axis of the barge,
determine (a) the tension in
each of the ropes for a = 45o,
(b) the value of a for which
the tension in rope 2 is a
minimum. (a) T1 = 3700 N, T2 = 2600
N (b) T1 = 4330 N, T2 = 2500 N, a = 60o
33 /35
Sample Problem
Two forces are applied to an
eye bolt fastened to a beam.
Determine graphically the
magnitude and direction of
their resultant using (a) the
parallelogram law, (b) the
triangle rule. R = 8.40 kN, a = 19.0o
34 /35